US20210263888A1 - User-centric interfaces for information management systems - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are systems and methods for providing a user-centric interface into an information management system. The interface may enable a user to search for, view, and modify data objects in an information management system that are associated with the user or with the user's username. The interface may also enable a user to apply administrator-like functions to the data objects associated with the user. The administrator-like functions may include content modification, deduplication operations, and storage policy adjustments, among others.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/598,140, titled “USER-CENTRIC INTERFACES FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS” and filed Jan. 15, 2015, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/927,654, filed Jan. 15, 2014, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
BACKGROUND
• Businesses worldwide recognize the commercial value of their data and seek reliable, cost-effective ways to protect the information stored on their computer networks while minimizing impact on productivity. Protecting information is often part of a routine process that is performed within an organization.
• A company might back up critical computing systems, such as databases, file servers, web servers, and so on, as part of a daily, weekly, or monthly maintenance schedule. The company may similarly protect computing systems used by each of its employees, such as those used by an accounting department, marketing department, engineering department, and so forth.
• Given the rapidly expanding volume of data under management, companies also continue to seek innovative techniques for managing data growth, in addition to protecting data. For instance, companies often implement migration techniques for moving data to lower cost storage over time and data reduction techniques for reducing redundant data, pruning lower priority data, etc.
• Enterprises also increasingly view their stored data as a valuable asset. Along these lines, customers are looking for solutions that not only protect and manage, but also leverage their data. For instance, solutions providing data analysis capabilities, information management, improved data presentation and access features, and the like, are increasing in demand.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one example of an information management system user interface.
• FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of providing an information management system interface.
• FIG. 3 is a detailed view illustrating an example of an instance of an information management system user interface for deduplicating data objects.
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of providing deduplication features in an information management system user interface.
• FIG. 5 is a detailed view illustrating an example of an instance of an information management system user interface for adjusting an information management policy of data objects.
• FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of providing information management policy features in an information management system user interface.
• FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of providing a deduplicated view of data objects in an information management system.
• FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary information management system.
• FIG. 8B is a detailed view illustrating a primary storage device, a secondary storage device, and some examples of primary data and secondary copy data.
• FIG. 8C is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary information management system including a storage manager, one or more data agents, and one or more media agents.
• FIG. 8D is a block diagram illustrating a scalable information management system.
• FIG. 8E illustrates certain secondary copy operations according to an exemplary storage policy.
• FIGS. 8F-8H are block diagrams illustrating suitable data structures that may be employed by the information management system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONOverview
• With the increasing importance of protecting and leveraging data, organizations simply cannot afford to take the risk of losing critical data. Moreover, runaway data growth and other modern realities make protecting and managing data an increasingly difficult task, particularly when employees use multiple computing devices that each may modify an organization's documents. Therefore, there is a need for efficient, powerful, and user-friendly solutions for protecting and managing data.
• At times, user-friendliness can be just as important to an end-user as the underlying features and functionality of information management system implementations. For example, consider a scenario that may occur during a product review procedure in a software company that specializes in information management systems, e.g., CommVault. The software company may include several teams distributed across various levels of managerial hierarchy to support the successful maintenance, development, and distribution of features or tools relating to the company's product line. The various levels of teams include developers, low-level management, mid-level management, and upper management. The developers regularly present or pitch new features, ideas, or potential product line functionalities to low-level and mid-level management. At times, the developers receive the opportunity to present new developments or ideas to upper management, such as the President and/or CEO, of the software company. The developers present new developments to upper management to receive feedback, recognition, and/or financial approval to continue pursuing development of a particular product or feature.
• Feedback received from upper management may be useful for improving the user-friendless of the proposed new features. For example, developers of a user interface may present an idea to upper management related to enabling a user to browse files within an information management system, for a specific user. The user interface developers are, on a daily basis, submersed deeply into code, technical jargon, and machine names that may be relatively non-descriptive and/or meaningless to an average user, e.g., non-programmer. In contrast to the developer's daily focus, upper management's perspective on a user interface may be more aligned with the expectations and/or skill level of an average client or end-user. While impressed with the underlying functionality of the user interface presented by the developers, the general feedback from upper management may be to: 1) identify components displayed in the user interface more descriptively for the user: 2) provide access to all of the user's data in machine-agnostic and user-centric manner; and 3) provide administrator-like features to the user, enabling the user to manipulate his/her data via the user interface.
• Implementation of the upper management's feedback may result in several advantages. For example, user-centric and machine agnostic implementation of the developer's idea may result in a product that is more appealing to non-enterprise users and enterprise users alike. As another example, extension of administrative features, e.g., deduplication and/or data storage policy manipulation, may be used to improve resource management, e.g., memory management.
• Disclosed herein are systems and methods that provide a user-centric interface into an information management system that provides a unified view of all of a user's desired documents, despite being stored in multiple, different locations, including archived or backup locations. The user-centric interface enables the user, among other things, to search for and manipulate data objects that are associated with a particular user via a user-centric, rather than device-centric, interface. The user-centric interface also enables the user to perform administrator-like functions, such as deduplication, backup, and archiving, on various electronic devices associated with the user. In some embodiments, the user-centric interface provides these features to provide a machine-agnostic or machine-independent view of data objects associated with a user. Advantageously, the addition of user-centric features to an enterprise software product may increase the appeal and usability of the product to end-users.
• The system provides a unified view of all of a user's documents or files, across all devices, where the devices have a user-friendly name (rather than logical pathnames or other unfriendly names not recognizable by most users). Any file and folder hierarchies are flattened out so that all of a user's desired documents are retrieved and displayed, regardless of which device they are stored on and in which folders on that device. Further, the system permits the display of secondary copies of data, which may be stored not on a user's device, but stored remotely and accessible by the device. The display of documents and files can be de-duplicated so that only one copy is shown, and if the user selects that copy, the most readily accessible one is retrieved.
Brief Information Management System Overview
• FIG. 1 illustrates a user-centric interface within aninformation management system100, according to one embodiment. Theinformation management system100 includes a variety of different computing devices. For instance, as will be described in greater detail herein, theinformation management system100 may include aprimary storage subsystem102, asecondary storage subsystem104, and astorage manager106. Together, these components and systems enable users to create, store, and otherwise manage data objects associated with the user.
• Theprimary storage subsystem102 includes one or moreclient computing devices108, communicatively coupled to one or moreprimary storage devices110. Theclient computing device108 can include any number of electronic computing devices, such as a desktop, laptop, tablet, smart phone, wearable device, or the like.
• As illustrated, theclient computing device108 may include one ormore data agents112 configured to manage information generated by or through the use of one ormore software applications114 installed on, or accessible by, theclient computing device108. Thedata agent112 communicates with theprimary storage device110, thestorage manager106, and components within thesecondary storage system104 to facilitate the manipulation and retention ofprimary data116 that is located on theprimary storage device110.
• Primary data116, according to some embodiments, is production data or other “live” data generated by the operating system andother applications114 residing on aclient computing device108. Theprimary data116 is generally stored on the primary storage device(s)110 and is organized via a file system supported by theclient computing device108. For instance, the client computing device(s)108 andcorresponding applications114 may create, access, modify, write, delete, and otherwise useprimary data116. In some cases, some or all of theprimary data116 can be stored in cloud storage resources.
• Primary data116 is generally in the native format of thesource application114. According to certain aspects,primary data116 is an initial or first (e.g., created before any other copies or before at least one other copy) stored copy of data generated by thesource application114.Primary data116 in some cases is created substantially directly from data generated by thecorresponding source applications114.
• Theprimary data116 may sometimes be referred to as a “primary copy” in the sense that it is a discrete set of data. However, the use of this term does not necessarily imply that the “primary copy” is a copy in the sense that it was copied or otherwise derived from another stored version.
• Theprimary storage device110 can serve the storage needs of theclient computing device108 in any one of a number of storage device implementations. For example, theprimary storage device110 can be a mechanical or solid-state hard drive, a Network Accessible Storage device (“NAS”), or the like.
• While theprimary storage system102 depicts a singleclient computing device108 and a singleprimary storage device110, theprimary storage subsystem102 can include tens, hundreds, or thousands ofclient computing devices108 andprimary storage devices110. Theprimary storage subsystem102 can represent some or all of the computing devices used to support productivity of a business, educational institution, or other organization valuing the protection, retention, and maintenance of electronically generated information.
• Additional details regarding various exemplary embodiments of the components of theprimary storage subsystem102 are provided below in the discussion associated withFIGS. 8A-8H.
• For recovery and/or regulatory compliance purposes, it may be useful to generate copies of theprimary data116. Accordingly, thesecondary storage subsystem104 includes one or more secondary storage computing devices118 and one or more secondary storage devices120 configured to create and store one or more secondary copies124 (inclusive of copies124a-124n) of theprimary data112 and associated metadata.
• Creation of secondary copies124 can help in search and analysis efforts and meet other information management goals, such as: restoring data and/or metadata if an original version (e.g., primary data116) is lost by deletion, corruption, or other disaster; allowing point-in-time recovery; complying with regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (e-discovery) requirements; reducing utilized storage capacity; facilitating organization and search of data; improving user access to data files across multiple computing devices and/or hosted services; and implementing data retention policies.
• Theclient computing devices108 access or receiveprimary data116 and communicate the data, e.g., over thecommunication pathways126, for storage in the secondary storage device(s)120. Thecommunication pathways126 can include one or more intranets including local area networks, wide area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, and the like.
• A secondary copy124 can comprise a separate stored copy of application data that is derived from one or more earlier-created, stored copies (e.g., derived fromprimary data116 or another secondary copy124). Secondary copies124 can include point-in-time data, and may be intended for relatively long-term retention (e.g., weeks, months or years), before some or all of the data is moved to other storage or is discarded.
• In some implementations, secondary copies124 can include shared copies ofprimary data116. For example, the secondary copies124 can be copies that are created, stored, managed, and/or modified using information sharing applications such as Box, Dropbox, Sharfile, Microsoft's SharePoint, or the like. Cloud-based solutions may also be employed for managing secondary copies124. Thus, the secondary storage computing devices118 and the secondary storage devices120 can be configured to provide file sharing services, in addition to data storage and data retention services.
• The secondary storage computing devices118 provide an intermediary interface between the secondary storage devices120 and other components of theinformation management system100. Each secondary storage computing device118 may be associated with or may include a media agent122 to facilitate inter-component communications within theinformation management system100. The media agent122 is configured to communicate with thestorage manager106 and with thedata agent112 of theclient computing device108. The media agent122 also interfaces with the secondary storage devices124 to copy, read, analyze, transfer or otherwise manipulate secondary copies124.
• Additional details regarding various exemplary embodiments of the components of thesecondary storage subsystem104 are provided below in the discussion associated withFIGS. 8A-8H.
• Thestorage manager106 is a centralized storage and/or information manager that is configured to perform certain control functions. Thestorage manager106 is communicatively coupled with theprimary storage subsystem102 and thesecondary storage subsystem104 via the communication channel(s)126. Thestorage manager106 facilitates transfer of data between theprimary storage subsystem102 and thesecondary storage subsystem104. For example, thestorage manager106 may instruct thedata agent112 to retrieve some or all ofprimary data116. Thestorage manager106 may then initiate communications between thedata agent112 and one or more media agents122 to transfer some or all of theprimary data116 to one or more of the secondary storage devices120. According to some embodiments, thestorage manager106 may employ a software module, such as ajobs agent128, to initiate, facilitate, schedule, and otherwise manage communications between thedata agent112 and the media agents122.
• Thestorage manager106 can be configured to support additional information management operations. For example, thestorage manager106 may include anindex130 or may interface with theindex130. Theindex130 can be a database or other data structure that can be used to track and/or schedule information management policies, e.g., storage policies and retention policies. For example, each time thestorage manager106 executes a transfer of information from theprimary storage subsystem102 to thesecondary storage subsystem104, thestorage manager106 can update theindex130 to reflect the operation. Thestorage manager106 can be configured to update theindex130 to reflect all information management operations that have occurred or that are scheduled to be executed in theinformation management system100. For example, in accordance with a data retention policy, thejobs agent128 may reference theindex130 prior to transferring a secondary copy124 from one secondary storage computing device120 to another slower and less costly secondary storage device120.
• Theinformation management system100 may constitute a single information management systems cell, e.g.,Cell1, of multiple information management system cells operated by a particular business, educational institution, or other organization. Thestorage manager106 may include and utilize amanagement agent132 to communicate with other similar storage managers of other information management system cells. When needed or requested, thestorage manager106 can acquire or can query other storage managers or other information management system cells for information satisfying the criteria of the queries. Upon receipt of information requested from other information management system cells, thestorage manager106 may update one or more databases, tables, data structures, or the like, e.g., theindex130.
• While distributing functionality amongst multiple computing devices can have certain advantages, in other contexts it can be beneficial to consolidate functionality on the same computing device. As such, in various other embodiments, one or more of the components shown inFIG. 1 as being implemented on separate computing devices are implemented on the same computing device. In one configuration, astorage manager106, one ormore data agents112, and one or more media agents122 are all implemented on the same computing device. In another embodiment, one ormore data agents112 and one or more media agents122 are implemented on the same computing device, while thestorage manager106 is implemented on a separate computing device.
• Thestorage manager106 may also be configured to enable users to manage, review, retrieve, delete, or otherwise manage data objects stored within theinformation management system100. In one embodiment, thestorage manager106 includes a userinterface hosting module134 that may be used to provide various user interfaces for theinformation management system100. The userinterface hosting module134 may enable thestorage manager106 to host interfaces for system administrators and provide administrative functionality to non-system administrative personnel. Administrative functions of a user interface for the information management system can include alert configurations, data storage and data retention policy configurations, deduplication of data objects, system security configurations, and the like. The non-system administrator functions that may typically be enabled in a user interface for an information management system include functions for retrieving, viewing and restoring data objects associated with a particular user. An example of a user-friendly and user-centric interface (versus a system administrator-oriented interface) is represented as Information Management System user interface136 (“IMS user interface136”).
User-Centric Interface
• TheIMS user interface136 is a web-based interface for theinformation management system100 that is hosted bystorage manager106, in accordance with an embodiment. Although illustrated as being accessed by theclient computing device108, theIMS user interface136 may be accessible from any computing device that may establish communications with thestorage manager106. In some embodiments, only computing devices with access privileges to theinformation management system100 may establish communications with thestorage manager106. Briefly referencing the introductory scenario regarding upper-level management feedback on a user interface, theIMS user interface136 represents an implementation of an interface that enables users to conveniently interact with data objects in a user-centric manner.
• According to various embodiments, data objects stored within theinformation management system100 are associated with a particular user in multiple ways. In some ways, data objects are associated with the user when the data objects are created, modified, read, accessed, or otherwise modified on or by an electronic computing device that has been assigned to the particular user or the particular user's username. In other embodiments, data objects are associated with the user if or when the user's username is determined as having created, reviewed, modified, accessed, or otherwise manipulated a particular data object, independent of the particular hardware that the username is logged into.
• Because theIMS user interface136 is hosted by thestorage manager106, thestorage manager106 may utilize the userinterface hosting agent134 to populate theIMS user interface136 with information from and/or about theinformation management system100. For example, thestorage manager106 may use historical information management operations information that is stored in theindex130 to populate theIMS user interface136 with details about data objects in theinformation management system100. For instance, theIMS user interface136 can be used to display and manage data objects originating from any client computing device(s)108, and versions of the data objects that have been transferred to locations within thesecondary storage system104.
• TheIMS user interface136 includes various windows or sections to facilitate the user's interaction with theinformation management system100, or with the data objects managed by theinformation management system100. According to various embodiments, theIMS user interface136 may include asearch window138, adisplay options window140, afolder explorer window142, afile explorer window144, and afile content viewer146.
• Thesearch window138 enables a user to define coarse search parameters for data objects in theinformation management system100. Thesearch window138 may include, among other search parameters or criteria, selection elements for informationmanagement system cells152 and atext box150.
• As discussed above, theinformation management system100 may constitute one information management system cell, e.g.,CELL1, out of or among several information management system cells, e.g., ALL CELLS. Thesearch window138 may include checkboxes152, a drop-down menu, or other graphical user interface object to allow the user to select one or more of the information management system cells to search within. A particular user may have generated or electronically “touched” data objects that are distributed within more than one information management system cell. For example, if a software company has one office in New Jersey and another office in India, the software company may employ a different instance of theinformation management system100 for each corporate location. If a developer of the software company generates data objects while working from the New Jersey branch of the software company and generates data objects while working from the India office of the company, the developer will have data objects associated with his/her laptop and/or username in multiple information management system cells. Therefore, a feature such ascheck boxes152 can allow a user to better perform a user-centric search for data objects associated with that user by allowing the user to include some or all information management cells.
• Thesearch window138 may also include atext box150 and asearch button153 to allow a user to further define search criteria for data objects in theinformation management system100. The user can enter a user's name, e.g., John Smith, a job title, e.g., CEO, or a username, e.g., Exec1, with which to search for data objects within theinformation management system100. In other embodiments, thetext box150 can be a drop-down menu that includes every name and/or username within the organization associated with theinformation management system100.
• Upon execution of the coarse search parameters entered into thesearch window138, the userinterface hosting module134 may query theindex130 to retrieve search results. Theindex130 may include metadata describing all information management operations for theinformation management system100. Thus, thestorage manager106 may fulfill a coarse search of theinformation management system100 using information contained in theindex130. Additionally, thestorage manager106 may transmit one or more queries to storage managers of other information management system cells, to fulfill search requests based on the contents of other information management system cells.
• Thestorage manager106 may update theindex130 to reflect content indexing and data classification of data objects during information management operations. During content indexing and data classification, thestorage manager106 may save metadata and keywords related to the content of the data objects of theprimary data116 and secondary copies124 in theindex130. The storage manager may automatically index all data objects in certain predetermined folders or libraries on a user's devices, e.g. in Documents, Music, Pictures and Videos libraries for devices running Microsoft Windows. Thestorage manager106 may also store other related metadata in theindex130, to associate secondary copies, auxiliary copies, archived copies, and the like, with their related keywords and metadata that was generated during content indexing and data classification operations. The keywords and/or metadata may be used to perform searches based on words in the content of data objects, data object names, data object path names, one or more folder names under which a data object is organized, file extensions for data objects, and/or identification of an application associated with the data objects. By capturing keywords and other metadata associated with each data object, thestorage manager106 may be configured to automatically identify which folder or which type of folder (e.g., Pictures, Videos, Library, personal) the data object is organized under or associated with. In response to the search criteria received by theIMS user interface136, the storage manager may rely on metadata and keywords stored in theindex130 to fulfill the received query. These keywords and metadata may be used to populate the folder explorewindow142, thefile explorer window144, and thefile content viewer146, which will be discussed in more detailed below.
• Thedisplay options window140 can be used to limit the number of results viewed by the user or can be used to further narrow the scope of the search performed by thestorage manager106. In other words, after thestorage manager106 has searched, e.g.,CELL1, for data objects associated with a username, e.g., Exec1, thestorage manager106 can return all results. From these results, the user can quickly adjust which results are displayed using the options provided in thedisplay options window140. Some of the options that may be available in thedisplay options window140 include identification of sources of the data objects, such as a user's laptop, a user's tablet, and a user's smartphone. Other options may include logical locations or types of data objects, such as primary data, secondary copies, and archive copies. Thedisplay options window140 may also enable a user to search or filter results based on file extensions, folder names, file names, path names, or application name/type, e.g., Sharefile, Dropbox, Box, SharePoint, word processor, web browser. The user may also select from a data object view of the search results, or a device view of the search results (shown inFIG. 3). In some embodiments, the options in thedisplay options window140 are parameters used by thestorage manager106 while querying theindex130. Searching a narrower scope may advantageously decrease the time needed to complete the data object search.
• Thefolder explorer window142 provides additional options to the user for managing data objects with theIMS user interface136. For example, in the hierarchical tree of folders displayed in thefolder explorer window142, the user may select afolder154 to display all data objects returned by the search parameters.IMS user interface136 may display data object file names in thefile explorer window144. Thefolder explorer window142 also enables a user to select between subfolders of thefolder154. Example subfolders that categorize all of the users' data objects may include adocuments folder156, apictures folder158, and amultimedia folder160. As illustrated, each of these folders may be identified with search criteria or the username that was searched, e.g. “Exec1”. These folders may be associated with data objects that have metadata (e.g., folder names, path names, file names) or that include content that corresponds with or that matches the folder name or folder type displayed in thefolder explorer window142. These folders may also include subfolders that identify a specific device associated with the user, or include subfolders that further categorize the returned data objects, e.g., by file extension, date, size, additional search criteria, etc.
• In some implementations, thefolder explorer window142 includes one ormore custom folders161 that can be named by the user and that can be associated with specific search criteria. Similar to the other folders displayed in thefolder explorer window142, thecustom folder161 may be named, in whole or in part, based on the search criteria. For example, thecustom folder161 may be named to identify the user who performed the search, such as Exec1. Thecustom folder161 may also be configured to be associated with user-defined search criteria, such as specific file extensions, data types (e.g., personal), keywords in data object content, keywords in data object names, keywords in all or part of a data object's file system path name, or the like. Thecustom folder161 may also be a node in a tree directory that can be expanded to provide more granular categorization of data objects, e.g., by primary device, by secondary device, by version, by modification data and/or time, by file type, etc.
• As described herein, the information management system can backup or make secondary copies of data objects or files from various user devices, such as a user's one or more smart phones, laptops, etc. The system can automatically synchronize the backup of data objects or files that are in default folders or libraries, such as the Documents, Videos, Music and Pictures libraries in Microsoft Windows. The system can thus automatically synchronize and backup data objects from these default folders or libraries to secondary storage. Furthermore, the system can allow a user to select particular folders or libraries to synchronize and backup to secondary storage. The system likewise indexes all data objects from these files or libraries, such as when these data objects are copied to secondary storage. This index can then be used to populate the data objects displayed to the user, as described herein. Furthermore, while focused on indexing data objects in secondary storage, the system can likewise access the file system for primary or “live” data stored on the user's devices, so that this data can likewise be displayed to the user in response to searches.
• Thecustom folder161 can be configured to synchronize with the content one or more specific folders of a user's device or devices. For example, thecustom folder161 can be configured to synchronize with data objects in a particular folder of the user's laptop in addition to a particular folder of the user's smart phone. This may be performed by configuring thestorage manager106 to automatically index and aggregate the content of a particular folder, of aclient computing device108, that is selected by a user for backup. Thus, the folders depicted in thefolder explorer window142 can represent standard default folders from a particular operating system, can represent a particular folder that is selected for backup, and/or can represent an aggregation of multiple folders specified by the user for synchronization, on one or moreclient computing devices108.
• Clicking the individual folders or otherwise selecting the individual folders154-160 can be used to generate amenu162 or can be used to populate thefile explorer window144 with data object names that correspond with the selected folder(s). For example, if a user selects themultimedia folder160 withcursor164, e.g., using a mouse “right-click”, theIMS user interface136 may display amenu162. Themenu162 may provide options to a user that are generally limited to users having system administrator privileges within theinformation management system100. For example, themenu162 may provide the user with options to deduplicate the data objects associated with a particular folder. The option to deduplicate data objects is described in more detail below in the discussion related toFIG. 3. Additionally, themenu162 may provide the user with options to modify a storage policy associated with the data objects within a particular folder. The storage policy modification option is described in more detail below in the discussion related toFIG. 5.
• Thestorage manager106 may be configured to respond to selection of a folder in thefolder explorer window142 by populating thefile explorer window144 with data object names. For example, if thecursor166 is used to select thedocuments folder156, e.g., via a mouse “left-click”, thestorage manager106 may populate thefile explorer window144 with a list of names of all data objects that satisfy the search criteria entered in thesearch window138 and thedisplay options window140, and that are associated with the selected folder.
• Thefile explorer window144 lists the data objects associated with the folder selected in thefolder explorer142 and can be used to modify the listed data objects. In the illustrated example of the contents of the EXEC1:ALLfolder154, data objects “DOC1”, “DOC2”, “PRESENT1”, “SPREAD1”, “DOC4”, “VIDEO1”, and “PICTURE1” are listed beside their corresponding source devices, i.e., “LAPTOP”, “SMART PHONE”, “TABLET”, “LAPTOP”, “MULTIPLE”, “MULTIPLE”, and “MULTIPLE”, respectively. For ease in understanding by a user, the source device names may be simplified aliases for functional machine names or logical path names assigned to the devices by theinformation management system100. The user may assign aliases for their devices via a system interface (not shown) or the system may automatically provide them, either retrieving them from the device (e.g. a device name that the user has previously provided to the device like a smart phone) or the system determines the type of device (possibly dropping any model numbers) and then appends the user's given name to the type of device (e.g. “Bob's_MacBook”).
• In the illustrated example of thefile explorer window144, a source device identifier is listed for each of the data objects. However, the data object may have originated from the identified source device and may have subsequently been relocated within theinformation management system100. For example, each data object named in thefile explorer window144 may be stored on the secondary storage devices120, may be archived, and/or may reside locally on one or moreclient computing devices108. Regardless of the data object's present storage location, the source device indication provides the user with additional information about the origin of the data object, and theinterface136 can display the files, regardless of their various locations.
• Each of data objects named in thefile explorer window144 may also have one or more versions distributed throughout theinformation management system100, although only one data object may be named in thefile explorer window144. In some implementations, in response to selection of a menu item or in response to selecting a data object in thefile explorer window144, a user may choose to display all versions of a named data object in thefile explorer window144. TheIMS user interface136 may enable a user to more specifically view or select a data object by providing the version history of the data objects, e.g., information about the modification dates and/or times for each version.
• Thefile explorer window144 simplifies data object navigation by showing a single instance of duplicate data objects. For example, copies of data object “DOC1” may exist in one or more secondary storage devices120, in addition to the laptopclient computing device108. For ease of use and navigation, thefile explorer window144 may be configured to display a consolidated name or single instance representation of the data object “DOC1”, as shown. Thefile explorer window144 can then be configured to enable browsing or manipulation of particular instances of a data object, e.g., through one or more menus, by selection of the consolidated name for the data object.
• Thefile explorer window144 can also simplify data object navigation for data objects that originate frommultiple client devices108. The data objects “DOC4”, “VIDEO1”, and “PICTURE1” are data objects that have multiple source devices, e.g., copies of the data object presently exist or previously existed on more than one source device. Thefile explorer window144 can notify the user of a multi-device origination of a data object using the identifier “MULTIPLE”. This multi-device identifier can represent that data object copies have multiple instances in either or both of theprimary storage subsystem102 and thesecondary storage subsystem104. Thefile explorer window144 can simplify or flatten out the file system hierarchy of data object duplications by showing a single instance representation of duplicate data objects, independent of where the data object duplicates currently reside within theprimary storage system102 or thesecondary storage subsystem104. Additional features related to deduplication and display of duplicate data objects is provided in the discussion related toFIG. 3.
• As an example, the data object DOC1 may be stored within a sub-sub folder, but the folder hierarchy is not displayed to the user. When multiple copies or versions of the same file or document exist (e.g. DOC4), the system may keep all copies, but only show one copy so that the system does not display multiple copies of the same document. The user may then expand or right-click on the file or document to show all copies and where those copies are located (on which devices and/or via which path names). Thus, the system provides a unified view across all devices, with drill down ability to see how many copies of a file exist, and on which devices, including all secondary copies.
• In other embodiments, more or less information could be included in thefile explorer window144. For example, rather than just listing the device that is the source of the data object, thefile explorer window144 can also be configured to list the current location of the data object within theinformation management system100. For example, although the data objects named DOC1 and SPREAD1 originate from the user's laptop, the present location of DOC1 could be theprimary storage device110, while the present location of the data object named SPREAD1 could be thesecondary storage device120n. Additional data object information displayed in the filedexplorer144 may, according to various implementations, include source device machine name, information related to creation, transfer to secondary storage, transition to archive copy, deletion, classification of content, keywords, and the like.
• Thefile explorer window144 can enable users to modify one or more of the listed data objects with thedownload button168 and the uploadbutton170. Because each of the data objects can be located in any one of a number of places within theinformation management system100, a user-friendly implementation of theIMS user interface136 allows the user to select a data object of interest, download the data object using thedownload button168, and after modifications are made to the locally stored data object copy, upload the modified data object using the uploadbutton170. In one embodiment, after the modified data object is uploaded by theIMS user interface136, thestorage manager106 transfers the modified data object into the same primary or secondary storage device from which the data object was downloaded. In other embodiments, thestorage manager132 deletes or overwrites the downloaded version of the data object and stores the modified data object in its place.
• Thestorage manager106 may be able to populate responses to queries from theIMS user interface136 more quickly if relying on metadata and other information stored in theindex130 or in other indexes or databases, rather than fetching the actual data object listed in thefile explorer window144. However, theIMS user interface136 can be used to view all or portions of the data objects, in some implementations ofIMS user interface136. Thestorage manager106 can populate thefile content viewer146 with some or all of the contents of a data object selected in thefile explorer144. For example, upon selection of the data object named DOC1, thestorage manager106 may display, e.g., contents of a memo regarding the acquisition of a company, XYZ Co. While thestorage manager106 can be configured to display the contents of the data object in thefile content viewer146, retrieving the data object from its storage location may result in a delay between the time the data object is selected in thefile explorer window144 and the time that the contents of the data object are actually displayed in thefile content viewer146. However, because thestorage manager106 stores, or can store, the location of each data object in theindex130, retrieval of the contents of a data object via theIMS user interface136 is faster than manually browsing, e.g., using Microsoft Windows Explorer, through the contents of one of theprimary storage devices110 or one of the secondary storage devices120.
• When a user selects a data object for viewing which has duplicates, thestorage manager106 may use one of a variety of techniques for displaying data object content in thefile content view146. In some implementations, thestorage manager106 retrieves content of the data object located in theprimary storage subsystem102 prior to attempting to retrieve content from thesecondary storage subsystem104. In other implementations, thestorage manager106 determines the fastest of the several storage media that are storing duplicate copies of a data object, and retrieves the content of the duplicate data object from the fastest storage media (e.g. preferring geographically closer, online copies stored on disk versus copies on tape stored in a more remote location).
• By hosting theIMS user interface136 with the userinterface hosting module134, thestorage manager106 provides a user-centric interface that is user-friendly and that has various commercially valuable advantages or uses. For example, in one embodiment, theIMS user interface136 can be used to evaluate employees' downloads and deletions of data objects to determine whether employees are making appropriate use of company resources. In another embodiment, theIMS user interface136 can be used to comply with the discovery requests by fetching and downloading all data objects associated with a particular user or all data objects having specific content. In some embodiments of theIMS user interface136, data objects in thefile explorer window144 or folders displayed in thefolder explorer window142 can be selected and locked from future deletion, i.e., an e-discovery lock. Additionally, as discussed above briefly, features that are typically reserved for system administrators, such as deduplication and storage policy configurations, may be extended to end-users in an intuitive and user-friendly manner.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram for enabling a user to modify data objects that are stored somewhere within theinformation management system100.
• Atblock202, a storage manager generates a user interface by which to receive search criteria for data objects from a user. (Alternatively or additionally, the user interface may be stored or generated locally on a client device, such as a mobile device.) The search criteria can include parameters such as which information management system cell to search, keywords, a source of the data objects, and/or the present location or storage format of the data objects.
• The storage manager may be configured to extend administrative privileges to the user within the information management system to allow the user to manage personal data. For example, as discussed above, and described in more detail below, the storage manager grant the user privileges related to deduplicating data objects, modifying data storage policies, and modifying data retention policies for data that has been tagged, e.g., “personal”, by the user or by the information management system (e.g. data from or associated with social media sites). Concurrently, the storage manager may prohibit the user from performing administrative operations on data objects that are identified by the information management system as non-personal. For example, the information management system may tag all data objects having the word “confidential”, “work”, or the company's name as non-personal. The storage manager may automatically filter non-personal data objects from being displayed to a user for personal management. In some implementations, the storage manager may display all data objects that meet a particular search criteria, but may decline requests for administrative operations, e.g., deduplication, of non-personal data.
• Atblock204, the storage manager retrieves metadata related to data objects that satisfy the received search criteria. The metadata may be stored in an index or database associated with or included in the storage manager. The storage manager may be configured to fetch metadata related to data objects from other information management system cells to satisfy the received search criteria.
• Atblock206, the storage manager populates one or more windows of the user interface with metadata, e.g., file names, of data objects that satisfy the search criteria. In particular, the storage manager may populate the windows with metadata that enables the user to identify a particular data object, e.g., a name of the file, device from which the file was generated, classification of the content of the object, or the like. By enabling the user to retrieve and view identifiers for the data objects, the user can select one or more data objects for modification.
• Table 1 (shown below) illustrates an example of a data structure that the storage manager may use to associate user-friendly names or alias with a particular device. Often, an organization may have multiple individuals with the same name, such as John, so an information management system may not effectively rely on user-friendly names while executing administrative operations. Table 1 includes a column of machine

• 	TABLE 1
  	Machine Name	User-friendly Alias
  	Alpha1.LPT.Robert.ASDF	Bob's Laptop
  	Alpha1.SmrtPhn.Personal.Ntwk12	My Phone
  	Extrnl.Tblt.3214xy.Ntwk4	Work Tablet
  	Bravo1.DSKTP.Bldg2.Ntwk2	Jack's Computer

  
  names and a column of corresponding user-friendly aliases. The storage manager may use the machine name to perform search and retrieval operations while displaying the user-friendly alias in the user interface.
• Atblock208, the storage manager receives a request from the user, via the user interface, to retrieve one or more data objects associated with the metadata displayed by the user interface. The storage manager can use locations of the data objects that are stored in a storage manager index or media agent index to fetch the data objects requested with the user interface from the various locations at which they are stored, and provide the data objects to the computing device from which the request was made. Once downloaded, the user can review, modify and save the data object locally. However, a user may want to transfer the modified copy to secondary storage, or may want to replace the unmodified version of the data object with the modified version of the data object.
• Atblock210, the storage manager receives, via the user interface, a request to upload a modified version of the data object. The storage manager transfers the modified data object to the storage device from which the unmodified data object was fetched by communicating with either a data agent, media agent, or a management agent to coordinate the transfer. The modified version of the data object, according to various embodiments, may be transferred and saved in the location from which the data object was fetched. If duplicates of an object exist throughout theinformation management system100, the storage manager can be configured to save the modified version of the data object at all of the locations of the unmodified version of the data object. Alternatively, the storage manager can be configured to replace all of the unmodified duplicates of the data object with the modified version of the data object so that future data recoveries are performed with the modified version of the data object.
• FIG. 3 illustrates aninstance300 of theIMS user interface136 to show additional features that may be available to the user through theIMS user interface136. In particular, theinstance300 shows that theIMS user interface136 may also include adevice explorer302, adeduplicate menu304, and deduplicatemenu306. Although thededuplicate menu304 andduplicate menu306 are illustrated herein with theIMS user interface136 in device view mode, these menus can also be applied to theIMS user interface136 while in data object view, as illustrated inFIG. 1.
• TheIMS user interface136 may display thedevice explorer menu302 in response to a device view selection by the user indisplay options window140. Thedevice explorer window302 may display several folders or other graphical objects in a hierarchical tree or other menu format to show the devices that are associated with the user or username entered intotext box150. For example, thedevice explorer window302 may display alaptop folder308, atablet folder310, and asmart phone folder312. Each of the device folders308-312 include a generic description of the device type and the username or user's name searched in thesearch window138.
• In some embodiments, a device that does not belong to the user of the search will also be displayed indevice explorer302. Devices that are not assigned to the user may be displayed in thedevice explorer window302 if the user has created, viewed, modified, or deleted one or more data objects from another device within theinformation management system100. For example, the user “Exec1” may have logged into another member of upper management's desktop computer, e.g., Exec3's desktop, and generated, viewed, modified, or accessed data objects while logged in as under the username “Exec1”. Accordingly, thedevice explorer window302 may also display adevice folder314 described as a desktop for the user “Exec3”.
• The option to deduplicate one more files, folders, or storage devices is historically reserved for users having system administrator access rights or privileges. However, in some implementations of theIMS user interface136, the access rights to show and manage duplicate data objects may be extended to any user of theIMS user interface136 regardless of assigned administrative privileges within theinformation management system100. Such a feature may have commercial value when extended to the general public, e.g., non-enterprise users, because it may offer more efficient and greater control and management of memory usage in consumer electronics. For example, a user may have photos of a vacation stored on a tablet device, smart phone device, and a network attached storage device. Using deduplication, the user may choose to retain the pictures on the tablet device, to show the pictures to friends and family, while removing duplicates from the smart phone to reduce memory consumption. The user may also choose to retain the duplicates on the network attached storage device for disaster recovery or long term storage.
• TheIMS user interface136 can be configured to display thededuplicate menu304 in response to selection of the deduplicate option frommenu162. As discussed in connection withFIG. 1, theIMS user interface136 can be configured to generate themenu162 in response to selection of a folder in thedevice explorer window302 or in thefolder explorer window142.
• Thededuplicate menu304 can include multiple options for displaying duplicates in thefile explorer144. Examples of deduplicate options include showing duplicates for: a single device's production data; all devices' production data; a single device's production data combined with backup data; all devices' production data and backup data; a single device's archived data; all devices' archived data; and any combination of the foregoing. If, for example, the user selectsoption316, theIMS user interface136 can populate thefile explorer144 with all duplicate data objects from the primary storage devices110 (shown inFIG. 1) associated with all of the devices displayed in thedevice explorer window302 and associated with the username or other related search criteria.
• Duplicate data objects displayed in thefile explorer window144 may be determined to be duplicates based on the content of the data objects, without regard for the metadata associated with the data objects. The objects displayed in thefile explorer window144 may have the same name, may have different names, may have originated from the same device, may have originated from different devices, or any combination thereof. Generally, a hash operation or other encryption function can be applied to a data object to generate a signature that is unique to a particular object. Thestorage manager106 or other computing device may then compare the generated signatures to determine if the contents of the data objects are the same, independent of the names of the data objects. However, if metadata, e.g., a file name, creation time, or modification time, associated with data objects is used in the determination of the unique signature, then two objects having the same content and different metadata may not be identified as duplicates. Therefore, in accordance with one embodiment, theIMS user interface136 displays data objects in thefile explorer window144 that have been determined to be duplicates based only on a comparison of the content of the data objects, omitting comparisons of metadata associated with the data objects.
• TheIMS user interface136 can be configured to display thededuplicate menu306 in response to selection of one or more data objects displayed within thefile explorer window144. Thededuplication menu306 can include numerous options to facilitate deduplication of the data object of a particular device, or deduplication of all devices associated with a user. For example, thededuplication menu306 may include options for deleting an instance of a duplicate data object, deduplicating or deleting all duplicate instances of a data object, archiving or backing up a particular duplicate data object, and/or viewing properties associated with a duplicate data object. By displaying the properties of the data object, theIMS user interface136 may enable a user to determine or view other data or metadata associated with the data object, such as creation date, present location of the data object, backup date, archived date, size, and the like.
• In one implementation, selection of the data object, e.g., via a “left-click” of thecursor318, causes theIMS user interface136 to display the contents of the data object in thefile content viewer146. As shown, in some embodiments the data object, e.g., “DUP.FILE1”, may be a picture of a user's dog that the user stored on his/her tablet. In response to selection of a data object from thefile explorer144 for viewing in thefile content view146, thestorage manager106 may have to first retrieve contents of the data object fromprimary storage devices110 or secondary storage devices120, using information stored in one or more information management databases, e.g.,index130.
• The ability of a user to deduplicate data objects associated with or located on multiple devices can provide several advantages to a user. For example, enabling a user to visually confirm that data objects on his/her tablet device are duplicated in a backup storage device can allow the user to rest assure that certain data objects are less likely to be lost, or that certain data objects are protected. As another example, by displaying all duplicates associated with a particular device, associated with all devices, associated with production data, or associated with production data and secondary copies, a user can make an informed decision about where the user can free up or reduce memory usage without the loss of particular data objects.
• FIG. 4 illustrates amethod400 for providing deduplication options to a user via a user interface. As discussed above, the ability to deduplicate data objects associated with a user can provide advantages related to security and memory usage management.
• Atblock402, a computing device receives search criteria from a user. The search criteria can include username, information management system cell selection, particular devices, types of data objects, locations of data objects, and the like. The search criteria define the scope of search that the computing device will perform.
• At block404, the computing device fetches metadata for all data objects that satisfy the received search criteria. The computing device may be able to fetch the requested data object metadata from a single information management system cell or may need to communicate with other information management system cells to acquire the desired data object metadata from numerous data storage locations. At the expense of more time-consuming searches, the computing device can be configured to fetch copies of the data object content from one or more storage devices in the information management system. However, to provide more responsive search results, the computing device may be configured to simply retrieve metadata for the data objects that satisfy the search criteria. In some embodiments, the information management system creates a unique signature, e.g., via a hash function, of some or all data objects that are transferred from a primary storage device to a secondary storage device. The computing device, e.g., storage manager, then stores the signature or signature of the content of the data object, in a database, data structure, or index associated with the computing device. This will enable the computing device to reduce delays associated with populating the user interface with deduplication information for data objects that satisfy the user's search criteria.
• Atblock406, the computing device determines which data objects are duplicates of each other based on the content of the data objects. In some embodiments, the computing device determines data object duplication using both metadata and content of the data object. In other embodiments, the computing device only uses content of the data object to determine duplicity of data objects. As discussed above, the device may calculate signatures (e.g., hashes or cryptographically unique IDs) corresponding to the contents of each data object. The computing device can then compare signatures of contents of the data objects to determine which data objects have content that is duplicative of other data objects.
• Atblock408, the computing device displays metadata identifying duplicate data objects in a user interface. For example, the computing device may display names of the data objects, creation dates, source devices, current locations, type of data objects, or the like, for viewing by the user. By displaying metadata associated with the data objects, the computing device can provide a unified view of the data objects in the user interface. The unified view of the data can enable the user to consider, view, or manage all of his/her data without having to concern himself with the particular device or without having to search through subdirectories of a particular device to identify data objects of interest. In other words, hierarchies of data storage are flattened for ease of viewing by a user.
• Atblock410, the computing device can provide the user with various deduplication options for deduplicating data objects fetched by the computing device. The computing device may provide these options to the user via a series of menus from which the user may select through the user interface. The options may include deletion, archiving, or displaying further properties of the duplicate data object, according to one embodiment.
• Atblock412, the computing device may receive deduplication instructions from the user via the user interface. These deduplication instructions can include, for example, removal of a particular duplicate data object, deletion of all duplicates of the particular data object, deduplication of an entire folder or device, and/or deduplication of all devices associated with a user and satisfying search criteria defined by the user.
• Atblock414, the computing device can execute the requested deduplication operations in one or more information management system cells. The computing device can perform these deduplication functions by communicating with one or more data agents, media agents, and job agents in the information management system. Further details regarding exemplary methods of deduplication and components used in deduplication procedures are described below in the description associated withFIGS. 8A-8H.
• FIG. 5 illustrates aninstance500 of theIMS user interface136, showing information management features extendable to a user through theIMS user interface136, in accordance with an implementation of the disclosure. Theinstance500 of theIMS user interface136 shows astorage policy menu502 that is provided to a user to enable the user to specify or to adjust data storage and/or data retention policies for devices associated with a particular user. According to an embodiment, thestorage policy menu502 can be selected or initiated from themenu162. Thestorage policy menu502 may include various storage policy configurations/options, such as a frequency ofbackups504, abackup type selection506, selection for retention duration ofbackup copies508, anarchive option510, anarchive threshold option512, and an archive retention setting514. The options in thestorage policy menu502 provide similar benefits to the user as thededuplication menu304 and thededuplication menu306. That is, thestorage policy menu502 empowers a user to have more granular control over specific devices that are typically within the user's stewardship.
• The frequency ofbackups option504 allows a user to select how frequently secondary copies are made for data objects of a particular device or for subfolders of a particular device. The frequency can be specified in terms of hours, days, months, and/or years. With greater frequency of backup, the user receives a more granular ability to restore his/her device to a previous condition, in the event of the device failure. The price for this granularity is, however, paid in terms of data storage usage and network bandwidth consumption while transferring information from primary storage devices to secondary storage devices.
• Thebackup type selection506 allows the user to select between one of a number of types of backup operations to be performed at the specified frequency. Some backup operation types include full backup, hybrid backup, hierarchical storage management (“HSM”) copy, incremental backup, and the like. The type of backup operation selected by the user will have various trade-offs associated with speed, network consumption, and secondary storage device consumption. Further information about the listed types of back up operations and further example embodiments of backup operation types that can be selected in theIMS user interface136 are described below in the discussion associated withFIGS. 8A-8H.
• The retention duration ofbackup copies508 enables the user to determine how long to retain backup copies. In one embodiment, the user can also choose to overwrite previous backup copies with a current backup copy to reduce the amount of secondary storage resources consumed by the user.
• Thearchive option510 allows a user to choose whether or not the user would like secondary copies archived. An archive copy can be different from other backup operation types in that archive copies may have a format that is different than the primary data, and an archive operation typically deletes the file being archived. Archive copies are typically made or stored on slower and less costly storage media, to reduce the financial impact of storing less-used data for extended periods of time.
• Thearchive threshold option512 enables the user to determine when secondary copies are transitioned to archive copies. A user may want to configure thestorage manager106 to archive a secondary copy in days, months, or years after the creation of secondary copy. In some embodiments, thearchive threshold512 is set to be the same as theretention duration508 so that upon expiration of theretention duration508, or just prior to, thestorage manager106 archives the secondary copies of the data object(s).
• The archive retention setting514 enables a user to determine how long an archive copy will be retained. For some types of data, such as financial data, thearchive retention option514 may be set to coincide with legal compliance record requirements established by one or more government entities, e.g., the Internal Revenue Service or the Securities Exchange Commission.
• Theinstance500 of theIMS user interface136 shows embodiments of how thestorage manager106 can extend data storage and data retention policy control to a user of one or more consumer electronic devices or other computing devices. Although thisstorage policy menu502 is illustrated as being applied in a device view of theIMS user interface136, thestorage policy menu502 can also be applied to a data object view of theIMS user interface136. In other words, if the “data object view” radio button is selected in thedisplay options140, thedevice explorer302 will be replaced by the folder explorer142 (shown inFIG. 1). As discussed in connection withFIG. 1, the data object view may be used to provide a device-agnostic and user-centric view of all of a user's data. However, as illustrated in theinstance500, a user may also choose to manage his/her data by selecting the “device view” radio button from thedisplay options140 to apply data management policies to specific ones of a user's devices. Further examples of embodiments of data storage and data retention policy options, implementations, and adjustments that may be available to the user through theIMS user interface136 are described below in the discussion associated withFIG. 8A-8H.
• FIG. 6 illustrates amethod600 for providing storage policy options to a user for devices associated with that user. As discussed above, advantages of controlling storage policy include the ability to manage the amount of bandwidth and secondary storage resources consumed by a particular user.
• Atblock602, a computing device receives search criteria from a user. The search criteria can include username, information management system cell selection, particular devices, types of data objects, locations of data objects, and the like.
• Atblock604, the computing device fetches metadata for data objects that satisfy the received search criteria. The computing device may not have to fetch the actual data objects to apply or to update storage policy configurations stored within theinformation management system100.
• Atblock606, the computing device can provide the user with various storage policy options for the one or more computing devices associated with the user. The computing device may provide these options to the user via a series of menus that the user may select from via the user interface.
• Atblock608, the computing device may receive instructions for creating or adjusting a storage policy of one or more computing devices. These instructions can include, e.g., a type of backup operation, a frequency for executing the policy, and devices that are applicable to the storage policy.
• Atblock610, the computing device can execute the requested storage policy operations in one or more information management system cells. The computing device can perform these storage policy operations by updating one or more databases within theinformation management system100 and/or by initiating communications with one or more of thedata agents112 and media agents122, in accordance with an embodiment. More details on exemplary embodiments of storage policies and the execution of storage policies are provided below in the description associated withFIGS. 8A-8H.
• FIG. 7 illustrates amethod700 for presenting a simplified view of data objects to a user. The simplified view allows a user to navigate his/her data objects without the hassle or confusion of managing duplicates of data objects having the same content.
• Atblock702, an information management system queries different media agents of different secondary storage devices to satisfy a user's query. The queried media agents search the contents of the secondary storage devices associated with the media agents by, for example, searching media agent indices that store metadata and/or keywords associated with content of data objects stored in the secondary storage devices.
• At block704, the information management system caches all responses received from the media agents. The media agent responses include metadata about data objects that satisfy the query criteria. In some implementations, the metadata includes hashes or cryptographically unique identifiers of the content of the data objects that satisfy the query criteria. In other implementations, the media agent responses include copies of the data objects, including data object content.
• Atblock706, the information management system deduplicates the received responses. The information management system may deduplicate the responses by comparing filenames, and selecting only one file where multiple files having the same name are identified (such as the file having the most recent modified or stored date obtained from its associated metadata). Alternatively or additionally, the system may perform de-duplication by comparing metadata, e.g., the hashes or cryptographically unique identifiers of content, of the data objects. If certain metadata of the data objects is the same, the information management system determines that the data objects are duplicates of each other. The information management system may then remove duplicate objects from the cached responses so that single copy of data object or data object metadata is cached for each data object. Further, the system may provide for a method of adjusting the granularity of similarity, such that files having 95% or greater similarity are considered to be the same file, and that only one file is selected (again, e.g., defaulting to the file with the most recent date).
• Atblock708, the information management system creates a presentation or user view of a single copy of each response after deduplication. The user view of the single copy may include a name of the data object, a location of the data object within the information management system, a source device for the data object, and/or other identifying information of the data object that is based on metadata for the data object.
• Atblock710, the information management system provides the deduplicated user view to the user via a user interface. The user interface can be displayed on a client computing device or any network-enabled computing device. The user interface may be hosted by a computing device within the information management system, such as a storage manager, but may also be downloadable to one or more mobile devices, such as a smart phone.
• Described herein are methods and systems for providing user-centric access to data objects stored within an information management system. By changing the emphasis from device-centric to user-centric (device-agnostic), the user is able to explore and manage data objects based on the relationship of the data objects to the user. The systems and methods described above also provide the user with functions, such as deduplication and management of data storage policies, that have historically been reserved to system administrators. However, by allowing a user to manage data object deduplication and storage policies for data objects associated with the user or the user's computing devices, the user can more efficiently and effectively manage the user's bandwidth consumption and memory consumption. Thus, some of the previously disclosed embodiments enable a user to better make cost conscious decisions about what, when, and how to backup and retain data objects in an information management system.
• Hereafter, various example systems are illustrated and described to provide further examples of embodiments into which the systems and methods ofFIGS. 1-7 may be implemented and integrated. Additionally, systems illustrated inFIGS. 8A-8H, and the related discussion, further expound on additional features of each of the components introduced ininformation management system100 and inuser interface instances300 and500. Taken together with the disclosure ofFIGS. 1-6, the systems ofFIGS. 8A-8H describe additional embodiments of implementation details.
Information Management System Overview
• Depending on the size of the organization, there are typically many data production sources which are under the purview of tens, hundreds, or even thousands of employees or other individuals. In the past, individual employees were sometimes responsible for managing and protecting their data. A patchwork of hardware and software point solutions have been applied in other cases. These solutions were often provided by different vendors and had limited or no interoperability.
• Certain embodiments described herein provide systems and methods capable of addressing these and other shortcomings of prior approaches by implementing unified, organization-wide information management.FIG. 8A shows one suchinformation management system800, which generally includes combinations of hardware and software configured to protect and to manage data and metadata generated and used by the various computing devices in theinformation management system800.
• The organization which employs theinformation management system800 may be a corporation or other business entity, non-profit organization, educational institution, household, governmental agency, or the like.
• Generally, the systems and associated components described herein may be compatible with and/or provide some or all of the functionality of the systems and corresponding components described in one or more of the following U.S. patents and patent application publications assigned to CommVault Systems, Inc., each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference herein:
• • U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, entitled “Data Object Store and Server for a Cloud Storage Environment, Including Data Deduplication and Data Management Across Multiple Cloud Storage Sites”;
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, entitled “Systems And Methods For Management Of Virtualization Data”;
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  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, entitled “Hierarchical Systems and Methods for Providing a Unified View of Storage Information”;
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  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, entitled “System and Methods for Performing a Snapshot and for Restoring Data”;
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  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,156,086, entitled “Systems And Methods For Stored Data Verification”.
• Theinformation management system800 can include a variety of different computing devices. For instance, as will be described in greater detail herein, theinformation management system800 can include one or moreclient computing devices802 and secondarystorage computing devices806.
• Computing devices can include, without limitation, one or more: workstations, personal computers, desktop computers, or other types of generally fixed computing systems such as mainframe computers and minicomputers.
• Other computing devices can include mobile or portable computing devices, such as one or more laptops, tablet computers, personal data assistants, mobile phones (such as smartphones), and other mobile or portable computing devices such as embedded computers, set top boxes, vehicle-mounted devices, wearable computers, etc. Computing devices can include servers, such as mail servers, file servers, database servers, and web servers.
• In some cases, a computing device includes virtualized and/or cloud computing resources. For instance, one or more virtual machines may be provided to the organization by a third-party cloud service vendor. Or, in some embodiments, computing devices can include one or more virtual machine(s) running on a physical host computing device (or “host machine”) operated by the organization. As one example, the organization may use one virtual machine as a database server and another virtual machine as a mail server, both virtual machines operating on the same host machine.
• A virtual machine includes an operating system and associated virtual resources, and is hosted simultaneously with another operating system on a physical host computer (or host machine). A hypervisor (typically software, and also known in the art as a virtual machine monitor or a virtual machine manager or “VMM”) sits between the virtual machine and the hardware of the physical host computer. One example of hypervisor as virtualization software is ESX Server, by VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif.; other examples include Microsoft Virtual Server and Microsoft Windows Server Hyper-V, both by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and Sun xVM by Oracle America Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. In some embodiments, the hypervisor may be firmware or hardware or a combination of software and/or firmware and/or hardware.
• The hypervisor provides to each virtual operating system virtual resources, such as a virtual processor, virtual memory, a virtual network device, and a virtual disk. Each virtual machine has one or more virtual disks. The hypervisor typically stores the data of virtual disks in files on the file system of the physical host computer, called virtual machine disk files (in the case of VMware virtual servers) or virtual hard disk image files (in the case of Microsoft virtual servers). For example, VMware's ESX Server provides the Virtual Machine File System (VMFS) for the storage of virtual machine disk files. A virtual machine reads data from and writes data to its virtual disk much the same way that an actual physical machine reads data from and writes data to an actual disk.
• Examples of techniques for implementing information management techniques in a cloud computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, which is incorporated by reference herein. Examples of techniques for implementing information management techniques in a virtualized computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, also incorporated by reference herein.
• Theinformation management system800 can also include a variety of storage devices, includingprimary storage devices804 andsecondary storage devices808, for example. Storage devices can generally be of any suitable type including, without limitation, disk drives, hard-disk arrays, semiconductor memory (e.g., solid state storage devices), network attached storage (NAS) devices, tape libraries or other magnetic, non-tape storage devices, optical media storage devices, DNA/RNA-based memory technology, combinations of the same, and the like. In some embodiments, storage devices can form part of a distributed file system. In some cases, storage devices are provided in a cloud (e.g., a private cloud or one operated by a third-party vendor). A storage device in some cases comprises a disk array or portion thereof.
• The illustratedinformation management system800 includes one or moreclient computing device802 having at least oneapplication810 executing thereon, and one or moreprimary storage devices804 storingprimary data812. The client computing device(s)802 and theprimary storage devices804 may generally be referred to in some cases as aprimary storage subsystem817. A computing device in aninformation management system800 that has adata agent842 installed on it is generally referred to as a client computing device802 (or, in the context of a component of theinformation management system800 simply as a “client”).
• Depending on the context, the term “information management system” can refer to generally all of the illustrated hardware and software components. Or, in other instances, the term may refer to only a subset of the illustrated components.
• For instance, in some cases, theinformation management system800 generally refers to a combination of specialized components used to protect, move, manage, manipulate, analyze, and/or process data and metadata generated by theclient computing devices802. However, theinformation management system800 in some cases does not include the underlying components that generate and/or store theprimary data812, such as theclient computing devices802 themselves, theapplications810 and operating system residing on theclient computing devices802, and theprimary storage devices804. As an example, “information management system” may sometimes refer to one or more of the following components and corresponding data structures: storage managers, data agents, and media agents. These components will be described in further detail below.
Client Computing Devices
• There are typically a variety of sources in an organization that produce data to be protected and managed. As just one illustrative example, in a corporate environment such data sources can be employee workstations and company servers such as a mail server, a web server, or the like. In theinformation management system800, the data generation sources include the one or moreclient computing devices802.
• Theclient computing devices802 may include any of the types of computing devices described above, without limitation, and in some cases theclient computing devices802 are associated with one or more users and/or corresponding user accounts, of employees or other individuals.
• Theinformation management system800 generally addresses and handles the data management and protection needs for the data generated by theclient computing devices802. However, the use of this term does not imply that theclient computing devices802 cannot be “servers” in other respects. For instance, a particularclient computing device802 may act as a server with respect to other devices, such as otherclient computing devices802. As just a few examples, theclient computing devices802 can include mail servers, file servers, database servers, and web servers.
• Eachclient computing device802 may have one or more applications810 (e.g., software applications) executing thereon which generate and manipulate the data that is to be protected from loss and managed.
• Theapplications810 generally facilitate the operations of an organization (or multiple affiliated organizations), and can include, without limitation, mail server applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Server), file server applications, mail client applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Client), database applications (e.g., SQL, Oracle, SAP, Lotus Notes Database), word processing applications (e.g., Microsoft Word), spreadsheet applications, financial applications, presentation applications, browser applications, mobile applications, entertainment applications, and so on.
• Theclient computing devices802 can have at least one operating system (e.g., Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, IBM z/OS, Linux, other Unix-based operating systems, etc.) installed thereon, which may support or host one or more file systems andother applications810.
• As shown, theclient computing devices802 and other components in theinformation management system800 can be connected to one another via one ormore communication pathways814. Thecommunication pathways814 can include one or more networks or other connection types including as any of following, without limitation: the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a Storage Area Network (SAN), a Fibre Channel connection, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) connection, a virtual private network (VPN), a token ring or TCP/IP based network, an intranet network, a point-to-point link, a cellular network, a wireless data transmission system, a two-way cable system, an interactive kiosk network, a satellite network, a broadband network, a baseband network, a neural network, a mesh network, an ad hoc network, other appropriate wired, wireless, or partially wired/wireless computer or telecommunications networks, combinations of the same or the like. Thecommunication pathways814 in some cases may also include application programming interfaces (APIs) including, e.g., cloud service provider APIs, virtual machine management APIs, and hosted service provider APIs.
Primary Data and Exemplary Primary Storage Devices
• Primary data812 according to some embodiments is production data or other “live” data generated by the operating system andother applications810 residing on aclient computing device802. Theprimary data812 is generally stored on the primary storage device(s)804 and is organized via a file system supported by theclient computing device802. For instance, the client computing device(s)802 andcorresponding applications810 may create, access, modify, write, delete, and otherwise useprimary data812. In some cases, some or all of theprimary data812 can be stored in cloud storage resources.
• Primary data812 is generally in the native format of thesource application810. According to certain aspects,primary data812 is an initial or first (e.g., created before any other copies or before at least one other copy) stored copy of data generated by thesource application810.Primary data812 in some cases is created substantially directly from data generated by thecorresponding source applications810.
• Theprimary data812 may sometimes be referred to as a “primary copy” in the sense that it is a discrete set of data. However, the use of this term does not necessarily imply that the “primary copy” is a copy in the sense that it was copied or otherwise derived from another stored version.
• Theprimary storage devices804 storing theprimary data812 may be relatively fast and/or expensive (e.g., a disk drive, a hard-disk array, solid state memory, etc.). In addition,primary data812 may be intended for relatively short term retention (e.g., several hours, days, or weeks).
• According to some embodiments, theclient computing device802 can accessprimary data812 from theprimary storage device804 by making conventional file system calls via the operating system.Primary data812 representing files may include structured data (e.g., database files), unstructured data (e.g., documents), and/or semi-structured data. Some specific examples are described below with respect toFIG. 8B.
• It can be useful in performing certain tasks to organize theprimary data812 into units of different granularities. In general,primary data812 can include files, directories, file system volumes, data blocks, extents, or any other hierarchies or organizations of data objects. As used herein, a “data object” can refer to both (1) any file that is currently addressable by a file system or that was previously addressable by the file system (e.g., an archive file) and (2) a subset of such a file (e.g., a data block).
• As will be described in further detail, it can also be useful in performing certain functions of theinformation management system800 to access and modify metadata within theprimary data812. Metadata generally includes information about data objects or characteristics associated with the data objects.
• Metadata can include, without limitation, one or more of the following: the data owner (e.g., the client or user that generates the data), the last modified time (e.g., the time of the most recent modification of the data object), a data object name (e.g., a file name), a data object size (e.g., a number of bytes of data), information about the content (e.g., an indication as to the existence of a particular search term), user-supplied tags, to/from information for email (e.g., an email sender, recipient, etc.), creation date, file type (e.g., format or application type), last accessed time, application type (e.g., type of application that generated the data object), location/network (e.g., a current, past or future location of the data object and network pathways to/from the data object), geographic location (e.g., GPS coordinates), frequency of change (e.g., a period in which the data object is modified), business unit (e.g., a group or department that generates, manages or is otherwise associated with the data object), aging information (e.g., a schedule, such as a time period, in which the data object is migrated to secondary or long term storage), boot sectors, partition layouts, file location within a file folder directory structure, user permissions, owners, groups, access control lists [ACLs]), system metadata (e.g., registry information), combinations of the same or the other similar information related to the data object.
• In addition to metadata generated by or related to file systems and operating systems, some of theapplications810 and/or other components of theinformation management system800 maintain indices of metadata for data objects, e.g., metadata associated with individual email messages. Thus, each data object may be associated with corresponding metadata. The use of metadata to perform classification and other functions is described in greater detail below.
• Each of theclient computing devices802 are generally associated with and/or in communication with one or more of theprimary storage devices804 storing correspondingprimary data812. Aclient computing device802 may be considered to be “associated with” or “in communication with” aprimary storage device804 if it is capable of one or more of: routing and/or storing data to the particularprimary storage device804, coordinating the routing and/or storing of data to the particularprimary storage device804, retrieving data from the particularprimary storage device804, coordinating the retrieval of data from the particularprimary storage device804, and modifying and/or deleting data retrieved from the particularprimary storage device804.
• Theprimary storage devices804 can include any of the different types of storage devices described above, or some other kind of suitable storage device. Theprimary storage devices804 may have relatively fast I/O times and/or are relatively expensive in comparison to thesecondary storage devices808. For example, theinformation management system800 may generally regularly access data and metadata stored onprimary storage devices804, whereas data and metadata stored on thesecondary storage devices808 is accessed relatively less frequently.
• In some cases, eachprimary storage device804 is dedicated to an associatedclient computing device802. For instance, aprimary storage device804 in one embodiment is a local disk drive of a correspondingclient computing device802. In other cases, one or moreprimary storage devices804 can be shared by multipleclient computing devices802, e.g., via a network such as in a cloud storage implementation. As one example, aprimary storage device804 can be a disk array shared by a group ofclient computing devices802, such as one of the following types of disk arrays: EMC Clariion, EMC Symmetrix, EMC Celerra, Dell EqualLogic, IBM XIV, NetApp FAS, HP EVA, and HP 3PAR.
• Theinformation management system800 may also include hosted services (not shown), which may be hosted in some cases by an entity other than the organization that employs the other components of theinformation management system800. For instance, the hosted services may be provided by various online service providers to the organization. Such service providers can provide services including social networking services, hosted email services, or hosted productivity applications or other hosted applications).
• Hosted services may include software-as-a-service (SaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), application service providers (ASPs), cloud services, or other mechanisms for delivering functionality via a network. As it provides services to users, each hosted service may generate additional data and metadata under management of theinformation management system800, e.g., asprimary data812. In some cases, the hosted services may be accessed using one of theapplications810. As an example, a hosted mail service may be accessed via browser running on aclient computing device802. The hosted services may be implemented in a variety of computing environments. In some cases, they are implemented in an environment having a similar arrangement to theinformation management system800, where various physical and logical components are distributed over a network.
Secondary Copies and Exemplary Secondary Storage Devices
• Theprimary data812 stored on theprimary storage devices804 may be compromised in some cases, such as when an employee deliberately or accidentally deletes or overwritesprimary data812 during their normal course of work. Or theprimary storage devices804 can be damaged or otherwise corrupted.
• For recovery and/or regulatory compliance purposes, it is therefore useful to generate copies of theprimary data812. Accordingly, theinformation management system800 includes one or more secondarystorage computing devices806 and one or moresecondary storage devices808 configured to create and store one or moresecondary copies816 of theprimary data812 and associated metadata. The secondarystorage computing devices806 and thesecondary storage devices808 may sometimes be referred to as asecondary storage subsystem818.
• Creation ofsecondary copies816 can help in search and analysis efforts and meet other information management goals, such as: restoring data and/or metadata if an original version (e.g., of primary data812) is lost (e.g., by deletion, corruption, or disaster); allowing point-in-time recovery; complying with regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (e-discovery) requirements; reducing utilized storage capacity; facilitating organization and search of data; improving user access to data files across multiple computing devices and/or hosted services; and implementing data retention policies.
• Theclient computing devices802 access or receiveprimary data812 and communicate the data, e.g., over thecommunication pathways814, for storage in the secondary storage device(s)808.
• Asecondary copy816 can comprise a separate stored copy of application data that is derived from one or more earlier-created, stored copies (e.g., derived fromprimary data812 or another secondary copy816).Secondary copies816 can include point-in-time data, and may be intended for relatively long-term retention (e.g., weeks, months or years), before some or all of the data is moved to other storage or is discarded.
• In some cases, asecondary copy816 is a copy of application data created and stored subsequent to at least one other stored instance (e.g., subsequent to correspondingprimary data812 or to another secondary copy816), in a different storage device than at least one previous stored copy, and/or remotely from at least one previous stored copy. In some other cases, secondary copies can be stored in the same storage device asprimary data812 and/or other previously stored copies. For example, in one embodiment a disk array capable of performing hardware snapshots storesprimary data812 and creates and stores hardware snapshots of theprimary data812 assecondary copies816.Secondary copies816 may be stored in relatively slow and/or low cost storage (e.g., magnetic tape). Asecondary copy816 may be stored in a backup or archive format, or in some other format different than the native source application format or other primary data format.
• In some cases,secondary copies816 are indexed so users can browse and restore at another point in time. After creation of asecondary copy816 representative of certainprimary data812, a pointer or other location indicia (e.g., a stub) may be placed inprimary data812, or be otherwise associated withprimary data812 to indicate the current location on the secondary storage device(s)808.
• Since an instance of a data object or metadata inprimary data812 may change over time as it is modified by an application810 (or hosted service or the operating system), theinformation management system800 may create and manage multiplesecondary copies816 of a particular data object or metadata, each representing the state of the data object inprimary data812 at a particular point in time. Moreover, since an instance of a data object inprimary data812 may eventually be deleted from theprimary storage device804 and the file system, theinformation management system800 may continue to manage point-in-time representations of that data object, even though the instance inprimary data812 no longer exists.
• For virtualized computing devices the operating system andother applications810 of the client computing device(s)802 may execute within or under the management of virtualization software (e.g., a VMM), and the primary storage device(s)804 may comprise a virtual disk created on a physical storage device. Theinformation management system800 may createsecondary copies816 of the files or other data objects in a virtual disk file and/orsecondary copies816 of the entire virtual disk file itself (e.g., of an entire .vmdk file).
• Secondary copies816 may be distinguished from correspondingprimary data812 in a variety of ways, some of which will now be described. First, as discussed,secondary copies816 can be stored in a different format (e.g., backup, archive, or other non-native format) thanprimary data812. For this or other reasons,secondary copies816 may not be directly usable by theapplications810 of theclient computing device802, e.g., via standard system calls or otherwise without modification, processing, or other intervention by theinformation management system800.
• Secondary copies816 are also in some embodiments stored on asecondary storage device808 that is inaccessible to theapplications810 running on the client computing devices802 (and/or hosted services). Somesecondary copies816 may be “offline copies,” in that they are not readily available (e.g., not mounted to tape or disk). Offline copies can include copies of data that theinformation management system800 can access without human intervention (e.g., tapes within an automated tape library, but not yet mounted in a drive), and copies that theinformation management system800 can access only with at least some human intervention (e.g., tapes located at an offsite storage site).
The Use of Intermediate Devices for Creating Secondary Copies
• Creating secondary copies can be a challenging task. For instance, there can be hundreds or thousands ofclient computing devices802 continually generating large volumes ofprimary data812 to be protected. Also, there can be significant overhead involved in the creation ofsecondary copies816. Moreover,secondary storage devices808 may be special purpose components, and interacting with them can require specialized intelligence.
• In some cases, theclient computing devices802 interact directly with thesecondary storage device808 to create thesecondary copies816. However, in view of the factors described above, this approach can negatively impact the ability of theclient computing devices802 to serve theapplications810 and produceprimary data812. Further, theclient computing devices802 may not be optimized for interaction with thesecondary storage devices808.
• Thus, in some embodiments, theinformation management system800 includes one or more software and/or hardware components which generally act as intermediaries between theclient computing devices802 and thesecondary storage devices808. In addition to off-loading certain responsibilities from theclient computing devices802, these intermediate components can provide other benefits. For instance, as discussed further below with respect toFIG. 8D, distributing some of the work involved in creatingsecondary copies816 can enhance scalability.
• The intermediate components can include one or more secondarystorage computing devices806 as shown inFIG. 8A and/or one or more media agents, which can be software modules residing on corresponding secondary storage computing devices806 (or other appropriate devices). Media agents are discussed below (e.g., with respect toFIGS. 8C-8E).
• The secondary storage computing device(s)806 can comprise any of the computing devices described above, without limitation. In some cases, the secondary storage computing device(s)806 include specialized hardware and/or software componentry for interacting with thesecondary storage devices808.
• To create asecondary copy816 involving the copying of data from theprimary storage subsystem817 to thesecondary storage subsystem818, theclient computing device802 in some embodiments communicates theprimary data812 to be copied (or a processed version thereof) to the designated secondarystorage computing device806, via thecommunication pathway814. The secondarystorage computing device806 in turn conveys the received data (or a processed version thereof) to thesecondary storage device808. In some such configurations, thecommunication pathway814 between theclient computing device802 and the secondarystorage computing device806 comprises a portion of a LAN, WAN or SAN. In other cases, at least someclient computing devices802 communicate directly with the secondary storage devices808 (e.g., via Fibre Channel or SCSI connections). In some other cases, one or moresecondary copies816 are created from existing secondary copies, such as in the case of an auxiliary copy operation, described in greater detail below.
Exemplary Primary Data and an Exemplary Secondary Copy
• FIG. 8B is a detailed view showing some specific examples of primary data stored on the primary storage device(s)804 and secondary copy data stored on the secondary storage device(s)808, with other components in the system removed for the purposes of illustration. Stored on the primary storage device(s)804 are primary data objects includingword processing documents819A-B,spreadsheets820,presentation documents822, video files824, image files826, email mailboxes828 (andcorresponding email messages829A-C), html/xml or other types of markup language files830,databases832 and corresponding tables orother data structures833A-833C).
• Some or all primary data objects are associated with corresponding metadata (e.g., “Meta1-11”), which may include file system metadata and/or application specific metadata. Stored on the secondary storage device(s)808 are secondary copy data objects834A-C which may include copies of or otherwise represent corresponding primary data objects and metadata.
• As shown, the secondary copy data objects834A-C can individually represent more than one primary data object. For example, secondary copy data object834A represents three separate primary data objects833C,822 and829C (represented as833C′,822′ and829C′, respectively, and accompanied by the corresponding metadata Meta11, Meta3, and Meta8, respectively). Moreover, as indicated by the prime mark (′), a secondary copy object may store a representation of a primary data object or metadata differently than the original format, e.g., in a compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, or other modified format. Likewise, secondary data object834B represents primary data objects820,833B, and819A as820′,8336′, and819A′, respectively and accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta2, Meta10, and Meta1, respectively. Also, secondary data object834C represents primary data objects833A,819B, and829A as833A′,8196′, and829A′, respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta9, Meta5, and Meta6, respectively.
Exemplary Information Management System Architecture
• Theinformation management system800 can incorporate a variety of different hardware and software components, which can in turn be organized with respect to one another in many different configurations, depending on the embodiment. There are critical design choices involved in specifying the functional responsibilities of the components and the role of each component in theinformation management system800. For instance, as will be discussed, such design choices can impact performance as well as the adaptability of theinformation management system800 to data growth or other changing circumstances.
• FIG. 8C shows aninformation management system800 designed according to these considerations and which includes:storage manager840, a centralized storage and/or information manager that is configured to perform certain control functions, one ormore data agents842 executing on the client computing device(s)802 configured to processprimary data812, and one ormore media agents844 executing on the one or more secondarystorage computing devices806 for performing tasks involving thesecondary storage devices808. While distributing functionality amongst multiple computing devices can have certain advantages, in other contexts it can be beneficial to consolidate functionality on the same computing device. As such, in various other embodiments, one or more of the components shown inFIG. 8C as being implemented on separate computing devices are implemented on the same computing device. In one configuration, astorage manager840, one ormore data agents842, and one ormore media agents844 are all implemented on the same computing device. In another embodiment, one ormore data agents842 and one ormore media agents844 are implemented on the same computing device, while thestorage manager840 is implemented on a separate computing device.
Storage Manager
• As noted, the number of components in theinformation management system800 and the amount of data under management can be quite large. Managing the components and data is therefore a significant task, and a task that can grow in an often unpredictable fashion as the quantity of components and data scale to meet the needs of the organization.
• For these and other reasons, according to certain embodiments, responsibility for controlling theinformation management system800, or at least a significant portion of that responsibility, is allocated to thestorage manager840.
• By distributing control functionality in this manner, thestorage manager840 can be adapted independently according to changing circumstances. Moreover, a computing device for hosting thestorage manager840 can be selected to best suit the functions of thestorage manager840. These and other advantages are described in further detail below with respect toFIG. 8D.
• Thestorage manager840 may be a software module or other application. In some embodiments,storage manager840 is a computing device comprising circuitry for executing computer instructions and performs the functions described herein. The storage manager generally initiates, performs, coordinates and/or controls storage and other information management operations performed by theinformation management system800, e.g., to protect and control theprimary data812 andsecondary copies816 of data and metadata.
• As shown by the dashed arrowedlines814, thestorage manager840 may communicate with and/or control some or all elements of theinformation management system800, such as thedata agents842 andmedia agents844. Thus, in certain embodiments, control information originates from thestorage manager840, whereas payload data and payload metadata is generally communicated between thedata agents842 and the media agents844 (or otherwise between the client computing device(s)802 and the secondary storage computing device(s)806), e.g., at the direction of thestorage manager840. Control information can generally include parameters and instructions for carrying out information management operations, such as, without limitation, instructions to perform a task associated with an operation, timing information specifying when to initiate a task associated with an operation, data path information specifying what components to communicate with or access in carrying out an operation, and the like. Payload data, on the other hand, can include the actual data involved in the storage operation, such as content data written to asecondary storage device808 in a secondary copy operation. Payload metadata can include any of the types of metadata described herein, and may be written to a storage device along with the payload content data (e.g., in the form of a header).
• In other embodiments, some information management operations are controlled by other components in the information management system800 (e.g., the media agent(s)844 or data agent(s)842), instead of or in combination with thestorage manager840.
• According to certain embodiments, thestorage manager840 provides one or more of the following functions:
• • initiating execution of secondary copy operations;
  • managingsecondary storage devices808 and inventory/capacity of the same;
  • reporting, searching, and/or classification of data in theinformation management system800;
  • allocatingsecondary storage devices808 for secondary storage operations;
  • monitoring completion of and providing status reporting related to secondary storage operations;
  • tracking age information relating tosecondary copies816,secondary storage devices808, and comparing the age information against retention guidelines;
  • tracking movement of data within theinformation management system800;
  • tracking logical associations between components in theinformation management system800;
  • protecting metadata associated with theinformation management system800; and
  • implementing operations management functionality.
• Thestorage manager840 may maintain a database846 (or “storage manager database846” or “management database846”) of management-related data andinformation management policies848. Thedatabase846 may include a management index850 (or “index850”) or other data structure that stores logical associations between components of the system, user preferences and/or profiles (e.g., preferences regarding encryption, compression, or deduplication of primary or secondary copy data, preferences regarding the scheduling, type, or other aspects of primary or secondary copy or other operations, mappings of particular information management users or user accounts to certain computing devices or other components, etc.), management tasks, media containerization, or other useful data. For example, thestorage manager840 may use theindex850 to track logical associations betweenmedia agents844 andsecondary storage devices808 and/or movement of data fromprimary storage devices804 tosecondary storage devices808. For instance, theindex850 may store data associating aclient computing device802 with aparticular media agent844 and/orsecondary storage device808, as specified in an information management policy848 (e.g., a storage policy, which is defined in more detail below).
• Administrators and other employees may be able to manually configure and initiate certain information management operations on an individual basis. But while this may be acceptable for some recovery operations or other relatively less frequent tasks, it is often not workable for implementing on-going organization-wide data protection and management.
• Thus, theinformation management system800 may utilizeinformation management policies848 for specifying and executing information management operations (e.g., on an automated basis). Generally, aninformation management policy848 can include a data structure or other information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with storage or other information management operations.
• Thestorage manager database846 may maintain theinformation management policies848 and associated data, although theinformation management policies848 can be stored in any appropriate location. For instance, aninformation management policy848 such as a storage policy may be stored as metadata in amedia agent database852 or in a secondary storage device808 (e.g., as an archive copy) for use in restore operations or other information management operations, depending on the embodiment.Information management policies848 are described further below.
• According to certain embodiments, thestorage manager database846 comprises a relational database (e.g., an SQL database) for tracking metadata, such as metadata associated with secondary copy operations (e.g., whatclient computing devices802 and corresponding data were protected). This and other metadata may additionally be stored in other locations, such as at the secondarystorage computing devices806 or on thesecondary storage devices808, allowing data recovery without the use of thestorage manager840.
• As shown, thestorage manager840 may include ajobs agent856, auser interface858, and amanagement agent854, all of which may be implemented as interconnected software modules or application programs.
• Thejobs agent856 in some embodiments initiates, controls, and/or monitors the status of some or all storage or other information management operations previously performed, currently being performed, or scheduled to be performed by theinformation management system800. For instance, thejobs agent856 may accessinformation management policies848 to determine when and how to initiate and control secondary copy and other information management operations, as will be discussed further.
• Theuser interface858 may include information processing and display software, such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), an application program interface (“API”), or other interactive interface(s) through which users and system processes can retrieve information about the status of information management operations (e.g., storage operations) or issue instructions to theinformation management system800 and its constituent components.
• Via theuser interface858, users may optionally issue instructions to the components in theinformation management system800 regarding performance of storage and recovery operations. For example, a user may modify a schedule concerning the number of pending secondary copy operations. As another example, a user may employ the GUI to view the status of pending storage operations or to monitor the status of certain components in the information management system800 (e.g., the amount of capacity left in a storage device).
• An information management “cell” may generally include a logical and/or physical grouping of a combination of hardware and software components associated with performing information management operations on electronic data, typically onestorage manager840 and at least one client computing device802 (comprising data agent(s)842) and at least onemedia agent844. For instance, the components shown inFIG. 8C may together form an information management cell. Multiple cells may be organized hierarchically. With this configuration, cells may inherit properties from hierarchically superior cells or be controlled by other cells in the hierarchy (automatically or otherwise). Alternatively, in some embodiments, cells may inherit or otherwise be associated with information management policies, preferences, information management metrics, or other properties or characteristics according to their relative position in a hierarchy of cells. Cells may also be delineated and/or organized hierarchically according to function, geography, architectural considerations, or other factors useful or desirable in performing information management operations. A first cell may represent a geographic segment of an enterprise, such as a Chicago office, and a second cell may represent a different geographic segment, such as a New York office. Other cells may represent departments within a particular office. Where delineated by function, a first cell may perform one or more first types of information management operations (e.g., one or more first types of secondary or other copies), and a second cell may perform one or more second types of information management operations (e.g., one or more second types of secondary or other copies).
• Thestorage manager840 may also track information that permits it to select, designate, or otherwise identify content indices, deduplication databases, or similar databases or resources or data sets within its information management cell (or another cell) to be searched in response to certain queries. Such queries may be entered by the user via interaction with theuser interface858. In general, themanagement agent854 allows multiple information management cells to communicate with one another. For example, theinformation management system800 in some cases may be one information management cell of a network of multiple cells adjacent to one another or otherwise logically related in a WAN or LAN. With this arrangement, the cells may be connected to one another throughrespective management agents854.
• For instance, themanagement agent854 can provide thestorage manager840 with the ability to communicate with other components within the information management system800 (and/or other cells within a larger information management system) via network protocols and application programming interfaces (“APIs”) including, e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, REST, virtualization software APIs, cloud service provider APIs, and hosted service provider APIs. Inter-cell communication and hierarchy is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,747,579 and 7,343,453, which are incorporated by reference herein.
Data Agents
• As discussed, a variety of different types ofapplications810 can reside on a givenclient computing device802, including operating systems, database applications, e-mail applications, and virtual machines, just to name a few. And, as part of the process of creating and restoringsecondary copies816, theclient computing devices802 may be tasked with processing and preparing theprimary data812 from these variousdifferent applications810. Moreover, the nature of the processing/preparation can differ across clients and application types, e.g., due to inherent structural and formatting differences betweenapplications810.
• The one or more data agent(s)842 are therefore advantageously configured in some embodiments to assist in the performance of information management operations based on the type of data that is being protected, at a client-specific and/or application-specific level.
• Thedata agent842 may be a software module or component that is generally responsible for managing, initiating, or otherwise assisting in the performance of information management operations. For instance, thedata agent842 may take part in performing data storage operations such as the copying, archiving, migrating, replicating ofprimary data812 stored in the primary storage device(s)804. Thedata agent842 may receive control information from thestorage manager840, such as commands to transfer copies of data objects, metadata, and other payload data to themedia agents844.
• In some embodiments, adata agent842 may be distributed between theclient computing device802 and storage manager840 (and any other intermediate components) or may be deployed from a remote location or its functions approximated by a remote process that performs some or all of the functions ofdata agent842. In addition, adata agent842 may perform some functions provided by amedia agent844, or may perform other functions such as encryption and deduplication.
• As indicated, eachdata agent842 may be specialized for aparticular application810, and the system can employ multiple application-specific data agents842, each of which may perform information management operations (e.g., perform backup, migration, and data recovery) associated with adifferent application810. For instance, differentindividual data agents842 may be designed to handle Microsoft Exchange data, Lotus Notes data, Microsoft Windows file system data, Microsoft Active Directory Objects data, SQL Server data, Share Point data, Oracle database data, SAP database data, virtual machines and/or associated data, and other types of data.
• A file system data agent, for example, may handle data files and/or other file system information. If aclient computing device802 has two or more types of data, onedata agent842 may be used for each data type to copy, archive, migrate, and restore theclient computing device802 data. For example, to backup, migrate, and restore all of the data on a Microsoft Exchange server, theclient computing device802 may use one Microsoft ExchangeMailbox data agent842 to backup the Exchange mailboxes, one Microsoft ExchangeDatabase data agent842 to backup the Exchange databases, one Microsoft Exchange PublicFolder data agent842 to backup the Exchange Public Folders, and one Microsoft Windows FileSystem data agent842 to backup the file system of theclient computing device802. In such embodiments, thesedata agents842 may be treated as fourseparate data agents842 even though they reside on the sameclient computing device802.
• Other embodiments may employ one or moregeneric data agents842 that can handle and process data from two or moredifferent applications810, or that can handle and process multiple data types, instead of or in addition to usingspecialized data agents842. For example, onegeneric data agent842 may be used to back up, migrate and restore Microsoft Exchange Mailbox data and Microsoft Exchange Database data while another generic data agent may handle Microsoft Exchange Public Folder data and Microsoft Windows File System data.
• Eachdata agent842 may be configured to access data and/or metadata stored in the primary storage device(s)804 associated with thedata agent842 and process the data as appropriate. For example, during a secondary copy operation, thedata agent842 may arrange or assemble the data and metadata into one or more files having a certain format (e.g., a particular backup or archive format) before transferring the file(s) to amedia agent844 or other component. The file(s) may include a list of files or other metadata. Eachdata agent842 can also assist in restoring data or metadata toprimary storage devices804 from asecondary copy816. For instance, thedata agent842 may operate in conjunction with thestorage manager840 and one or more of themedia agents844 to restore data from secondary storage device(s)808.
Media Agents
• As indicated above with respect toFIG. 8A, off-loading certain responsibilities from theclient computing devices802 to intermediate components such as the media agent(s)844 can provide a number of benefits including improvedclient computing device802 operation, faster secondary copy operation performance, and enhanced scalability. As one specific example which will be discussed below in further detail, themedia agent844 can act as a local cache of copied data and/or metadata that it has stored to the secondary storage device(s)808, providing improved restore capabilities.
• Generally speaking, amedia agent844 may be implemented as a software module that manages, coordinates, and facilitates the transmission of data, as directed by thestorage manager840, between aclient computing device802 and one or moresecondary storage devices808. Whereas thestorage manager840 controls the operation of theinformation management system800, themedia agent844 generally provides a portal tosecondary storage devices808. For instance, other components in the system interact with themedia agents844 to gain access to data stored on thesecondary storage devices808, whether it be for the purposes of reading, writing, modifying, or deleting data. Moreover, as will be described further,media agents844 can generate and store information relating to characteristics of the stored data and/or metadata, or can generate and store other types of information that generally provides insight into the contents of thesecondary storage devices808.
• Media agents844 can comprise separate nodes in the information management system800 (e.g., nodes that are separate from theclient computing devices802,storage manager840, and/or secondary storage devices808). In general, a node within theinformation management system800 can be a logically and/or physically separate component, and in some cases is a component that is individually addressable or otherwise identifiable. In addition, eachmedia agent844 may reside on a dedicated secondarystorage computing device806 in some cases, while in other embodiments a plurality ofmedia agents844 reside on the same secondarystorage computing device806.
• A media agent844 (and corresponding media agent database852) may be considered to be “associated with” a particularsecondary storage device808 if thatmedia agent844 is capable of one or more of: routing and/or storing data to the particularsecondary storage device808, coordinating the routing and/or storing of data to the particularsecondary storage device808, retrieving data from the particularsecondary storage device808, coordinating the retrieval of data from a particularsecondary storage device808, and modifying and/or deleting data retrieved from the particularsecondary storage device808.
• While media agent(s)844 are generally associated with one or moresecondary storage devices808, one ormore media agents844 in certain embodiments are physically separate from thesecondary storage devices808. For instance, themedia agents844 may reside on secondarystorage computing devices806 having different housings or packages than thesecondary storage devices808. In one example, amedia agent844 resides on a first server computer and is in communication with a secondary storage device(s)808 residing in a separate, rack-mounted RAID-based system.
• Where theinformation management system800 includes multiple media agents844 (FIG. 8D), afirst media agent844 may provide failover functionality for a second, failedmedia agent844. In addition,media agents844 can be dynamically selected for storage operations to provide load balancing. Failover and load balancing are described in greater detail below.
• In operation, amedia agent844 associated with a particularsecondary storage device808 may instruct thesecondary storage device808 to perform an information management operation. For instance, amedia agent844 may instruct a tape library to use a robotic arm or other retrieval means to load or eject a certain storage media, and to subsequently archive, migrate, or retrieve data to or from that media, e.g., for the purpose of restoring the data to aclient computing device802. As another example, asecondary storage device808 may include an array of hard disk drives or solid state drives organized in a RAID configuration, and themedia agent844 may forward a logical unit number (LUN) and other appropriate information to the array, which uses the received information to execute the desired storage operation. Themedia agent844 may communicate with asecondary storage device808 via a suitable communications link, such as a SCSI or Fiber Channel link.
• As shown, eachmedia agent844 may maintain an associatedmedia agent database852. Themedia agent database852 may be stored in a disk or other storage device (not shown) that is local to the secondarystorage computing device806 on which themedia agent844 resides. In other cases, themedia agent database852 is stored remotely from the secondarystorage computing device806.
• Themedia agent database852 can include, among other things, anindex853 including data generated during secondary copy operations and other storage or information management operations. Theindex853 provides amedia agent844 or other component with a fast and efficient mechanism for locatingsecondary copies816 or other data stored in thesecondary storage devices808. In some cases, theindex853 does not form a part of and is instead separate from themedia agent database852.
• Amedia agent index853 or other data structure associated with theparticular media agent844 may include information about the stored data. For instance, for eachsecondary copy816, theindex853 may include metadata such as a list of the data objects (e.g., files/subdirectories, database objects, mailbox objects, etc.), a path to thesecondary copy816 on the correspondingsecondary storage device808, location information indicating where the data objects are stored in thesecondary storage device808, when the data objects were created or modified, etc. Thus, theindex853 includes metadata associated with thesecondary copies816 that is readily available for use in storage operations and other activities without having to be first retrieved from thesecondary storage device808. In yet further embodiments, some or all of the data in theindex853 may instead or additionally be stored along with the data in asecondary storage device808, e.g., with a copy of theindex853. In some embodiments, thesecondary storage devices808 can include sufficient information to perform a “bare metal restore”, where the operating system of a failedclient computing device802 or other restore target is automatically rebuilt as part of a restore operation.
• Because theindex853 maintained in themedia agent database852 may operate as a cache, it can also be referred to as “an index cache.” In such cases, information stored in theindex cache853 typically comprises data that reflects certain particulars about storage operations that have occurred relatively recently. After some triggering event, such as after a certain period of time elapses, or theindex cache853 reaches a particular size, theindex cache853 may be copied or migrated to a secondary storage device(s)808. This information may need to be retrieved and uploaded back into theindex cache853 or otherwise restored to amedia agent844 to facilitate retrieval of data from the secondary storage device(s)808. In some embodiments, the cached information may include format or containerization information related to archives or other files stored on the storage device(s)808. In this manner, theindex cache853 allows for accelerated restores.
• In some alternative embodiments themedia agent844 generally acts as a coordinator or facilitator of storage operations betweenclient computing devices802 and correspondingsecondary storage devices808, but does not actually write the data to thesecondary storage device808. For instance, the storage manager840 (or the media agent844) may instruct aclient computing device802 andsecondary storage device808 to communicate with one another directly. In such a case theclient computing device802 transmits the data directly or via one or more intermediary components to thesecondary storage device808 according to the received instructions, and vice versa. In some such cases, themedia agent844 may still receive, process, and/or maintain metadata related to the storage operations. Moreover, in these embodiments, the payload data can flow through themedia agent844 for the purposes of populating theindex cache853 maintained in themedia agent database852, but not for writing to thesecondary storage device808.
• Themedia agent844 and/or other components such as thestorage manager840 may in some cases incorporate additional functionality, such as data classification, content indexing, deduplication, encryption, compression, and the like. Further details regarding these and other functions are described below.
Distributed, Scalable Architecture
• As described, certain functions of theinformation management system800 can be distributed amongst various physical and/or logical components in the system. For instance, one or more of thestorage manager840,data agents842, andmedia agents844 may reside on computing devices that are physically separate from one another. This architecture can provide a number of benefits.
• For instance, hardware and software design choices for each distributed component can be targeted to suit its particular function. Thesecondary computing devices806 on which themedia agents844 reside can be tailored for interaction with associatedsecondary storage devices808 and provide fast index cache operation, among other specific tasks. Similarly, the client computing device(s)802 can be selected to effectively service theapplications810 residing thereon, in order to efficiently produce and storeprimary data872.
• Moreover, in some cases, one or more of the individual components in theinformation management system800 can be distributed to multiple, separate computing devices. As one example, for large file systems where the amount of data stored in thedatabase846 is relatively large, thedatabase846 may be migrated to or otherwise reside on a specialized database server (e.g., an SQL server) separate from a server that implements the other functions of thestorage manager840. This configuration can provide added protection because thedatabase846 can be protected with standard database utilities (e.g., SQL log shipping or database replication) independent from other functions of thestorage manager840. Thedatabase846 can be efficiently replicated to a remote site for use in the event of a disaster or other data loss incident at the primary site. Or thedatabase846 can be replicated to another computing device within the same site, such as to a higher performance machine in the event that a storage manager host device can no longer service the needs of a growinginformation management system800.
• The distributed architecture also provides both scalability and efficient component utilization.FIG. 8D shows an embodiment of theinformation management system800 including a plurality ofclient computing devices802 and associateddata agents842 as well as a plurality of secondarystorage computing devices806 and associatedmedia agents844.
• Additional components can be added or subtracted based on the evolving needs of theinformation management system800. For instance, depending on where bottlenecks are identified, administrators can add additionalclient computing devices802, secondary storage computing devices806 (and corresponding media agents844), and/orsecondary storage devices808. Moreover, where multiple fungible components are available, load balancing can be implemented to dynamically address identified bottlenecks. As an example, thestorage manager840 may dynamically select whichmedia agents844 and/orsecondary storage devices808 to use for storage operations based on a processing load analysis of themedia agents844 and/orsecondary storage devices808, respectively.
• Moreover, eachclient computing device802 in some embodiments can communicate with, among other components, any of themedia agents844, e.g., as directed by thestorage manager840. And eachmedia agent844 may be able to communicate with, among other components, any of thesecondary storage devices808, e.g., as directed by thestorage manager840. Thus, operations can be routed to thesecondary storage devices808 in a dynamic and highly flexible manner, to provide load balancing, failover, and the like. Further examples of scalable systems capable of dynamic storage operations, and of systems capable of performing load balancing and fail over are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• In alternative configurations, certain components are not distributed and may instead reside and execute on the same computing device. For example, in some embodiments one ormore data agents842 and thestorage manager840 reside on the sameclient computing device802. In another embodiment, one ormore data agents842 and one ormore media agents844 reside on a single computing device.
Exemplary Types of Information Management Operations
• In order to protect and leverage stored data, theinformation management system800 can be configured to perform a variety of information management operations. As will be described, these operations can generally include secondary copy and other data movement operations, processing and data manipulation operations, analysis, reporting, and management operations. The operations described herein may be performed on any type of computing platform, e.g., between two computers connected via a LAN, to a mobile client telecommunications device connected to a server via a WLAN, to any manner of client device coupled to a cloud storage target.
Data Movement Operations
• Data movement operations according to certain embodiments are generally operations that involve the copying or migration of data (e.g., payload data) between different locations in theinformation management system800 in an original/native and/or one or more different formats. For example, data movement operations can include operations in which stored data is copied, migrated, or otherwise transferred from one or more first storage devices to one or more second storage devices, such as from primary storage device(s)804 to secondary storage device(s)808, from secondary storage device(s)808 to different secondary storage device(s)808, fromsecondary storage devices808 toprimary storage devices804, or from primary storage device(s)804 to different primary storage device(s)804.
• Data movement operations can include by way of example, backup operations, archive operations, information lifecycle management operations such as hierarchical storage management operations, replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication operations), snapshot operations, deduplication or single-instancing operations, auxiliary copy operations, and the like. As will be discussed, some of these operations involve the copying, migration or other movement of data, without actually creating multiple, distinct copies. Nonetheless, some or all of these operations are referred to as “copy” operations for simplicity.
• Backup Operations
• A backup operation creates a copy of a version of data (e.g., one or more files or other data units) inprimary data812 at a particular point in time. Each subsequent backup copy may be maintained independently of the first. Further, a backup copy in some embodiments is generally stored in a form that is different than the native format, e.g., a backup format. This can be in contrast to the version inprimary data812 from which the backup copy is derived, and which may instead be stored in a native format of the source application(s)810. In various cases, backup copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original application format. For example, a backup copy may be stored in a backup format that facilitates compression and/or efficient long-term storage.
• Backup copies can have relatively long retention periods as compared toprimary data812, and may be stored on media with slower retrieval times thanprimary data812 and certain other types ofsecondary copies816. On the other hand, backups may have relatively shorter retention periods than some other types ofsecondary copies816, such as archive copies (described below). Backups may sometimes be stored at on offsite location.
• Backup operations can include full, synthetic or incremental backups. A full backup in some embodiments is generally a complete image of the data to be protected. However, because full backup copies can consume a relatively large amount of storage, it can be useful to use a full backup copy as a baseline and only store changes relative to the full backup copy for subsequent backup copies.
• For instance, a differential backup operation (or cumulative incremental backup operation) tracks and stores changes that have occurred since the last full backup. Differential backups can grow quickly in size, but can provide relatively efficient restore times because a restore can be completed in some cases using only the full backup copy and the latest differential copy.
• An incremental backup operation generally tracks and stores changes since the most recent backup copy of any type, which can greatly reduce storage utilization. In some cases, however, restore times can be relatively long in comparison to full or differential backups because completing a restore operation may involve accessing a full backup in addition to multiple incremental backups.
• Any of the above types of backup operations can be at the volume-level, file-level, or block-level. Volume level backup operations generally involve the copying of a data volume (e.g., a logical disk or partition) as a whole. In a file-level backup, theinformation management system800 may generally track changes to individual files at the file-level, and includes copies of files in the backup copy. In the case of a block-level backup, files are broken into constituent blocks, and changes are tracked at the block-level. Upon restore, theinformation management system800 reassembles the blocks into files in a transparent fashion.
• Far less data may actually be transferred and copied to thesecondary storage devices808 during a file-level copy than a volume-level copy. Likewise, a block-level copy may involve the transfer of less data than a file-level copy, resulting in faster execution times. However, restoring a relatively higher-granularity copy can result in longer restore times. For instance, when restoring a block-level copy, the process of locating constituent blocks can sometimes result in longer restore times as compared to file-level backups. Similar to backup operations, the other types of secondary copy operations described herein can also be implemented at either the volume-level, file-level, or block-level.
• Archive Operations
• Because backup operations generally involve maintaining a version of the copied data inprimary data812 and also maintaining backup copies in secondary storage device(s)808, they can consume significant storage capacity. To help reduce storage consumption, an archive operation according to certain embodiments creates asecondary copy816 by both copying and removing source data. Or, seen another way, archive operations can involve moving some or all of the source data to the archive destination. Thus, data satisfying criteria for removal (e.g., data of a threshold age or size) from the source copy may be removed from source storage. Archive copies are sometimes stored in an archive format or other non-native application format. The source data may beprimary data812 or asecondary copy816, depending on the situation. As with backup copies, archive copies can be stored in a format in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original application format.
• In addition, archive copies may be retained for relatively long periods of time (e.g., years) and, in some cases, are never deleted. Archive copies are generally retained for longer periods of time than backup copies, for example. In certain embodiments, archive copies may be made and kept for extended periods in order to meet compliance regulations.
• Moreover, whenprimary data812 is archived, in some cases the archivedprimary data812 or a portion thereof is deleted when creating the archive copy. Thus, archiving can serve the purpose of freeing up space in the primary storage device(s)804. Similarly, when asecondary copy816 is archived, thesecondary copy816 may be deleted, and an archive copy can therefore serve the purpose of freeing up space in secondary storage device(s)808. In contrast, source copies often remain intact when creating backup copies. Examples of compatible data archiving operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Snapshot Operations
• Snapshot operations can provide a relatively lightweight, efficient mechanism for protecting data. From an end-user viewpoint, a snapshot may be thought of as an “instant” image of theprimary data812 at a given point in time, and may include state and/or status information relative to an application that creates/manages the data. In one embodiment, a snapshot may generally capture the directory structure of an object inprimary data812 such as a file or volume or other data set at a particular moment in time and may also preserve file attributes and contents. A snapshot in some cases is created relatively quickly, e.g., substantially instantly, using a minimum amount of file space, but may still function as a conventional file system backup.
• A “hardware snapshot” (or “hardware-based snapshot”) operation can be a snapshot operation where a target storage device (e.g., aprimary storage device804 or a secondary storage device808) performs the snapshot operation in a self-contained fashion, substantially independently, using hardware, firmware and/or software residing on the storage device itself. For instance, the storage device may be capable of performing snapshot operations upon request, generally without intervention or oversight from any of the other components in theinformation management system800. In this manner, In this manner, hardware snapshots can off-load other components ofinformation management system800 from processing involved in snapshot creation and management.
• A “software snapshot” (or “software-based snapshot”) operation, on the other hand, can be a snapshot operation in which one or more other components in information management system800 (e.g.,client computing devices802,data agents842, etc.) implement a software layer that manages the snapshot operation via interaction with the target storage device. For instance, the component implementing the snapshot management software layer may derive a set of pointers and/or data that represents the snapshot. The snapshot management software layer may then transmit the same to the target storage device, along with appropriate instructions for writing the snapshot.
• Some types of snapshots do not actually create another physical copy of all the data as it existed at the particular point in time, but may simply create pointers that are able to map files and directories to specific memory locations (e.g., to specific disk blocks) where the data resides, as it existed at the particular point in time. For example, a snapshot copy may include a set of pointers derived from the file system or an application. In some other cases, the snapshot may be created at the block-level, such as where creation of the snapshot occurs without awareness of the file system. Each pointer points to a respective stored data block, so that collectively, the set of pointers reflect the storage location and state of the data object (e.g., file(s) or volume(s) or data set(s)) at a particular point in time when the snapshot copy was created.
• Once a snapshot has been taken, subsequent changes to the file system typically do not overwrite the blocks in use at the time of the snapshot. Therefore, the initial snapshot may use only a small amount of disk space needed to record a mapping or other data structure representing or otherwise tracking the blocks that correspond to the current state of the file system. Additional disk space is usually required only when files and directories are actually later modified. Furthermore, when files are modified, typically only the pointers which map to blocks are copied, not the blocks themselves. In some embodiments, for example in the case of “copy-on-write” snapshots, when a block changes in primary storage, the block is copied to secondary storage or cached in primary storage before the block is overwritten in primary storage, and the pointer to that block changed to reflect the new location of that block. The snapshot mapping of file system data may also be updated to reflect the changed block(s) at that particular point in time. In some other cases, a snapshot includes a full physical copy of all or substantially all of the data represented by the snapshot. Further examples of snapshot operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• A snapshot copy in many cases can be made quickly and without significantly impacting primary computing resources because large amounts of data need not be copied or moved. In some embodiments, a snapshot may exist as a virtual file system, parallel to the actual file system. Users in some cases gain read-only access to the record of files and directories of the snapshot. By electing to restoreprimary data812 from a snapshot taken at a given point in time, users may also return the current file system to the state of the file system that existed when the snapshot was taken.
• Replication Operations
• Another type of secondary copy operation is a replication operation. Some types ofsecondary copies816 are used to periodically capture images ofprimary data812 at particular points in time (e.g., backups, archives, and snapshots). However, it can also be useful for recovery purposes to protectprimary data812 in a more continuous fashion, by replicating theprimary data812 substantially as changes occur. In some cases a replication copy can be a mirror copy, for instance, where changes made toprimary data812 are mirrored or substantially immediately copied to another location (e.g., to secondary storage device(s)808). By copying each write operation to the replication copy, two storage systems are kept synchronized or substantially synchronized so that they are virtually identical at approximately the same time. Where entire disk volumes are mirrored, however, mirroring can require significant amount of storage space and utilizes a large amount of processing resources.
• According to some embodiments storage operations are performed on replicated data that represents a recoverable state, or “known good state” of a particular application running on the source system. For instance, in certain embodiments, known good replication copies may be viewed as copies ofprimary data812. This feature allows the system to directly access, copy, restore, backup or otherwise manipulate the replication copies as if the data was the “live”,primary data812. This can reduce access time, storage utilization, and impact onsource applications810, among other benefits.
• Based on known good state information, theinformation management system800 can replicate sections of application data that represent a recoverable state rather than rote copying of blocks of data. Examples of compatible replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication) are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Deduplication/Single-Instancing Operations
• Another type of data movement operation is deduplication or single-instance storage, which is useful to reduce the amount of data within the system. For instance, some or all of the above-described secondary storage operations can involve deduplication in some fashion. New data is read, broken down into portions (e.g., sub-file level blocks, files, etc.) of a selected granularity, compared with blocks that are already stored, and only the new blocks are stored. Blocks that already exist are represented as pointers to the already stored data.
• In order to streamline the comparison process, theinformation management system800 may calculate and/or store signatures (e.g., hashes or cryptographically unique IDs) corresponding to the individual data blocks in a database and compare the signatures instead of comparing entire data blocks. In some cases, only a single instance of each element is stored, and deduplication operations may therefore be referred to interchangeably as “single-instancing” operations. Depending on the implementation, however, deduplication or single-instancing operations can store more than one instance of certain data blocks, but nonetheless significantly reduce data redundancy.
• Depending on the embodiment, deduplication blocks can be of fixed or variable length. Using variable length blocks can provide enhanced deduplication by responding to changes in the data stream, but can involve complex processing. In some cases, theinformation management system800 utilizes a technique for dynamically aligning deduplication blocks (e.g., fixed-length blocks) based on changing content in the data stream, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Theinformation management system800 can perform deduplication in a variety of manners at a variety of locations in theinformation management system800. For instance, in some embodiments, theinformation management system800 implements “target-side” deduplication by deduplicating data (e.g., secondary copies816) stored in thesecondary storage devices808. In some such cases, themedia agents844 are generally configured to manage the deduplication process. For instance, one or more of themedia agents844 maintain a corresponding deduplication database that stores deduplication information (e.g., datablock signatures). Examples of such a configuration are provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150826, which is incorporated by reference herein. Instead of or in combination with “target-side” deduplication, deduplication can also be performed on the “source-side” (or “client-side”), e.g., to reduce the amount of traffic between themedia agents844 and the client computing device(s)802 and/or reduce redundant data stored in theprimary storage devices804. According to various implementations, one or more of the storage devices of the target-side, source-side, or client-side of an operation can be cloud-based storage devices. Thus, the target-side, source-side, and/or client-side deduplication can be cloud-based deduplication. In particular, as discussed previously, thestorage manager840 may communicate with other components within theinformation management system800 via network protocols and cloud service provider APIs to facilitate cloud-based deduplication/single instancing. Examples of such deduplication techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0150818, which is incorporated by reference herein. Some other compatible deduplication/single instancing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2006/0224846 and 2009/0319534, which are incorporated by reference herein.
• Information Lifecycle Management and Hierarchical Storage Management Operations
• In some embodiments, files and other data over their lifetime move from more expensive, quick access storage to less expensive, slower access storage. Operations associated with moving data through various tiers of storage are sometimes referred to as information lifecycle management (ILM) operations.
• One type of ILM operation is a hierarchical storage management (HSM) operation. A HSM operation is generally an operation for automatically moving data between classes of storage devices, such as between high-cost and low-cost storage devices. For instance, an HSM operation may involve movement of data fromprimary storage devices804 tosecondary storage devices808, or between tiers ofsecondary storage devices808. With each tier, the storage devices may be progressively relatively cheaper, have relatively slower access/restore times, etc. For example, movement of data between tiers may occur as data becomes less important over time.
• In some embodiments, an HSM operation is similar to an archive operation in that creating an HSM copy may (though not always) involve deleting some of the source data, e.g., according to one or more criteria related to the source data. For example, an HSM copy may include data fromprimary data812 or asecondary copy816 that is larger than a given size threshold or older than a given age threshold and that is stored in a backup format.
• Often, and unlike some types of archive copies, HSM data that is removed or aged from the source copy is replaced by a logical reference pointer or stub. The reference pointer or stub can be stored in the primary storage device804 (or other source storage device, such as a secondary storage device808) to replace the deleted data in primary data812 (or other source copy) and to point to or otherwise indicate the new location in asecondary storage device808.
• According to one example, files are generally moved between higher and lower cost storage depending on how often the files are accessed. When a user requests access to the HSM data that has been removed or migrated, theinformation management system800 uses the stub to locate the data and often make recovery of the data appear transparent, even though the HSM data may be stored at a location different from the remaining source data. In this manner, the data appears to the user (e.g., in file system browsing windows and the like) as if it still resides in the source location (e.g., in a primary storage device804). The stub may also include some metadata associated with the corresponding data, so that a file system and/or application can provide some information about the data object and/or a limited-functionality version (e.g., a preview) of the data object.
• An HSM copy may be stored in a format other than the native application format (e.g., where the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original application format). In some cases, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage and the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to generally as “on-line archive copies”. On the other hand, copies which involve the removal of data from source storage without the maintenance of stub or other logical reference information on source storage may be referred to as “off-line archive copies”. Examples of HSM and ILM techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Auxiliary Copy and Disaster Recovery Operations
• An auxiliary copy is generally a copy operation in which a copy is created of an existingsecondary copy816. For instance, an initialsecondary copy816 may be generated using or otherwise be derived from primary data812 (or other data residing in the secondary storage subsystem818), whereas an auxiliary copy is generated from the initialsecondary copy816. Auxiliary copies can be used to create additional standby copies of data and may reside on differentsecondary storage devices808 than the initialsecondary copies816. Thus, auxiliary copies can be used for recovery purposes if initialsecondary copies816 become unavailable. Exemplary compatible auxiliary copy techniques are described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Theinformation management system800 may also perform disaster recovery operations that make or retain disaster recovery copies, often as secondary, high-availability disk copies. Theinformation management system800 may create secondary disk copies and store the copies at disaster recovery locations using auxiliary copy or replication operations, such as continuous data replication technologies. Depending on the particular data protection goals, disaster recovery locations can be remote from theclient computing devices802 andprimary storage devices804, remote from some or all of thesecondary storage devices808, or both.
• Data Analysis, Reporting, and Management Operations
• Data analysis, reporting, and management operations can be different than data movement operations in that they do not necessarily involve the copying, migration or other transfer of data (e.g.,primary data812 or secondary copies816) between different locations in the system. For instance, data analysis operations may involve processing (e.g., offline processing) or modification of already storedprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816. However, in some embodiments data analysis operations are performed in conjunction with data movement operations. Some data analysis operations include content indexing operations and classification operations which can be useful in leveraging the data under management to provide enhanced search and other features. Other data analysis operations such as compression and encryption can provide data reduction and security benefits, respectively.
• Classification Operations/Content Indexing
• In some embodiments, theinformation management system800 analyzes and indexes characteristics, content, and metadata associated with the data stored within theprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816, providing enhanced search and management capabilities for data discovery and other purposes. The content indexing can be used to identify files or other data objects having pre-defined content (e.g., user-defined keywords or phrases, other keywords/phrases that are not defined by a user, etc.), and/or metadata (e.g., email metadata such as “to”, “from”, “cc”, “bcc”, attachment name, received time, etc.).
• Theinformation management system800 generally organizes and catalogues the results in a content index, which may be stored within themedia agent database852, for example. The content index can also include the storage locations of (or pointer references to) the indexed data in theprimary data812 orsecondary copies816, as appropriate. The results may also be stored, in the form of a content index database or otherwise, elsewhere in the information management system800 (e.g., in theprimary storage devices804, or in the secondary storage device808). Such index data provides thestorage manager840 or another component with an efficient mechanism for locatingprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816 of data objects that match particular criteria.
• For instance, search criteria can be specified by a user throughuser interface858 of thestorage manager840. In some cases, theinformation management system800 analyzes data and/or metadata insecondary copies816 to create an “off-line” content index, without significantly impacting the performance of theclient computing devices802. Depending on the embodiment, the system can also implement “on-line” content indexing, e.g., ofprimary data812. Examples of compatible content indexing techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• In order to further leverage the data stored in theinformation management system800 to perform these and other tasks, one or more components can be configured to scan data and/or associated metadata for classification purposes to populate a database (or other data structure) of information (which can be referred to as a “data classification database” or a “metabase”). Depending on the embodiment, the data classification database(s) can be organized in a variety of different ways, including centralization, logical sub-divisions, and/or physical sub-divisions. For instance, one or more centralized data classification databases may be associated with different subsystems or tiers within theinformation management system800. As an example, there may be a first centralized metabase associated with theprimary storage subsystem817 and a second centralized metabase associated with thesecondary storage subsystem818. In other cases, there may be one or more metabases associated with individual components. For instance, there may be a dedicated metabase associated with some or all of theclient computing devices802 and/ormedia agents844. In some embodiments, a data classification database may reside as one or more data structures withinmanagement database846, or may be otherwise associated withstorage manager840.
• In some cases, the metabase(s) may be included in separate database(s) and/or on separate storage device(s) fromprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816, such that operations related to the metabase do not significantly impact performance on other components in theinformation management system800. In other cases, the metabase(s) may be stored along withprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816. Files or other data objects can be associated with identifiers (e.g., tag entries, etc.) in the media agent844 (or other indices) to facilitate searches of stored data objects. Among a number of other benefits, the metabase can also allow efficient, automatic identification of files or other data objects to associate with secondary copy or other information management operations (e.g., in lieu of scanning an entire file system). Examples of compatible metabases and data classification operations are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,229,954 and 7,747,579, which are incorporated by reference herein.
• Encryption Operations
• Theinformation management system800 in some cases is configured to process data (e.g., files or other data objects,secondary copies816, etc.), according to an appropriate encryption algorithm (e.g., Blowfish, Advanced Encryption Standard [AES], Triple Data Encryption Standard [3-DES], etc.) to limit access and provide data security in theinformation management system800.
• Theinformation management system800 in some cases encrypts the data at the client level, such that the client computing devices802 (e.g., the data agents842) encrypt the data prior to forwarding the data to other components, e.g., before sending the data tomedia agents844 during a secondary copy operation. In such cases, theclient computing device802 may maintain or have access to an encryption key or passphrase for decrypting the data upon restore. Encryption can also occur when creating copies of secondary copies, e.g., when creating auxiliary copies or archive copies. In yet further embodiments, thesecondary storage devices808 can implement built-in, high performance hardware encryption.
• Management and Reporting Operations
• Certain embodiments leverage the integrated, ubiquitous nature of theinformation management system800 to provide useful system-wide management and reporting functions. Examples of some compatible management and reporting techniques are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Operations management can generally include monitoring and managing the health and performance ofinformation management system800 by, without limitation, performing error tracking, generating granular storage/performance metrics (e.g., job success/failure information, deduplication efficiency, etc.), generating storage modeling and costing information, and the like.
• As an example, astorage manager840 or other component in theinformation management system800 may analyze traffic patterns and suggest or automatically route data via a particular route to e.g., certain facilitate storage and minimize congestion. In some embodiments, the system can generate predictions relating to storage operations or storage operation information. Such predictions described may be based on a trending analysis that may be used to predict various network operations or use of network resources such as network traffic levels, storage media use, use of bandwidth of communication links, use of media agent components, etc. Further examples of traffic analysis, trend analysis, prediction generation, and the like are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• In some configurations, amaster storage manager840 may track the status of a set of associated storage operation cells in a hierarchy of information management cells, such as the status of jobs, system components, system resources, and other items, by communicating with storage managers840 (or other components) in the respective storage operation cells. Moreover, themaster storage manager840 may track the status of its associated storage operation cells and associated information management operations by receiving periodic status updates from the storage managers840 (or other components) in the respective cells regarding jobs, system components, system resources, and other items. In some embodiments, amaster storage manager840 may store status information and other information regarding its associated storage operation cells and other system information in its index850 (or other location).
• Themaster storage manager840 or other component in the system may also determine whether a storage-related criteria or other criteria is satisfied, and perform an action or trigger event (e.g., data migration) in response to the criteria being satisfied, such as where a storage threshold is met for a particular volume, or where inadequate protection exists for certain data. For instance, in some embodiments, the system uses data from one or more storage operation cells to advise users of risks or indicates actions that can be used to mitigate or otherwise minimize these risks, and in some embodiments, dynamically takes action to mitigate or minimize these risks. For example, an information management policy may specify certain requirements (e.g., that a storage device should maintain a certain amount of free space, that secondary copies should occur at a particular interval, that data should be aged and migrated to other storage after a particular period, that data on a secondary volume should always have a certain level of availability and be able to be restored within a given time period, that data on a secondary volume may be mirrored or otherwise migrated to a specified number of other volumes, etc.). If a risk condition or other criteria is triggered, the system can notify the user of these conditions and may suggest (or automatically implement) an action to mitigate or otherwise address the condition or minimize risk. For example, the system may indicate that data from aprimary copy812 should be migrated to asecondary storage device808 to free space on theprimary storage device804. Examples of the use of risk factors and other triggering criteria are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• In some embodiments, thesystem800 may also determine whether a metric or other indication satisfies a particular storage criteria and, if so, perform an action. For example, as previously described, a storage policy or other definition might indicate that astorage manager840 should initiate a particular action if a storage metric or other indication drops below or otherwise fails to satisfy specified criteria such as a threshold of data protection. Examples of such metrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• In some embodiments, risk factors may be quantified into certain measurable service or risk levels for ease of comprehension. For example, certain applications and associated data may be considered to be more important by an enterprise than other data and services. Financial compliance data, for example, may be of greater importance than marketing materials, etc. Network administrators may assign priorities or “weights” to certain data or applications, corresponding to its importance (priority value). The level of compliance with the storage operations specified for these applications may also be assigned a certain value. Thus, the health, impact and overall importance of a service on an enterprise may be determined, for example, by measuring the compliance value and calculating the product of the priority value and the compliance value to determine the “service level” and comparing it to certain operational thresholds to determine if the operation is being performed within a specified data protection service level. Further examples of the service level determination are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Thesystem800 may additionally calculate data costing and data availability associated with information management operation cells according to an embodiment of the invention. For instance, data received from the cell may be used in conjunction with hardware-related information and other information about network elements to generate indications of costs associated with storage of particular data in the system or the availability of particular data in the system. In general, components in the system are identified and associated information is obtained (dynamically or manually). Characteristics or metrics associated with the network elements may be identified and associated with that component element for further use generating an indication of storage cost or data availability. Exemplary information generated could include how fast a particular department is using up available storage space, how long data would take to recover over a particular network pathway from a particular secondary storage device, costs over time, etc. Moreover, in some embodiments, such information may be used to determine or predict the overall cost associated with the storage of certain information. The cost associated with hosting a certain application may be based, at least in part, on the type of media on which the data resides. Storage devices may be assigned to a particular cost category which is indicative of the cost of storing information on that device. Further examples of costing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Any of the above types of information (e.g., information related to trending, predictions, job, cell or component status, risk, service level, costing, etc.) can generally be provided to users via theuser interface858 in a single, integrated view or console. The console may support a reporting capability that allows for the generation of a variety of reports, which may be tailored to a particular aspect of information management. Report types may include: scheduling, event management, media management and data aging. Available reports may also include backup history, data aging history, auxiliary copy history, job history, library and drive, media in library, restore history, and storage policy. Such reports may be specified and created at a certain point in time as a network analysis, forecasting, or provisioning tool. Integrated reports may also be generated that illustrate storage and performance metrics, risks and storage costing information. Moreover, users may create their own reports based on specific needs.
• The integrateduser interface858 can include an option to show a “virtual view” of the system that graphically depicts the various components in the system using appropriate icons. As one example, theuser interface858 may provide a graphical depiction of one or moreprimary storage devices804, thesecondary storage devices808,data agents842 and/ormedia agents844, and their relationship to one another in theinformation management system800. The operations management functionality can facilitate planning and decision-making. For example, in some embodiments, a user may view the status of some or all jobs as well as the status of each component of theinformation management system800. Users may then plan and make decisions based on this data. For instance, a user may view high-level information regarding storage operations for theinformation management system800, such as job status, component status, resource status (e.g., network pathways, etc.), and other information. The user may also drill down or use other means to obtain more detailed information regarding a particular component, job, or the like.
• Further examples of some reporting techniques and associated interfaces providing an integrated view of an information management system are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Theinformation management system800 can also be configured to perform system-wide e-discovery operations in some embodiments. In general, e-discovery operations provide a unified collection and search capability for data in the system, such as data stored in the secondary storage devices808 (e.g., backups, archives, or other secondary copies816). For example, theinformation management system800 may construct and maintain a virtual repository for data stored in theinformation management system800 that is integrated acrosssource applications810, different storage device types, etc. According to some embodiments, e-discovery utilizes other techniques described herein, such as data classification and/or content indexing.
Information Management Policies
• As indicated previously, aninformation management policy848 can include a data structure or other information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g., criteria and rules) associated with secondary copy or other information management operations.
• One type ofinformation management policy848 is a storage policy. According to certain embodiments, a storage policy generally comprises a data structure or other information source that defines (or includes information sufficient to determine) a set of preferences or other criteria for performing information management operations. Storage policies can include one or more of the following items: (1) what data will be associated with the storage policy; (2) a destination to which the data will be stored; (3) datapath information specifying how the data will be communicated to the destination; (4) the type of storage operation to be performed; and (5) retention information specifying how long the data will be retained at the destination.
• As an illustrative example, data associated with a storage policy can be logically organized into groups. In some cases, these logical groupings can be referred to as “sub-clients”. A sub-client may represent static or dynamic associations of portions of a data volume. Sub-clients may represent mutually exclusive portions. Thus, in certain embodiments, a portion of data may be given a label and the association is stored as a static entity in an index, database or other storage location.
• Sub-clients may also be used as an effective administrative scheme of organizing data according to data type, department within the enterprise, storage preferences, or the like. Depending on the configuration, sub-clients can correspond to files, folders, virtual machines, databases, etc. In one exemplary scenario, an administrator may find it preferable to separate e-mail data from financial data using two different sub-clients.
• A storage policy can define where data is stored by specifying a target or destination storage device (or group of storage devices). For instance, where thesecondary storage device808 includes a group of disk libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular disk library for storing the sub-clients associated with the policy. As another example, where thesecondary storage devices808 include one or more tape libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular tape library for storing the sub-clients associated with the storage policy, and may also specify a drive pool and a tape pool defining a group of tape drives and a group of tapes, respectively, for use in storing the sub-client data. While information in the storage policy can be statically assigned in some cases, some or all of the information in the storage policy can also be dynamically determined based on criteria, which can be set forth in the storage policy. For instance, based on such criteria, a particular destination storage device(s) (or other parameter of the storage policy) may be determined based on characteristics associated with the data involved in a particular storage operation, device availability (e.g., availability of asecondary storage device808 or a media agent844), network status and conditions (e.g., identified bottlenecks), user credentials, and the like).
• Datapath information can also be included in the storage policy. For instance, the storage policy may specify network pathways and components to utilize when moving the data to the destination storage device(s). In some embodiments, the storage policy specifies one ormore media agents844 for conveying data (e.g., one or more sub-clients) associated with the storage policy between the source (e.g., one or more host client computing devices802) and destination (e.g., a particular target secondary storage device808).
• A storage policy can also specify the type(s) of operations associated with the storage policy, such as a backup, archive, snapshot, auxiliary copy, or the like. Retention information can specify how long the data will be kept, depending on organizational needs (e.g., a number of days, months, years, etc.)
• Theinformation management policies848 may also include one or more scheduling policies specifying when and how often to perform operations. Scheduling information may specify with what frequency (e.g., hourly, weekly, daily, event-based, etc.) or under what triggering conditions secondary copy or other information management operations will take place. Scheduling policies in some cases are associated with particular components, such as particular logical groupings of data associated with a storage policy (e.g., a sub-client),client computing device802, and the like. In one configuration, a separate scheduling policy is maintained for particular logical groupings of data on aclient computing device802. The scheduling policy specifies that those logical groupings are to be moved tosecondary storage devices808 every hour according to storage policies associated with the respective sub-clients.
• When adding a newclient computing device802, administrators can manually configureinformation management policies848 and/or other settings, e.g., via theuser interface858. However, this can be an involved process resulting in delays, and it may be desirable to begin data protecting operations quickly.
• Thus, in some embodiments, theinformation management system800 automatically applies a default configuration toclient computing device802. As one example, when one or more data agent(s)842 are installed on one or moreclient computing devices802, the installation script may register theclient computing device802 with thestorage manager840, which in turn applies the default configuration to the newclient computing device802. In this manner, data protection operations can begin substantially immediately. The default configuration can include a default storage policy, for example, and can specify any appropriate information sufficient to begin data protection operations. This can include a type of data protection operation, scheduling information, a targetsecondary storage device808, data path information (e.g., a particular media agent844), and the like.
• Other types ofinformation management policies848 are possible. For instance, theinformation management policies848 can also include one or more audit or security policies. An audit policy is a set of preferences, rules and/or criteria that protect sensitive data in theinformation management system800. For example, an audit policy may define “sensitive objects” as files or objects that contain particular keywords (e.g., “confidential,” or “privileged”) and/or are associated with particular keywords (e.g., in metadata) or particular flags (e.g., in metadata identifying a document or email as personal, confidential, etc.).
• An audit policy may further specify rules for handling sensitive objects. As an example, an audit policy may require that a reviewer approve the transfer of any sensitive objects to a cloud storage site, and that if approval is denied for a particular sensitive object, the sensitive object should be transferred to a localprimary storage device804 instead. To facilitate this approval, the audit policy may further specify how a secondarystorage computing device806 or other system component should notify a reviewer that a sensitive object is slated for transfer.
• In some implementations, theinformation management policies848 may include one or more provisioning policies. A provisioning policy can include a set of preferences, priorities, rules, and/or criteria that specify how client computing devices802 (or groups thereof) may utilize system resources, such as available storage on cloud storage and/or network bandwidth. A provisioning policy specifies, for example, data quotas for particular client computing devices802 (e.g., a number of gigabytes that can be stored monthly, quarterly or annually). Thestorage manager840 or other components may enforce the provisioning policy. For instance, themedia agents844 may enforce the policy when transferring data tosecondary storage devices808. If aclient computing device802 exceeds a quota, a budget for the client computing device802 (or associated department) is adjusted accordingly or an alert may trigger.
• While the above types ofinformation management policies848 have been described as separate policies, one or more of these can be generally combined into a singleinformation management policy848. For instance, a storage policy may also include or otherwise be associated with one or more scheduling, audit, or provisioning policies. Moreover, while storage policies are typically associated with moving and storing data, other policies may be associated with other types of information management operations. The following is a non-exhaustive list of items theinformation management policies848 may specify:
• • schedules or other timing information, e.g., specifying when and/or how often to perform information management operations;
  • the type of copy816 (e.g., type of secondary copy) and/or copy format (e.g., snapshot, backup, archive, HSM, etc.);
  • a location or a class or quality of storage for storing secondary copies816 (e.g., one or more particular secondary storage devices808);
  • preferences regarding whether and how to encrypt, compress, deduplicate, or otherwise modify or transformsecondary copies816;
  • which system components and/or network pathways (e.g., preferred media agents844) should be used to perform secondary storage operations;
  • resource allocation between different computing devices or other system components used in performing information management operations (e.g., bandwidth allocation, available storage capacity, etc.);
  • whether and how to synchronize or otherwise distribute files or other data objects across multiple computing devices or hosted services; and
  • retention information specifying the length of timeprimary data812 and/orsecondary copies816 should be retained, e.g., in a particular class or tier of storage devices, or within theinformation management system800.
• Policies can additionally specify or depend on a variety of historical or current criteria that may be used to determine which rules to apply to a particular data object, system component, or information management operation, such as:
• • frequency with whichprimary data812 or asecondary copy816 of a data object or metadata has been or is predicted to be used, accessed, or modified;
  • time-related factors (e.g., aging information such as time since the creation or modification of a data object);
  • deduplication information (e.g., hashes, data blocks, deduplication block size, deduplication efficiency or other metrics);
  • an estimated or historic usage or cost associated with different components (e.g., with secondary storage devices808);
  • the identity of users,applications810,client computing devices802 and/or other computing devices that created, accessed, modified, or otherwise utilizedprimary data812 orsecondary copies816;
  • a relative sensitivity (e.g., confidentiality) of a data object, e.g., as determined by its content and/or metadata;
  • the current or historical storage capacity of various storage devices;
  • the current or historical network capacity of network pathways connecting various components within the storage operation cell;
  • access control lists or other security information; and
  • the content of a particular data object (e.g., its textual content) or of metadata associated with the data object.
Exemplary Storage Policy and Secondary Storage Operations
• FIG. 8E shows a data flow data diagram depicting performance of storage operations by an embodiment of aninformation management system800, according to anexemplary storage policy848A. Theinformation management system800 includes astorage manger840, aclient computing device802 having a filesystem data agent842A and anemail data agent842B residing thereon, aprimary storage device804, twomedia agents844A,844B, and twosecondary storage devices808A,808B: adisk library808A and atape library808B. As shown, theprimary storage device804 includesprimary data812A,812B associated with a logical grouping of data associated with a file system) and a logical grouping of data associated with email data, respectively. Although for simplicity the logical grouping of data associated with the file system is referred to as a file system sub-client, and the logical grouping of data associated with the email data is referred to as an email sub-client, the techniques described with respect toFIG. 8E can be utilized in conjunction with data that is organized in a variety of other manners.
• As indicated by the dashed box, thesecond media agent844B and thetape library808B are “off-site”, and may therefore be remotely located from the other components in the information management system800 (e.g., in a different city, office building, etc.). Indeed, “off-site” may refer to a magnetic tape located in storage, which must be manually retrieved and loaded into a tape drive to be read. In this manner, information stored on thetape library808B may provide protection in the event of a disaster or other failure.
• The file system sub-client and its associatedprimary data812A in certain embodiments generally comprise information generated by the file system and/or operating system of theclient computing device802, and can include, for example, file system data (e.g., regular files, file tables, mount points, etc.), operating system data (e.g., registries, event logs, etc.), and the like. The e-mail sub-client, on the other hand, and its associatedprimary data812B, include data generated by an e-mail client application operating on theclient computing device802, and can include mailbox information, folder information, emails, attachments, associated database information, and the like. As described above, the sub-clients can be logical containers, and the data included in the correspondingprimary data812A,8128 may or may not be stored contiguously.
• Theexemplary storage policy848A includes backup copy preferences or rule set860, disaster recovery copy preferences rule set862, and compliance copy preferences orrule set864. The backup copy rule set860 specifies that it is associated with afile system sub-client866 and anemail sub-client868. Each of thesesub-clients866,868 are associated with the particularclient computing device802. The backup copy rule set860 further specifies that the backup operation will be written to thedisk library808A, and designates aparticular media agent844A to convey the data to thedisk library808A. Finally, the backup copy rule set860 specifies that backup copies created according to the rule set860 are scheduled to be generated on an hourly basis and to be retained for 30 days. In some other embodiments, scheduling information is not included in thestorage policy848A, and is instead specified by a separate scheduling policy.
• The disaster recovery copy rule set862 is associated with the same twosub-clients866,868. However, the disaster recovery copy rule set862 is associated with thetape library808B, unlike the backup copy rule set860. Moreover, the disaster recovery copy rule set862 specifies that adifferent media agent844B than themedia agent844A associated with the backup copy rule set860 will be used to convey the data to thetape library808B. As indicated, disaster recovery copies created according to the rule set862 will be retained for 60 days, and will be generated on a daily basis. Disaster recovery copies generated according to the disaster recovery copy rule set862 can provide protection in the event of a disaster or other data-loss event that would affect thebackup copy816A maintained on thedisk library808A.
• The compliance copy rule set864 is only associated with theemail sub-client868, and not thefile system sub-client866. Compliance copies generated according to the compliance copy rule set864 will therefore not includeprimary data812A from thefile system sub-client866. For instance, the organization may be under an obligation to store and maintain copies of email data for a particular period of time (e.g., 10 years) to comply with state or federal regulations, while similar regulations do not apply to the file system data. The compliance copy rule set864 is associated with thesame tape library808B andmedia agent844B as the disaster recovery copy rule set862, although a different storage device or media agent could be used in other embodiments. Finally, the compliance copy rule set864 specifies that copies generated under the compliance copy rule set864 will be retained for 10 years, and will be generated on a quarterly basis.
• Atstep1, thestorage manager840 initiates a backup operation according to the backup copy rule set860. For instance, a scheduling service running on thestorage manager840 accesses scheduling information from the backup copy rule set860 or a separate scheduling policy associated with theclient computing device802, and initiates a backup copy operation on an hourly basis. Thus, at the scheduled time slot thestorage manager840 sends instructions to theclient computing device802 to begin the backup operation.
• Atstep2, the filesystem data agent842A and theemail data agent842B residing on theclient computing device802 respond to the instructions received from thestorage manager840 by accessing and processing theprimary data812A,812B involved in the copy operation from theprimary storage device804. Because the operation is a backup copy operation, the data agent(s)842A,842B may format the data into a backup format or otherwise process the data.
• Atstep3, theclient computing device802 communicates the retrieved, processed data to thefirst media agent844A, as directed by thestorage manager840, according to the backup copy rule set860. In some other embodiments, theinformation management system800 may implement a load-balancing, availability-based, or other appropriate algorithm to select from the available set ofmedia agents844A,844B. Regardless of the manner themedia agent844A is selected, thestorage manager840 may further keep a record in thestorage manager database846 of the association between the selectedmedia agent844A and theclient computing device802 and/or between the selectedmedia agent844A and thebackup copy816A.
• Thetarget media agent844A receives the data from theclient computing device802, and atstep4 conveys the data to thedisk library808A to create thebackup copy816A, again at the direction of thestorage manager840 and according to the backup copy rule set860. Thesecondary storage device808A can be selected in other ways. For instance, themedia agent844A may have a dedicated association with a particular secondary storage device(s), or thestorage manager840 ormedia agent844A may select from a plurality of secondary storage devices, e.g., according to availability, using one of the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, which is incorporated by reference herein.
• Themedia agent844A can also update itsindex853 to include data and/or metadata related to thebackup copy816A, such as information indicating where thebackup copy816A resides on thedisk library808A, data and metadata for cache retrieval, etc. After the 30 day retention period expires, thestorage manager840 instructs themedia agent844A to delete thebackup copy816A from thedisk library808A. Thestorage manager840 may similarly update itsindex850 to include information relating to the storage operation, such as information relating to the type of storage operation, a physical location associated with one or more copies created by the storage operation, the time the storage operation was performed, status information relating to the storage operation, the components involved in the storage operation, and the like. In some cases, thestorage manager840 may update itsindex850 to include some or all of the information stored in theindex853 of themedia agent844A.
• Atstep5, thestorage manager840 initiates the creation of adisaster recovery copy816B according to the disaster recovery copy rule set862. For instance, atstep6, based on instructions received from thestorage manager840 atstep5, the specifiedmedia agent844B retrieves the most recentbackup copy816A from thedisk library808A.
• At step7, again at the direction of thestorage manager840 and as specified in the disaster recovery copy rule set862, themedia agent844B uses the retrieved data to create adisaster recovery copy816B on thetape library808B. In some cases, the disaster recovery copy8168 is a direct, mirror copy of thebackup copy816A, and remains in the backup format. In other embodiments, thedisaster recovery copy816B may be generated in some other manner, such as by using theprimary data812A,812B from theprimary storage device804 as source data. The disaster recovery copy operation is initiated once a day and the disaster recovery copies8168 are deleted after 60 days.
• Atstep8, thestorage manager840 initiates the creation of acompliance copy816C, according to the compliance copy rule set864. For instance, thestorage manager840 instructs themedia agent844B to create thecompliance copy816C on thetape library808B atstep9, as specified in the compliance copy rule set864. In the example, thecompliance copy816C is generated using thedisaster recovery copy816B. In other embodiments, thecompliance copy816C is instead generated using either theprimary data812B corresponding to the email sub-client or using thebackup copy816A from thedisk library808A as source data. As specified, in the illustrated example,compliance copies816C are created quarterly, and are deleted after ten years.
• While not shown inFIG. 8E, at some later point in time, a restore operation can be initiated involving one or more of thesecondary copies816A,816B,816C. As one example, a user may manually initiate a restore of thebackup copy816A by interacting with theuser interface858 of thestorage manager840. Thestorage manager840 then accesses data in its index850 (and/or therespective storage policy848A) associated with the selectedbackup copy816A to identify theappropriate media agent844A and/orsecondary storage device808A.
• In other cases, a media agent may be selected for use in the restore operation based on a load balancing algorithm, an availability based algorithm, or other criteria. The selectedmedia agent844A retrieves the data from thedisk library808A. For instance, themedia agent844A may access itsindex853 to identify a location of thebackup copy816A on thedisk library808A, or may access location information residing on thedisk808A itself.
• When thebackup copy816A was recently created or accessed, themedia agent844A accesses a cached version of thebackup copy816A residing in theindex853, without having to access thedisk library808A for some or all of the data. Once it has retrieved thebackup copy816A, themedia agent844A communicates the data to the sourceclient computing device802. Upon receipt, the filesystem data agent842A and theemail data agent842B may unpackage (e.g., restore from a backup format to the native application format) the data in thebackup copy816A and restore the unpackaged data to theprimary storage device804.
• Exemplary Applications of Storage Policies
• Thestorage manager840 may permit a user to specify aspects of thestorage policy848A. For example, the storage policy can be modified to include information governance policies to define how data should be managed in order to comply with a certain regulation or business objective. The various policies may be stored, for example, in thedatabase846. An information governance policy may comprise a classification policy, which is described herein. An information governance policy may align with one or more compliance tasks that are imposed by regulations or business requirements. Examples of information governance policies might include a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, a HIPAA policy, an electronic discovery (E-Discovery) policy, and so on.
• Information governance policies allow administrators to obtain different perspectives on all of an organization's online and offline data, without the need for a dedicated data silo created solely for each different viewpoint. As described previously, the data storage systems herein build a centralized index that reflects the contents of a distributed data set that spans numerous clients and storage devices, including both primary and secondary copies, and online and offline copies. An organization may apply multiple information governance policies in a top-down manner over that unified data set and indexing schema in order to permit an organization to view and manipulate the single data set through different lenses, each of which is adapted to a particular compliance or business goal. Thus, for example, by applying an E-discovery policy and a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, two different groups of users in an organization can conduct two very different analyses of the same underlying physical set of data copies, which may be distributed throughout the organization.
• A classification policy defines a taxonomy of classification terms or tags relevant to a compliance task and/or business objective. A classification policy may also associate a defined tag with a classification rule. A classification rule defines a particular combination of data criteria, such as users who have created, accessed or modified a document or data object; file or application types; content or metadata keywords; clients or storage locations; dates of data creation and/or access; review status or other status within a workflow (e.g., reviewed or un-reviewed); modification times or types of modifications; and/or any other data attributes. A classification rule may also be defined using other classification tags in the taxonomy. The various criteria used to define a classification rule may be combined in any suitable fashion, for example, via Boolean operators, to define a complex classification rule. As an example, an E-discovery classification policy might define a classification tag “privileged” that is associated with documents or data objects that (1) were created or modified by legal department staff, (2) were sent to or received from outside counsel via email, and/or (3) contain one of the following keywords: “privileged” or “attorney,” “counsel”, or other terms.
• One specific type of classification tag, which may be added to an index at the time of indexing, is an entity tag. An entity tag may be, for example, any content that matches a defined data mask format. Examples of entity tags might include, e.g., social security numbers (e.g., any numerical content matching the formatting mask XXX-XX-XXXX), credit card numbers (e.g., content having a 13-16 digit string of numbers), SKU numbers, product numbers, etc.
• A user may define a classification policy by indicating criteria, parameters or descriptors of the policy via a graphical user interface that provides facilities to present information and receive input data, such as a form or page with fields to be filled in, pull-down menus or entries allowing one or more of several options to be selected, buttons, sliders, hypertext links or other known user interface tools for receiving user input. For example, a user may define certain entity tags, such as a particular product number or project ID code that is relevant in the organization.
• In some implementations, the classification policy can be implemented using cloud-based techniques. For example, the storage devices may be cloud storage devices, and thestorage manager840 may execute cloud service provider API over a network to classify data stored on cloud storage devices.
Exemplary Secondary Copy Formatting
• The formatting and structure ofsecondary copies816 can vary, depending on the embodiment. In some cases,secondary copies816 are formatted as a series of logical data units or “chunks” (e.g., 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, or 8 GB chunks). This can facilitate efficient communication and writing tosecondary storage devices808, e.g., according to resource availability. For example, a singlesecondary copy816 may be written on a chunk-by-chunk basis to a singlesecondary storage device808 or across multiplesecondary storage devices808. In some cases, users can select different chunk sizes, e.g., to improve throughput to tape storage devices.
• Generally, each chunk can include a header and a payload. The payload can include files (or other data units) or subsets thereof included in the chunk, whereas the chunk header generally includes metadata relating to the chunk, some or all of which may be derived from the payload. For example, during a secondary copy operation, themedia agent844,storage manager840, or other component may divide the associated files into chunks and generate headers for each chunk by processing the constituent files.
• The headers can include a variety of information such as file identifier(s), volume(s), offset(s), or other information associated with the payload data items, a chunk sequence number, etc. Importantly, in addition to being stored with thesecondary copy816 on thesecondary storage device808, the chunk headers can also be stored to theindex853 of the associated media agent(s)844 and/or theindex850. This is useful in some cases for providing faster processing ofsecondary copies816 during restores or other operations. In some cases, once a chunk is successfully transferred to asecondary storage device808, thesecondary storage device808 returns an indication of receipt, e.g., to themedia agent844 and/orstorage manager840, which may update theirrespective indexes853,850 accordingly. During restore, chunks may be processed (e.g., by the media agent844) according to the information in the chunk header to reassemble the files.
• Data can also be communicated within theinformation management system800 in data channels that connect theclient computing devices802 to thesecondary storage devices808. These data channels can be referred to as “data streams”, and multiple data streams can be employed to parallelize an information management operation, improving data transfer rate, among providing other advantages. Example data formatting techniques including techniques involving data streaming, chunking, and the use of other data structures in creating copies (e.g., secondary copies) are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,315,923 and 8,156,086, and 8,578,120, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
• FIGS. 8F and 8G are diagrams of example data streams870 and871, respectively, which may be employed for performing data storage operations. Referring toFIG. 8F, thedata agent842 forms thedata stream870 from the data associated with a client computing device802 (e.g., primary data812). Thedata stream870 is composed of multiple pairs ofstream header872 and stream data (or stream payload)874. The data streams870 and871 shown in the illustrated example are for a single-instanced storage operation, and astream payload874 therefore may include both single-instance (“SI”) data and/or non-SI data. Astream header872 includes metadata about thestream payload874. This metadata may include, for example, a length of thestream payload874, an indication of whether thestream payload874 is encrypted, an indication of whether thestream payload874 is compressed, an archive file identifier (ID), an indication of whether thestream payload874 is single instanceable, and an indication of whether thestream payload874 is a start of a block of data.
• Referring toFIG. 8G, thedata stream871 has thestream header872 andstream payload874 aligned into multiple data blocks. In this example, the data blocks are of size 64 KB. The first twostream header872 andstream payload874 pairs comprise a first data block of size 64 KB. Thefirst stream header872 indicates that the length of the succeedingstream payload874 is 63 KB and that it is the start of a data block. Thenext stream header872 indicates that the succeedingstream payload874 has a length of 1 KB and that it is not the start of a new data block. Immediately followingstream payload874 is a pair comprising anidentifier header876 andidentifier data878. Theidentifier header876 includes an indication that the succeedingidentifier data878 includes the identifier for the immediately previous data block. Theidentifier data878 includes the identifier that thedata agent842 generated for the data block. Thedata stream871 also includesother stream header872 andstream payload874 pairs, which may be for SI data and/or for non-SI data.
• FIG. 8H is a diagram illustrating thedata structures880 that may be used to store blocks of SI data and non-SI data on the storage device (e.g., secondary storage device808). According to certain embodiments, thedata structures880 do not form part of a native file system of the storage device. Thedata structures880 include one ormore volume folders882, one ormore chunk folders884/885 within thevolume folder882, and multiple files within thechunk folder884. Eachchunk folder884/885 includes ametadata file886/887, ametadata index file888/889, one or more container files890/891/893, and acontainer index file892/894. Themetadata file886/887 stores non-SI data blocks as well as links to SI data blocks stored in container files. Themetadata index file888/889 stores an index to the data in themetadata file886/887. The container files890/891/893 store SI data blocks. Thecontainer index file892/894 stores an index to the container files890/891/893. Among other things, thecontainer index file892/894 stores an indication of whether a corresponding block in acontainer file890/891/893 is referred to by a link in ametadata file886/887. For example, data block B2 in thecontainer file890 is referred to by a link in themetadata file887 in thechunk folder885. Accordingly, the corresponding index entry in thecontainer index file892 indicates that the data block B2 in thecontainer file890 is referred to. As another example, data block B1 in thecontainer file891 is referred to by a link in themetadata file887, and so the corresponding index entry in thecontainer index file892 indicates that this data block is referred to.
• As an example, thedata structures880 illustrated inFIG. 8H may have been created as a result of two storage operations involving twoclient computing devices802. For example, a first storage operation on a firstclient computing device802 could result in the creation of thefirst chunk folder884, and a second storage operation on a secondclient computing device802 could result in the creation of thesecond chunk folder885. The container files890/891 in thefirst chunk folder884 would contain the blocks of SI data of the firstclient computing device802. If the twoclient computing devices802 have substantially similar data, the second storage operation on the data of the secondclient computing device802 would result in themedia agent844 storing primarily links to the data blocks of the firstclient computing device802 that are already stored in the container files890/891. Accordingly, while a first storage operation may result in storing nearly all of the data subject to the storage operation, subsequent storage operations involving similar data may result in substantial data storage space savings, because links to already stored data blocks can be stored instead of additional instances of data blocks.
• If the operating system of the secondarystorage computing device806 on which themedia agent844 resides supports sparse files, then when themedia agent844 creates container files890/891/893, it can create them as sparse files. As previously described, a sparse file is type of file that may include empty space (e.g., a sparse file may have real data within it, such as at the beginning of the file and/or at the end of the file, but may also have empty space in it that is not storing actual data, such as a contiguous range of bytes all having a value of zero). Having the container files890/891/893 be sparse files allows themedia agent844 to free up space in the container files890/891/893 when blocks of data in the container files890/891/893 no longer need to be stored on the storage devices. In some examples, themedia agent844 creates anew container file890/891/893 when acontainer file890/891/893 either includes 100 blocks of data or when the size of thecontainer file890 exceeds 50 MB. In other examples, themedia agent844 creates anew container file890/891/893 when acontainer file890/891/893 satisfies other criteria (e.g., it contains from approximately 100 to approximately 1000 blocks or when its size exceeds approximately 50 MB to 1 GB).
• In some cases, a file on which a storage operation is performed may comprise a large number of data blocks. For example, a 100 MB file may be comprised in 400 data blocks of size 256 KB. If such a file is to be stored, its data blocks may span more than one container file, or even more than one chunk folder. As another example, a database file of 20 GB may comprise over 40,000 data blocks ofsize 512 KB. If such a database file is to be stored, its data blocks will likely span multiple container files, multiple chunk folders, and potentially multiple volume folders. As described in detail herein, restoring such files may thus requiring accessing multiple container files, chunk folders, and/or volume folders to obtain the requisite data blocks.
Terminology
• Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.
• Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. Likewise the term “and/or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
• Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of any of the algorithms described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the algorithms). Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on other parallel architectures, rather than sequentially.
• Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware, hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardware suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may reside on servers, workstations, personal computers, computerized tablets, PDAs, and other devices suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, via a network, via a browser, or via other means suitable for the purposes described herein. Data structures described herein may comprise computer files, variables, programming arrays, programming structures, or any electronic information storage schemes or methods, or any combinations thereof, suitable for the purposes described herein. User interface elements described herein may comprise elements from graphical user interfaces, command line interfaces, and other suitable interfaces.
• Further, the processing of the various components of the illustrated systems can be distributed across multiple machines, networks, and other computing resources. In addition, two or more components of a system can be combined into fewer components. Various components of the illustrated systems can be implemented in one or more virtual machines, rather than in dedicated computer hardware systems. Likewise, the data repositories shown can represent physical and/or logical data storage, including, for example, storage area networks or other distributed storage systems. Moreover, in some embodiments the connections between the components shown represent possible paths of data flow, rather than actual connections between hardware. While some examples of possible connections are shown, any of the subset of the components shown can communicate with any other subset of components in various implementations.
• Embodiments are also described above with reference to flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products. Each block of the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flow chart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer program instructions. Such instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
• These computer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operations to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the acts specified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
• Any patents and applications and other references noted above, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further implementations of the invention.
• These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain examples of the invention, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.
• To reduce the number of claims, certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, but the applicant contemplates the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as a means-plus-function claim under 35 U.S.C. sec. 112(f) (AIA), other aspects may likewise be embodied as a means-plus-function claim, or in other forms, such as being embodied in a computer-readable medium. Any claims intended to be treated under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) will begin with the words “means for”, but use of the term “for” in any other context is not intended to invoke treatment under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to pursue additional claims after filing this application, in either this application or in a continuing application.

Claims (21)

1. (canceled)

2. A system that provides searching for data objects within an information management system, the system comprising:

one or more non-transitory, computer-readable mediums having computer-executable instructions stored thereon, and;

one or more processors that, having executed the computer-executable instructions, configure the system to perform a plurality of operations comprising:

receiving a search query to search for data objects within the information management system, wherein:

the search query identifies whether to search for primary copies of the data objects or secondary copies of the data objects,

each data object is associated with a corresponding object type selected from a plurality of object types, wherein the object types include personal data objects and non-personal data objects;

displaying a representation of an expandable folder associated with data objects that satisfy the search query;

receiving a storage policy request to set a storage policy for the expandable folder related to archiving or retention of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

setting the storage policy based on the storage policy request.

3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of a file explorer interface configured to display one or more files within the expandable folder, and

in response to a selection of the expandable folder, causing a display of the one or more files within the expandable folder in the file explorer interface.

4. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the expandable folder includes data objects having a same file type, where the file type is a document, video, or image.

5. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of storage policy options in response to a selection of the expandable folder,

receiving one or more storage policy option values for the displayed storage policy options, and

modifying a storage policy for the selected expandable folder based on the received storage policy option values.

6. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

receiving a request to display metadata for one or more of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

causing a display of metadata of the one or more of the data objects.

7. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of deduplicating options for deduplicating data objects associated with the expandable folder in response to a selection of the expandable folder;

receiving a selection of a deduplicating option selected from the displayed deduplicating options; and,

deduplicating the data objects associated with the expandable folder based on the selected deduplicating option.

8. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of a device explorer interface, wherein:

the device explorer interface displays a plurality of representations of expandable folders containing data objects that satisfy the search request, and

each representation of the plurality of representations is associated with a different device; and,

each representation of the plurality of representation identifies the device with which the representation is associated.

9. A method that provides searching for data objects within an information management system, the method comprising:

receiving a search query to search for data objects within the information management system, wherein:

the search query identifies whether to search for primary copies of the data objects or secondary copies of the data objects,

each data object is associated with a corresponding object type selected from a plurality of object types, wherein the object types include personal data objects and non-personal data objects;

displaying a representation of an expandable folder associated with data objects that satisfy the search query;

receiving a storage policy request to set a storage policy for the expandable folder related to archiving or retention of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

setting the storage policy based on the storage policy request.

10. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising:

causing a display of a file explorer interface configured to display one or more files within the expandable folder, and

in response to a selection of the expandable folder, causing a display of the one or more files within the expandable folder in the file explorer interface.

11. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the expandable folder includes data objects having a same file type, where the file type is a document, video, or image.

12. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising:

causing a display of storage policy options in response to a selection of the expandable folder,

receiving one or more storage policy option values for the displayed storage policy options, and

modifying a storage policy for the selected expandable folder based on the received storage policy option values.

13. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising:

receiving a request to display metadata for one or more of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

causing a display of metadata of the one or more of the data objects.

14. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising:

causing a display of deduplicating options for deduplicating data objects associated with the expandable folder in response to a selection of the expandable folder;

receiving a selection of a deduplicating option selected from the displayed deduplicating options; and,

deduplicating the data objects associated with the expandable folder based on the selected deduplicating option.

15. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising:

causing a display of a device explorer interface, wherein:

the device explorer interface displays a plurality of representations of expandable folders containing data objects that satisfy the search request, and

each representation of the plurality of representations is associated with a different device; and,

each representation of the plurality of representation identifies the device with which the representation is associated.

16. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, configure a system to perform a plurality of operations for searching for data objects within an information management system, the plurality of operations comprising:

receiving a search query to search for data objects within the information management system, wherein:

the search query identifies whether to search for primary copies of the data objects or secondary copies of the data objects,

each data object is associated with a corresponding object type selected from a plurality of object types, wherein the object types include personal data objects and non-personal data objects;

displaying a representation of an expandable folder associated with data objects that satisfy the search query;

receiving a storage policy request to set a storage policy for the expandable folder related to archiving or retention of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

setting the storage policy based on the storage policy request.

17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 16, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of a file explorer interface configured to display one or more files within the expandable folder, and

in response to a selection of the expandable folder, causing a display of the one or more files within the expandable folder in the file explorer interface.

18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 16, wherein the expandable folder includes data objects having a same file type, where the file type is a document, video, or image.

19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 16, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of storage policy options in response to a selection of the expandable folder,

receiving one or more storage policy option values for the displayed storage policy options, and

modifying a storage policy for the selected expandable folder based on the received storage policy option values.

20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 16, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

receiving a request to display metadata for one or more of the data objects associated with the expandable folder; and,

causing a display of metadata of the one or more of the data objects.

21. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 16, wherein the plurality of operations further comprises:

causing a display of deduplicating options for deduplicating data objects associated with the expandable folder in response to a selection of the expandable folder;

receiving a selection of a deduplicating option selected from the displayed deduplicating options; and,

deduplicating the data objects associated with the expandable folder based on the selected deduplicating option.

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