US20210334002A1

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Publication number: US20210334002A1
Application number: US17/236,882
Authority: US
Inventors: Ramachandra Reddy Ankireddypalle; Manoj Kumar Vijayan; Sachin Subraya PANDIT; Pratima Bapusaheb KUDALE
Original assignee: Commvault Systems Inc
Current assignee: Commvault Systems Inc
Priority date: 2018-09-14
Filing date: 2021-04-21
Publication date: 2021-10-28
Also published as: US11016696B2; US20200089409A1

Abstract

Description

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/359,610, entitled “REDUNDANT DISTRIBUTED DATA STORAGE SYSTEM” and filed on Mar. 20, 2019, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/731,701, filed on Sep. 14, 2018, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Any and all applications, if any, for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet of the present application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties under 37 CFR 1.57.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document and/or the patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent file and/or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND

Businesses recognize the commercial value of their data and seek reliable, cost-effective ways to protect the information stored on their computer networks while minimizing impact on productivity. A company might back up critical computing systems such as databases, file servers, web servers, virtual machines, and so on as part of a daily, weekly, or monthly maintenance schedule. The company may similarly protect computing systems used by its employees, such as those used by an accounting department, marketing department, engineering department, and so forth. Given the rapidly expanding volume of data under management, companies also continue to seek innovative techniques for managing data growth, for example by migrating data to lower-cost storage over time, reducing redundant data, pruning lower priority data, etc. Enterprises also increasingly view their stored data as a valuable asset and look for solutions that leverage their data. For instance, data analysis capabilities, information management, improved data presentation and access features, and the like, are in increasing dem.

SUMMARY

Generally, storage systems have a finite amount of processing power and memory. Even with the implementation of deduplication techniques to reduce the amount of stored data, administrators may find that additional computing resources are necessary such that the storage system can continue to process read and write requests at a desired latency level. Typically, administrators can physically add hardware to the storage systems, such as by adding new secondary storage computing devices that process read and write requests to secondary storage, including using deduplication information where available.

However, each time hardware is added, the hardware must be loaded with the appropriate software, configured with the deduplication and storage policies of the other components of the storage system, assigned a role (e.g., a control node to manage deduplication information or a secondary node to process read and write requests) based on the computing capabilities of the hardware, re-partition secondary storage devices so that memory is allocated for the new hardware, re-partition deduplication databases so that memory is allocated for deduplication information associated with the new hardware, configure how the other components should interact with the new hardware when processing read and/or write requests, and/or the like. Furthermore, hardware can fail. When hardware fails, data has to be re-routed in an appropriate manner, deduplication information may need to be rebuilt, new virtual machines that manage secondary copy and restore operations may need to be launched, and/or the like. Thus, adding hardware or configuring the storage system when hardware fails can be burdensome.

Accordingly, an improved information management system is provided herein for managing secondary storage computing devices when one or more become unavailable. For example, a first secondary storage computing device in a pool of secondary storage computing devices in the improved information management system can run a storage manager virtual machine that manages secondary copy and restore operations and a second secondary storage computing device in the pool can run a virtualization engine that manages the storage manager virtual machine. The virtualization engine can periodically replicate the storage manager virtual machine data to other secondary storage computing devices in the pool. If the first secondary storage computing devices becomes unavailable, the second secondary storage computing device can instruct a third secondary storage computing device in the pool to launch a replicated storage manager virtual machine using the replicated storage manager virtual machine data stored therein. The third secondary storage computing device can then instruct other secondary storage computing devices in the pool that the storage manager virtual machine is now running on the third secondary storage computing device. Thus, the third secondary storage computing device can act as the now unavailable first secondary storage computing device, ensuring that secondary copy and restore operations can continue to be performed despite the fact that the first secondary storage computing device on which the storage manager virtual machine was running is now unavailable.

The computer-implemented method of the preceding paragraph can include any sub-combination of the following features: where the computer-implemented method further comprises instructing the second data storage computer to replicate the storage manager VM data to form the replicated storage manager VM data, obtaining the replicated storage manager VM data, and transmitting the replicated storage manager VM data to the third data storage computer for storage; where the computer-implemented method further comprises instructing the second data storage computer to replicate the storage manager VM data to form the replicated storage manager VM data and transmit the replicated storage manager VM data to the third data storage computer for storage; where the first drive of the second type, the second drive of the second type, and the third drive of the second type collectively form a secondary storage device; where replicated second data and replicated third data are stored in the first drive of the second type, where replicated first data and the replicated third data are stored in the second drive of the second type, and where the replicated first data and the replicated second data are stored in the third drive of the second type; where the first drive of the first type, the second drive of the first type, and the third drive of the first type collectively form a solid-state drive (SSD) storage pool; and where first replicated virtualization engine data is stored in the second drive of the first type, and where second replicated virtualization engine data is stored in the third drive of the first type.

The non-transitory computer-readable medium of the preceding paragraph can include any sub-combination of the following features: where the method further comprises: instructing the second data storage computer to replicate the storage manager VM data to form the replicated storage manager VM data, obtaining the replicated storage manager VM data, and transmitting the replicated storage manager VM data to the third data storage computer for storage; where the method further comprises instructing the second data storage computer to replicate the storage manager VM data to form the replicated storage manager VM data and transmit the replicated storage manager VM data to the third data storage computer for storage; where the first drive of the second type, the second drive of the second type, and the third drive of the second type collectively form a secondary storage device; and where first replicated virtualization engine data is stored in the second drive of the first type, and where second replicated virtualization engine data is stored in the third drive of the first type.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary information management system.

FIG. 1B is a detailed view of a primary storage device, a secondary storage device, and some examples of primary data and secondary copy data.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an exemplary information management system including a storage manager, one or more data agents, and one or more media agents.

FIG. 1D is a block diagram illustrating a scalable information management system.

FIG. 1E illustrates certain secondary copy operations according to an exemplary storage policy.

FIGS. 1F-1H are block diagrams illustrating suitable data structures that may be employed by the information management system.

FIG. 2A illustrates a system and technique for synchronizing primary data to a destination such as a failover site using secondary copy data.

FIG. 2B illustrates an information management system architecture incorporating use of a network file system (NFS) protocol for communicating between the primary and secondary storage subsystems.

FIG. 2C is a block diagram of an example of a highly scalable managed data pool architecture.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating a scalable information management system.

FIG. 3B is a flow diagram depicting the operations of a control media agent and a secondary media agent in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A is a flow diagram depicting the addition of a first control media agent in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 4B is a flow diagram depicting the addition of a first secondary media agent to the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 4C is a flow diagram depicting the addition of a second control media agent to the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 4D is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondary storage computing devices are added to the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 5A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the secondary media agent in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 5B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondary media agent is unavailable.

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the control media agent in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 3A.

FIG. 6B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the control media agent is unavailable.

FIG. 6C is another flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the control media agent is unavailable.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting the file systems of the secondary storage computing devices in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 2A.

FIG. 8 is a user interface depicting a location of a disk failure.

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager ofFIG. 1A for automatically configuring a new media agent according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager ofFIG. 1A for redirecting input/output (I/O) requests intended for a first media agent to a second media agent when the first media agent fails.

FIG. 11 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager ofFIG. 1A for replicating deduplication data when a new media agent is added so that the replicated deduplication data can be used to process I/O requests when a media agent fails.

FIG. 12 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the media agent ofFIG. 1C for rebuilding deduplication data associated with a first media agent when the first media agent fails so that I/O requests intended for the first media agent can be processed by a second media agent.

FIG. 13 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager ofFIG. 1A for managing I/O requests when a disk of a media agent fails.

FIG. 14 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager ofFIG. 1A for generating a user interface that displays a location of a failing secondary storage device disk.

FIGS. 15A-15C are block diagrams illustrating a scalable information management system in which secondary storage computing devices include SSD drives and SAS drives.

FIG. 16A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the secondary storage computing device in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 15A on which a storage manager virtual machine was running.

FIG. 16B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondary storage computing device on which the storage manager virtual machine was running is unavailable.

FIG. 17A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the secondary storage computing device in the scalable information management system ofFIG. 15A on which a virtualization engine was running.

FIG. 17B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondary storage computing device on which the virtualization engine was running is unavailable.

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the virtualization engine ofFIG. 15B for launching a replicated storage manager virtual machine when a disk of a secondary storage computing device on which the storage manager virtual machine was running fails.

FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine implemented by the storage manager virtual machine ofFIG. 15B for launching a replicated virtualization engine when a disk of a secondary storage computing device on which the virtualization engine was running fails.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Detailed descriptions and examples of systems and methods according to one or more illustrative embodiments of the present invention may be found in the section entitled Storage Manager Virtual Machine Replication, as well as in the section entitled Example Embodiments, and also inFIGS. 15A through 19 herein. Furthermore, components and functionality for replicating storage manager virtual machine data and launching a replicated storage manager virtual machine when a secondary storage computing device on which the original storage manager virtual machine was running fails may be configured and/or incorporated into information management systems such as those described herein inFIGS. 1A-1H, 2A-2C, and 3A through 14.

Various embodiments described herein are intimately tied to, enabled by, and would not exist except for, computer technology. For example, replicating storage manager virtual machine data and launching a replicated storage manager virtual machine when a secondary storage computing device on which the original storage manager virtual machine was running fails described herein in reference to various embodiments cannot reasonably be performed by humans alone, without the computer technology upon which they are implemented.

Information Management System Overview

With the increasing importance of protecting and leveraging data, organizations simply cannot risk losing critical data. Moreover, runaway data growth and other modern realities make protecting and managing data increasingly difficult. There is therefore a need for efficient, powerful, and user-friendly solutions for protecting and managing data and for smart and efficient management of data storage. Depending on the size of the organization, there may be many data production sources which are under the purview of tens, hundreds, or even thousands of individuals. In the past, individuals were sometimes responsible for managing and protecting their own data, and a patchwork of hardware and software point solutions may have been used in any given organization. These solutions were often provided by different vendors and had limited or no interoperability. Certain embodiments described herein address these and other shortcomings of prior approaches by implementing scalable, unified, organization-wide information management, including data storage management.

FIG. 1A shows one such information management system100 (or “system100”), which generally includes combinations of hardware and software configured to protect and manage data and metadata that are generated and used by computing devices insystem100.System100 may be referred to in some embodiments as a “storage management system” or a “data storage management system.”System100 performs information management operations, some of which may be referred to as “storage operations” or “data storage operations,” to protect and manage the data residing in and/or managed bysystem100. The organization that employssystem100 may be a corporation or other business entity, non-profit organization, educational institution, household, governmental agency, or the like.

Generally, the systems and associated components described herein may be compatible with and/or provide some or all of the functionality of the systems and corresponding components described in one or more of the following U.S. patents/publications and patent applications assigned to Commvault Systems, Inc., each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein:

- U.S. Pat. No. 7,035,880, entitled “Modular Backup and Retrieval System Used in Conjunction With a Storage Area Network”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298, entitled “System And Method For Archiving Objects In An Information Store”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, entitled “System and Method for Dynamically Performing Storage Operations in a Computer Network”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,923, entitled “System And Method For Combining Data Streams In Pipelined Storage Operations In A Storage Network”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, entitled “Hierarchical Systems and Methods for Providing a Unified View of Storage Information”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,395,282, entitled “Hierarchical Backup and Retrieval System”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, entitled “System and Methods for Performing a Snapshot and for Restoring Data”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262, entitled “System and Methods for Monitoring Application Data in a Data Replication System”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,734,669, entitled “Managing Copies Of Data”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,579, entitled “Metabase for Facilitating Data Classification”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,156,086, entitled “Systems And Methods For Stored Data Verification”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995, entitled “Method and System for Offline Indexing of Content and Classifying Stored Data”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195, entitled “System And Method For Performing Auxiliary Storage Operations”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, entitled “Data Object Store and Server for a Cloud Storage Environment, Including Data Deduplication and Data Management Across Multiple Cloud Storage Sites”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, entitled “Systems And Methods For Management Of Virtualization Data”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652, entitled “Content-Aligned, Block-Based Deduplication”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,578,120, entitled “Block-Level Single Instancing”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,954,446, entitled “Client-Side Repository in a Networked Deduplicated Storage System”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900, entitled “Distributed Deduplicated Storage System”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 9,098,495, entitled “Application-Aware and Remote Single Instance Data Management”;
- U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,687, entitled “Systems and Methods for Retaining and Using Data Block Signatures in Data Protection Operations”;
- U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0224846, entitled “System and Method to Support Single Instance Storage Operations”;
- U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2014/0201170, entitled “High Availability Distributed Deduplicated Storage System”;
- U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2016/0350391, entitled “Replication Using Deduplicated Secondary Copy Data”;
- U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2017/0168903 entitled “Live Synchronization and Management of Virtual Machines across Computing and Virtualization Platforms and Using Live Synchronization to Support Disaster Recovery”;
- U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2017/0193003 entitled “Redundant and Robust Distributed Deduplication Data Storage System”;
- U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2017/0235647 entitled “Data Protection Operations Based on Network Path Information”;
- U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2017/0242871, entitled “Data Restoration Operations Based on Network Path Information”; and
- U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2017/0185488, entitled “Application-Level Live Synchronization Across Computing Platforms Including Synchronizing Co-Resident Applications To Disparate Standby Destinations And Selectively Synchronizing Some Applications And Not Others”.

System

100 includes computing devices and computing technologies. For instance,system100 can include one or moreclient computing devices102 and secondarystorage computing devices106, as well asstorage manager140 or a host computing device for it. Computing devices can include, without limitation, one or more: workstations, personal computers, desktop computers, or other types of generally fixed computing systems such as mainframe computers, servers, and minicomputers. Other computing devices can include mobile or portable computing devices, such as one or more laptops, tablet computers, personal data assistants, mobile phones (such as smartphones), and other mobile or portable computing devices such as embedded computers, set top boxes, vehicle-mounted devices, wearable computers, etc. Servers can include mail servers, file servers, database servers, virtual machine servers, and web servers. Any given computing device comprises one or more processors (e.g., CPU and/or single-core or multi-core processors), as well as corresponding non-transitory computer memory (e.g., random-access memory (RAM)) for storing computer programs which are to be executed by the one or more processors. Other computer memory for mass storage of data may be packaged/configured with the computing device (e.g., an internal hard disk) and/or may be external and accessible by the computing device (e.g., network-attached storage, a storage array, etc.). In some cases, a computing device includes cloud computing resources, which may be implemented as virtual machines. For instance, one or more virtual machines may be provided to the organization by a third-party cloud service vendor.

In some embodiments, computing devices can include one or more virtual machine(s) running on a physical host computing device (or “host machine”) operated by the organization. As one example, the organization may use one virtual machine as a database server and another virtual machine as a mail server, both virtual machines operating on the same host machine. A Virtual machine (“VM”) is a software implementation of a computer that does not physically exist and is instead instantiated in an operating system of a physical computer (or host machine) to enable applications to execute within the VM's environment, i.e., a VM emulates a physical computer. A VM includes an operating system and associated virtual resources, such as computer memory and processor(s). A hypervisor operates between the VM and the hardware of the physical host machine and is generally responsible for creating and running the VMs. Hypervisors are also known in the art as virtual machine monitors or a virtual machine managers or “VMMs”, and may be implemented in software, firmware, and/or specialized hardware installed on the host machine. Examples of hypervisors include ESX Server, by VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif.; Microsoft Virtual Server and Microsoft Windows Server Hyper-V, both by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; Sun xVM by Oracle America Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif.; and Xen by Citrix Systems, Santa Clara, Calif. The hypervisor provides resources to each virtual operating system such as a virtual processor, virtual memory, a virtual network device, and a virtual disk. Each virtual machine has one or more associated virtual disks. The hypervisor typically stores the data of virtual disks in files on the file system of the physical host machine, called virtual machine disk files (“VMDK” in VMware lingo) or virtual hard disk image files (in Microsoft lingo). For example, VMware's ESX Server provides the Virtual Machine File System (VMFS) for the storage of virtual machine disk files. A virtual machine reads data from and writes data to its virtual disk much the way that a physical machine reads data from and writes data to a physical disk. Examples of techniques for implementing information management in a cloud computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681. Examples of techniques for implementing information management in a virtualized computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177.

Information management system

100 can also include electronic data storage devices, generally used for mass storage of data, including, e.g.,primary storage devices104 andsecondary storage devices108. Storage devices can generally be of any suitable type including, without limitation, disk drives, storage arrays (e.g., storage-area network (SAN) and/or network-attached storage (NAS) technology), semiconductor memory (e.g., solid state storage devices), network attached storage (NAS) devices, tape libraries, or other magnetic, non-tape storage devices, optical media storage devices, DNA/RNA-based memory technology, combinations of the same, etc. In some embodiments, storage devices form part of a distributed file system. In some cases, storage devices are provided in a cloud storage environment (e.g., a private cloud or one operated by a third-party vendor), whether for primary data or secondary copies or both.

Depending on context, the term “information management system” can refer to generally all of the illustrated hardware and software components inFIG. 1C, or the term may refer to only a subset of the illustrated components. For instance, in some cases,system100 generally refers to a combination of specialized components used to protect, move, manage, manipulate, analyze, and/or process data and metadata generated byclient computing devices102. However,system100 in some cases does not include the underlying components that generate and/or storeprimary data112, such as theclient computing devices102 themselves, and theprimary storage devices104. Likewise secondary storage devices108 (e.g., a third-party provided cloud storage environment) may not be part ofsystem100. As an example, “information management system” or “storage management system” may sometimes refer to one or more of the following components, which will be described in further detail below: storage manager, data agent, and media agent.

One or moreclient computing devices102 may be part ofsystem100, eachclient computing device102 having an operating system and at least oneapplication110 and one or more accompanying data agents executing thereon; and associated with one or moreprimary storage devices104 storingprimary data112. Client computing device(s)102 andprimary storage devices104 may generally be referred to in some cases asprimary storage subsystem117.

Client Computing Devices, Clients, and Subclients

Typically, a variety of sources in an organization produce data to be protected and managed. As just one illustrative example, in a corporate environment such data sources can be employee workstations and company servers such as a mail server, a web server, a database server, a transaction server, or the like. Insystem100, data generation sources include one or moreclient computing devices102. A computing device that has adata agent142 installed and operating on it is generally referred to as a “client computing device”102, and may include any type of computing device, without limitation. Aclient computing device102 may be associated with one or more users and/or user accounts.

A “client” is a logical component ofinformation management system100, which may represent a logical grouping of one or more data agents installed on aclient computing device102.Storage manager140 recognizes a client as a component ofsystem100, and in some embodiments, may automatically create a client component the first time adata agent142 is installed on aclient computing device102. Because data generated by executable component(s)110 is tracked by the associateddata agent142 so that it may be properly protected insystem100, a client may be said to generate data and to store the generated data to primary storage, such asprimary storage device104. However, the terms “client” and “client computing device” as used herein do not imply that aclient computing device102 is necessarily configured in the client/server sense relative to another computing device such as a mail server, or that aclient computing device102 cannot be a server in its own right. As just a few examples, aclient computing device102 can be and/or include mail servers, file servers, database servers, virtual machine servers, and/or web servers.

Eachclient computing device102 may have application(s)110 executing thereon which generate and manipulate the data that is to be protected from loss and managed insystem100.Applications110 generally facilitate the operations of an organization, and can include, without limitation, mail server applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Server), file system applications, mail client applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Client), database applications or database management systems (e.g., SQL, Oracle, SAP, Lotus Notes Database), word processing applications (e.g., Microsoft Word), spreadsheet applications, financial applications, presentation applications, graphics and/or video applications, browser applications, mobile applications, entertainment applications, and so on. Eachapplication110 may be accompanied by an application-specific data agent142, though not alldata agents142 are application-specific or associated with only application. A file system, e.g., Microsoft Windows Explorer, may be considered anapplication110 and may be accompanied by itsown data agent142.Client computing devices102 can have at least one operating system (e.g., Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, IBM z/OS, Linux, other Unix-based operating systems, etc.) installed thereon, which may support or host one or more file systems andother applications110. In some embodiments, a virtual machine that executes on a hostclient computing device102 may be considered anapplication110 and may be accompanied by a specific data agent142 (e.g., virtual server data agent).

Client computing devices

102 and other components insystem100 can be connected to one another via one or moreelectronic communication pathways114. For example, afirst communication pathway114 may communicatively coupleclient computing device102 and secondarystorage computing device106; asecond communication pathway114 may communicatively couplestorage manager140 andclient computing device102; and athird communication pathway114 may communicatively couplestorage manager140 and secondarystorage computing device106, etc. (see, e.g.,FIG. 1A andFIG. 1C). Acommunication pathway114 can include one or more networks or other connection types including one or more of the following, without limitation: the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a Storage Area Network (SAN), a Fibre Channel (FC) connection, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) connection, a virtual private network (VPN), a token ring or TCP/IP based network, an intranet network, a point-to-point link, a cellular network, a wireless data transmission system, a two-way cable system, an interactive kiosk network, a satellite network, a broadband network, a baseband network, a neural network, a mesh network, an ad hoc network, other appropriate computer or telecommunications networks, combinations of the same or the like.Communication pathways114 in some cases may also include application programming interfaces (APIs) including, e.g., cloud service provider APIs, virtual machine management APIs, and hosted service provider APIs. The underlying infrastructure ofcommunication pathways114 may be wired and/or wireless, analog and/or digital, or any combination thereof; and the facilities used may be private, public, third-party provided, or any combination thereof, without limitation.

A “subclient” is a logical grouping of all or part of a client'sprimary data112. In general, a subclient may be defined according to how the subclient data is to be protected as a unit insystem100. For example, a subclient may be associated with a certain storage policy. A given client may thus comprise several subclients, each subclient associated with a different storage policy. For example, some files may form a first subclient that requires compression and deduplication and is associated with a first storage policy. Other files of the client may form a second subclient that requires a different retention schedule as well as encryption, and may be associated with a different, second storage policy. As a result, though the primary data may be generated by thesame application110 and may belong to one given client, portions of the data may be assigned to different subclients for distinct treatment bysystem100. More detail on subclients is given in regard to storage policies below.

Primary Data and Exemplary Primary Storage Devices

Primary data

112 is generally production data or “live” data generated by the operating system and/orapplications110 executing onclient computing device102.Primary data112 is generally stored on primary storage device(s)104 and is organized via a file system operating on theclient computing device102. Thus, client computing device(s)102 andcorresponding applications110 may create, access, modify, write, delete, and otherwise useprimary data112.Primary data112 is generally in the native format of thesource application110.Primary data112 is an initial or first stored body of data generated by thesource application110.Primary data112 in some cases is created substantially directly from data generated by thecorresponding source application110. It can be useful in performing certain tasks to organizeprimary data112 into units of different granularities. In general,primary data112 can include files, directories, file system volumes, data blocks, extents, or any other hierarchies or organizations of data objects. As used herein, a “data object” can refer to (i) any file that is currently addressable by a file system or that was previously addressable by the file system (e.g., an archive file), and/or to (ii) a subset of such a file (e.g., a data block, an extent, etc.).Primary data112 may include structured data (e.g., database files), unstructured data (e.g., documents), and/or semi-structured data. See, e.g.,FIG. 1B.

It can also be useful in performing certain functions ofsystem100 to access and modify metadata withinprimary data112. Metadata generally includes information about data objects and/or characteristics associated with the data objects. For simplicity herein, it is to be understood that, unless expressly stated otherwise, any reference toprimary data112 generally also includes its associated metadata, but references to metadata generally do not include the primary data. Metadata can include, without limitation, one or more of the following: the data owner (e.g., the client or user that generates the data), the last modified time (e.g., the time of the most recent modification of the data object), a data object name (e.g., a file name), a data object size (e.g., a number of bytes of data), information about the content (e.g., an indication as to the existence of a particular search term), user-supplied tags, to/from information for email (e.g., an email sender, recipient, etc.), creation date, file type (e.g., format or application type), last accessed time, application type (e.g., type of application that generated the data object), location/network (e.g., a current, past or future location of the data object and network pathways to/from the data object), geographic location (e.g., GPS coordinates), frequency of change (e.g., a period in which the data object is modified), business unit (e.g., a group or department that generates, manages or is otherwise associated with the data object), aging information (e.g., a schedule, such as a time period, in which the data object is migrated to secondary or long term storage), boot sectors, partition layouts, file location within a file folder directory structure, user permissions, owners, groups, access control lists (ACLs), system metadata (e.g., registry information), combinations of the same or other similar information related to the data object. In addition to metadata generated by or related to file systems and operating systems, someapplications110 and/or other components ofsystem100 maintain indices of metadata for data objects, e.g., metadata associated with individual email messages. The use of metadata to perform classification and other functions is described in greater detail below.

Primary storage devices

Primary storage device

104 may be dedicated or shared. In some cases, eachprimary storage device104 is dedicated to an associatedclient computing device102, e.g., a local disk drive. In other cases, one or moreprimary storage devices104 can be shared by multipleclient computing devices102, e.g., via a local network, in a cloud storage implementation, etc. As one example,primary storage device104 can be a storage array shared by a group ofclient computing devices102, such as EMC Clariion, EMC Symmetrix, EMC Celerra, Dell EqualLogic, IBM XIV, NetApp FAS, HP EVA, and HP 3PAR.

System

100 may also include hosted services (not shown), which may be hosted in some cases by an entity other than the organization that employs the other components ofsystem100. For instance, the hosted services may be provided by online service providers. Such service providers can provide social networking services, hosted email services, or hosted productivity applications or other hosted applications such as software-as-a-service (SaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), application service providers (ASPs), cloud services, or other mechanisms for delivering functionality via a network. As it services users, each hosted service may generate additional data and metadata, which may be managed bysystem100, e.g., asprimary data112. In some cases, the hosted services may be accessed using one of theapplications110. As an example, a hosted mail service may be accessed via browser running on aclient computing device102.

Secondary Copies and Exemplary Secondary Storage Devices

Primary data

112 stored onprimary storage devices104 may be compromised in some cases, such as when an employee deliberately or accidentally deletes or overwritesprimary data112. Orprimary storage devices104 can be damaged, lost, or otherwise corrupted. For recovery and/or regulatory compliance purposes, it is therefore useful to generate and maintain copies ofprimary data112. Accordingly,system100 includes one or more secondarystorage computing devices106 and one or moresecondary storage devices108 configured to create and store one or moresecondary copies116 ofprimary data112 including its associated metadata. The secondarystorage computing devices106 and thesecondary storage devices108 may be referred to assecondary storage subsystem118.

Secondary copies

116 can help in search and analysis efforts and meet other information management goals as well, such as: restoring data and/or metadata if an original version is lost (e.g., by deletion, corruption, or disaster); allowing point-in-time recovery; complying with regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (e-discovery) requirements; reducing utilized storage capacity in the production system and/or in secondary storage; facilitating organization and search of data; improving user access to data files across multiple computing devices and/or hosted services; and implementing data retention and pruning policies.

Asecondary copy116 can comprise a separate stored copy of data that is derived from one or more earlier-created stored copies (e.g., derived fromprimary data112 or from another secondary copy116).Secondary copies116 can include point-in-time data, and may be intended for relatively long-term retention before some or all of the data is moved to other storage or discarded. In some cases, asecondary copy116 may be in a different storage device than other previously stored copies; and/or may be remote from other previously stored copies.Secondary copies116 can be stored in the same storage device asprimary data112. For example, a disk array capable of performing hardware snapshots storesprimary data112 and creates and stores hardware snapshots of theprimary data112 assecondary copies116.Secondary copies116 may be stored in relatively slow and/or lower cost storage (e.g., magnetic tape). Asecondary copy116 may be stored in a backup or archive format, or in some other format different from the native source application format or other format ofprimary data112.

Secondarystorage computing devices106 may index secondary copies116 (e.g., using a media agent144), enabling users to browse and restore at a later time and further enabling the lifecycle management of the indexed data. After creation of asecondary copy116 that represents certainprimary data112, a pointer or other location indicia (e.g., a stub) may be placed inprimary data112, or be otherwise associated withprimary data112, to indicate the current location of a particularsecondary copy116. Since an instance of a data object or metadata inprimary data112 may change over time as it is modified by application110 (or hosted service or the operating system),system100 may create and manage multiplesecondary copies116 of a particular data object or metadata, each copy representing the state of the data object inprimary data112 at a particular point in time. Moreover, since an instance of a data object inprimary data112 may eventually be deleted fromprimary storage device104 and the file system,system100 may continue to manage point-in-time representations of that data object, even though the instance inprimary data112 no longer exists. For virtual machines, the operating system andother applications110 of client computing device(s)102 may execute within or under the management of virtualization software (e.g., a VMM), and the primary storage device(s)104 may comprise a virtual disk created on a physical storage device.System100 may createsecondary copies116 of the files or other data objects in a virtual disk file and/orsecondary copies116 of the entire virtual disk file itself (e.g., of an entire .vmdk file).

Secondary copies

116 are distinguishable from correspondingprimary data112. First,secondary copies116 can be stored in a different format from primary data112 (e.g., backup, archive, or other non-native format). For this or other reasons,secondary copies116 may not be directly usable byapplications110 or client computing device102 (e.g., via standard system calls or otherwise) without modification, processing, or other intervention bysystem100 which may be referred to as “restore” operations.Secondary copies116 may have been processed bydata agent142 and/ormedia agent144 in the course of being created (e.g., compression, deduplication, encryption, integrity markers, indexing, formatting, application-aware metadata, etc.), and thussecondary copy116 may represent sourceprimary data112 without necessarily being exactly identical to the source.

Second,secondary copies116 may be stored on asecondary storage device108 that is inaccessible toapplication110 running onclient computing device102 and/or hosted service. Somesecondary copies116 may be “offline copies,” in that they are not readily available (e.g., not mounted to tape or disk). Offline copies can include copies of data thatsystem100 can access without human intervention (e.g., tapes within an automated tape library, but not yet mounted in a drive), and copies that thesystem100 can access only with some human intervention (e.g., tapes located at an offsite storage site).

Using Intermediate Devices for Creating Secondary Copies—Secondary Storage Computing Devices

Creating secondary copies can be challenging when hundreds or thousands ofclient computing devices102 continually generate large volumes ofprimary data112 to be protected. Also, there can be significant overhead involved in the creation ofsecondary copies116. Moreover, specialized programmed intelligence and/or hardware capability is generally needed for accessing and interacting withsecondary storage devices108.Client computing devices102 may interact directly with asecondary storage device108 to createsecondary copies116, but in view of the factors described above, this approach can negatively impact the ability ofclient computing device102 to serve/service application110 and produceprimary data112. Further, any givenclient computing device102 may not be optimized for interaction with certainsecondary storage devices108.

Thus,system100 may include one or more software and/or hardware components which generally act as intermediaries between client computing devices102 (that generate primary data112) and secondary storage devices108 (that store secondary copies116). In addition to off-loading certain responsibilities fromclient computing devices102, these intermediate components provide other benefits. For instance, as discussed further below with respect toFIG. 1D, distributing some of the work involved in creatingsecondary copies116 can enhance scalability and improve system performance. For instance, using specialized secondarystorage computing devices106 andmedia agents144 for interfacing withsecondary storage devices108 and/or for performing certain data processing operations can greatly improve the speed with whichsystem100 performs information management operations and can also improve the capacity of the system to handle large numbers of such operations, while reducing the computational load on the production environment ofclient computing devices102. The intermediate components can include one or more secondarystorage computing devices106 as shown inFIG. 1A and/or one ormore media agents144. Media agents are discussed further below (e.g., with respect toFIGS. 1C-1E). These special-purpose components ofsystem100 comprise specialized programmed intelligence and/or hardware capability for writing to, reading from, instructing, communicating with, or otherwise interacting withsecondary storage devices108.

Secondary storage computing device(s)106 can comprise any of the computing devices described above, without limitation. In some cases, secondary storage computing device(s)106 also include specialized hardware componentry and/or software intelligence (e.g., specialized interfaces) for interacting with certain secondary storage device(s)108 with which they may be specially associated.

To create asecondary copy116 involving the copying of data fromprimary storage subsystem117 tosecondary storage subsystem118,client computing device102 may communicate theprimary data112 to be copied (or a processed version thereof generated by a data agent142) to the designated secondarystorage computing device106, via acommunication pathway114. Secondarystorage computing device106 in turn may further process and convey the data or a processed version thereof tosecondary storage device108. One or moresecondary copies116 may be created from existingsecondary copies116, such as in the case of an auxiliary copy operation, described further below.

Exemplary Primary Data and an Exemplary Secondary Copy

FIG. 1B is a detailed view of some specific examples of primary data stored on primary storage device(s)104 and secondary copy data stored on secondary storage device(s)108, with other components of the system removed for the purposes of illustration. Stored on primary storage device(s)104 areprimary data112 objects includingword processing documents119A-B,spreadsheets120,presentation documents122, video files124, image files126, email mailboxes128 (andcorresponding email messages129A-C), HTML/XML or other types of markup language files130,databases132 and corresponding tables orother data structures133A-133C. Some or allprimary data112 objects are associated with corresponding metadata (e.g., “Meta1-11”), which may include file system metadata and/or application-specific metadata. Stored on the secondary storage device(s)108 aresecondary copy116 data objects134A-C which may include copies of or may otherwise represent correspondingprimary data112.

Secondary copy data objects134A-C can individually represent more than one primary data object. For example, secondary copy data object134A represents three separate primary data objects133C,122, and129C (represented as133C′,122′, and129C′, respectively, and accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta11, Meta3, and Meta8, respectively). Moreover, as indicated by the prime mark (′), secondarystorage computing devices106 or other components insecondary storage subsystem118 may process the data received fromprimary storage subsystem117 and store a secondary copy including a transformed and/or supplemented representation of a primary data object and/or metadata that is different from the original format, e.g., in a compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, or other modified format. For instance, secondarystorage computing devices106 can generate new metadata or other information based on said processing, and store the newly generated information along with the secondary copies. Secondary copy data object1346 represents primary data objects120,1336, and119A as120′,1336′, and119A′, respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta2, Meta10, and Meta1, respectively. Also, secondary copy data object134C represents primary data objects133A,1196, and129A as133A′,1196′, and129A′, respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta9, Meta5, and Meta6, respectively.

Exemplary Information Management System Architecture

System

100 can incorporate a variety of different hardware and software components, which can in turn be organized with respect to one another in many different configurations, depending on the embodiment. There are critical design choices involved in specifying the functional responsibilities of the components and the role of each component insystem100. Such design choices can impact howsystem100 performs and adapts to data growth and other changing circumstances.FIG. 1C shows asystem100 designed according to these considerations and includes:storage manager140, one ormore data agents142 executing on client computing device(s)102 and configured to processprimary data112, and one ormore media agents144 executing on one or more secondarystorage computing devices106 for performing tasks involvingsecondary storage devices108.

Storage Manager

Storage manager

140 is a centralized storage and/or information manager that is configured to perform certain control functions and also to store certain critical information aboutsystem100—hencestorage manager140 is said to managesystem100. As noted, the number of components insystem100 and the amount of data under management can be large. Managing the components and data is therefore a significant task, which can grow unpredictably as the number of components and data scale to meet the needs of the organization. For these and other reasons, according to certain embodiments, responsibility for controllingsystem100, or at least a significant portion of that responsibility, is allocated tostorage manager140.Storage manager140 can be adapted independently according to changing circumstances, without having to replace or re-design the remainder of the system. Moreover, a computing device for hosting and/or operating asstorage manager140 can be selected to best suit the functions and networking needs ofstorage manager140. These and other advantages are described in further detail below and with respect toFIG. 1D.

Storage manager

140 may be a software module or other application hosted by a suitable computing device. In some embodiments,storage manager140 is itself a computing device that performs the functions described herein.Storage manager140 comprises or operates in conjunction with one or more associated data structures such as a dedicated database (e.g., management database146), depending on the configuration. Thestorage manager140 generally initiates, performs, coordinates, and/or controls storage and other information management operations performed bysystem100, e.g., to protect and controlprimary data112 andsecondary copies116. In general,storage manager140 is said to managesystem100, which includes communicating with, instructing, and controlling in some circumstances components such asdata agents142 andmedia agents144, etc.

As shown by the dashed arrowedlines114 inFIG. 1C,storage manager140 may communicate with, instruct, and/or control some or all elements ofsystem100, such asdata agents142 andmedia agents144. In this manner,storage manager140 manages the operation of various hardware and software components insystem100. In certain embodiments, control information originates fromstorage manager140 and status as well as index reporting is transmitted tostorage manager140 by the managed components, whereas payload data and metadata are generally communicated betweendata agents142 and media agents144 (or otherwise between client computing device(s)102 and secondary storage computing device(s)106), e.g., at the direction of and under the management ofstorage manager140. Control information can generally include parameters and instructions for carrying out information management operations, such as, without limitation, instructions to perform a task associated with an operation, timing information specifying when to initiate a task, data path information specifying what components to communicate with or access in carrying out an operation, and the like. In other embodiments, some information management operations are controlled or initiated by other components of system100 (e.g., bymedia agents144 or data agents142), instead of or in combination withstorage manager140.

According to certain embodiments,storage manager140 provides one or more of the following functions:

- communicating withdata agents142 andmedia agents144, including transmitting instructions, messages, and/or queries, as well as receiving status reports, index information, messages, and/or queries, and responding to same;
- initiating execution of information management operations;
- initiating restore and recovery operations;
- managingsecondary storage devices108 and inventory/capacity of the same;
- allocatingsecondary storage devices108 for secondary copy operations;
- reporting, searching, and/or classification of data insystem100;
- monitoring completion of and status reporting related to information management operations and jobs;
- tracking movement of data withinsystem100;
- tracking age information relating tosecondary copies116,secondary storage devices108, comparing the age information against retention guidelines, and initiating data pruning when appropriate;
- tracking logical associations between components insystem100;
- protecting metadata associated withsystem100, e.g., inmanagement database146;
- implementing job management, schedule management, event management, alert management, reporting, job history maintenance, user security management, disaster recovery management, and/or user interfacing for system administrators and/or end users ofsystem100;
- sending, searching, and/or viewing of log files; and
- implementing operations management functionality.

Storage manager

140 may maintain an associated database146 (or “storage manager database146” or “management database146”) of management-related data andinformation management policies148.Database146 is stored in computer memory accessible bystorage manager140.Database146 may include a management index150 (or “index150”) or other data structure(s) that may store: logical associations between components of the system; user preferences and/or profiles (e.g., preferences regarding encryption, compression, or deduplication of primary data or secondary copies; preferences regarding the scheduling, type, or other aspects of secondary copy or other operations; mappings of particular information management users or user accounts to certain computing devices or other components, etc.; management tasks; media containerization; other useful data; and/or any combination thereof. For example,storage manager140 may useindex150 to track logical associations betweenmedia agents144 andsecondary storage devices108 and/or movement of data to/fromsecondary storage devices108. For instance,index150 may store data associating aclient computing device102 with aparticular media agent144 and/orsecondary storage device108, as specified in aninformation management policy148.

Administrators and others may configure and initiate certain information management operations on an individual basis. But while this may be acceptable for some recovery operations or other infrequent tasks, it is often not workable for implementing on-going organization-wide data protection and management. Thus,system100 may utilizeinformation management policies148 for specifying and executing information management operations on an automated basis. Generally, aninformation management policy148 can include a stored data structure or other information source that specifies parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with storage management or other information management operations.Storage manager140 can process aninformation management policy148 and/orindex150 and, based on the results, identify an information management operation to perform, identify the appropriate components insystem100 to be involved in the operation (e.g.,client computing devices102 andcorresponding data agents142, secondarystorage computing devices106 andcorresponding media agents144, etc.), establish connections to those components and/or between those components, and/or instruct and control those components to carry out the operation. In this manner,system100 can translate stored information into coordinated activity among the various computing devices insystem100.

Management database

146 may maintaininformation management policies148 and associated data, althoughinformation management policies148 can be stored in computer memory at any appropriate location outsidemanagement database146. For instance, aninformation management policy148 such as a storage policy may be stored as metadata in amedia agent database152 or in a secondary storage device108 (e.g., as an archive copy) for use in restore or other information management operations, depending on the embodiment.Information management policies148 are described further below. According to certain embodiments,management database146 comprises a relational database (e.g., an SQL database) for tracking metadata, such as metadata associated with secondary copy operations (e.g., whatclient computing devices102 and corresponding subclient data were protected and where the secondary copies are stored and whichmedia agent144 performed the storage operation(s)). This and other metadata may additionally be stored in other locations, such as at secondarystorage computing device106 or on thesecondary storage device108, allowing data recovery without the use ofstorage manager140 in some cases. Thus,management database146 may comprise data needed to kick off secondary copy operations (e.g., storage policies, schedule policies, etc.), status and reporting information about completed jobs (e.g., status and error reports on yesterday's backup jobs), and additional information sufficient to enable restore and disaster recovery operations (e.g., media agent associations, location indexing, content indexing, etc.).

Storage manager

140 may include ajobs agent156, auser interface158, and amanagement agent154, all of which may be implemented as interconnected software modules or application programs. These are described further below.

Jobs agent

156 in some embodiments initiates, controls, and/or monitors the status of some or all information management operations previously performed, currently being performed, or scheduled to be performed bysystem100. A job is a logical grouping of information management operations such as daily storage operations scheduled for a certain set of subclients (e.g., generating incremental block-level backup copies116 at a certain time every day for database files in a certain geographical location). Thus,jobs agent156 may access information management policies148 (e.g., in management database146) to determine when, where, and how to initiate/control jobs insystem100.

Storage Manager User Interfaces

User interface

158 may include information processing and display software, such as a graphical user interface (GUI), an application program interface (API), and/or other interactive interface(s) through which users and system processes can retrieve information about the status of information management operations or issue instructions tostorage manager140 and other components. Viauser interface158, users may issue instructions to the components insystem100 regarding performance of secondary copy and recovery operations. For example, a user may modify a schedule concerning the number of pending secondary copy operations. As another example, a user may employ the GUI to view the status of pending secondary copy jobs or to monitor the status of certain components in system100 (e.g., the amount of capacity left in a storage device).Storage manager140 may track information that permits it to select, designate, or otherwise identify content indices, deduplication databases, or similar databases or resources or data sets within its information management cell (or another cell) to be searched in response to certain queries. Such queries may be entered by the user by interacting withuser interface158.

Various embodiments ofinformation management system100 may be configured and/or designed to generate user interface data usable for rendering the various interactive user interfaces described. The user interface data may be used bysystem100 and/or by another system, device, and/or software program (for example, a browser program), to render the interactive user interfaces. The interactive user interfaces may be displayed on, for example, electronic displays (including, for example, touch-enabled displays), consoles, etc., whether direct-connected tostorage manager140 or communicatively coupled remotely, e.g., via an internet connection. The present disclosure describes various embodiments of interactive and dynamic user interfaces, some of which may be generated byuser interface agent158, and which are the result of significant technological development. The user interfaces described herein may provide improved human-computer interactions, allowing for significant cognitive and ergonomic efficiencies and advantages over previous systems, including reduced mental workloads, improved decision-making, and the like.User interface158 may operate in a single integrated view or console (not shown). The console may support a reporting capability for generating a variety of reports, which may be tailored to a particular aspect of information management.

User interfaces are not exclusive tostorage manager140 and in some embodiments a user may access information locally from a computing device component ofsystem100. For example, some information pertaining to installeddata agents142 and associated data streams may be available fromclient computing device102. Likewise, some information pertaining tomedia agents144 and associated data streams may be available from secondarystorage computing device106.

Storage Manager Management Agent

Management agent

154 can providestorage manager140 with the ability to communicate with other components withinsystem100 and/or with other information management cells via network protocols and application programming interfaces (APIs) including, e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, REST, virtualization software APIs, cloud service provider APIs, and hosted service provider APIs, without limitation.Management agent154 also allows multiple information management cells to communicate with one another. For example,system100 in some cases may be one information management cell in a network of multiple cells adjacent to one another or otherwise logically related, e.g., in a WAN or LAN. With this arrangement, the cells may communicate with one another throughrespective management agents154. Inter-cell communications and hierarchy is described in greater detail in e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

Information Management Cell

An “information management cell” (or “storage operation cell” or “cell”) may generally include a logical and/or physical grouping of a combination of hardware and software components associated with performing information management operations on electronic data, typically onestorage manager140 and at least one data agent142 (executing on a client computing device102) and at least one media agent144 (executing on a secondary storage computing device106). For instance, the components shown inFIG. 1C may together form an information management cell. Thus, in some configurations, asystem100 may be referred to as an information management cell or a storage operation cell. A given cell may be identified by the identity of itsstorage manager140, which is generally responsible for managing the cell.

Multiple cells may be organized hierarchically, so that cells may inherit properties from hierarchically superior cells or be controlled by other cells in the hierarchy (automatically or otherwise). Alternatively, in some embodiments, cells may inherit or otherwise be associated with information management policies, preferences, information management operational parameters, or other properties or characteristics according to their relative position in a hierarchy of cells. Cells may also be organized hierarchically according to function, geography, architectural considerations, or other factors useful or desirable in performing information management operations. For example, a first cell may represent a geographic segment of an enterprise, such as a Chicago office, and a second cell may represent a different geographic segment, such as a New York City office. Other cells may represent departments within a particular office, e.g., human resources, finance, engineering, etc. Where delineated by function, a first cell may perform one or more first types of information management operations (e.g., one or more first types of secondary copies at a certain frequency), and a second cell may perform one or more second types of information management operations (e.g., one or more second types of secondary copies at a different frequency and under different retention rules). In general, the hierarchical information is maintained by one ormore storage managers140 that manage the respective cells (e.g., in corresponding management database(s)146).

Data Agents

A variety ofdifferent applications110 can operate on a givenclient computing device102, including operating systems, file systems, database applications, e-mail applications, and virtual machines, just to name a few. And, as part of the process of creating and restoringsecondary copies116, theclient computing device102 may be tasked with processing and preparing theprimary data112 generated by thesevarious applications110. Moreover, the nature of the processing/preparation can differ across application types, e.g., due to inherent structural, state, and formatting differences amongapplications110 and/or the operating system ofclient computing device102. Eachdata agent142 is therefore advantageously configured in some embodiments to assist in the performance of information management operations based on the type of data that is being protected at a client-specific and/or application-specific level.

Data agent

142 is a component ofinformation system100 and is generally directed bystorage manager140 to participate in creating or restoringsecondary copies116.Data agent142 may be a software program (e.g., in the form of a set of executable binary files) that executes on the sameclient computing device102 as the associatedapplication110 thatdata agent142 is configured to protect.Data agent142 is generally responsible for managing, initiating, or otherwise assisting in the performance of information management operations in reference to its associated application(s)110 and correspondingprimary data112 which is generated/accessed by the particular application(s)110. For instance,data agent142 may take part in copying, archiving, migrating, and/or replicating of certainprimary data112 stored in the primary storage device(s)104.Data agent142 may receive control information fromstorage manager140, such as commands to transfer copies of data objects and/or metadata to one ormore media agents144.Data agent142 also may compress, deduplicate, and encrypt certainprimary data112, as well as capture application-related metadata before transmitting the processed data tomedia agent144.Data agent142 also may receive instructions fromstorage manager140 to restore (or assist in restoring) asecondary copy116 fromsecondary storage device108 toprimary storage104, such that the restored data may be properly accessed byapplication110 in a suitable format as though it wereprimary data112.

Eachdata agent142 may be specialized for aparticular application110. For instance, differentindividual data agents142 may be designed to handle Microsoft Exchange data, Lotus Notes data, Microsoft Windows file system data, Microsoft Active Directory Objects data, SQL Server data, SharePoint data, Oracle database data, SAP database data, virtual machines and/or associated data, and other types of data. A file system data agent, for example, may handle data files and/or other file system information. If aclient computing device102 has two or more types ofdata112, aspecialized data agent142 may be used for each data type. For example, to backup, migrate, and/or restore all of the data on a Microsoft Exchange server, theclient computing device102 may use: (1) a Microsoft ExchangeMailbox data agent142 to back up the Exchange mailboxes; (2) a Microsoft ExchangeDatabase data agent142 to back up the Exchange databases; (3) a Microsoft Exchange PublicFolder data agent142 to back up the Exchange Public Folders; and (4) a Microsoft Windows FileSystem data agent142 to back up the file system ofclient computing device102. In this example, thesespecialized data agents142 are treated as fourseparate data agents142 even though they operate on the sameclient computing device102. Other examples may include archive management data agents such as a migration archiver or a compliance archiver, Quick Recovery® agents, and continuous data replication agents. Application-specific data agents142 can provide improved performance as compared to generic agents. For instance, because application-specific data agents142 may only handle data for a single software application, the design, operation, and performance of thedata agent142 can be streamlined. Thedata agent142 may therefore execute faster and consume less persistent storage and/or operating memory than data agents designed to generically accommodate multipledifferent software applications110.

Eachdata agent142 may be configured to access data and/or metadata stored in the primary storage device(s)104 associated withdata agent142 and its hostclient computing device102, and process the data appropriately. For example, during a secondary copy operation,data agent142 may arrange or assemble the data and metadata into one or more files having a certain format (e.g., a particular backup or archive format) before transferring the file(s) to amedia agent144 or other component. The file(s) may include a list of files or other metadata. In some embodiments, adata agent142 may be distributed betweenclient computing device102 and storage manager140 (and any other intermediate components) or may be deployed from a remote location or its functions approximated by a remote process that performs some or all of the functions ofdata agent142. In addition, adata agent142 may perform some functions provided bymedia agent144. Other embodiments may employ one or moregeneric data agents142 that can handle and process data from two or moredifferent applications110, or that can handle and process multiple data types, instead of or in addition to usingspecialized data agents142. For example, onegeneric data agent142 may be used to back up, migrate and restore Microsoft Exchange Mailbox data and Microsoft Exchange Database data, while another generic data agent may handle Microsoft Exchange Public Folder data and Microsoft Windows File System data.

Media Agents

As noted, off-loading certain responsibilities fromclient computing devices102 to intermediate components such as secondary storage computing device(s)106 and corresponding media agent(s)144 can provide a number of benefits including improved performance ofclient computing device102, faster and more reliable information management operations, and enhanced scalability. In one example which will be discussed further below,media agent144 can act as a local cache of recently-copied data and/or metadata stored to secondary storage device(s)108, thus improving restore capabilities and performance for the cached data.

Media agent

144 is a component ofsystem100 and is generally directed bystorage manager140 in creating and restoringsecondary copies116. Whereasstorage manager140 generally managessystem100 as a whole,media agent144 provides a portal to certainsecondary storage devices108, such as by having specialized features for communicating with and accessing certain associatedsecondary storage device108.Media agent144 may be a software program (e.g., in the form of a set of executable binary files) that executes on a secondarystorage computing device106.Media agent144 generally manages, coordinates, and facilitates the transmission of data between a data agent142 (executing on client computing device102) and secondary storage device(s)108 associated withmedia agent144. For instance, other components in the system may interact withmedia agent144 to gain access to data stored on associated secondary storage device(s)108, (e.g., to browse, read, write, modify, delete, or restore data). Moreover,media agents144 can generate and store information relating to characteristics of the stored data and/or metadata, or can generate and store other types of information that generally provides insight into the contents of thesecondary storage devices108—generally referred to as indexing of the storedsecondary copies116. Eachmedia agent144 may operate on a dedicated secondarystorage computing device106, while in other embodiments a plurality ofmedia agents144 may operate on the same secondarystorage computing device106.

Amedia agent144 associated with a particularsecondary storage device108 may instructsecondary storage device108 to perform an information management task. For instance, amedia agent144 may instruct a tape library to use a robotic arm or other retrieval means to load or eject a certain storage media, and to subsequently archive, migrate, or retrieve data to or from that media, e.g., for the purpose of restoring data to aclient computing device102. As another example, asecondary storage device108 may include an array of hard disk drives or solid state drives organized in a RAID configuration, andmedia agent144 may forward a logical unit number (LUN) and other appropriate information to the array, which uses the received information to execute the desired secondary copy operation.Media agent144 may communicate with asecondary storage device108 via a suitable communications link, such as a SCSI or Fibre Channel link.

Eachmedia agent144 may maintain an associatedmedia agent database152.Media agent database152 may be stored to a disk or other storage device (not shown) that is local to the secondarystorage computing device106 on whichmedia agent144 executes. In other cases,media agent database152 is stored separately from the host secondarystorage computing device106.Media agent database152 can include, among other things, a media agent index153 (see, e.g.,FIG. 1C). In some cases,media agent index153 does not form a part of and is instead separate frommedia agent database152.

Media agent index153 (or “index153”) may be a data structure associated with theparticular media agent144 that includes information about the stored data associated with the particular media agent and which may be generated in the course of performing a secondary copy operation or a restore.Index153 provides a fast and efficient mechanism for locating/browsingsecondary copies116 or other data stored insecondary storage devices108 without having to accesssecondary storage device108 to retrieve the information from there. For instance, for eachsecondary copy116,index153 may include metadata such as a list of the data objects (e.g., files/subdirectories, database objects, mailbox objects, etc.), a logical path to thesecondary copy116 on the correspondingsecondary storage device108, location information (e.g., offsets) indicating where the data objects are stored in thesecondary storage device108, when the data objects were created or modified, etc. Thus,index153 includes metadata associated with thesecondary copies116 that is readily available for use frommedia agent144. In some embodiments, some or all of the information inindex153 may instead or additionally be stored along withsecondary copies116 insecondary storage device108. In some embodiments, asecondary storage device108 can include sufficient information to enable a “bare metal restore,” where the operating system and/or software applications of a failedclient computing device102 or another target may be automatically restored without manually reinstalling individual software packages (including operating systems).

Becauseindex153 may operate as a cache, it can also be referred to as an “index cache.” In such cases, information stored inindex cache153 typically comprises data that reflects certain particulars about relatively recent secondary copy operations. After some triggering event, such as after some time elapses orindex cache153 reaches a particular size, certain portions ofindex cache153 may be copied or migrated tosecondary storage device108, e.g., on a least-recently-used basis. This information may be retrieved and uploaded back intoindex cache153 or otherwise restored tomedia agent144 to facilitate retrieval of data from the secondary storage device(s)108. In some embodiments, the cached information may include format or containerization information related to archives or other files stored on storage device(s)108.

In some alternativeembodiments media agent144 generally acts as a coordinator or facilitator of secondary copy operations betweenclient computing devices102 andsecondary storage devices108, but does not actually write the data tosecondary storage device108. For instance, storage manager140 (or media agent144) may instruct aclient computing device102 andsecondary storage device108 to communicate with one another directly. In such a case,client computing device102 transmits data directly or via one or more intermediary components tosecondary storage device108 according to the received instructions, and vice versa.Media agent144 may still receive, process, and/or maintain metadata related to the secondary copy operations, i.e., may continue to build and maintainindex153. In these embodiments, payload data can flow throughmedia agent144 for the purposes of populatingindex153, but not for writing tosecondary storage device108.Media agent144 and/or other components such asstorage manager140 may in some cases incorporate additional functionality, such as data classification, content indexing, deduplication, encryption, compression, and the like. Further details regarding these and other functions are described below.

Distributed, Scalable Architecture

As described, certain functions ofsystem100 can be distributed amongst various physical and/or logical components. For instance, one or more ofstorage manager140,data agents142, andmedia agents144 may operate on computing devices that are physically separate from one another. This architecture can provide a number of benefits. For instance, hardware and software design choices for each distributed component can be targeted to suit its particular function. Thesecondary computing devices106 on whichmedia agents144 operate can be tailored for interaction with associatedsecondary storage devices108 and provide fast index cache operation, among other specific tasks. Similarly, client computing device(s)102 can be selected to effectively serviceapplications110 in order to efficiently produce and storeprimary data112.

Moreover, in some cases, one or more of the individual components ofinformation management system100 can be distributed to multiple separate computing devices. As one example, for large file systems where the amount of data stored inmanagement database146 is relatively large,database146 may be migrated to or may otherwise reside on a specialized database server (e.g., an SQL server) separate from a server that implements the other functions ofstorage manager140. This distributed configuration can provide added protection becausedatabase146 can be protected with standard database utilities (e.g., SQL log shipping or database replication) independent from other functions ofstorage manager140.Database146 can be efficiently replicated to a remote site for use in the event of a disaster or other data loss at the primary site. Ordatabase146 can be replicated to another computing device within the same site, such as to a higher performance machine in the event that a storage manager host computing device can no longer service the needs of a growingsystem100.

The distributed architecture also provides scalability and efficient component utilization.FIG. 1D shows an embodiment ofinformation management system100 including a plurality ofclient computing devices102 and associateddata agents142 as well as a plurality of secondarystorage computing devices106 and associatedmedia agents144. Additional components can be added or subtracted based on the evolving needs ofsystem100. For instance, depending on where bottlenecks are identified, administrators can add additionalclient computing devices102, secondarystorage computing devices106, and/orsecondary storage devices108. Moreover, where multiple fungible components are available, load balancing can be implemented to dynamically address identified bottlenecks. As an example,storage manager140 may dynamically select whichmedia agents144 and/orsecondary storage devices108 to use for storage operations based on a processing load analysis ofmedia agents144 and/orsecondary storage devices108, respectively.

Wheresystem100 includes multiple media agents144 (see, e.g.,FIG. 1D), afirst media agent144 may provide failover functionality for a second failedmedia agent144. In addition,media agents144 can be dynamically selected to provide load balancing. Eachclient computing device102 can communicate with, among other components, any of themedia agents144, e.g., as directed bystorage manager140. And eachmedia agent144 may communicate with, among other components, any ofsecondary storage devices108, e.g., as directed bystorage manager140. Thus, operations can be routed tosecondary storage devices108 in a dynamic and highly flexible manner, to provide load balancing, failover, etc. Further examples of scalable systems capable of dynamic storage operations, load balancing, and failover are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207.

While distributing functionality amongst multiple computing devices can have certain advantages, in other contexts it can be beneficial to consolidate functionality on the same computing device. In alternative configurations, certain components may reside and execute on the same computing device. As such, in other embodiments, one or more of the components shown inFIG. 1C may be implemented on the same computing device. In one configuration, astorage manager140, one ormore data agents142, and/or one ormore media agents144 are all implemented on the same computing device. In other embodiments, one ormore data agents142 and one ormore media agents144 are implemented on the same computing device, whilestorage manager140 is implemented on a separate computing device, etc. without limitation.

Exemplary Types of Information Management Operations, Including Storage Operations

In order to protect and leverage stored data,system100 can be configured to perform a variety of information management operations, which may also be referred to in some cases as storage management operations or storage operations. These operations can generally include (i) data movement operations, (ii) processing and data manipulation operations, and (iii) analysis, reporting, and management operations.

Data Movement Operations, Including Secondary Copy Operations

Data movement operations are generally storage operations that involve the copying or migration of data between different locations insystem100. For example, data movement operations can include operations in which stored data is copied, migrated, or otherwise transferred from one or more first storage devices to one or more second storage devices, such as from primary storage device(s)104 to secondary storage device(s)108, from secondary storage device(s)108 to different secondary storage device(s)108, fromsecondary storage devices108 toprimary storage devices104, or from primary storage device(s)104 to different primary storage device(s)104, or in some cases within the sameprimary storage device104 such as within a storage array.

Data movement operations can include by way of example, backup operations, archive operations, information lifecycle management operations such as hierarchical storage management operations, replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication), snapshot operations, deduplication or single-instancing operations, auxiliary copy operations, disaster-recovery copy operations, and the like. As will be discussed, some of these operations do not necessarily create distinct copies. Nonetheless, some or all of these operations are generally referred to as “secondary copy operations” for simplicity, because they involve secondary copies. Data movement also comprises restoring secondary copies.

Backup Operations

A backup operation creates a copy of a version ofprimary data112 at a particular point in time (e.g., one or more files or other data units). Each subsequent backup copy116 (which is a form of secondary copy116) may be maintained independently of the first. A backup generally involves maintaining a version of the copiedprimary data112 as well asbackup copies116. Further, a backup copy in some embodiments is generally stored in a form that is different from the native format, e.g., a backup format. This contrasts to the version inprimary data112 which may instead be stored in a format native to the source application(s)110. In various cases, backup copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original native application format. For example, a backup copy may be stored in a compressed backup format that facilitates efficient long-term storage.Backup copies116 can have relatively long retention periods as compared toprimary data112, which is generally highly changeable.Backup copies116 may be stored on media with slower retrieval times thanprimary storage device104. Some backup copies may have shorter retention periods than some other types ofsecondary copies116, such as archive copies (described below). Backups may be stored at an offsite location.

Backup operations can include full backups, differential backups, incremental backups, “synthetic full” backups, and/or creating a “reference copy.” A full backup (or “standard full backup”) in some embodiments is generally a complete image of the data to be protected. However, because full backup copies can consume a relatively large amount of storage, it can be useful to use a full backup copy as a baseline and only store changes relative to the full backup copy afterwards.

A differential backup operation (or cumulative incremental backup operation) tracks and stores changes that occurred since the last full backup. Differential backups can grow quickly in size, but can restore relatively efficiently because a restore can be completed in some cases using only the full backup copy and the latest differential copy.

An incremental backup operation generally tracks and stores changes since the most recent backup copy of any type, which can greatly reduce storage utilization. In some cases, however, restoring can be lengthy compared to full or differential backups because completing a restore operation may involve accessing a full backup in addition to multiple incremental backups.

Synthetic full backups generally consolidate data without directly backing up data from the client computing device. A synthetic full backup is created from the most recent full backup (i.e., standard or synthetic) and subsequent incremental and/or differential backups. The resulting synthetic full backup is identical to what would have been created had the last backup for the subclient been a standard full backup. Unlike standard full, incremental, and differential backups, however, a synthetic full backup does not actually transfer data from primary storage to the backup media, because it operates as a backup consolidator. A synthetic full backup extracts the index data of each participating subclient. Using this index data and the previously backed up user data images, it builds new full backup images (e.g., bitmaps), one for each subclient. The new backup images consolidate the index and user data stored in the related incremental, differential, and previous full backups into a synthetic backup file that fully represents the subclient (e.g., via pointers) but does not comprise all its constituent data.

Any of the above types of backup operations can be at the volume level, file level, or block level. Volume level backup operations generally involve copying of a data volume (e.g., a logical disk or partition) as a whole. In a file-level backup,information management system100 generally tracks changes to individual files and includes copies of files in the backup copy. For block-level backups, files are broken into constituent blocks, and changes are tracked at the block level. Upon restore,system100 reassembles the blocks into files in a transparent fashion. Far less data may actually be transferred and copied tosecondary storage devices108 during a file-level copy than a volume-level copy. Likewise, a block-level copy may transfer less data than a file-level copy, resulting in faster execution. However, restoring a relatively higher-granularity copy can result in longer restore times. For instance, when restoring a block-level copy, the process of locating and retrieving constituent blocks can sometimes take longer than restoring file-level backups.

A reference copy may comprise copy(ies) of selected objects from backed up data, typically to help organize data by keeping contextual information from multiple sources together, and/or help retain specific data for a longer period of time, such as for legal hold needs. A reference copy generally maintains data integrity, and when the data is restored, it may be viewed in the same format as the source data. In some embodiments, a reference copy is based on a specialized client, individual subclient and associated information management policies (e.g., storage policy, retention policy, etc.) that are administered withinsystem100.

Archive Operations

Because backup operations generally involve maintaining a version of the copiedprimary data112 and also maintaining backup copies in secondary storage device(s)108, they can consume significant storage capacity. To reduce storage consumption, an archive operation according to certain embodiments creates anarchive copy116 by both copying and removing source data. Or, seen another way, archive operations can involve moving some or all of the source data to the archive destination. Thus, data satisfying criteria for removal (e.g., data of a threshold age or size) may be removed from source storage. The source data may beprimary data112 or asecondary copy116, depending on the situation. As with backup copies, archive copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the format of the original application or source copy. In addition, archive copies may be retained for relatively long periods of time (e.g., years) and, in some cases are never deleted. In certain embodiments, archive copies may be made and kept for extended periods in order to meet compliance regulations.

Archiving can also serve the purpose of freeing up space in primary storage device(s)104 and easing the demand on computational resources onclient computing device102. Similarly, when asecondary copy116 is archived, the archive copy can therefore serve the purpose of freeing up space in the source secondary storage device(s)108. Examples of data archiving operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298.

Snapshot Operations

Snapshot operations can provide a relatively lightweight, efficient mechanism for protecting data. From an end-user viewpoint, a snapshot may be thought of as an “instant” image ofprimary data112 at a given point in time, and may include state and/or status information relative to anapplication110 that creates/managesprimary data112. In one embodiment, a snapshot may generally capture the directory structure of an object inprimary data112 such as a file or volume or other data set at a particular moment in time and may also preserve file attributes and contents. A snapshot in some cases is created relatively quickly, e.g., substantially instantly, using a minimum amount of file space, but may still function as a conventional file system backup.

A “hardware snapshot” (or “hardware-based snapshot”) operation occurs where a target storage device (e.g., aprimary storage device104 or a secondary storage device108) performs the snapshot operation in a self-contained fashion, substantially independently, using hardware, firmware and/or software operating on the storage device itself. For instance, the storage device may perform snapshot operations generally without intervention or oversight from any of the other components of thesystem100, e.g., a storage array may generate an “array-created” hardware snapshot and may also manage its storage, integrity, versioning, etc. In this manner, hardware snapshots can off-load other components ofsystem100 from snapshot processing. An array may receive a request from another component to take a snapshot and then proceed to execute the “hardware snapshot” operations autonomously, preferably reporting success to the requesting component.

A “software snapshot” (or “software-based snapshot”) operation, on the other hand, occurs where a component in system100 (e.g.,client computing device102, etc.) implements a software layer that manages the snapshot operation via interaction with the target storage device. For instance, the component executing the snapshot management software layer may derive a set of pointers and/or data that represents the snapshot. The snapshot management software layer may then transmit the same to the target storage device, along with appropriate instructions for writing the snapshot. One example of a software snapshot product is Microsoft Volume Snapshot Service (VSS), which is part of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Some types of snapshots do not actually create another physical copy of all the data as it existed at the particular point in time, but may simply create pointers that map files and directories to specific memory locations (e.g., to specific disk blocks) where the data resides as it existed at the particular point in time. For example, a snapshot copy may include a set of pointers derived from the file system or from an application. In some other cases, the snapshot may be created at the block-level, such that creation of the snapshot occurs without awareness of the file system. Each pointer points to a respective stored data block, so that collectively, the set of pointers reflect the storage location and state of the data object (e.g., file(s) or volume(s) or data set(s)) at the point in time when the snapshot copy was created.

An initial snapshot may use only a small amount of disk space needed to record a mapping or other data structure representing or otherwise tracking the blocks that correspond to the current state of the file system. Additional disk space is usually required only when files and directories change later on. Furthermore, when files change, typically only the pointers which map to blocks are copied, not the blocks themselves. For example for “copy-on-write” snapshots, when a block changes in primary storage, the block is copied to secondary storage or cached in primary storage before the block is overwritten in primary storage, and the pointer to that block is changed to reflect the new location of that block. The snapshot mapping of file system data may also be updated to reflect the changed block(s) at that particular point in time. In some other cases, a snapshot includes a full physical copy of all or substantially all of the data represented by the snapshot. Further examples of snapshot operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782. A snapshot copy in many cases can be made quickly and without significantly impacting primary computing resources because large amounts of data need not be copied or moved. In some embodiments, a snapshot may exist as a virtual file system, parallel to the actual file system. Users in some cases gain read-only access to the record of files and directories of the snapshot. By electing to restoreprimary data112 from a snapshot taken at a given point in time, users may also return the current file system to the state of the file system that existed when the snapshot was taken.

Replication Operations

Replication is another type of secondary copy operation. Some types ofsecondary copies116 periodically capture images ofprimary data112 at particular points in time (e.g., backups, archives, and snapshots). However, it can also be useful for recovery purposes to protectprimary data112 in a more continuous fashion, by replicatingprimary data112 substantially as changes occur. In some cases a replication copy can be a mirror copy, for instance, where changes made toprimary data112 are mirrored or substantially immediately copied to another location (e.g., to secondary storage device(s)108). By copying each write operation to the replication copy, two storage systems are kept synchronized or substantially synchronized so that they are virtually identical at approximately the same time. Where entire disk volumes are mirrored, however, mirroring can require significant amount of storage space and utilizes a large amount of processing resources.

According to some embodiments, secondary copy operations are performed on replicated data that represents a recoverable state, or “known good state” of a particular application running on the source system. For instance, in certain embodiments, known good replication copies may be viewed as copies ofprimary data112. This feature allows the system to directly access, copy, restore, back up, or otherwise manipulate the replication copies as if they were the “live”primary data112. This can reduce access time, storage utilization, and impact onsource applications110, among other benefits. Based on known good state information,system100 can replicate sections of application data that represent a recoverable state rather than rote copying of blocks of data. Examples of replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication) are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262.

Deduplication/Single-Instancing Operations

Deduplication or single-instance storage is useful to reduce the amount of non-primary data. For instance, some or all of the above-described secondary copy operations can involve deduplication in some fashion. New data is read, broken down into data portions of a selected granularity (e.g., sub-file level blocks, files, etc.), compared with corresponding portions that are already in secondary storage, and only new/changed portions are stored. Portions that already exist are represented as pointers to the already-stored data. Thus, a deduplicatedsecondary copy116 may comprise actual data portions copied fromprimary data112 and may further comprise pointers to already-stored data, which is generally more storage-efficient than a full copy.

In order to streamline the comparison process,system100 may calculate and/or store signatures (e.g., hashes or cryptographically unique IDs) corresponding to the individual source data portions and compare the signatures to already-stored data signatures, instead of comparing entire data portions. In some cases, only a single instance of each data portion is stored, and deduplication operations may therefore be referred to interchangeably as “single-instancing” operations. Depending on the implementation, however, deduplication operations can store more than one instance of certain data portions, yet still significantly reduce stored-data redundancy. Depending on the embodiment, deduplication portions such as data blocks can be of fixed or variable length. Using variable length blocks can enhance deduplication by responding to changes in the data stream, but can involve more complex processing. In some cases,system100 utilizes a technique for dynamically aligning deduplication blocks based on changing content in the data stream, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652.

System

100 can deduplicate in a variety of manners at a variety of locations. For instance, in some embodiments,system100 implements “target-side” deduplication by deduplicating data at themedia agent144 after being received fromdata agent142. In some such cases,media agents144 are generally configured to manage the deduplication process. For instance, one or more of themedia agents144 maintain a corresponding deduplication database that stores deduplication information (e.g., datablock signatures). Examples of such a configuration are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900. Instead of or in combination with “target-side” deduplication, “source-side” (or “client-side”) deduplication can also be performed, e.g., to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted bydata agent142 tomedia agent144.Storage manager140 may communicate with other components withinsystem100 via network protocols and cloud service provider APIs to facilitate cloud-based deduplication/single instancing, as exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 8,954,446. Some other deduplication/single instancing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0224846 and in U.S. Pat. No. 9,098,495.

Information Lifecycle Management and Hierarchical Storage Management

In some embodiments, files and other data over their lifetime move from more expensive quick-access storage to less expensive slower-access storage. Operations associated with moving data through various tiers of storage are sometimes referred to as information lifecycle management (ILM) operations.

One type of ILM operation is a hierarchical storage management (HSM) operation, which generally automatically moves data between classes of storage devices, such as from high-cost to low-cost storage devices. For instance, an HSM operation may involve movement of data fromprimary storage devices104 tosecondary storage devices108, or between tiers ofsecondary storage devices108. With each tier, the storage devices may be progressively cheaper, have relatively slower access/restore times, etc. For example, movement of data between tiers may occur as data becomes less important over time. In some embodiments, an HSM operation is similar to archiving in that creating an HSM copy may (though not always) involve deleting some of the source data, e.g., according to one or more criteria related to the source data. For example, an HSM copy may includeprimary data112 or asecondary copy116 that exceeds a given size threshold or a given age threshold. Often, and unlike some types of archive copies, HSM data that is removed or aged from the source is replaced by a logical reference pointer or stub. The reference pointer or stub can be stored in theprimary storage device104 or other source storage device, such as asecondary storage device108 to replace the deleted source data and to point to or otherwise indicate the new location in (another)secondary storage device108.

For example, files are generally moved between higher and lower cost storage depending on how often the files are accessed. When a user requests access to HSM data that has been removed or migrated,system100 uses the stub to locate the data and may make recovery of the data appear transparent, even though the HSM data may be stored at a location different from other source data. In this manner, the data appears to the user (e.g., in file system browsing windows and the like) as if it still resides in the source location (e.g., in a primary storage device104). The stub may include metadata associated with the corresponding data, so that a file system and/or application can provide some information about the data object and/or a limited-functionality version (e.g., a preview) of the data object.

An HSM copy may be stored in a format other than the native application format (e.g., compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified). In some cases, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage and the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to generally as “on-line archive copies.” On the other hand, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage without the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to as “off-line archive copies.” Examples of HSM and ILM techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

Auxiliary Copy Operations

An auxiliary copy is generally a copy of an existingsecondary copy116. For instance, an initialsecondary copy116 may be derived fromprimary data112 or from data residing insecondary storage subsystem118, whereas an auxiliary copy is generated from the initialsecondary copy116. Auxiliary copies provide additional standby copies of data and may reside on differentsecondary storage devices108 than the initialsecondary copies116. Thus, auxiliary copies can be used for recovery purposes if initialsecondary copies116 become unavailable. Exemplary auxiliary copy techniques are described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195.

Disaster-Recovery Copy Operations

System

100 may also make and retain disaster recovery copies, often as secondary, high-availability disk copies.System100 may create secondary copies and store them at disaster recovery locations using auxiliary copy or replication operations, such as continuous data replication technologies. Depending on the particular data protection goals, disaster recovery locations can be remote from theclient computing devices102 andprimary storage devices104, remote from some or all of thesecondary storage devices108, or both.

Data Manipulation, Including Encryption and Compression

Data manipulation and processing may include encryption and compression as well as integrity marking and checking, formatting for transmission, formatting for storage, etc. Data may be manipulated “client-side” bydata agent142 as well as “target-side” bymedia agent144 in the course of creatingsecondary copy116, or conversely in the course of restoring data from secondary to primary.

Encryption Operations

System

100 in some cases is configured to process data (e.g., files or other data objects,primary data112,secondary copies116, etc.), according to an appropriate encryption algorithm (e.g., Blowfish, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3-DES), etc.) to limit access and provide data security.System100 in some cases encrypts the data at the client level, such that client computing devices102 (e.g., data agents142) encrypt the data prior to transferring it to other components, e.g., before sending the data tomedia agents144 during a secondary copy operation. In such cases,client computing device102 may maintain or have access to an encryption key or passphrase for decrypting the data upon restore. Encryption can also occur whenmedia agent144 creates auxiliary copies or archive copies. Encryption may be applied in creating asecondary copy116 of a previously unencryptedsecondary copy116, without limitation. In further embodiments,secondary storage devices108 can implement built-in, high performance hardware-based encryption.

Compression Operations

Data Analysis, Reporting, and Management Operations

Data analysis, reporting, and management operations can differ from data movement operations in that they do not necessarily involve copying, migration or other transfer of data between different locations in the system. For instance, data analysis operations may involve processing (e.g., offline processing) or modification of already storedprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116. However, in some embodiments data analysis operations are performed in conjunction with data movement operations. Some data analysis operations include content indexing operations and classification operations which can be useful in leveraging data under management to enhance search and other features.

Classification Operations/Content Indexing

In some embodiments,information management system100 analyzes and indexes characteristics, content, and metadata associated with primary data112 (“online content indexing”) and/or secondary copies116 (“off-line content indexing”). Content indexing can identify files or other data objects based on content (e.g., user-defined keywords or phrases, other keywords/phrases that are not defined by a user, etc.), and/or metadata (e.g., email metadata such as “to,” “from,” “cc,” “bcc,” attachment name, received time, etc.). Content indexes may be searched and search results may be restored.

System

100 generally organizes and catalogues the results into a content index, which may be stored withinmedia agent database152, for example. The content index can also include the storage locations of or pointer references to indexed data inprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116. Results may also be stored elsewhere in system100 (e.g., inprimary storage device104 or in secondary storage device108). Such content index data providesstorage manager140 or other components with an efficient mechanism for locatingprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116 of data objects that match particular criteria, thus greatly increasing the search speed capability ofsystem100. For instance, search criteria can be specified by a user throughuser interface158 ofstorage manager140. Moreover, whensystem100 analyzes data and/or metadata insecondary copies116 to create an “off-line content index,” this operation has no significant impact on the performance ofclient computing devices102 and thus does not take a toll on the production environment. Examples of content indexing techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995.

One or more components, such as a content index engine, can be configured to scan data and/or associated metadata for classification purposes to populate a database (or other data structure) of information, which can be referred to as a “data classification database” or a “metabase.” Depending on the embodiment, the data classification database(s) can be organized in a variety of different ways, including centralization, logical sub-divisions, and/or physical sub-divisions. For instance, one or more data classification databases may be associated with different subsystems or tiers withinsystem100. As an example, there may be a first metabase associated withprimary storage subsystem117 and a second metabase associated withsecondary storage subsystem118. In other cases, metabase(s) may be associated with individual components, e.g.,client computing devices102 and/ormedia agents144. In some embodiments, a data classification database may reside as one or more data structures withinmanagement database146, may be otherwise associated withstorage manager140, and/or may reside as a separate component. In some cases, metabase(s) may be included in separate database(s) and/or on separate storage device(s) fromprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116, such that operations related to the metabase(s) do not significantly impact performance on other components ofsystem100. In other cases, metabase(s) may be stored along withprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116. Files or other data objects can be associated with identifiers (e.g., tag entries, etc.) to facilitate searches of stored data objects. Among a number of other benefits, the metabase can also allow efficient, automatic identification of files or other data objects to associate with secondary copy or other information management operations. For instance, a metabase can dramatically improve the speed with whichsystem100 can search through and identify data as compared to other approaches that involve scanning an entire file system. Examples of metabases and data classification operations are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,734,669 and 7,747,579.

Management and Reporting Operations

Certain embodiments leverage the integrated ubiquitous nature ofsystem100 to provide useful system-wide management and reporting. Operations management can generally include monitoring and managing the health and performance ofsystem100 by, without limitation, performing error tracking, generating granular storage/performance metrics (e.g., job success/failure information, deduplication efficiency, etc.), generating storage modeling and costing information, and the like. As an example,storage manager140 or another component insystem100 may analyze traffic patterns and suggest and/or automatically route data to minimize congestion. In some embodiments, the system can generate predictions relating to storage operations or storage operation information. Such predictions, which may be based on a trending analysis, may predict various network operations or resource usage, such as network traffic levels, storage media use, use of bandwidth of communication links, use of media agent components, etc. Further examples of traffic analysis, trend analysis, prediction generation, and the like are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

In some configurations having a hierarchy of storage operation cells, amaster storage manager140 may track the status of subordinate cells, such as the status of jobs, system components, system resources, and other items, by communicating with storage managers140 (or other components) in the respective storage operation cells. Moreover, themaster storage manager140 may also track status by receiving periodic status updates from the storage managers140 (or other components) in the respective cells regarding jobs, system components, system resources, and other items. In some embodiments, amaster storage manager140 may store status information and other information regarding its associated storage operation cells and other system information in itsmanagement database146 and/or index150 (or in another location). Themaster storage manager140 or other component may also determine whether certain storage-related or other criteria are satisfied, and may perform an action or trigger event (e.g., data migration) in response to the criteria being satisfied, such as where a storage threshold is met for a particular volume, or where inadequate protection exists for certain data. For instance, data from one or more storage operation cells is used to dynamically and automatically mitigate recognized risks, and/or to advise users of risks or suggest actions to mitigate these risks. For example, an information management policy may specify certain requirements (e.g., that a storage device should maintain a certain amount of free space, that secondary copies should occur at a particular interval, that data should be aged and migrated to other storage after a particular period, that data on a secondary volume should always have a certain level of availability and be restorable within a given time period, that data on a secondary volume may be mirrored or otherwise migrated to a specified number of other volumes, etc.). If a risk condition or other criterion is triggered, the system may notify the user of these conditions and may suggest (or automatically implement) a mitigation action to address the risk. For example, the system may indicate that data from aprimary copy112 should be migrated to asecondary storage device108 to free up space onprimary storage device104. Examples of the use of risk factors and other triggering criteria are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

In some embodiments,system100 may also determine whether a metric or other indication satisfies particular storage criteria sufficient to perform an action. For example, a storage policy or other definition might indicate that astorage manager140 should initiate a particular action if a storage metric or other indication drops below or otherwise fails to satisfy specified criteria such as a threshold of data protection. In some embodiments, risk factors may be quantified into certain measurable service or risk levels. For example, certain applications and associated data may be considered to be more important relative to other data and services. Financial compliance data, for example, may be of greater importance than marketing materials, etc. Network administrators may assign priority values or “weights” to certain data and/or applications corresponding to the relative importance. The level of compliance of secondary copy operations specified for these applications may also be assigned a certain value. Thus, the health, impact, and overall importance of a service may be determined, such as by measuring the compliance value and calculating the product of the priority value and the compliance value to determine the “service level” and comparing it to certain operational thresholds to determine whether it is acceptable. Further examples of the service level determination are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

System

100 may additionally calculate data costing and data availability associated with information management operation cells. For instance, data received from a cell may be used in conjunction with hardware-related information and other information about system elements to determine the cost of storage and/or the availability of particular data. Exemplary information generated could include how fast a particular department is using up available storage space, how long data would take to recover over a particular pathway from a particular secondary storage device, costs over time, etc. Moreover, in some embodiments, such information may be used to determine or predict the overall cost associated with the storage of certain information. The cost associated with hosting a certain application may be based, at least in part, on the type of media on which the data resides, for example. Storage devices may be assigned to a particular cost categories, for example. Further examples of costing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

Any of the above types of information (e.g., information related to trending, predictions, job, cell or component status, risk, service level, costing, etc.) can generally be provided to users viauser interface158 in a single integrated view or console (not shown). Report types may include: scheduling, event management, media management and data aging. Available reports may also include backup history, data aging history, auxiliary copy history, job history, library and drive, media in library, restore history, and storage policy, etc., without limitation. Such reports may be specified and created at a certain point in time as a system analysis, forecasting, or provisioning tool. Integrated reports may also be generated that illustrate storage and performance metrics, risks and storage costing information. Moreover, users may create their own reports based on specific needs.User interface158 can include an option to graphically depict the various components in the system using appropriate icons. As one example,user interface158 may provide a graphical depiction ofprimary storage devices104,secondary storage devices108,data agents142 and/ormedia agents144, and their relationship to one another insystem100.

In general, the operations management functionality ofsystem100 can facilitate planning and decision-making. For example, in some embodiments, a user may view the status of some or all jobs as well as the status of each component ofinformation management system100. Users may then plan and make decisions based on this data. For instance, a user may view high-level information regarding secondary copy operations forsystem100, such as job status, component status, resource status (e.g., communication pathways, etc.), and other information. The user may also drill down or use other means to obtain more detailed information regarding a particular component, job, or the like. Further examples are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

System

100 can also be configured to perform system-wide e-discovery operations in some embodiments. In general, e-discovery operations provide a unified collection and search capability for data in the system, such as data stored in secondary storage devices108 (e.g., backups, archives, or other secondary copies116). For example,system100 may construct and maintain a virtual repository for data stored insystem100 that is integrated acrosssource applications110, different storage device types, etc. According to some embodiments, e-discovery utilizes other techniques described herein, such as data classification and/or content indexing.

Information Management Policies

Aninformation management policy148 can include a data structure or other information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with secondary copy and/or other information management operations.

One type ofinformation management policy148 is a “storage policy.” According to certain embodiments, a storage policy generally comprises a data structure or other information source that defines (or includes information sufficient to determine) a set of preferences or other criteria for performing information management operations. Storage policies can include one or more of the following: (1) what data will be associated with the storage policy, e.g., subclient; (2) a destination to which the data will be stored; (3) datapath information specifying how the data will be communicated to the destination; (4) the type of secondary copy operation to be performed; and (5) retention information specifying how long the data will be retained at the destination (see, e.g.,FIG. 1E). Data associated with a storage policy can be logically organized into subclients, which may representprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116. A subclient may represent static or dynamic associations of portions of a data volume. Subclients may represent mutually exclusive portions. Thus, in certain embodiments, a portion of data may be given a label and the association is stored as a static entity in an index, database or other storage location. Subclients may also be used as an effective administrative scheme of organizing data according to data type, department within the enterprise, storage preferences, or the like. Depending on the configuration, subclients can correspond to files, folders, virtual machines, databases, etc. In one exemplary scenario, an administrator may find it preferable to separate e-mail data from financial data using two different subclients.

A storage policy can define where data is stored by specifying a target or destination storage device (or group of storage devices). For instance, where thesecondary storage device108 includes a group of disk libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular disk library for storing the subclients associated with the policy. As another example, where thesecondary storage devices108 include one or more tape libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular tape library for storing the subclients associated with the storage policy, and may also specify a drive pool and a tape pool defining a group of tape drives and a group of tapes, respectively, for use in storing the subclient data. While information in the storage policy can be statically assigned in some cases, some or all of the information in the storage policy can also be dynamically determined based on criteria set forth in the storage policy. For instance, based on such criteria, a particular destination storage device(s) or other parameter of the storage policy may be determined based on characteristics associated with the data involved in a particular secondary copy operation, device availability (e.g., availability of asecondary storage device108 or a media agent144), network status and conditions (e.g., identified bottlenecks), user credentials, and the like.

Datapath information can also be included in the storage policy. For instance, the storage policy may specify network pathways and components to utilize when moving the data to the destination storage device(s). In some embodiments, the storage policy specifies one ormore media agents144 for conveying data associated with the storage policy between the source and destination. A storage policy can also specify the type(s) of associated operations, such as backup, archive, snapshot, auxiliary copy, or the like. Furthermore, retention parameters can specify how long the resultingsecondary copies116 will be kept (e.g., a number of days, months, years, etc.), perhaps depending on organizational needs and/or compliance criteria.

When adding a newclient computing device102, administrators can manually configureinformation management policies148 and/or other settings, e.g., viauser interface158. However, this can be an involved process resulting in delays, and it may be desirable to begin data protection operations quickly, without awaiting human intervention. Thus, in some embodiments,system100 automatically applies a default configuration toclient computing device102. As one example, when one or more data agent(s)142 are installed on aclient computing device102, the installation script may register theclient computing device102 withstorage manager140, which in turn applies the default configuration to the newclient computing device102. In this manner, data protection operations can begin substantially immediately. The default configuration can include a default storage policy, for example, and can specify any appropriate information sufficient to begin data protection operations. This can include a type of data protection operation, scheduling information, a targetsecondary storage device108, data path information (e.g., a particular media agent144), and the like.

Another type ofinformation management policy148 is a “scheduling policy,” which specifies when and how often to perform operations. Scheduling parameters may specify with what frequency (e.g., hourly, weekly, daily, event-based, etc.) or under what triggering conditions secondary copy or other information management operations are to take place. Scheduling policies in some cases are associated with particular components, such as a subclient,client computing device102, and the like.

Another type ofinformation management policy148 is an “audit policy” (or “security policy”), which comprises preferences, rules and/or criteria that protect sensitive data insystem100. For example, an audit policy may define “sensitive objects” which are files or data objects that contain particular keywords (e.g., “confidential,” or “privileged”) and/or are associated with particular keywords (e.g., in metadata) or particular flags (e.g., in metadata identifying a document or email as personal, confidential, etc.). An audit policy may further specify rules for handling sensitive objects. As an example, an audit policy may require that a reviewer approve the transfer of any sensitive objects to a cloud storage site, and that if approval is denied for a particular sensitive object, the sensitive object should be transferred to a localprimary storage device104 instead. To facilitate this approval, the audit policy may further specify how a secondarystorage computing device106 or other system component should notify a reviewer that a sensitive object is slated for transfer.

Another type ofinformation management policy148 is a “provisioning policy,” which can include preferences, priorities, rules, and/or criteria that specify how client computing devices102 (or groups thereof) may utilize system resources, such as available storage on cloud storage and/or network bandwidth. A provisioning policy specifies, for example, data quotas for particular client computing devices102 (e.g., a number of gigabytes that can be stored monthly, quarterly or annually).Storage manager140 or other components may enforce the provisioning policy. For instance,media agents144 may enforce the policy when transferring data tosecondary storage devices108. If aclient computing device102 exceeds a quota, a budget for the client computing device102 (or associated department) may be adjusted accordingly or an alert may trigger.

While the above types ofinformation management policies148 are described as separate policies, one or more of these can be generally combined into a singleinformation management policy148. For instance, a storage policy may also include or otherwise be associated with one or more scheduling, audit, or provisioning policies or operational parameters thereof. Moreover, while storage policies are typically associated with moving and storing data, other policies may be associated with other types of information management operations. The following is a non-exhaustive list of items thatinformation management policies148 may specify:

- schedules or other timing information, e.g., specifying when and/or how often to perform information management operations;
- the type ofsecondary copy116 and/or copy format (e.g., snapshot, backup, archive, HSM, etc.);
- a location or a class or quality of storage for storing secondary copies116 (e.g., one or more particular secondary storage devices108);
- preferences regarding whether and how to encrypt, compress, deduplicate, or otherwise modify or transformsecondary copies116;
- which system components and/or network pathways (e.g., preferred media agents144) should be used to perform secondary storage operations;
- resource allocation among different computing devices or other system components used in performing information management operations (e.g., bandwidth allocation, available storage capacity, etc.);
- whether and how to synchronize or otherwise distribute files or other data objects across multiple computing devices or hosted services; and
- retention information specifying the length of timeprimary data112 and/orsecondary copies116 should be retained, e.g., in a particular class or tier of storage devices, or within thesystem100.

Information management policies

148 can additionally specify or depend on historical or current criteria that may be used to determine which rules to apply to a particular data object, system component, or information management operation, such as:

- frequency with whichprimary data112 or asecondary copy116 of a data object or metadata has been or is predicted to be used, accessed, or modified;
- time-related factors (e.g., aging information such as time since the creation or modification of a data object);
- deduplication information (e.g., hashes, data blocks, deduplication block size, deduplication efficiency or other metrics);
- an estimated or historic usage or cost associated with different components (e.g., with secondary storage devices108);
- the identity of users,applications110,client computing devices102 and/or other computing devices that created, accessed, modified, or otherwise utilizedprimary data112 orsecondary copies116;
- a relative sensitivity (e.g., confidentiality, importance) of a data object, e.g., as determined by its content and/or metadata;
- the current or historical storage capacity of various storage devices;
- the current or historical network capacity of network pathways connecting various components within the storage operation cell;
- access control lists or other security information; and
- the content of a particular data object (e.g., its textual content) or of metadata associated with the data object.

Exemplary Storage Policy and Secondary Copy Operations

FIG. 1E includes a data flow diagram depicting performance of secondary copy operations by an embodiment ofinformation management system100, according to anexemplary storage policy148A.System100 includes astorage manager140, aclient computing device102 having a filesystem data agent142A and anemail data agent142B operating thereon, aprimary storage device104, two

media agents

144A,144B, and two secondary storage devices108: adisk library108A and atape library108B. As shown,primary storage device104 includesprimary data112A, which is associated with a logical grouping of data associated with a file system (“file system subclient”), andprimary data112B, which is a logical grouping of data associated with email (“email subclient”). The techniques described with respect toFIG. 1E can be utilized in conjunction with data that is otherwise organized as well.

As indicated by the dashed box, thesecond media agent144B and tape library1088 are “off-site,” and may be remotely located from the other components in system100 (e.g., in a different city, office building, etc.). Indeed, “off-site” may refer to a magnetic tape located in remote storage, which must be manually retrieved and loaded into a tape drive to be read. In this manner, information stored on thetape library108B may provide protection in the event of a disaster or other failure at the main site(s) where data is stored.

Thefile system subclient112A in certain embodiments generally comprises information generated by the file system and/or operating system ofclient computing device102, and can include, for example, file system data (e.g., regular files, file tables, mount points, etc.), operating system data (e.g., registries, event logs, etc.), and the like. The e-mail subclient1128 can include data generated by an e-mail application operating onclient computing device102, e.g., mailbox information, folder information, emails, attachments, associated database information, and the like. As described above, the subclients can be logical containers, and the data included in the corresponding

primary data

112A and112B may or may not be stored contiguously.

Theexemplary storage policy148A includes backup copy preferences or rule set160, disaster recovery copy preferences or rule set162, and compliance copy preferences orrule set164. Backup copy rule set160 specifies that it is associated withfile system subclient166 andemail subclient168. Each of

subclients

166 and168 are associated with the particularclient computing device102. Backup copy rule set160 further specifies that the backup operation will be written todisk library108A and designates aparticular media agent144A to convey the data todisk library108A. Finally, backup copy rule set160 specifies that backup copies created according to rule set160 are scheduled to be generated hourly and are to be retained for 30 days. In some other embodiments, scheduling information is not included instorage policy148A and is instead specified by a separate scheduling policy.

Disaster recovery copy rule set162 is associated with the same two

subclients

166 and168. However, disaster recovery copy rule set162 is associated withtape library108B, unlike backup copy rule set160. Moreover, disaster recovery copy rule set162 specifies that a different media agent, namely144B, will convey data totape library108B. Disaster recovery copies created according to rule set162 will be retained for 60 days and will be generated daily. Disaster recovery copies generated according to disaster recovery copy rule set162 can provide protection in the event of a disaster or other catastrophic data loss that would affect thebackup copy116A maintained ondisk library108A.

Compliance copy rule set164 is only associated with theemail subclient168, and not thefile system subclient166. Compliance copies generated according to compliance copy rule set164 will therefore not includeprimary data112A from thefile system subclient166. For instance, the organization may be under an obligation to store and maintain copies of email data for a particular period of time (e.g., 10 years) to comply with state or federal regulations, while similar regulations do not apply to file system data. Compliance copy rule set164 is associated with thesame tape library108B andmedia agent144B as disaster recovery copy rule set162, although a different storage device or media agent could be used in other embodiments. Finally, compliance copy rule set164 specifies that the copies it governs will be generated quarterly and retained for 10 years.

Secondary Copy Jobs

A logical grouping of secondary copy operations governed by a rule set and being initiated at a point in time may be referred to as a “secondary copy job” (and sometimes may be called a “backup job,” even though it is not necessarily limited to creating only backup copies). Secondary copy jobs may be initiated on demand as well. Steps1-9 below illustrate three secondary copy jobs based onstorage policy148A.

Referring toFIG. 1E, atstep1,storage manager140 initiates a backup job according to the backup copy rule set160, which logically comprises all the secondary copy operations necessary to effectuaterules160 instorage policy148A every hour, including steps1-4 occurring hourly. For instance, a scheduling service running onstorage manager140 accesses backup copy rule set160 or a separate scheduling policy associated withclient computing device102 and initiates a backup job on an hourly basis. Thus, at the scheduled time,storage manager140 sends instructions to client computing device102 (i.e., to bothdata agent142A anddata agent142B) to begin the backup job.

Atstep2, filesystem data agent142A andemail data agent142B onclient computing device102 respond to instructions fromstorage manager140 by accessing and processing the respective subclient

primary data

112A and112B involved in the backup copy operation, which can be found inprimary storage device104. Because the secondary copy operation is a backup copy operation, the data agent(s)142A,142B may format the data into a backup format or otherwise process the data suitable for a backup copy.

Atstep3,client computing device102 communicates the processed file system data (e.g., using filesystem data agent142A) and the processed email data (e.g., usingemail data agent142B) to thefirst media agent144A according to backup copy rule set160, as directed bystorage manager140.Storage manager140 may further keep a record inmanagement database146 of the association betweenmedia agent144A and one or more of:client computing device102,file system subclient112A, filesystem data agent142A,email subclient112B,email data agent142B, and/orbackup copy116A.

Thetarget media agent144A receives the data-agent-processed data fromclient computing device102, and atstep4 generates and conveysbackup copy116A todisk library108A to be stored asbackup copy116A, again at the direction ofstorage manager140 and according to backup copy rule set160.Media agent144A can also update itsindex153 to include data and/or metadata related tobackup copy116A, such as information indicating where thebackup copy116A resides ondisk library108A, where the email copy resides, where the file system copy resides, data and metadata for cache retrieval, etc.Storage manager140 may similarly update itsindex150 to include information relating to the secondary copy operation, such as information relating to the type of operation, a physical location associated with one or more copies created by the operation, the time the operation was performed, status information relating to the operation, the components involved in the operation, and the like. In some cases,storage manager140 may update itsindex150 to include some or all of the information stored inindex153 ofmedia agent144A. At this point, the backup job may be considered complete. After the 30-day retention period expires,storage manager140 instructsmedia agent144A to deletebackup copy116A fromdisk library108A andindexes150 and/or153 are updated accordingly.

Atstep5,storage manager140 initiates another backup job for a disaster recovery copy according to the disaster recovery rule set162. Illustratively this includes steps5-7 occurring daily for creating disaster recovery copy1168. Illustratively, and by way of illustrating the scalable aspects and off-loading principles embedded insystem100, disaster recovery copy1168 is based onbackup copy116A and not on

primary data

112A and112B.

Atstep6, illustratively based on instructions received fromstorage manager140 atstep5, the specified media agent1448 retrieves the most recentbackup copy116A fromdisk library108A.

Atstep7, again at the direction ofstorage manager140 and as specified in disaster recovery copy rule set162,media agent144B uses the retrieved data to create a disaster recovery copy1168 and store it to tape library1088. In some cases, disaster recovery copy1168 is a direct, mirror copy ofbackup copy116A, and remains in the backup format. In other embodiments, disaster recovery copy1168 may be further compressed or encrypted, or may be generated in some other manner, such as by usingprimary data112A and1128 fromprimary storage device104 as sources. The disaster recovery copy operation is initiated once a day and disaster recovery copies1168 are deleted after 60 days;indexes153 and/or150 are updated accordingly when/after each information management operation is executed and/or completed. The present backup job may be considered completed.

Atstep8,storage manager140 initiates another backup job according to compliance rule set164, which performs steps8-9 quarterly to createcompliance copy116C. For instance,storage manager140 instructs media agent1448 to createcompliance copy116C on tape library1088, as specified in the compliance copy rule set164.

Atstep9 in the example,compliance copy116C is generated using disaster recovery copy1168 as the source. This is efficient, because disaster recovery copy resides on the same secondary storage device and thus no network resources are required to move the data. In other embodiments,compliance copy116C is instead generated using primary data1128 corresponding to the email subclient or usingbackup copy116A fromdisk library108A as source data. As specified in the illustrated example,compliance copies116C are created quarterly, and are deleted after ten years, andindexes153 and/or150 are kept up-to-date accordingly.

Exemplary Applications of Storage Policies—Information Governance Policies and Classification

Again referring toFIG. 1E,storage manager140 may permit a user to specify aspects ofstorage policy148A. For example, the storage policy can be modified to include information governance policies to define how data should be managed in order to comply with a certain regulation or business objective. The various policies may be stored, for example, inmanagement database146. An information governance policy may align with one or more compliance tasks that are imposed by regulations or business requirements. Examples of information governance policies might include a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, a HIPAA policy, an electronic discovery (e-discovery) policy, and so on.

Information governance policies allow administrators to obtain different perspectives on an organization's online and offline data, without the need for a dedicated data silo created solely for each different viewpoint. As described previously, the data storage systems herein build an index that reflects the contents of a distributed data set that spans numerous clients and storage devices, including both primary data and secondary copies, and online and offline copies. An organization may apply multiple information governance policies in a top-down manner over that unified data set and indexing schema in order to view and manipulate the data set through different lenses, each of which is adapted to a particular compliance or business goal. Thus, for example, by applying an e-discovery policy and a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, two different groups of users in an organization can conduct two very different analyses of the same underlying physical set of data/copies, which may be distributed throughout the information management system.

An information governance policy may comprise a classification policy, which defines a taxonomy of classification terms or tags relevant to a compliance task and/or business objective. A classification policy may also associate a defined tag with a classification rule. A classification rule defines a particular combination of criteria, such as users who have created, accessed or modified a document or data object; file or application types; content or metadata keywords; clients or storage locations; dates of data creation and/or access; review status or other status within a workflow (e.g., reviewed or un-reviewed); modification times or types of modifications; and/or any other data attributes in any combination, without limitation. A classification rule may also be defined using other classification tags in the taxonomy. The various criteria used to define a classification rule may be combined in any suitable fashion, for example, via Boolean operators, to define a complex classification rule. As an example, an e-discovery classification policy might define a classification tag “privileged” that is associated with documents or data objects that (1) were created or modified by legal department staff, or (2) were sent to or received from outside counsel via email, or (3) contain one of the following keywords: “privileged” or “attorney” or “counsel,” or other like terms. Accordingly, all these documents or data objects will be classified as “privileged.”

One specific type of classification tag, which may be added to an index at the time of indexing, is an “entity tag.” An entity tag may be, for example, any content that matches a defined data mask format. Examples of entity tags might include, e.g., social security numbers (e.g., any numerical content matching the formatting mask XXX-XX-XXXX), credit card numbers (e.g., content having a 13-16 digit string of numbers), SKU numbers, product numbers, etc. A user may define a classification policy by indicating criteria, parameters or descriptors of the policy via a graphical user interface, such as a form or page with fields to be filled in, pull-down menus or entries allowing one or more of several options to be selected, buttons, sliders, hypertext links or other known user interface tools for receiving user input, etc. For example, a user may define certain entity tags, such as a particular product number or project ID. In some implementations, the classification policy can be implemented using cloud-based techniques. For example, the storage devices may be cloud storage devices, and thestorage manager140 may execute cloud service provider API over a network to classify data stored on cloud storage devices.

Restore Operations from Secondary Copies

While not shown inFIG. 1E, at some later point in time, a restore operation can be initiated involving one or more of

secondary copies

116A,116B, and116C. A restore operation logically takes a selectedsecondary copy116, reverses the effects of the secondary copy operation that created it, and stores the restored data to primary storage where aclient computing device102 may properly access it as primary data. Amedia agent144 and an appropriate data agent142 (e.g., executing on the client computing device102) perform the tasks needed to complete a restore operation. For example, data that was encrypted, compressed, and/or deduplicated in the creation ofsecondary copy116 will be correspondingly rehydrated (reversing deduplication), uncompressed, and unencrypted into a format appropriate to primary data. Metadata stored within or associated with thesecondary copy116 may be used during the restore operation. In general, restored data should be indistinguishable from otherprimary data112. Preferably, the restored data has fully regained the native format that may make it immediately usable byapplication110.

As one example, a user may manually initiate a restore ofbackup copy116A, e.g., by interacting withuser interface158 ofstorage manager140 or with a web-based console with access tosystem100.Storage manager140 may accesses data in itsindex150 and/or management database146 (and/or therespective storage policy148A) associated with the selectedbackup copy116A to identify theappropriate media agent144A and/orsecondary storage device108A where the secondary copy resides. The user may be presented with a representation (e.g., stub, thumbnail, listing, etc.) and metadata about the selected secondary copy, in order to determine whether this is the appropriate copy to be restored, e.g., date that the original primary data was created.Storage manager140 will then instructmedia agent144A and anappropriate data agent142 on the targetclient computing device102 to restoresecondary copy116A toprimary storage device104. A media agent may be selected for use in the restore operation based on a load balancing algorithm, an availability based algorithm, or other criteria. The selected media agent, e.g.,144A, retrievessecondary copy116A fromdisk library108A. For instance,media agent144A may access itsindex153 to identify a location ofbackup copy116A ondisk library108A, or may access location information residing ondisk library108A itself.

In some cases abackup copy116A that was recently created or accessed, may be cached to speed up the restore operation. In such a case,media agent144A accesses a cached version ofbackup copy116A residing inindex153, without having to accessdisk library108A for some or all of the data. Once it has retrievedbackup copy116A, themedia agent144A communicates the data to the requestingclient computing device102. Upon receipt, filesystem data agent142A andemail data agent142B may unpack (e.g., restore from a backup format to the native application format) the data inbackup copy116A and restore the unpackaged data toprimary storage device104. In general,secondary copies116 may be restored to the same volume or folder inprimary storage device104 from which the secondary copy was derived; to another storage location orclient computing device102; to shared storage, etc. In some cases, the data may be restored so that it may be used by anapplication110 of a different version/vintage from the application that created the originalprimary data112.

Exemplary Secondary Copy Formatting

The formatting and structure ofsecondary copies116 can vary depending on the embodiment. In some cases,secondary copies116 are formatted as a series of logical data units or “chunks” (e.g., 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, or 8 GB chunks). This can facilitate efficient communication and writing tosecondary storage devices108, e.g., according to resource availability. For example, a singlesecondary copy116 may be written on a chunk-by-chunk basis to one or moresecondary storage devices108. In some cases, users can select different chunk sizes, e.g., to improve throughput to tape storage devices. Generally, each chunk can include a header and a payload. The payload can include files (or other data units) or subsets thereof included in the chunk, whereas the chunk header generally includes metadata relating to the chunk, some or all of which may be derived from the payload. For example, during a secondary copy operation,media agent144,storage manager140, or other component may divide files into chunks and generate headers for each chunk by processing the files. Headers can include a variety of information such as file and/or volume identifier(s), offset(s), and/or other information associated with the payload data items, a chunk sequence number, etc. Importantly, in addition to being stored withsecondary copy116 onsecondary storage device108, chunk headers can also be stored toindex153 of the associated media agent(s)144 and/or to index150 associated withstorage manager140. This can be useful for providing faster processing ofsecondary copies116 during browsing, restores, or other operations. In some cases, once a chunk is successfully transferred to asecondary storage device108, thesecondary storage device108 returns an indication of receipt, e.g., tomedia agent144 and/orstorage manager140, which may update their

respective indexes

153,150 accordingly. During restore, chunks may be processed (e.g., by media agent144) according to the information in the chunk header to reassemble the files.

Data can also be communicated withinsystem100 in data channels that connectclient computing devices102 tosecondary storage devices108. These data channels can be referred to as “data streams,” and multiple data streams can be employed to parallelize an information management operation, improving data transfer rate, among other advantages. Example data formatting techniques including techniques involving data streaming, chunking, and the use of other data structures in creating secondary copies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,315,923, 8,156,086, and 8,578,120.

FIGS. 1F and 1G are diagrams of example data streams170 and171, respectively, which may be employed for performing information management operations. Referring toFIG. 1F,data agent142 forms data stream170 from source data associated with a client computing device102 (e.g., primary data112).Data stream170 is composed of multiple pairs ofstream header172 and stream data (or stream payload)174. Data streams170 and171 shown in the illustrated example are for a single-instanced storage operation, and astream payload174 therefore may include both single-instance (SI) data and/or non-SI data. Astream header172 includes metadata about thestream payload174. This metadata may include, for example, a length of thestream payload174, an indication of whether thestream payload174 is encrypted, an indication of whether thestream payload174 is compressed, an archive file identifier (ID), an indication of whether thestream payload174 is single instanceable, and an indication of whether thestream payload174 is a start of a block of data.

Referring toFIG. 1G,data stream171 has thestream header172 andstream payload174 aligned into multiple data blocks. In this example, the data blocks are of size 64 KB. The first twostream header172 andstream payload174 pairs comprise a first data block of size 64 KB. Thefirst stream header172 indicates that the length of the succeedingstream payload174 is 63 KB and that it is the start of a data block. Thenext stream header172 indicates that the succeedingstream payload174 has a length of 1 KB and that it is not the start of a new data block. Immediately followingstream payload174 is a pair comprising anidentifier header176 andidentifier data178. Theidentifier header176 includes an indication that the succeedingidentifier data178 includes the identifier for the immediately previous data block. Theidentifier data178 includes the identifier that thedata agent142 generated for the data block. Thedata stream171 also includesother stream header172 andstream payload174 pairs, which may be for SI data and/or non-SI data.

FIG. 1H is a diagram illustratingdata structures180 that may be used to store blocks of SI data and non-SI data on a storage device (e.g., secondary storage device108). According to certain embodiments,data structures180 do not form part of a native file system of the storage device.Data structures180 include one ormore volume folders182, one ormore chunk folders184/185 within thevolume folder182, and multiple files withinchunk folder184. Eachchunk folder184/185 includes ametadata file186/187, ametadata index file188/189, one or more container files190/191/193, and acontainer index file192/194.Metadata file186/187 stores non-SI data blocks as well as links to SI data blocks stored in container files.Metadata index file188/189 stores an index to the data in themetadata file186/187. Container files190/191/193 store SI data blocks.Container index file192/194 stores an index tocontainer files190/191/193. Among other things,container index file192/194 stores an indication of whether a corresponding block in acontainer file190/191/193 is referred to by a link in ametadata file186/187. For example, data block B2 in thecontainer file190 is referred to by a link inmetadata file187 inchunk folder185. Accordingly, the corresponding index entry incontainer index file192 indicates that data block B2 incontainer file190 is referred to. As another example, data block B1 incontainer file191 is referred to by a link inmetadata file187, and so the corresponding index entry incontainer index file192 indicates that this data block is referred to.

As an example,data structures180 illustrated inFIG. 1H may have been created as a result of separate secondary copy operations involving twoclient computing devices102. For example, a first secondary copy operation on a firstclient computing device102 could result in the creation of thefirst chunk folder184, and a second secondary copy operation on a secondclient computing device102 could result in the creation of thesecond chunk folder185. Container files190/191 in thefirst chunk folder184 would contain the blocks of SI data of the firstclient computing device102. If the twoclient computing devices102 have substantially similar data, the second secondary copy operation on the data of the secondclient computing device102 would result inmedia agent144 storing primarily links to the data blocks of the firstclient computing device102 that are already stored in the container files190/191. Accordingly, while a first secondary copy operation may result in storing nearly all of the data subject to the operation, subsequent secondary storage operations involving similar data may result in substantial data storage space savings, because links to already stored data blocks can be stored instead of additional instances of data blocks.

If the operating system of the secondarystorage computing device106 on whichmedia agent144 operates supports sparse files, then whenmedia agent144 creates container files190/191/193, it can create them as sparse files. A sparse file is a type of file that may include empty space (e.g., a sparse file may have real data within it, such as at the beginning of the file and/or at the end of the file, but may also have empty space in it that is not storing actual data, such as a contiguous range of bytes all having a value of zero). Having container files190/191/193 be sparse files allowsmedia agent144 to free up space incontainer files190/191/193 when blocks of data incontainer files190/191/193 no longer need to be stored on the storage devices. In some examples,media agent144 creates anew container file190/191/193 when acontainer file190/191/193 either includes 100 blocks of data or when the size of thecontainer file190 exceeds 50 MB. In other examples,media agent144 creates anew container file190/191/193 when acontainer file190/191/193 satisfies other criteria (e.g., it contains from approx. 100 to approx. 1000 blocks or when its size exceeds approximately 50 MB to 1 GB). In some cases, a file on which a secondary copy operation is performed may comprise a large number of data blocks. For example, a 100 MB file may comprise 400 data blocks of size 256 KB. If such a file is to be stored, its data blocks may span more than one container file, or even more than one chunk folder. As another example, a database file of 20 GB may comprise over 40,000 data blocks of size 512 KB. If such a database file is to be stored, its data blocks will likely span multiple container files, multiple chunk folders, and potentially multiple volume folders. Restoring such files may require accessing multiple container files, chunk folders, and/or volume folders to obtain the requisite data blocks.

Using Backup Data for Replication and Disaster Recovery (“Live Synchronization”)

There is an increased demand to off-load resource intensive information management tasks (e.g., data replication tasks) away from production devices (e.g., physical or virtual client computing devices) in order to maximize production efficiency. At the same time, enterprises expect access to readily-available up-to-date recovery copies in the event of failure, with little or no production downtime.

FIG. 2A illustrates asystem200 configured to address these and other issues by using backup or other secondary copy data to synchronize a source subsystem201 (e.g., a production site) with a destination subsystem203 (e.g., a failover site). Such a technique can be referred to as “live synchronization” and/or “live synchronization replication.” In the illustrated embodiment, the source client computing devices202ainclude one or more virtual machines (or “VMs”) executing on one or more corresponding VM host computers205a, though the source need not be virtualized. Thedestination site203 may be at a location that is remote from theproduction site201, or may be located in the same data center, without limitation. One or more of theproduction site201 anddestination site203 may reside at data centers at known geographic locations, or alternatively may operate “in the cloud.”

The synchronization can be achieved by generally applying an ongoing stream of incremental backups from thesource subsystem201 to thedestination subsystem203, such as according to what can be referred to as an “incremental forever” approach.FIG. 2A illustrates an embodiment of a data flow which may be orchestrated at the direction of one or more storage managers (not shown). Atstep1, the source data agent(s)242aand source media agent(s)244awork together to write backup or other secondary copies of the primary data generated by the source client computing devices202ainto the source secondary storage device(s)208a. Atstep2, the backup/secondary copies are retrieved by the source media agent(s)244afrom secondary storage. Atstep3, source media agent(s)244acommunicate the backup/secondary copies across a network to the destination media agent(s)244bindestination subsystem203.

As shown, the data can be copied from source to destination in an incremental fashion, such that only changed blocks are transmitted, and in some cases multiple incremental backups are consolidated at the source so that only the most current changed blocks are transmitted to and applied at the destination. An example of live synchronization of virtual machines using the “incremental forever” approach is found in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/265,339 entitled “Live Synchronization and Management of Virtual Machines across Computing and Virtualization Platforms and Using Live Synchronization to Support Disaster Recovery.” Moreover, a deduplicated copy can be employed to further reduce network traffic from source to destination. For instance, the system can utilize the deduplicated copy techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,687, entitled “Systems and Methods for Retaining and Using Data Block Signatures in Data Protection Operations.”

Atstep4, destination media agent(s)244bwrite the received backup/secondary copy data to the destination secondary storage device(s)208b. Atstep5, the synchronization is completed when the destination media agent(s) and destination data agent(s)242brestore the backup/secondary copy data to the destination client computing device(s)202b. The destination client computing device(s)202bmay be kept “warm” awaiting activation in case failure is detected at the source. This synchronization/replication process can incorporate the techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/721,971, entitled “Replication Using Deduplicated Secondary Copy Data.”

Where the incremental backups are applied on a frequent, on-going basis, the synchronized copies can be viewed as mirror or replication copies. Moreover, by applying the incremental backups to thedestination site203 using backup or other secondary copy data, theproduction site201 is not burdened with the synchronization operations. Because thedestination site203 can be maintained in a synchronized “warm” state, the downtime for switching over from theproduction site201 to thedestination site203 is substantially less than with a typical restore from secondary storage. Thus, theproduction site201 may flexibly and efficiently fail over, with minimal downtime and with relatively up-to-date data, to adestination site203, such as a cloud-based failover site. Thedestination site203 can later be reverse synchronized back to theproduction site201, such as after repairs have been implemented or after the failure has passed.

Integrating with the Cloud Using File System Protocols

Given the ubiquity of cloud computing, it can be increasingly useful to provide data protection and other information management services in a scalable, transparent, and highly plug-able fashion.FIG. 2B illustrates aninformation management system200 having an architecture that provides such advantages, and incorporates use of a standard file system protocol between primary and

secondary storage subsystems

217,218. As shown, the use of the network file system (NFS) protocol (or any another appropriate file system protocol such as that of the Common Internet File System (CIFS)) allowsdata agent242 to be moved from theprimary storage subsystem217 to thesecondary storage subsystem218. For instance, as indicated by the dashedbox206 arounddata agent242 andmedia agent244,data agent242 can co-reside withmedia agent244 on the same server (e.g., a secondary storage computing device such as component106), or in some other location insecondary storage subsystem218.

Where NFS is used, for example,secondary storage subsystem218 allocates an NFS network path to theclient computing device202 or to one ormore target applications210 running onclient computing device202. During a backup or other secondary copy operation, theclient computing device202 mounts the designated NFS path and writes data to that NFS path. The NFS path may be obtained fromNFS path data215 stored locally at theclient computing device202, and which may be a copy of or otherwise derived fromNFS path data219 stored in thesecondary storage subsystem218.

Write requests issued by client computing device(s)202 are received bydata agent242 insecondary storage subsystem218, which translates the requests and works in conjunction withmedia agent244 to process and write data to a secondary storage device(s)208, thereby creating a backup or other secondary copy.Storage manager240 can include apseudo-client manager217, which coordinates the process by, among other things, communicating information relating toclient computing device202 and application210 (e.g., application type, client computing device identifier, etc.) todata agent242, obtaining appropriate NFS path data from the data agent242 (e.g., NFS path information), and delivering such data toclient computing device202.

Conversely, during a restore or recovery operationclient computing device202 reads from the designated NFS network path, and the read request is translated bydata agent242. Thedata agent242 then works withmedia agent244 to retrieve, re-process (e.g., re-hydrate, decompress, decrypt), and forward the requested data toclient computing device202 using NFS.

By moving specialized software associated withsystem200 such asdata agent242 off theclient computing devices202, the illustrative architecture effectively decouples theclient computing devices202 from the installed components ofsystem200, improving both scalability and plug-ability ofsystem200. Indeed, thesecondary storage subsystem218 in such environments can be treated simply as a read/write NFS target forprimary storage subsystem217, without the need for information management software to be installed onclient computing devices202. As one example, an enterprise implementing a cloud production computing environment can add VMclient computing devices202 without installing and configuring specialized information management software on these VMs. Rather, backups and restores are achieved transparently, where the new VMs simply write to and read from the designated NFS path. An example of integrating with the cloud using file system protocols or so-called “infinite backup” using NFS share is found in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/294,920, entitled “Data Protection Operations Based on Network Path Information.” Examples of improved data restoration scenarios based on network-path information, including using stored backups effectively as primary data sources, may be found in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/297,057, entitled “Data Restoration Operations Based on Network Path Information.”

Highly Scalable Managed Data Pool Architecture

Enterprises are seeing explosive data growth in recent years, often from various applications running in geographically distributed locations.FIG. 2C shows a block diagram of an example of a highly scalable, managed data pool architecture useful in accommodating such data growth. The illustratedsystem200, which may be referred to as a “web-scale” architecture according to certain embodiments, can be readily incorporated into both open compute/storage and common-cloud architectures.

The illustratedsystem200 includes agrid245 ofmedia agents244 logically organized into acontrol tier231 and a secondary orstorage tier233. Media agents assigned to thestorage tier233 can be configured to manage asecondary storage pool208 as a deduplication store, and be configured to receive client write and read requests from theprimary storage subsystem217, and direct those requests to thesecondary tier233 for servicing. For instance, media agents CMA1-CMA3 in thecontrol tier231 maintain and consult one ormore deduplication databases247, which can include deduplication information (e.g., data block hashes, data block links, file containers for deduplicated files, etc.) sufficient to read deduplicated files fromsecondary storage pool208 and write deduplicated files tosecondary storage pool208. For instance,system200 can incorporate any of the deduplication systems and methods shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900, entitled “Distributed Deduplicated Storage System,” and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2014/0201170, entitled “High Availability Distributed Deduplicated Storage System.”

Media agents SMA1-SMA6 assigned to thesecondary tier233 receive write and read requests from media agents CMA1-CMA3 incontrol tier231, and accesssecondary storage pool208 to service those requests. Media agents CMA1-CMA3 incontrol tier231 can also communicate withsecondary storage pool208, and may execute read and write requests themselves (e.g., in response to requests from other control media agents CMA1-CMA3) in addition to issuing requests to media agents insecondary tier233. Moreover, while shown as separate from thesecondary storage pool208, deduplication database(s)247 can in some cases reside in storage devices insecondary storage pool208.

As shown, each of the media agents244 (e.g., CMA1-CMA3, SMA1-SMA6, etc.) ingrid245 can be allocated a correspondingdedicated partition251A-251I, respectively, insecondary storage pool208. Each partition251 can include afirst portion253 containing data associated with (e.g., stored by)media agent244 corresponding to the respective partition251.System200 can also implement a desired level of replication, thereby providing redundancy in the event of a failure of amedia agent244 ingrid245. Along these lines, each partition251 can further include asecond portion255 storing one or more replication copies of the data associated with one or moreother media agents244 in the grid.

System

200 can also be configured to allow for seamless addition ofmedia agents244 togrid245 via automatic configuration. As one illustrative example, a storage manager (not shown) or other appropriate component may determine that it is appropriate to add an additional node to controltier231, and perform some or all of the following: (i) assess the capabilities of a newly added or otherwise available computing device as satisfying a minimum criteria to be configured as or hosting a media agent incontrol tier231; (ii) confirm that a sufficient amount of the appropriate type of storage exists to support an additional node in control tier231 (e.g., enough disk drive capacity exists instorage pool208 to support an additional deduplication database247); (iii) install appropriate media agent software on the computing device and configure the computing device according to a pre-determined template; (iv) establish a partition251 in thestorage pool208 dedicated to the newly establishedmedia agent244; and (v) build any appropriate data structures (e.g., an instance of deduplication database247). An example of highly scalable managed data pool architecture or so-called web-scale architecture for storage and data management is found in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/273,286 entitled “Redundant and Robust Distributed Deduplication Data Storage System.”

The embodiments and components thereof disclosed inFIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, as well as those inFIGS. 1A-1H, may be implemented in any combination and permutation to satisfy data storage management and information management needs at one or more locations and/or data centers.

Example Redundant Distributed Deduplication Data Storage System

The components illustrated inFIGS. 3A through 8 can be implemented within an example highly scalable managed data pool architecture, such as the highly scalable managed data pool architecture described above with respect toFIG. 2C. Furthermore,FIGS. 9 through 14 depict routines that can implemented by one or more components in an example highly scalable managed data pool architecture.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating a scalable information management system. As shown inFIG. 3A, thesystem100 can further include one or more deduplication

database media agents

222,224,226, and228 (DDB media agents), examples of which are described in greater detail in U.S. Pub. No. 2012/0150826, previously incorporated herein by reference. The

DDB media agents

222,224,226, and228 can includededuplication databases210A-210D that store deduplication information (e.g., data block signatures, the location information of data blocks stored in thesecondary storage devices108, a count value indicative of the number of instances that a particular block is used, etc.). Such information can be stored in a primary table, for example. Thededuplication databases210A-210D can include additional data structures, such as a deduplication chunk table and/or a chunk integrity table. Furthermore, the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, and228 can be implemented on the same secondarystorage computing devices106 as one or more of themedia agents144, or on separate computing devices.

During a backup or other secondary copy operation using deduplication techniques, thesystem100 can query the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, and/or228 andcorresponding deduplication databases210A-210D for signatures of the data blocks to be backed up. In some embodiments, theclient computing device102 can query the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, and/or228 and in certain embodiments, the secondarystorage computing devices106 can query the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, and/or228. When a signature is found in the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, or228, a link to the location of a copy of the data block stored in thesecondary storage devices108 is stored as part of the backup. When a signature is not found in the

DDB media agents

222,224,226, or228, a copy of the data block is stored in thesecondary storage devices108, and the signature of the data block (and other deduplication information) is stored in the appropriate DDB media agent(s)222,224,226, or228.

A data block distribution policy can specify which

DDB media agents

222,224,226, or228 store which signatures and which

DDB media agents

222,224,226, or228 are therefore queried for particular data block signatures. For example, the distribution policy can indicate that data block signatures are stored in

DDB media agents

222,224,226, or228 based on a modulo operation of the signature of the data block, as described previously. One example of an implementation of such a policy will now be described.

According to the example, during a backup operation one of themedia agents144 is assigned, at the direction of thestorage manager140, to back up a data file for one of theclient computing devices102. For each constituent data block in the file, themedia agent144 calculates a hash or other signature for the data block, and consults thededuplication database210 of a selected one of theDDB media agents224.

Themedia agent144 selects the appropriate

DDB media agent

222,224,226,228 to consult based on a pre-defined data block distribution policy. In the example embodiment, the distribution policy dictates that the deduplication information is distributed across the

DDB media agents

222,224,226,228 by assigning each data block to a selected DDB media agent based on the modulo of the data block hash value. In the example implementation, there are four available

DDB media agents

222,224,226,228, and a modulo four is therefore applied to the data block hash value, resulting in an output value within the set {0, 1, 2, 3}. Data blocks are assigned to DDB media agents as follows: modulo output=‘0’, assigned toDDBMA222; modulo output=‘1’, assigned toDDBMA224; modulo output=‘2’ assigned toDDBMA226; and modulo output=‘3’ assigned toDDBMA228.

For a first exemplary data block in the file, themedia agent144 computes the hash, takes the modulo of the hash, resulting in an output of ‘2’, and therefore sends the data block hash to theDDB media agent226. TheDDB media agent226 references its deduplication database210C using the hash, and finds an entry indicating that a copy of the data block already exists in thesecondary storage devices108. Thus, theDDB media agent226 returns a link to themedia agent144 indicating the location of the copy of the data block in thesecondary storage devices108. Then, when themedia agent144 writes the backup copy of the file to the secondary storage device(s)108, themedia agent144 includes the link within the backup copy of the file instead of including a duplicate copy of the actual data block.

For a second exemplary data block in the file, the requestingmedia agent144 computes the hash, takes the modulo of the hash, resulting in an output of ‘1’, and therefore sends the hash to theDDB media agent224. TheDDB media agent224 references its deduplication database210B using the hash, and does not find an entry corresponding to the data block. TheDDB media agent224 returns an indication to themedia agent144 that the data block does not yet exist in thesecondary storage devices108. When themedia agent144 writes the backup copy of the file to the secondary storage device(s)108, themedia agent144 includes an actual copy of the data block with the backup copy of the file. TheDDB media agent224 also updates its deduplication database210B to include an entry corresponding to the hash of the data block and including a link specifying the location of the stored data block in thesecondary storage devices108. For instance, the requestingmedia agent144 may be assigned to write data only to a particularsecondary storage device108 according to a pre-defined policy, and theDDB media agent224 may therefore include a link specifying that the data block is stored in thesecondary storage device108 assigned to the requestingmedia agent144. Further examples of distributed deduplication storage schemes are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Furthermore, should one of the DDB media agents (e.g., DDB media agent222) become unavailable, the distribution policy can specify another DDB media agent (e.g., DDB media agent226) as a failover DDB media agent and use the failover DDB media agent for deduplication operations while the other DDB media agent (e.g., DDB media agent222) is unavailable, as described in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, one or more of themedia agents144 can act as control media agents and theother media agents144 can act as secondary media agents. A control media agent can be configured to manage deduplication information, receive read/write requests from theclient computing devices102 and/or the storage manager140 (e.g., where read requests are requests to restore a backup copy of a file and write requests are requests to write a backup copy of a file to the secondary storage device(s)108), and direct read/write requests to the appropriate secondary media agent. A secondary media agent can be configured to process the received read/write requests based on deduplication information provided by a control media agent. Thus, a control media agent may include or be associated with a deduplication database, such as the deduplication database210 (e.g., a control media agent can be a

DDB media agent

222,224,226, or228), while a secondary media agent may not include or be associated with a deduplication database.

FIG. 3B is a flow diagram depicting the operations of acontrol media agent344A and asecondary media agent346A in the scalableinformation management system100. As illustrated inFIG. 3B, thestorage manager140 can receive a read or write request from the client computing device102 (1). Thestorage manager140 can transmit the request (2) to the appropriate control media agent344. For example, thestorage manager140 transmits the request to thecontrol media agent344A. Thestorage manager140 can determine which control media agent344 to transmit the request to based on an algorithm (e.g., using a module function in a manner similar to the deduplication process described above), based on a relative load of each control media agent344 (e.g., thestorage manager140 can transmit the request to the control media agent344 consuming the fewest computing resources at the time), and/or based on other similar considerations.

Thecontrol media agent344A can obtain deduplication information from the DDB database310 (3) in response to receiving the request. For example, thecontrol media agent344A can retrieve the deduplication information (e.g., data block signatures) associated with the backup copy of the file to be restored or written.

This deduplication information, along with the request (e.g., which can include the data to be written to thesecondary storage device108 if a write request is received), can be transmitted by the control media agent44A to thesecondary media agent346A (4). Like with thestorage manager140, thecontrol media agent344A can determine which secondary media agent346 to send the deduplication information and the request based on an algorithm (e.g., using a module function in a manner similar to the deduplication process described above), based on a relative load of each second media agent346 (e.g., thecontrol media agent344A can transmit the request to the secondary media agent346 consuming the fewest computing resources at the time), based on thesecondary media agent346A that is associated with a portion of thesecondary storage device108 that corresponds with the data to be read or written, and/or based on other similar considerations.

Using the deduplication information and/or the request, thesecondary media agent346A can read the appropriate data from the secondary storage device108 (if a read request) or generate a backup copy of the data to be written to the secondary storage device108 (if a write request) (5). The process by which thesecondary media agent346A uses the deduplication information to replace the links in a data backup when processing a read request or uses the deduplication information to replace duplicate data blocks when processing a write request are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,578,109 and 9,020,900 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0201170, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Based on the detected and/or received information, thestorage manager140 can determine whether themedia agent144B should be a control media agent or a secondary media agent. In an embodiment, the secondarystorage computing device106B does not have the computing resources necessary to include or be associated with aDDB database210. Thus, thestorage manager140 may configure themedia agent144B to be a secondary media agent.

As described herein, the secondarystorage computing device106A can retrieve the data stored in the sub-partition represented by theblock408A, replicate the data, and store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented by theblock408D. Alternatively, the secondarystorage computing device106A can transmit the replicated data to thestorage manager140 to instruct the secondarystorage computing device106B to store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented by theblock408D. Similarly, the secondarystorage computing device106B can store original data in the sub-partition represented byblock408E, replicate this data, and store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented byblock408B (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondarystorage computing device106A to store the replicated data).

Based on the detected and/or received information, thestorage manager140 can determine whether themedia agent144C should be a control media agent or a secondary media agent. In an embodiment, the secondarystorage computing device106C may have the computing resources necessary to include or be associated with a DDB database (e.g., theDDB database210F here) and thus thestorage manager140 may configure themedia agent144C to be a control media agent.

The secondarystorage computing device106A can retrieve the data stored in the sub-partition represented by theblock408A, replicate the data, and store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented by theblock408G (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondarystorage computing device106C to store the replicated data). Furthermore, the secondarystorage computing device106B can retrieve the data stored in the sub-partition represented by theblock408E, replicate the data, and store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented by theblock408H (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondarystorage computing device106C to store the replicated data). Similarly, the secondarystorage computing device106C can store original data in the sub-partition represented by block408I, replicate this data, and store the replicated data in the sub-partition represented by

blocks

408C and408F (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondarystorage computing devices106A-B to store the replicated data). As described in greater detail below, the secondarystorage computing device106A can also replicate deduplication data stored in theDDB database210E for storage in theDDB database210F.

Based on the detected and/or received information, thestorage manager140 can determine whether themedia agents144B-C should be control media agents or secondary media agents. As described above, the secondarystorage computing device106B does not have the computing resources necessary to include or be associated with aDDB database210. Thus, thestorage manager140 may configure themedia agent144B to be a secondary media agent. However, the secondarystorage computing device106C may have the computing resources necessary to include or be associated with a DDB database (e.g., theDDB database210F here) and thus thestorage manager140 may configure themedia agent144C to be a control media agent.

Based on the detected and/or received information, thestorage manager140 can also partition (or re-partition) thesecondary storage device108 to include memory allocated for specific use by each of the secondarystorage computing devices106A-C. For example, the partition represented byblocks408A-C may be allocated to the secondarystorage computing device106A, the partition represented byblocks408D-F may be allocated to the secondarystorage computing device106B, and the partition represented byblocks408G-I may be allocated to the secondarystorage computing device106C.

Based on the detected and/or received information, thestorage manager140 can also instruct secondarystorage computing devices106 associated with a DDB database210 (e.g., the secondary

storage computing devices

106A and106C) to partition theirrespective DDB databases210 such that eachDDB database210 stores deduplication information initially stored in theother DDB databases210 for redundancy purposes. For example, thestorage manager140 can instruct the secondarystorage computing device106A (3) to partition theDDB database210E so that one partition can include deduplication information from theDDB database210F. The secondarystorage computing device106A can partition theDDB database210E (4) and retrieve deduplication information from theDDB database210E to be transmitted to the secondarystorage computing device106C for storage in a reserved partition of theDDB database210F. The deduplication information from theDDB database210E can be replicated by the secondarystorage computing device106A and transmitted directly to the secondarystorage computing device106C for storage in the reserved partition of theDDB database210F. Alternatively, the deduplication information from theDDB database210E can be replicated by the secondarystorage computing device106A and transmitted to thestorage manager140. Thestorage manager140 can then transmit the replicated deduplication information to the secondarystorage computing device106C for storage in the reserved partition of theDDB database210F.

Likewise, thestorage manager140 can instruct thesecondary storage device106C (5) to partition theDDB database210F so that one partition can include deduplication information from theDDB database210E. The secondarystorage computing device106C can partition theDDB database210F (6) in response to receiving the instruction from thestorage manager140.

The secondarystorage computing device106A may retrieve the data inpartition408A (8), replicate the data, and store the replicated data inpartition408D (9) and inpartition408G (10). Alternatively, the secondarystorage computing device106A can transmit the replicated data to thestorage manager140 to instruct the secondarystorage computing devices106B-C associated with the various partitions to store the replicated data in the appropriate sub-partition or to the individual secondarystorage computing devices106B-C for storage in the appropriate sub-partition. Similarly, the secondarystorage computing device106B can store original data inpartition408E (11) and store replicated data inpartitions408B (12) and408H (13) (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondary

storage computing devices

106A and106C to store the replicated data), and the secondarystorage computing device106C can store original data in partition408I (14) and store replicated data inpartitions408C (15) and408F (16) (or instruct thestorage manager140 and/or the secondarystorage computing devices106A-B to store the replicated data).

Data replication can occur in real-time (e.g., within a few seconds of being configured by the storage manager140). Alternatively or in addition, data replication can occur off-line at a set or random time or in the background when one or more of the secondarystorage computing devices106A-C is otherwise idle.

Thus, the secondarystorage computing devices106B-C can be automatically configured for use by thestorage manager140 without any user input once the secondarystorage computing devices106B-C are physically installed. Furthermore, thestorage manager140 can initiate the reallocation of resources if one or more secondarystorage computing devices106A-C (e.g.,media agents144A-C) become unavailable, as described below with respect toFIGS. 5A through 6C.

FIG. 5A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of thesecondary media agent144B in the scalableinformation management system100. As illustrated inFIG. 5A, themedia agent144B is unavailable and cannot be used to access thesecondary storage device108 and the data inpartitions408D-F.

FIG. 5B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when thesecondary media agent144B is unavailable. As illustrated inFIG. 5B, if thestorage manager140 receives a read or write request from aclient computing device102 that normally would be forwarded to a control media agent and then to thesecondary media agent144B, thestorage manager140 instead forwards the read or write request to another media agent (e.g., either control or secondary media agent) that is available. For example, thestorage manager140 can forward the read or write request (1) to thecontrol media agent144A. Thecontrol media agent144A may or may not access deduplication information (2) from theDDB database210E (e.g., may access the deduplication information if the read request corresponds to a backup copy that includes deduplication links or the write request corresponds to data that includes duplicate blocks). Thecontrol media agent144A may then use the deduplication information, if accessed, and complete the read or write request (3) by accessing thepartition408B, which was previously allocated for replicated data of the now unavailablesecondary media agent144B. Thus, thecontrol media agent144A can function as thesecondary media agent144B, reading and writing to data that is a mirror of data normally accessed by thesecondary media agent144B in thesecondary storage device108.

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of thecontrol media agent144C in the scalableinformation management system100. As illustrated inFIG. 6A, themedia agent144C is unavailable and cannot be used to access thesecondary storage device108 and the data inpartitions408H-I. Similarly, the deduplication information stored inDDB database210F is no longer available as well.

FIG. 6B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when thecontrol media agent144C is unavailable. As illustrated inFIG. 6B, if thestorage manager140 receives a read or write request from aclient computing device102 that normally would be forwarded to thecontrol media agent144C, thestorage manager140 instead forwards the read or write request to another control media agent that is available. For example, thestorage manager140 can forward the read or write request (1) to thecontrol media agent144A. Thecontrol media agent144A may access the partition in theDDB database210E that corresponds to the deduplication information originally stored in theDDB database210F and retrieve such deduplication information. If deduplication information of themedia agent144C is not available in theDDB database210E, thecontrol media agent144A can rebuild the deduplication information using the data in thepartition408C. Thecontrol media agent144A may then use the deduplication information and complete the read or write request (3) by accessing thepartition408C, which was previously allocated for replicated data of the now unavailablecontrol media agent144C. Alternatively, thecontrol media agent144A can transmit the retrieved deduplication information to a secondary media agent, and the secondary media agent can complete the read or write request. Thus, thecontrol media agent144A can function as thecontrol media agent144C, reading and writing to data that is a mirror of data normally accessed by thecontrol media agent144C in the secondary storage device108 (or instructing a secondary media agent to perform the reading and/or writing).

FIG. 6C is another flow diagram depicting the operations performed when thecontrol media agent144C is unavailable. As illustrated inFIG. 6C, if thestorage manager140 receives a read or write request from aclient computing device102 that normally would be forwarded to thecontrol media agent144C, thestorage manager140 instead forwards the read or write request to another media agent that is available. For example, thestorage manager140 can forward the read or write request (1) to thesecondary media agent144B. Because thesecondary media agent144B does not have access to deduplication information, thesecondary media agent144B can rebuild the deduplication information using the data stored in thepartition408F. For example, thesecondary media agent144B can retrieve data stored in thepartition408F (2) and analyze the data to identify links and/or duplicate blocks and rebuild the deduplication information (3). The rebuilt deduplication information can be stored locally (e.g., inmedia agent database152B) or in a DDB database associated with anothermedia agent144. Thesecondary media agent144B may then use the deduplication information and complete the read or write request (4) by accessing thepartition408F, which was previously allocated for replicated data of the now unavailablecontrol media agent144C. Alternatively, thesecondary media agent144B can transmit the retrieved deduplication information to another secondary media agent, and the other secondary media agent can complete the read or write request. Thus, thesecondary media agent144B can function as thecontrol media agent144C, reading and writing to data that is a mirror of data normally accessed by thecontrol media agent144C in the secondary storage device108 (or instructing another secondary media agent to perform the reading and/or writing).

Multiple File Systems for Minimizing Secondary Storage Computing Device Failures

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting the file systems of the secondary storage computing devices160A-C in the scalableinformation management system100. In some embodiments, each partition allocated to a secondary storage computing device (e.g., partitions represented byblocks408A-C, which are allocated to the secondarystorage computing device106A as depicted inFIG. 4D) forms a single file system or volume. While a partition may correspond to a single file system, the single file system can include multiple physical hard disks (e.g., each sub-partition may correspond to a different hard disk). However, because the multiple hard disks form a single file system, a failure of one hard disk can cause the file system to become corrupted and therefore the entire secondary storage computing device to fail. Thus, it may be desirable to design a file system scheme in which a secondary storage computing device does not fail merely because a single hard disk failed.

Accordingly, each allocated partition may instead correspond to multiple file systems. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 7, the secondarystorage computing device106A has access to a partition in a secondary storage device that has three sub-partitions represented by

blocks

708A,710A, and712A. The secondary storage computing device1068 has access to a partition in the secondary storage device that has three sub-partitions represented by

blocks

708B,710B, and712B. The secondarystorage computing device106C has access to a partition in the secondary storage device that has three sub-partitions represented by

blocks

708C,710C, and712C. Each sub-partition represented byblocks708A-C,710A-C, and712A-C may be a separate hard disk. Furthermore, each sub-partition represented by

blocks

708A,710A, and712A may store data associated with the secondarystorage computing device106A, each sub-partition represented by

blocks

708B,710B, and712B may store data associated with the secondarystorage computing device106B, and each sub-partition represented by

blocks

708C,710C, and712C may store data associated with the secondarystorage computing device106C. Alternatively, each sub-partition represented byblocks708A-C,710A-C, and712A-C may store data associated with some or all of the secondarystorage computing devices106A-C.

Each of the hard disks corresponding toblocks708A-C may collectively form a first file system, each of the hard disks corresponding toblocks710A-C may collectively form a second file system, and each of the hard disks corresponding toblocks712A-C may collectively form a third file system. Thestorage manager140 or the individual secondarystorage computing devices106A-C (independently or at the direction of the storage manager140) may perform parity replication such that each hard disk corresponding to a given file system stores some or all of the data stored on the other hard disks corresponding to the same file system. For example, the hard disk corresponding to block708A may store some or all of the data stored on the hard disks corresponding toblocks708B-C after the parity replication is performed (e.g., the hard disks corresponding toblocks708A-C may each store ⅓ of all writes to the file system).

Disk Failure Notification User Interface

FIG. 8 is a user interface800 depicting a location of a disk failure. In an embodiment, amedia agent144 can run a service or application to check the status of one or more hard disks that are included in thesecondary storage device108 and/or provide automatic reporting of the determined status. The service can determine the status of a volume or file system (e.g., hard disks represented byblocks708A-C inFIG. 7), the status of a sub-volume or sub-file system (e.g., some, but not all, of the hard disks represented byblocks708A-C), and/or individual hard disks (e.g., the hard disk represented byblock708A).

For example, the service can be configured to transmit a write request to a specific memory location in a hard disk. The service can then transmit a read request to read the data that was just written to the memory location. If the read request returns data that matches the data initially included in the write request, then the service may determine that the hard disk is functioning properly. Otherwise, the service may determine that the hard disk will fail or has failed. In such a situation, the service can transmit a unique identifier identifying the hard disk (e.g., a serial number of the hard disk) to thestorage manager140. The service may transmit the write and read request messages periodically to periodically check the status of the hard disk.

As another example, the hard drive can be configured with a service that performs a self-test. The self-test can include a test of the electrical and/or mechanical performance of the hard disk, such as a test of buffer random access memory (RAM), a read/write circuitry test, a test of the read/write head elements, seeking and servo on data tracks, a scan of a portion of or all of the disk surface, a conveyance test, and/or the like. The service in themedia agent144 can be configured to periodically instruct the hard disk to perform the self-test. Alternatively, the hard disk service can automatically periodically perform the self-test and report results to themedia agent144 service. If during the self-test the hard disk determines that a failure is imminent (e.g., a failure will happen within a certain time period, a failure will occur after a certain number of read/write requests are received, etc.) or that a failure has occurred, the hard disk service can transmit an alert to themedia agent144 service. In an embodiment, the alert includes the unique identifier of the hard disk (e.g., the serial number of the hard disk). Themedia agent144 service can then notify thestorage manager140 that the hard disk identified by the unique identifier is failing or has failed.

As described above, thestorage manager140 can include themanagement database146. When a hard disk is installed as part of thesecondary storage device108, a location of the hard disk (e.g., a bay and/or a slot in the bay at which the hard disk is placed) and the unique identifier of the hard disk are stored in themanagement database146. Thus, when thestorage manager140 receives a notification from themedia agent144 that a hard disk identified by a certain unique identifier is failing or has failed, thestorage manager140 can query themanagement database146 to identify a location of the hard disk. Thestorage manager140 can then generate user interface data that causes a user interface rendered by a user device (e.g., a mobile phone, a tablet, a laptop, a desktop, etc.) to display the location of the failing or failed hard disk.

As an illustrative example, the user interface800 can be rendered by a user device using user interface data generated and provided by thestorage manager140. The user interface800 can display a graphical representation of

bays

810,820, and830, which may be bays in thesecondary storage device108. Each

bay

810,820, and830 may have various slots in which hard disks are located. The user interface800 may highlight one or more hard disks that are indicated as failing or having failed. For example, the hard disk located inslot832 in thebay830 is shaded to indicate that the hard disk is failing or has failed. Optionally, the user interface800 can include text that provides more information about why the hard disk is failing or has failed, text that instructs a user to replace the hard disk, text identifying the location of the failing or failed hard disk, and/or text providing other information.

While the user interface800

displays bays

810,820, and830 for a singlesecondary storage device108, this is not meant to be limiting. For example, the scalableinformation management system100 can include multiple pools, where each pool includes one or more secondarystorage computing devices106 and asecondary storage device108 that provide the functionality described herein. The user interface800 can graphically display the locations of bays and hard disks corresponding to multiple pools in the scalableinformation management system100. The locations of bay and hard disks corresponding to multiple pools can be displayed in the same window, in different windows, and/or accessed individually via a menu presented in the user interface800.

Using the user interface800, a user can more easily identify the location of a failing or failed hard disk and replace this hard disk with a new hard disk. When a new hard disk is swapped into the location of the failing or failed hard disk, the user interface800 may no longer highlight the slot (e.g., slot832) as the location of a failing or failed hard disk. In addition, upon detection of the insertion of the new hard disk, thestorage manager140 may automatically instruct the appropriate secondarystorage computing device106 to format the hard disk and set up the hard disk for use (e.g., perform a repair operation, replicate data for storage on the hard disk, associate the hard disk with a particular file system, etc.).

Process for Automatically Configuring a New Media Agent

FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine900 implemented by thestorage manager140 for automatically configuring a new media agent. The elements outlined for routine900 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager140. For example, routine900 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager140, an application running on thestorage manager140, and the like. Accordingly, routine900 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager140, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock902, the routine900 detects that a second secondary storage computing device is installed. The routine900 may make the detection after a first secondary storage computing device that manages first data in the secondary storage device has already been installed.

Atblock904, the routine900 determines whether a media agent of the second secondary storage computing device is a control media agent or a secondary media agent. For example, the routine900 makes the determination based on the computing resources available to the second secondary storage computing device (e.g., whether the second secondary storage computing device has sufficient memory available to manage a deduplication database). Whether the media agent is a control media agent or a secondary media agent may determine whether the second secondary storage computing device is used to manage deduplication information or is used to use provided deduplication information to process read and/or write requests.

Atblock906, the routine900 partitions the secondary storage device such that a first portion of the secondary storage device is assigned to the first secondary storage computing device and a second portion of the secondary storage device is assigned to the second secondary storage computing device. Each partition may be further partitioned such that each sub-partition corresponds to the original data of the respective secondary storage computing device or replicated data of the other secondary storage computing devices.

Atblock908, the routine900 instructs the first secondary storage computing device to replicate the first data and transmit the replicated first data to the second secondary storage computing device for storage in the second portion of the secondary storage device. Alternatively, the routine900 can instruct the first secondary storage computing device to directly store the replicated first data in the second portion.

In further embodiments, if the second secondary storage computing device becomes unavailable, the routine900 can instruct another secondary storage computing device to act as the media agent of the second secondary storage computing device. This may be possible because the other secondary storage computing devices may have access to replicated forms of the data normally managed by the secondary storage computing device.

In regard to the figures described herein, other embodiments are possible within the scope of the present invention, such that the above-recited components, steps, blocks, operations, and/or messages/requests/queries/instructions are differently arranged, sequenced, sub-divided, organized, and/or combined. In some embodiments, a different component may initiate or execute a given operation. For example, in some embodiments, the control media agents can directly process the read and/or write requests, thereby bypassing the secondary media agents.

Process for Redirecting I/O Requests when a Media Agent Fails

FIG. 10 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1000 implemented by thestorage manager140 for redirecting input/output (I/O) requests intended for a first media agent to a second media agent when the first media agent fails. The elements outlined for routine900 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager140. For example, routine1000 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager140, an application running on thestorage manager140, and the like. Accordingly, routine1000 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager140, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1002, the routine1000 detects that a first secondary storage computing device has failed. The routine1000 may make the detection based on an inability to contact the first secondary storage computing device.

Atblock1004, the routine1000 redirects an I/O request intended for the first secondary storage computing device to a second secondary storage computing device. The I/O request can correspond to first data that is stored in a first partition of thesecondary storage device108 accessible by the first secondary storage computing device. The first data may have been replicated at a previous time and the replicated data may have been stored in a second partition of thesecondary storage device108 accessible by the second secondary storage computing device. For example, the second partition can include a first sub-partition that stores data associated with the second secondary storage computing device and a second sub-partition that stores data associated with the first secondary storage computing device.

Atblock1006, the routine1000 receives an indication that the I/O request is performed using a second sub-partition of a second partition of the secondary storage device. For example, the second secondary storage computing device can perform the I/O request in place of the first secondary storage computing device.

Process for Automatically Replicating Deduplication Data for a New Media Agent

FIG. 11 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1100 implemented by thestorage manager140 for replicating deduplication data when a new media agent is added so that the replicated deduplication data can be used to process I/O requests when a media agent fails. The elements outlined for routine1100 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager140. For example, routine1100 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager140, an application running on thestorage manager140, and the like. Accordingly, routine1100 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager140, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1102, the routine1100 detects that a second secondary storage computing device is installed. The routine1100 may make the detection after a first secondary storage computing device that manages first data in the secondary storage device has already been installed.

At block1104, the routine1100 partitions the secondary storage device such that a first portion of the secondary storage device is assigned to the first secondary storage computing device and a second portion of the secondary storage device is assigned to the second secondary storage computing device. Each partition may be further partitioned such that each sub-partition corresponds to the original data of the respective secondary storage computing device or replicated data of the other secondary storage computing devices. Alternatively, the routine1100 can instruct one or more of the secondary storage computing devices to complete the partition.

Atblock1106, the routine1100 instructs the first secondary storage computing device to replicate first deduplication data and transmit the replicated first deduplication data to the second secondary storage computing device for use in performing I/O requests on data in the second portion. For example, if the first secondary storage computing device fails, the second secondary storage computing device can use the replicated deduplication data to perform I/O requests originally intended for the first secondary storage computing device.

Process for Rebuilding Deduplication Data to Perform I/O Requests

FIG. 12 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1200 implemented by themedia agent144 for rebuilding deduplication data associated with a first media agent when the first media agent fails so that I/O requests intended for the first media agent can be processed by a second media agent. The elements outlined for routine1200 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with themedia agent144. Accordingly, routine1200 has been logically associated as being generally performed by themedia agent144, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1202, the routine1200 receives an I/O request intended for a first secondary storage computing device that has failed. The routine1200 may detect that the first secondary storage computing device has failed based on an inability to contact the first secondary storage computing device.

Atblock1204, the routine1200 determines that deduplication data associated with the first secondary storage computing device is not available. For example, the deduplication data may not be available because themedia agent144 is a secondary media agent and not a control media agent (and thus themedia agent144 does not have a corresponding DDB database210).

Atblock1206, the routine1200 accesses first data stored in a first portion of a second partition of a secondary storage device. For example, the first portion of the second partition of the secondary storage device is allocated for storing data associated with the first secondary storage computing device. Thus, the first data is associated with the first secondary storage computing device.

Atblock1208, the routine1200 reconstructs the deduplication data using the accessed first data. For example, deduplication data can include data block signatures, the location information of data blocks stored in thesecondary storage device108, a count value indicative of the number of instances that a particular block is used, and/or the like. The routine1200 can parse the first data to identify data blocks and links or references to data blocks (e.g., the links or references may have been previously inserted into the first data to replace duplicate data blocks). The routine1200 can then generate signatures for the identified data blocks (e.g., generates hash values for the identified data blocks) and populate a partition of theDDB database210 allocated to the first secondary storage computing device with the generated data block signatures and the location of each data block in thesecondary storage device108. The routine1200 can further use the links or references to data blocks to identify a number of times that a particular data block is used in the first data (e.g., if there are 3 links to a first data block, then the first data block is used 4 times given that the 3 links replaced duplicates of the first data block and the 3 links each point to a copy of the first data block in the first data). The routine1200 can then also store the identified number of times that a particular data block is used in the partition of theDDB database210 allocated to the first secondary storage computing device.

Atblock1210, the routine1200 performs the I/O request using the reconstructed deduplication data and the accessed first data. For example, if the I/O request is a write request, the write request may specify a data block to write to thesecondary storage device108. The routine1200 can generate a signature of the data block (e.g., generate a hash) and compare the generated signature to the generated signatures in the reconstructed deduplication data. If there is a match, then the routine1200 identifies the location of the data block corresponding to the matching signature, replaces the data block with a link to the identified location, increments a count of a number of times that the data block is used, and stores the link in thesecondary storage device108 to complete the request. As another example, if the I/O request is a read request, the result of the read request may be data blocks and links. The routine1200 can replace the links with data blocks stored at the locations pointed to by the links and forward the data blocks and the data blocks replacing the links to the device that provided the read request.

Process for Using Multiple File Systems

FIG. 13 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1300 implemented by thestorage manager140 for managing I/O requests when a disk of a media agent fails. The elements outlined for routine1300 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager140. For example, routine1300 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager140, an application running on thestorage manager140, and the like. Accordingly, routine1300 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager140, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1302, the routine1300 detects that a first data storage computer is installed. For example, a second and third data storage computer may have been previously installed. The second data storage computer may manage a first secondary storage device that includes a first hard disk and a second hard disk. The third data storage computer may manage a second secondary storage device that includes a third hard disk and a fourth hard disk. The first data storage computer may manage a third secondary storage device that includes a fifth hard disk and a sixth hard disk.

Atblock1304, the routine1300 associates the first hard disk, the third hard disk, and the fifth hard disk such that the first hard disk, the third hard disk, and the fifth hard disk together store data for a first file system. The routine1300 may further perform a parity replication on the first, third, and fifth hard disks.

Atblock1306, the routine1300 associates the second hard disk, the fourth hard disk, and the sixth hard disk such that the second hard disk, the fourth hard disk, and the sixth hard disk together store data for a second file system. The routine1300 may further perform a parity replication on the second, fourth, and sixth hard disks. In an embodiment, the second data storage computer may continue to receive I/O requests for the second hard disk even after a failure of the first hard disk given that each hard disk is associated with a different file system. Furthermore, the third and/or fifth hard disks may be able to service any I/O requests intended for the first hard disk given the parity replication.

Process for Displaying User Interface Depicting Failing Disks

FIG. 14 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1400 implemented by thestorage manager140 for generating a user interface that displays a location of a failing secondary storage device disk. The elements outlined for routine1400 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager140. For example, routine1400 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager140, an application running on thestorage manager140, and the like. Accordingly, routine1400 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager140, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1402, the routine1400 receives an indication that a disk of a first secondary storage device is failing and a unique identifier associated with the disk of the first secondary storage device. The routine1400 may receive the indication from amedia agent144 that periodically monitors the health status of disks in thesecondary storage device108.

Atblock1404, the routine1400 identifies a location of the disk of the first secondary storage device based on the unique identifier. For example, themanagement database146 may store the unique identifiers of disks in secondary storage devices and location of such disks.

Atblock1406, the routine1400 generates user interface data that causes a user device to display a user interface depicting a location of the disk of the first secondary storage device. For example, the user interface can graphically indicate a bay and a slot in the bay in which the disk of the first secondary storage device is located.

Storage Manager Virtual Machine Replication

FIGS. 15A-15C are block diagrams illustrating a scalableinformation management system100 in which secondarystorage computing devices106 include solid-state drive (SSD) drives1510A-C and serial attached small computer system interface (SCSI) (SAS) drives1520A-C. As illustrated inFIG. 15A, the secondarystorage computing devices106 may include at least two sets of hard drives. For example, the secondarystorage computing devices106 may each include one or more SSD drives1510 and/or one or more SAS drives1520. The SAS drives1520 of the various secondarystorage computing devices106 may be used to form thesecondary storage device108. For example, SAS drive(s)1520A of secondarystorage computing device106A may store data stored in the partition represented byblocks408A-C, SAS drive(s)1520B of secondarystorage computing device106B may store data stored in the partition represented byblocks408D-F, SAS drive(s)1520C of secondarystorage computing device106C may store data stored in the partition represented byblocks408G-I, and so on. The SAS drive(s)1520 may be better suited for storing such data because the computing resource and operational cost of operating SAS drives (e.g., the memory storage cost of SAS drives, the processing resources needed to operate SAS drives, etc.) is relatively low.

To achieve the cost benefits, SAS drives may have a high data retrieval latency. For storing data of the various secondarystorage computing devices106, having a low computing resource and operational cost may be more important than having a low data retrieval latency. However, for other tasks, having a low data retrieval latency may be important than having a low computing resource and operational cost. For example, thestorage manager140 is described above as being a component separate from the secondarystorage computing devices106. In some embodiments, thestorage manager140 functionality can be implemented in a virtual machine running on one secondarystorage computing device106. To properly manage secondary copy and/or restore operations, having a low data retrieval latency and/or fast instruction processing times may be important.

Thus, one of more of the SSD drives1510A-C instead of the SAS drives1520A-C can be used to run astorage manager140 implemented by a virtual machine given that SSD drives have a lower data retrieval latency than SAS drives. As illustrated inFIG. 15B, the SSD drives1510A-C can collectively form astorage pool1508 in which a storage manager virtual machine (VM)1540 and avirtualization engine1550 runs. For example, thestorage pool1508 may be partitioned, with the SSD drive(s)1510A storing data stored in the partition represented byblock1518A, SSD drive(s)1510B storing data stored in the partition represented byblock1518B, SSD drive(s)1510C storing data stored in the partition represented byblock1518C, and so on.

To provide thestorage manager VM1540 andvirtualization engine1550 replication functionality, thestorage manager VM1540 data and thevirtualization engine1550 data can be replicated. As illustrated inFIG. 15C, the partition represented byblock1518A may include original or source storagemanager VM data1540A and replicatedvirtualization engine data1550A, the partition represented byblock1518B may include replicated storagemanager VM data1540B and replicatedvirtualization engine data1550B, the partition represented byblock1518C may include replicated storagemanager VM data1540C and source or originalvirtualization engine data1550C, and so on.

Thevirtualization engine1550 may cause replication of the source or original storagemanager VM data1540A to other partitions. For example, thevirtualization engine1550 can periodically request the source or original storagemanager VM data1540A from the secondarystorage computing device106A (e.g., from the hypervisor running on the secondarystorage computing device106A or thestorage manager VM1540 itself). The secondarystorage computing device106A can retrieve the source or original storagemanager VM data1540A from the partition represented byblock1518A, replicate the retrieved data, and either transmit the replicated data to thevirtualization engine1550 or to a secondary

storage computing device

106B or106C that thevirtualization engine1550 has indicated will be storing the replicated data. If thevirtualization engine1550 receives the replicated data, thevirtualization engine1550 can then forward the replicated data to the appropriate secondary

storage computing device

106B or106C, and the secondary

storage computing device

106B or106C can then store the replicated data in the corresponding partition represented by

block

1518B or1518C. Otherwise, the secondary

storage computing device

106B or106C can store the replicated data in the corresponding partition represented by

block

1518B or1518C once received. Thevirtualization engine1550 can request the source or original storagemanager VM data1540A at regular intervals, when the source or original storagemanager VM data1540A has been updated, and/or the like.

storage computing device

106A or106B that thestorage manager VM1540 has indicated will be storing the replicated data. If thestorage manager VM1540 receives the replicated data, thestorage manager VM1540 can then forward the replicated data to the appropriate secondarystorage computing device106A or1068, and the secondary

storage computing device

106A or106B can then store the replicated data in the corresponding partition represented by

block

1518A or1518B. Otherwise, the secondary

storage computing device

106A or106B can store the replicated data in the corresponding partition represented by

block

1518A or1518B once received. Thestorage manager VM1540 can request the source or originalvirtualization engine data1550C at regular intervals, when the source or originalvirtualization engine data1550C has been updated, and/or the like.

Thus, after the replication is complete, each partition may include the original or replicated storagemanager VM data1540A-C and the original or replicatedvirtualization engine data1550A-C. If any secondarystorage computing device106A-C subsequently fails, thestorage manager VM1540 orvirtualization engine1550 can perform operations to allow theinformation management system100 to continue operating without interruption.

FIG. 16A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the secondarystorage computing device106A in the scalableinformation management system100 ofFIG. 15A on which the storage managervirtual machine1540 was running. For example, the secondarystorage computing device106A may fail for any of the reasons described herein. Because thestorage manager140 may run as a virtual machine on the secondarystorage computing device106A rather than as a separate standalone component in theinformation management system100, thestorage manager140 may also fail.

Thevirtualization engine1550 may periodically monitor the status of thestorage manager VM1540 to detect any failures. For example, thevirtualization engine1550 can transmit messages to the storage manager VM1540 (or the hypervisor that runs the storage manager VM1540) at regular intervals. If an expected response is received from the storage manager VM1540 (or the hypervisor) within a certain period of time (e.g., an acknowledgement message), then thevirtualization engine1550 determines that the storage manager VM1540 (and thus the secondarystorage computing device106A) is active. However, if an expected response is not received from the storage manager VM1540 (or the hypervisor) within the certain period of time, then thevirtualization engine1550 determines that the storage manager VM1540 (and thus the secondarystorage computing device106A) is unavailable. Thevirtualization engine1550 can then initiate failover procedures to launch a replicatedstorage manager VM1560 on another secondarystorage computing device106 in the information management system100 (e.g., a secondarystorage computing device106 that is active and that is other than the secondarystorage computing device106C running the virtualization engine1550). The replicatedstorage manager VM1560, once launched, can then perform the same functions as the originalstorage manager VM1540 that is no longer available.

FIG. 16B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondarystorage computing device106A on which the storage managervirtual machine1540 was running is unavailable. As illustrated inFIG. 16B, the virtualization engine1550 (e.g., the secondarystorage computing device106C) transmits a status request message to the secondarystorage computing device106A (e.g., the storage manager VM1540) at (1). Thevirtualization engine1550, however, does not receive a reply. Thus, thevirtualization engine1550 determines that thestorage manager VM1540 is unavailable.

FIG. 17A is a flow diagram depicting the unavailability of the secondarystorage computing device106C in the scalableinformation management system100 ofFIG. 15A on which avirtualization engine1550 was running. For example, the secondarystorage computing device106C may fail for any of the reasons described herein. Because thevirtualization engine1550 may run on the secondarystorage computing device106C rather than as a separate standalone component in theinformation management system100, thevirtualization engine1550 may also fail.

The storage manager VM1540 (and/or the hypervisor running the storage manager VM1540) may periodically monitor the status of thevirtualization engine1550 to detect any failures. For example, thestorage manager VM1540 can transmit messages to thevirtualization engine1550 at regular intervals. If an expected response is received from thevirtualization engine1550 within a certain period of time (e.g., an acknowledgement message), then thestorage manager VM1540 determines that the virtualization engine1550 (and thus the secondarystorage computing device106C) is active. However, if an expected response is not received from thevirtualization engine1550 within the certain period of time, then thestorage manager VM1540 determines that the virtualization engine1550 (and thus the secondarystorage computing device106C) is unavailable. Thestorage manager VM1540 can then initiate procedures to launch a replicatedvirtualization engine1570 on another secondarystorage computing device106 in the information management system100 (e.g., a secondarystorage computing device106 that is active and that is other than the secondarystorage computing device106A running the storage manager VM1540). The replicatedvirtualization engine1570 can then perform the same functions as theoriginal virtualization engine1550 that is no longer available.

FIG. 17B is a flow diagram depicting the operations performed when the secondarystorage computing device106C on which thevirtualization engine1550 was running is unavailable. As illustrated inFIG. 17B, the storage manager VM1540 (e.g., the secondarystorage computing device106A) transmits a status request message to the secondarystorage computing device106C (e.g., the virtualization engine1550) at (1). Thestorage manager VM1540, however, does not receive a reply. Thus, thestorage manager VM1540 determines that thevirtualization engine1550 is unavailable.

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1800 implemented by thevirtualization engine1550 ofFIG. 15B for launching a replicated storage managervirtual machine1560 when a disk of a secondarystorage computing device106A on which the storage managervirtual machine1540 was running fails. The elements outlined for routine1800 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thevirtualization engine1550. For example, routine1800 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thevirtualization engine1550, an application running on thevirtualization engine1550, and/or the like. Accordingly, routine1800 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thevirtualization engine1550, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1802, it is detected that a secondary storage computing device on which a storage manager VM was running has failed. For example, the secondary storage computing device may be detected to have failed based on thevirtualization engine1550 not receiving a response to a status request message within a certain period of time.

Atblock1804, a second secondary storage computing device is instructed to access replicated storage manager VM data and launch a replicated storage manager VM. For example, a hypervisor running on the second secondary storage computing device may be instructed to access the replicated storage manager VM data and launch a replicated storage manager VM. The second secondary storage computing device may be different than the secondary storage computing device that runs thevirtualization engine1550. Thevirtualization engine1550 may have previously instructed the second secondary storage computing device to retrieve and/or store the replicated storage manager VM data.

Atblock1806, an indication is received that the storage manager is now running on the second secondary storage computing device. For example, the indication may be received after the second secondary storage computing device (e.g., the hypervisor running thereon) launched the replicated storage manager VM and the replicated storage manager VM is active.

FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram illustrative of embodiments of a routine1900 implemented by the storage managervirtual machine1540 ofFIG. 15B for launching a replicatedvirtualization engine1570 when a disk of a secondarystorage computing device106C on which thevirtualization engine1550 was running fails. The elements outlined for routine1900 may be implemented by one or more components that are associated with thestorage manager VM1540. For example, routine1900 can be implemented by any one, or a combination of the operating system of thestorage manager VM1540, an application running on thestorage manager VM1540, and/or the like. Accordingly, routine1900 has been logically associated as being generally performed by thestorage manager VM1540, and thus the following illustrative embodiment should not construed as limiting.

Atblock1902, it is detected that a secondary storage computing device on which a virtualization engine was running has failed. For example, the secondary storage computing device may be detected to have failed based on thestorage manager VM1540 not receiving a response to a status request message within a certain period of time.

Atblock1904, a second secondary storage computing device is instructed to access replicated virtualization engine data and launch a replicated virtualization engine. For example, the second secondary storage computing device may be different than the secondary storage computing device that runs thestorage manager VM1540. Thestorage manager VM1540 and/or thevirtualization engine1550 may have previously instructed the second secondary storage computing device to retrieve and/or store the replicated virtualization engine data.

Atblock1906, an indication is received that the virtualization engine is now running on the second secondary storage computing device. For example, the indication may be received after the second secondary storage computing device launched the replicated virtualization engine and the replicated virtualization engine is active.

Example Embodiments

Some example enumerated embodiments of the present invention are recited in this section in the form of methods, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable media, without limitation.

In other embodiments, a system or systems may operate according to one or more of the methods and/or computer-readable media recited in the preceding paragraphs. In yet other embodiments, a method or methods may operate according to one or more of the systems and/or computer-readable media recited in the preceding paragraphs. In yet more embodiments, a computer-readable medium or media, excluding transitory propagating signals, may cause one or more computing devices having one or more processors and non-transitory computer-readable memory to operate according to one or more of the systems and/or methods recited in the preceding paragraphs.

Terminology

Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, i.e., in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. Likewise the term “and/or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

In some embodiments, certain operations, acts, events, or functions of any of the algorithms described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all are necessary for the practice of the algorithms). In certain embodiments, operations, acts, functions, or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on other parallel architectures, rather than sequentially.

Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware, hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardware suitable for the purposes described. Software and other modules may reside and execute on servers, workstations, personal computers, computerized tablets, PDAs, and other computing devices suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may be accessible via local computer memory, via a network, via a browser, or via other means suitable for the purposes described herein. Data structures described herein may comprise computer files, variables, programming arrays, programming structures, or any electronic information storage schemes or methods, or any combinations thereof, suitable for the purposes described herein. User interface elements described herein may comprise elements from graphical user interfaces, interactive voice response, command line interfaces, and other suitable interfaces.

Further, processing of the various components of the illustrated systems can be distributed across multiple machines, networks, and other computing resources. Two or more components of a system can be combined into fewer components. Various components of the illustrated systems can be implemented in one or more virtual machines, rather than in dedicated computer hardware systems and/or computing devices. Likewise, the data repositories shown can represent physical and/or logical data storage, including, e.g., storage area networks or other distributed storage systems. Moreover, in some embodiments the connections between the components shown represent possible paths of data flow, rather than actual connections between hardware. While some examples of possible connections are shown, any of the subset of the components shown can communicate with any other subset of components in various implementations.

Embodiments are also described above with reference to flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. Each block of the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer program instructions. Such instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, specially-equipped computer (e.g., comprising a high-performance database server, a graphics subsystem, etc.) or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor(s) of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded to a computing device or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause operations to be performed on the computing device or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computing device or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Any patents and applications and other references noted above, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further implementations of the invention. These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain examples of the invention, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.

To reduce the number of claims, certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, but the applicant contemplates other aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as a means-plus-function claim under 35 U.S.C. sec. 112(f) (AIA), other aspects may likewise be embodied as a means-plus-function claim, or in other forms, such as being embodied in a computer-readable medium. Any claims intended to be treated under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) will begin with the words “means for,” but use of the term “for” in any other context is not intended to invoke treatment under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to pursue additional claims after filing this application, in either this application or in a continuing application.