US20210340467A1 - Monitoring cleaning of surfaces - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for monitoring cleaning of a surface includes applying an amount of transparent indicator material to an area of a surface and measuring the amount of transparent indicator material remaining on the surface. The transparent indicator material may be fixed on the surface by drying and, when a fluorescent material, may be measured through exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Description

PRIORITY
• This application is a continuation of and claims priority from all priority dates of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/449,386, filed on Mar. 3, 2017, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10210; formerly attorney docket number 2952/109). As a consequence of this priority claim, this patent application also claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/286,409, filed on May 23, 2014, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10209; formerly attorney docket number 2952/108, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,624,456), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/793,101 that was filed on Mar. 11, 2013, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10208; formerly attorney docket number 2952/107, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,458,417), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/305,136 that was filed on Nov. 28, 2011, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10207; formerly attorney docket number 2952/106, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,933), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,304 that was filed on Oct. 21, 2008, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10203; formerly attorney docket number 2952/103, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,410), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/335,905 that was filed on Jan. 19, 2006, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces” (attorney docket number 130660-10202; formerly attorney docket number 2952/102, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,718,395), and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/666,391, filed Mar. 30, 2005, entitled “Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces.” The disclosures of each of these applications are incorporated herein, in their entireties, by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present invention relates to monitoring cleaning of surfaces, and, more particularly, to monitoring cleaning of surfaces in health care environments.
BACKGROUND
• Although environmental cleaning and disinfecting practices have become a cornerstone of patient care, assessment of actual compliance with such procedures has not been reported. During the past decade controlling and limiting the spread of health care associated pathogens has become one of the most challenging and aspects of health care epidemiology. Unfortunately the continuing escalation of infections with these pathogens has led to more than 1.5 million people developing resistant hospital acquired, i.e., nosocomial, infections in the U.S. annually. Despite enhancement of hand hygiene through the development of user friendly alcohol based hand cleansers, the manner in which they are used and the difficulty achieving appropriate compliance with their use potentially limit their effectiveness.
• Three pathogens posing significant nosocomial problems are MRSA (Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus aureus), VRE (Vancomycin ResistantEnterococcus), andClostridium difficile(C. difficile). Their importance derives from a combination of resistance to presently available treatments and an ability to rapidly spread extensively in the environment around hospitalized patients. MRSA is present in wound infections, as associated with bed sores and catheters. VRE is present in bowel and urinary tract infections.C. difficileis also present in bowel infections and presents as severe diarrhea. For each of these pathogens, control with present antibiotics is problematical, if not impossible.
• Although screening based isolation practices have been advocated to limit the transmission of MRSA and VRE, there are logistical issues and concerns about the practical application and cost effectiveness of such practices. Reliance on such practices may alter the epidemiology but not the incidence of health care associated infections. Additionally, outbreak persistence as well as significant environmental contamination occurs despite patients being on isolation for VRE and MRSA as well as for patients who are asymptomatically colonized withC. difficilefor which screening is not feasible. These programmatic as well as pathogen based issues clearly have limited the effectiveness of current as well as proposed isolation practices.
• Enhancement of existing cleaning and disinfection practices deserves further consideration and evaluation. Although it is not currently feasible to define the independent role of the hospital environment in the transmission of health care associated pathogens except in isolated investigations, numerous studies over the past twenty years have confirmed the frequent contamination (FIG. 1) of many surfaces in the near patient environment (FIG. 2) with hospital associated pathogens able to survive on inanimate surfaces for weeks to months (FIG. 3).
• With respect to individual pathogens, it has been found that high rates of environmental contamination withC. difficilehave been associated both with symptomatic as well as asymptomatic patients. Direct evaluation of the role of environmental contamination in the transmission ofC. difficilefound a strong correlation with the intensity of environmental contamination, and outbreaks ofC. difficileinfection have been successfully terminated by enhanced cleaning/disinfecting activities.
• The role of environmental contamination in transmission of VRE has been documented. Recent studies have confirmed the frequency of environmental contamination, shown to be highly correlated with the number of body sites colonized as well as with the intensity of gastrointestinal tract colonization. Furthermore the ease with which gloved hands can become contaminated by limited contact with a colonized patient's bed rail and bedside table the rapid recontamination of surfaces in the near patient environment with VRE despite effective daily cleaning even in the absence of diarrhea as well as the termination of a VRE outbreak in an ICU through enhanced cleaning activities support the likely importance of the environment in the epidemiology of VRE.
• MRSA is frequently found in the environment of both colonized and infected patients and colonized health care workers. The pathogen can be transmitted by the gloves of health care providers and increases in concentration in the stool of colonized patients receiving broad spectrum antibiotics. Consequently, it is likely that environmental contamination plays a role in the spread of MRSA. In addition, DNA typing in three studies has supported the likely importance of environmental reservoirs in colonal MRSA outbreaks in hospitals lasting from three months to five years.
• These and similar observations confirm the longstanding belief that environmental cleaning/disinfecting activities are important in providing an optimally safe environment for patients and have led to the development of specific guidelines for environmental infection control in health care facilities. Environmental disinfecting does work. Materials such as phenolic compounds, quartinary ammonium compounds, chloride disinfectants, and formaldehyde can kill a wide range of microbial pathogens, work rapidly, and work effectively in clinical settings as shown inFIG. 4.
• In 2002, the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) recommended that hospitals “thoroughly clean and disinfect environmental medical equipment surfaces on a regular basis”. Similarly, the Society for Health Care Epidemiology of America's position paper regarding enhanced interventions to control the spread of resistantStaphylococcus aureusandEnterococcusrecommended that hospitals “ensure” that their institutional methods of disinfecting surfaces be shown to be “adequate”. In 2003, the National Health Service of Great Britain specifically recommended that “cleaning and disinfecting programmes and protocols for environmental surfaces in patient care areas should be defined”.
• Most recently the draft guidelines for isolation precautions developed by the CDC in 2004 emphasize the importance of environmental cleaning and disinfection activities. Draft guidelines for isolation precautions developed by the CDC emphasize the importance of environmental cleaning and disinfection activities. Although these guidelines specifically state that hospitals “ensure compliance by housekeeping staff with cleaning and disinfecting procedures” and “insure consistent cleaning and disinfection of surfaces in close proximity to the patient and likely to be touched by the patient and health care worker”, they provide no directives regarding the means by which hospitals are to assist their ability to comply with or “insure” the effectiveness of such activities prospectively.
• In a similar manner the Joint Commission forHealth Care Accreditation 2004 standard states “hospitals are expected to develop standards to measure staff and hospital performance in managing and improving the environment of care” without defining what specific resources should be utilized to carry out such activities.
• In view of the above, there is a need for a non-microbiological methodology to evaluate the thoroughness with which housekeeping activities are carried out in hospitals.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method for monitoring cleaning of a surface includes applying an amount of transparent indicator material to an area of a surface and measuring the amount remaining on the surface. The transparent indicator material may be fixed to the area of the surface, as by drying. The transparent indicator material may be a fluorescent material and measuring the amount of remaining on the surface may include exposing the area to ultraviolet radiation.
• Some embodiments may include one or more opportunities for reducing the amount of the transparent indicator material whose location may be unknown to the receiver of the opportunity. Reducing the amount may be a part of cleaning the surface. The opportunity to reduce the amount of transparent indicator material may be suspended at the expiration of a period of time following initiation, where the period may be a day or less, between a day and a week, or between a week and a month.
• In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a composition for monitoring cleaning of a surface includes a carrier, a transparent indicator soluble in the carrier, a transparent source of adherence to the surface soluble in the carrier, and a surfactant. In certain embodiments, the carrier may be soluble in water and the carrier may be a detergent. In other embodiments the transparent indicator may be fluorescent under ultraviolet radiation. In additional embodiments, the transparent source of adherence may be a natural glue such as methyl cellulose.
• In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a method for control of nosocomial pathogens includes evaluating a cleaning program for a patient-care environment within a facility, enhancing the cleaning program for the patient care environment, and comparing the enhanced cleaning program with at least one other cleaning program. In certain embodiments, evaluating a cleaning program may include training with monitoring surfaces, collecting pre-intervention data, and comparing control within the facility.
• In other embodiments, enhancing the cleaning program may include collecting site-specific demographic data, providing education to administrative leadership, senior hospital administration and environmental services staff, implementing a targeted cleaning and disinfection program, evaluating an initial intervention program, obtaining feedback of pre and post intervention results, and assisting with a presentation to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
• In additional embodiments, comparing the cleaning program may include comparing cleaning within the facility with cleaning within at least one other facility.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The foregoing features of the invention will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1 illustrates frequency of contamination of common hospital room locations by three pathogens.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the percentage of contamination of hospital surfaces by the pathogens ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 illustrates survival of pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a microbiologic evaluation of patient room contamination and disinfection.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the contents of a typical hospital room.
• FIG. 6 illustrates typical locations of targets within a hospital room.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a target located on a toilet handle.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a dispenser of a composition containing transparent indicator material.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a source of ultraviolet radiation.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate detection of a transparent indicator material using a source of ultraviolet radiation.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a method for pre-intervention data collection.
• FIG. 12 illustrates results of monitoring the cleaning activities of three hospitals.
• FIG. 13 illustrates results of monitoring of a toilet area of a hospital room.
• FIG. 14 illustrates results of monitoring of a patient area of a hospital room.
• FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate a method for control of nosocomial pathogens.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
• Definitions. As used in this description and the accompanying claims, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated, unless the context otherwise requires:
• Terminal cleaning refers to cleaning of a hospital room following departure of its most recent occupant and prior to the arrival of its immediately prospective occupant.
• Black light refers to ultraviolet or UV radiation emanating from an ultraviolet source.
• Transparent refers to capable of transmitting light so that objects and images beyond can be clearly perceived.
• Nosocomial infections are infections arising from and transmitted within a hospital environment.
• Cleaning of patient rooms is an ongoing process in a hospital. Each patient occupying a room may be subject to pathogens left by a prior occupant of the room and, in turn, may insert his or her specific pathogens into the room environment. An aim of room cleaning is to decrease the likelihood of the environmental transmission of infection to an occupant of the room. Some room sites are cleaned daily while others are cleaned following patient occupation. Generally, such cleaning is unsupervised. Correlation of the health of room occupants could provide an indication of the quality of the cleaning, although with significant effort and with significant delay.
• Embodiments of the invention as discussed below illustrate where monitoring may provide timely assessment as to whether current cleaning activities are consistent with control over nosocomial infections and may have the potential for objectively evaluating cleaning and disinfecting activities in various health care settings. A nontoxic composition containing an indicator material which fluoresces with exposure to a black light is inconspicuous yet may be readily removed by housekeeping products. Small volumes of composition may be confidentially applied to target sites in patient rooms following terminal cleaning and the targets reevaluated following terminal cleaning after several patients have occupied the room.
• In an example, evaluation of housekeeping practices at three hospitals have confirmed high rates of cleaning of traditional sites but poor cleaning of many sites which have significant potential for harboring and transmitting microbial pathogens. An integrated program may identify such deficiencies in hospital cleaning and target remediation efforts so as to accelerate reduction in pathogen levels.
• FIG. 5 illustrates atypical hospital room300.Room300 containsbed310 in association withbed rails312,bed tray314,drape316, and drapesupport318.Patient call box320 andtelephone322 are located proximal tobed310 and provide communication, wheretelephone322 rests on table324.Chair326 provides additional seating.Sink328 includingfaucet330, handles332, and bedpan flushing device334 provide a cleansing facility.Toilet342 containingseat344 and handle346 resides inbathroom340. Grab bar348 provides support forpatient305 in using thetoilet342. Entry intoroom300 andbathroom340 is throughdoors350 and360 respectively via engagement of handle352 or push plate354 fordoor350 and ofhandle362 or push plate364 fordoor360. Room lights are adjusted by roomlight switch370 mounted on roomlight switch plate372. Bathroom lights are adjusted bybathroom light switch374 mounted on bathroomlight switch plate376.
• FIG. 6 illustrates targets for monitoring. These targets correspond to areas of a surface and may be chosen on the basis of the recommendation from the CDC that enhanced cleaning activities should be directed at “high touch” objects (HTOs), as well on reports in the literature of sites reported as being frequently contaminated with hospital associated pathogens. Such targets may includetoilet handle target446,horizontal surface target443 oftoilet bowl342, bedpan flushing device target434,horizontal surface target431 of thesink328 adjacent to thefaucet330, doorknob or door handle targets452,462 [or push/grab plate targets454,464], toilet areahand hold target448 immediately adjacent to thetoilet342,bedside table target424,telephone receiver target422,call button target420,overbed table target414,seat target427 ofpatient chair326,bedrail target412 adjacent to the head of thebed310,drape target416, roomlight switch target470, and bathroomlight switch target474.
• To the degree possible, targets may be placed on the object to be monitored in an area which is easily accessible for cleaning and in close proximity to the portion of the object most frequently contaminated by patients' and health care workers' hands. As a consequence of this separation, indicator material placed on the targets is not subject to removal by the actions of the patient during the interval between placement of the indicator and the subsequent examination of the target. In addition, proximity of the targets to areas subject to patient contact makes probable that cleaning of the targets correlates with cleaning of the patient contact areas. For example,FIG. 7 illustrates location oftoilet handle target446 on toilet handle346 that is separated from, but in the proximity of,region510, the area most likely to receive patient contact during use and be contaminated.
• FIG. 8 illustrates anapplicator600 for controllably applying a composition or targetingsolution610 for monitoring cleaning of a target such astoilet target446. InFIG. 8, theapplicator600 is a plastic squeeze bottle. Thecomposition610 may be inconspicuous as by transparency, environmentally stable, and nontoxic, dry rapidly, be readily wetted by spray disinfectants, and be easily removed with light abrasion.
• Thecomposition610 may include a carrier, a transparent indicator soluble in the carrier, a transparent source of adherence to the surface soluble in the carrier, and a surfactant. The carrier may be a biodegradable anionic or nonionic surfactant containing ammonium laureth sulfate, cocamide mea, cocamidopropyl betaine, ammonium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate lauramide DEA, glycerine or sodium pareth-23 sulfate. The carrier may, in one embodiment, comprise between 35% and 55% percent of the composition. In one embodiment, the carrier may comprise 45% of the composition.
• The transparent indicator may be a transparent ink such as Invisible Ink™ containing fluorescent blue/red water based tracer that is fluorescent under ultraviolet radiation. The transparent indicator, in one embodiment, may comprise between 3% and 5% of the composition. In one embodiment, the transparent ink may comprise 4% of the composition.
• The transparent source of adherence may be a natural glue such as methyl cellulose or ethyl cellulose which may be available as powders. The source of adherence may, in one embodiment, comprised between 38% and 58% of the composition. In one embodiment, the source of adherence may comprise 48% of the composition.
• The transparent surfactant may be polypropylene glycol with p-tert-octylphenoxy polyethoxyethyl alcohol (such as Photo-Flo™). In one embodiment, the transparent surfactant may comprise between 0.5% and 1.5% of the composition. In one embodiment, the transparent surfactant may comprise 1% of the composition.
• Prior to cleaning of a room, the composition or targeting solution may be deposited on targets such as those indicated inFIG. 6 and fixed to the surface, as, for example, by being allowed to dry. Since the dried composition does not occupy a location likely to encounter abrasion from daily activities, its removal may be assumed to be the result of cleaning activities. When the dried targeting solution is transparent, those engaged in cleaning activities are unaware of target locations. Consequently, they are not biased to clean areas adjacent to the targets and to avoid non-adjacent areas.
• After a single cleaning opportunity or multiple cleaning opportunities are presented, cleaning activities may be suspended. That is, further cleaning in the room may not be permitted until the target areas are scanned. The targets within a room may be then scanned with a device able to render visible the dried composition so as to reveal the extent to which the targets have been subjected to cleaning. A target may be considered to have been cleaned if the dried composition was removed or clearly disturbed. If the composition contains a material fluorescent under exposure to ultraviolet radiation, aUV source700 as shown inFIG. 9 may be held over the target locations to reveal dried composition not removed during cleaning.FIG. 10A shows the lack of visibility of atelephone receiver target422 comprising fluorescent material on atelephone receiver322 prior to cleaning under ordinary room illumination andFIG. 10B shows the visibility of thesame target422 under ultraviolet illumination fromUV source700, also prior to cleaning. If the transparent fluorescent material is Invisible Ink™ (Blacklight World), then an ultraviolet or UV source such as ULTRA9800 Ultra Mini Portable Black Light™ (Zigzagalightware) may permit observation of dried composition residues.
• A study of hospital cleaning activities employing the above method, materials, and equipment has revealed deficiencies in cleaning.
• Two of the hospitals involved in the study had similar demographics. They were both urban primary and secondary care institutions. Hospital A had 136 and hospital B had 115 medical/surgical beds with 15 and 14 bed combined medical/surgical intensive care units. Although the hospitals have geographic proximity, their administrative, clinical and housekeeping staffs are completely independent. Hospital C was a 60 bed acute care short-term rehabilitation hospital.
• A targeting solution was used that contained an environmentally stable nontoxic base to which was added a chemical marker as a transparent indicator which fluoresced brightly when exposed to a black light, i.e. ultraviolet light. The targeting solution dried rapidly on surfaces to leave a residue that was inconspicuous, remained environmentally stable for several weeks, resisted dry abrasion, and was easily removed with moisture accompanied by minimal abrasion. Small plastic squeeze bottles were used to dispense approximately 0.2 ml. of solution to standardized target sites.
• A group of 12 targets were chosen on the basis of the CDC's recommendation that enhanced cleaning activities should be directed at “high touch” surfaces [46], as well as sites reported in the previously cited literature as being frequently contaminated with hospital associated pathogens. Such surfaces included toilet handles, the horizontal surface of toilet bowls, bedpan flushing devices, horizontal surface of sinks adjacent to a faucet, doorknobs (or push/grab plates), toilet area hand holds immediately adjacent to the toilet, bedside tables, telephone receivers, call buttons, overbed tables, the seats of patient chairs and frequently contacted areas on bedrails. To the degree possible, the targeting material was placed on the high touch object (HTO) in an area which was easily accessible to cleaning and in close proximity to that portion of the object most frequently contacted by patients' and health care workers' hands.
• HTOs were confidentially marked after a room had been terminally cleaned following discharge of its occupant. After two to three patients had occupied the room and the room was again terminally cleaned, a handheld black light was used to determine if the marked HTOs in the room had been cleaned. While the marking material was usually completely removed by routine disinfection cleaning, the object was considered cleaned if the target material was clearly disturbed. Patient room floors and room walls were not evaluated given the limited potential for their serving as a source of transmission of nosocomial pathogens [50]. Statistical data analysis was performed using a two tailed Fisher's exact test.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a method800 for pre-intervention data collection. Instep810, rooms for evaluation are chosen randomly with representation from all medical/surgical (M/S) and intensive care (ICU) patient care units. Instep820, HTOs are confidentially marked after a room had been terminally cleaned following discharge of its occupant. At the time a target is marked, a standardized work card (supplied) is developed noting the date, room location and the HTOs marked. Instep830, after two to three patients have occupied the room and the room is again terminally cleaned on two or three occasions, a handheld black light is used to determine if the marked HTOs in the room have been cleaned. While the marking material is usually completely removed by routine disinfection cleaning, an object may be considered cleaned if the target material is clearly disturbed. Instep840, the work card is dated and completed on the basis of the observations made. Instep850, once between 50 and 60 rooms are evaluated, Unit Specific Summary Sheets (supplied) are developed to facilitate data analysis.
• During the study of periods ranging from one to four months, 60, 54 and 43 rooms were evaluated at the three hospitals respectively. Overall 47% of the 1404 HTOs evaluated were found to have been cleaned after several terminal cleanings. As illustrated inFIG. 12, similar rates of cleaning were found in each of the three hospitals. As illustrated inFIG. 13 for toilet areas andFIG. 14 for patient areas, high rates of cleaning, between 80% and 92%, were found for bedside tables, toilet tops, tray tables, and sinks. In contrast several HTOs, including bedpan cleaning equipment, patient room and bathroom doorknobs (or door pulls) as well as toilet handholds were cleaned in between 12.3% and 18% of rooms overall. The differences found between well cleaned objected (>80%) and poorly cleaned objects (<20%) in the three hospitals was highly significant (P=<0.001). The remaining objects, although more thoroughly cleaned than the group of poorly cleaned objects, were, as a group, still significantly less well cleaned than the objects cleaned greater than 80% of the time (mean=88.3% vs. 54.5%, P=<0.0001).
• Although the CDC 2003 Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities recommends “cleaning and disinfection of high touch surfaces (e.g., doorknobs, bedrails, light switches in and around toilets in patients' rooms) on a more frequent schedule than minimal touch housekeeping services” (Environmental Services I, E, 3) [45], the aforementioned hospital results indicate that many of these HTOs were not cleaned as a regular part of terminal room cleaning. In view of the consistently high frequency of cleaning documented for sinks, toilet tops and tray tables, suboptimal cleaning of many HTOs such as bedpan cleaners, toilet area handholds and doorknobs may be the result of lack of appreciation for the potential role the latter objects have in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens rather than ineffective terminal disinfection cleaning in general.
• Two of the least well cleaned HTOs, bedpan cleaners (mean 12.3%, range 9% to 20%) and toilet area handholds (mean 17.7%, range 0-50%), represent objects with a high potential for contamination by environmentally resilient gastrointestinal colonizing pathogens such asC. difficile, VRE and MRSA. In view of the effectiveness of disinfectants for a wide range of pathogens including antibiotic resistant bacteria, ineffectiveness of terminal cleaning/disinfection activities in substantially eliminating these pathogens from the near patient environment in other studies may be the result of suboptimal cleaning.
• FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate a method for control of nosocomial pathogens using the above technique as facilitated by anintegrated program1100 tailored to a particular health facility such as a hospital. The program involves sequential implementation of a baseline environmental evaluation system (BEES)1120, a program enhancement system (PES)1140, and a program comparison system (PCS)1160. In theBEES1120, Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) is provided and undertakes an assessment of the effectiveness of terminal cleaning in approximately 40 randomly chosen patient rooms. Members of the health care facility are made aware of the role of near patient environment in infection prevention and of the usefulness of transparent targets. DuringBEES1120, site specific demographic data and pre-intervention data are collected and comparisons made within the health care facility or health care institution.
• Once the pre-intervention status has been documented inBEES1120, target monitoring activities are launched inPES1140. Following an opportunity for administration leadership to comment on the baseline assessment phase, specific training is given to the general facility administration and to the environmental services staff before implementation of targeted cleaning and disinfection. Following evaluation of the initial intervention, structured graphic feedback on the results of the intervention is provided to administrative, environmental, and nursing services.
• Next, inPCS1160, the program is evaluated and feedback given on an ongoing basis, for example, every six months. Part of the feedback involves comparison of the health care facility to other institutions. Recognition may be tended to individuals within the program and to the program itself for favorable comparisons with outside institutions.
• Although the above discussion disclosed various exemplary embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent that those skilled in the art can make various modifications that will achieve some of the advantages of the invention without departing from the true scope of the invention.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. A method for determining if a surface has been cleaned, the method comprising:

(i) applying an amount of indicator material to one or more environmental surfaces in an institution, the indicator material fluorescing upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation;

(ii) determining if any of the indicator material remains on the one or more environmental surfaces by exposing the one or more environmental surfaces to UV radiation after one or more opportunities to clean the environmental surface by environmental services staff, thereby providing a quality of cleaning result; and

(iii) training environmental services staff on cleaning issues, wherein training includes providing environmental services staff with information regarding at least one selected from the group consisting of improved cleaning techniques, the quality of cleaning result, a baseline result, and locations of areas to be cleaned.

2. A method according toclaim 1, further comprising:

(iv) establishing a quantitative baseline level of cleaning for the one or more surfaces within the environment, the quantitative baseline level of cleaning being based, at least in part, upon steps (i) and (ii).

3. A method according toclaim 2, wherein the quantitative baseline level of cleaning is a pre-intervention baseline level of cleaning.

4. A method according toclaim 2, further comprising:

(v) evaluating whether the cleaning of the environment has improved after training environmental services staff members by repeating steps (i) and (ii) to establish a post-intervention level of cleaning and comparing the post-intervention level of cleaning to the quantitative baseline level of cleaning.

5. A method according toclaim 1, further comprising:

(iv) determining a pre-intervention level of cleaning, the pre-intervention level of cleaning being a baseline and based, at least in part, upon whether indicator material visibly remains, when exposed to UV radiation, on the one or more target sites.

6. A method according toclaim 5, further comprising:

(v) conducting a review of cleaning procedures performed by the environmental services staff based, at least in part, on step (iv).

7. A method according toclaim 6, further comprising:

(vi) altering existing cleaning procedures to enhance the first institution's cleaning program;

(vii) determining a post-intervention level of cleaning in the environment of the first institution by repeating steps (i) and (ii); and

(viii) comparing the pre-intervention level of cleaning to the post-intervention level of cleaning to determine a change in cleaning.

8. A method according toclaim 7, further comprising:

(ix) providing feedback regarding the change in cleaning to the one or more environmental services staff members.

9. A method according toclaim 5, further comprising sharing the baseline with environmental services staff.

10. A method according toclaim 1, further comprising comparing the quality of cleaning result with a baseline level of cleaning, wherein and training includes providing environmental services staff with information regarding the comparison between the quality of cleaning result and the baseline level of cleaning.

11. A method according toclaim 1, further comprising recording each of a plurality of environmental surfaces in the institution as marked or not marked based upon step (i), any of the one or more surfaces to which indicator material is applied being recorded as marked, and step (ii) including determining if any of the indicator material remains on the environmental surfaces recorded as marked.

12. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the indicator material is transparent.

13. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the indicator material is a non-solid.

14. A method according toclaim 13, wherein the indicator material is at least one of a liquid or a gel.

15. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the indicator material is transparent when dry.

16. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the one or more environmental surfaces are high touch surfaces.

17. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the one or more environmental surfaces includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a patient call box, a bed rail, an over-bed table, a bedside table, a door handle, a door knob, a door, a call button, a chair, a tray table, a toilet surface, a sink surface, a bedpan, a bedpan flushing device, a telephone, a faucet, a faucet handle, a toilet, a toilet seat, a toilet handle, a grab bar, a push plate, a light switch, and a light switch plate.

18. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the indicator material resists dry abrasion.

19. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the one or more environmental surfaces are located in one or more areas within a hospital room, the quality of cleaning result including a percentage of environmental surfaces cleaned for each of the one or more areas.

20. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the institution is at least one of a hospital, a healthcare facility, and a health care institution.

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