US20210211063A1 - Load Control Device for High-Efficiency Loads - Google Patents

Abstract

A load control device for controlling the power delivered from an AC power source to an electrical load includes a thyristor, a gate coupling circuit for conducting a gate current through a gate of the thyristor, and a control circuit for controlling the gate coupling circuit to conduct the gate current through a first current path to render the thyristor conductive at a firing time during a half cycle. The gate coupling circuit is able to conduct the gate current through the first current path again after the firing time, but the gate current is not able to be conducted through the gate from a transition time before the end of the half-cycle until approximately the end of the half-cycle. The load current is able to be conducted through a second current path to the electrical load after the transition time until approximately the end of the half-cycle.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/713,377, filed on Dec. 13, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/186,804, filed Nov. 12, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,530,268, issued Jan. 7, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/947,216, filed Apr. 6, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/131,444, filed Apr. 18, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,941,811, issued Aug. 11, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/844,252, filed Sep. 3, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,356,531, issued May 31, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/153,558, filed Jan. 13, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,160,224, issued Oct. 13, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/775,702, filed Feb. 25, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,988,050, issued Mar. 24, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/458,324, filed Apr. 27, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,957,662, issued Feb. 17, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/232,344, filed Sep. 14, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,698,408, issued Apr. 15, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/952,920, filed Nov. 23, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,664,881, issued Mar. 4, 2014, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/264,528, filed Nov. 25, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/333,050, filed May 10, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONField of the Invention
• The present invention relates to load control devices for controlling the amount of power delivered to an electrical load, and more particularly, to an electronic switch for controlling the power delivered to a lighting load.
Description of the Related Art
• Prior art two-wire dimmer switches are coupled in series electrical connection between an alternating-current (AC) power source and a lighting load for controlling the amount of power delivered from the AC power source to the lighting load. A two-wire wall-mounted dimmer switch is adapted to be mounted to a standard electrical wallbox and comprises two load terminals: a hot terminal adapted to be coupled to the hot side of the AC power source and a dimmed hot terminal adapted to be coupled to the lighting load. In other words, the two-wire dimmer switch does not require a connection to the neutral side of the AC power source (i.e., the load control device is a “two-wire” device). Prior art “three-way” dimmer switches may be used in three-way lighting systems and comprise at least three load terminals, but do not require a connection to the neutral side of the AC power source.
• The dimmer switch typically comprises a bidirectional semiconductor switch, e.g., a thryristor (such as a triac) or two field-effect transistors (FETs) in anti-series connection. The bidirectional semiconductor switch is coupled in series between the AC power source and the load and is controlled to be conductive and non-conductive for portions of a half cycle of the AC power source to thus control the amount of power delivered to the electrical load. Generally, dimmer switches use either a forward phase-control dimming technique or a reverse phase-control dimming technique in order to control when the bidirectional semiconductor switch is rendered conductive and non-conductive to thus control the power delivered to the load. The dimmer switch may comprise a toggle actuator for turning the lighting load on and off and an intensity adjustment actuator for adjusting the intensity of the lighting load. Examples of prior art dimmer switches are described in greater detail is commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,919, issued Sep. 29, 1993, entitled LIGHTING CONTROL DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,959, issued Nov. 29, 2005, entitled ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND METHODS; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,940, issued Mar. 30, 2010, entitled DIMMER SWITCH FOR USE WITH LIGHTING CIRCUITS HAVING THREE-WAY SWITCHES, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• With forward phase-control dimming, the bidirectional semiconductor switch is rendered conductive at some point within each AC line voltage half cycle and remains conductive until approximately the next voltage zero-crossing, such that the bidirectional semiconductor switch is conductive for a conduction time each half cycle. A zero-crossing is defined as the time at which the AC line voltage transitions from positive to negative polarity, or from negative to positive polarity, at the beginning of each half cycle. Forward phase-control dimming is often used to control energy delivered to a resistive or inductive load, which may include, for example, an incandescent lamp or a magnetic low-voltage transformer. The bidirectional semiconductor switch of a forward phase-control dimmer switch is typically implemented as a thyristor, such as a triac or two silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) coupled in anti-parallel connection, since a thyristor becomes non-conductive when the magnitude of the current conducted through the thyristor decreases to approximately zero amps.
• Many forward phase-control dimmers include analog control circuits (such as timing circuits) for controlling when the thyristor is rendered conductive each half cycle of the AC power source. The analog control circuit typically comprises a potentiometer, which may be adjusted in response to a user input provided from, for example, a linear slider control or a rotary knob in order to control the amount of power delivered to the lighting load. The analog control circuit is typically coupled in parallel with the thyristor and conducts a small timing current through the lighting load when the thyristor is non-conductive. The magnitude of the timing current is small enough such that the controlled lighting load is not illuminated to a level that is perceptible to the human eye when the lighting load is off.
• Thyristors are typically characterized by a rated latching current and a rated holding current, and comprise two main load terminals and a control terminal (i.e., a gate). The current conducted through the main terminals of the thyristor must exceed the latching current for the thyristor to become fully conductive. In addition, the current conducted through the main terminals of the thyristor must remain above the holding current for the thyristor to remain in full conduction. Since an incandescent lamp is a resistive lighting load, a typical forward phase-control dimmer switch is operable to conduct enough current through the incandescent lamp to exceed the rated latching and holding currents of the thyristor if the impedance of the incandescent lamp is low enough. Therefore, prior art forward phase-control dimmer switches are typically rated to operate appropriately with lighting loads having a power rating above a minimum power rating (e.g., approximately 40 W) to guarantee that the thyristor will be able to latch and remained latched when dimming the lighting load.
• Some prior art dimmer switches have included two triacs coupled together to overcome some of the problems related to the rated latching and holding currents of triacs as described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,768, issued Sep. 4, 1990, entitled TWO WIRE LOW VOLTAGE DIMMER. Such a prior art dimmer switch may comprise a first triac characterized by a low power rating and low latching and holding currents, and a second triac characterized by a high power rating and high latching and holding currents. The main load terminals of the first triac are coupled between one of the main load terminals and the gate of the second triac. In addition, a resistor is coupled between the other main load terminal and the gate of the second triac. If the magnitude of the load current is small, the first triac is rendered conductive when a pulse of current is conducted through the gate and remains latched until the magnitude of the load current drops below the holding current of the first triac (e.g., at the end of a half cycle). If the magnitude of the load current is large, the first triac conducts a pulse of the gate current through the gate of the second triac to render the second triac conductive and the second triac conducts the load current. Since the voltage across the first triac drops to approximately zero volts when the second triac is conductive, the first triac becomes non-conductive after the second triac is rendered conductive. The second triac remains conductive until the magnitude of the load current drops below the holding current of the second triac (e.g., at the end of a half cycle).
• When using reverse phase-control dimming, the bidirectional semiconductor switch is rendered conductive at the zero-crossing of the AC line voltage and rendered non-conductive at some point within each half cycle of the AC line voltage, such that the bidirectional semiconductor switch is conductive for a conduction time each half cycle. Reverse phase-control dimming is often used to control energy to a capacitive load, which may include, for example, an electronic low-voltage transformer. Since the bidirectional semiconductor switch must be rendered conductive at the beginning of the half cycle, and must be able to be rendered non-conductive within the half cycle, reverse phase-control dimming requires that the dimmer switch have two FETs in anti-serial connection, or the like. A FET is operable to be rendered conductive and to remain conductive independent of the magnitude of the current conducted through the FET. In other words, a FET is not limited by a rated latching or holding current as is a thyristor. However, prior art reverse phase-control dimmer switches have either required neutral connections and/or advanced control circuits (such as microprocessors) for controlling the operation of the FETs. In order to power a microprocessor, the dimmer switch must also comprise a power supply, which is typically coupled in parallel with the FETs. These advanced control circuits and power supplies add to the cost of prior art FET-based reverse phase-control dimmer switches (as compared to analog forward phase-control dimmer switches).
• Further, in order to properly charge, the power supply of such a two-wire dimmer switch must develop an amount of voltage across the power supply and must conduct a charging current from the AC power source through the electrical load, in many instances even when the lighting load is off. If the power rating of the lighting load is too low, the charging current conducted by the power supply through the lighting load may be great enough to cause the lighting load to illuminate to a level that is perceptible to the human eye when the lighting load is off. Therefore, prior art FET-based reverse phase-control dimmer switches are typically rated to operate appropriately with lighting loads having a power rating above a minimum power rating to guarantee that the lighting load does not illuminate to a level that is perceptible to the human eye due to the power supply current when the lighting load is off. Some prior art load control devices, have included power supplies that only develop small voltages and draw small currents when charging, such that the minimum power rating of a controlling lighting load may be as low as 10 W. An example of such a power supply is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/751,324, filed Mar. 31, 2010, entitled SMART ELECTRONIC SWITCH FOR LOW-POWER LOADS, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Nevertheless, it is desirable to be able to control the amount of power to electrical loads having power rating lower than those able to be controlled by the prior art forward and reverse phase-control dimmer switches. In order to save energy, high-efficiency lighting loads, such as, for example, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diode (LED) light sources, are being used in place of or as replacements for conventional incandescent or halogen lamps. High-efficiency light sources typically consume less power and provide longer operational lives as compared to incandescent and halogen lamps. In order to illuminate properly, a load regulation device (e.g., such as an electronic dimming ballast or an LED driver) must be coupled between the AC power source and the respective high-efficiency light source (i.e., the compact fluorescent lamp or the LED light source) for regulating the power supplied to the high-efficiency light source.
• A dimmer switch controlling a high-efficiency light source may be coupled in series between the AC power source and the load control device for the high-efficiency light source. Some high-efficiency lighting loads are integrally housed with the load regulation devices in a single enclosure. Such an enclosure may have a screw-in base that allows for mechanical attachment to standard Edison sockets and provide electrical connections to the neutral side of the AC power source and either the hot side of the AC power source or the dimmed-hot terminal of the dimmer switch (e.g., for receipt of the phase-control voltage). The load regulation circuit is operable to control the intensity of the high-efficiency light source to the desired intensity in response to the conduction time of the bidirectional semiconductor switch of the dimmer switch.
• However, the load regulation devices for the high-efficiency light sources may have high input impedances or input impedances that vary in magnitude throughout a half cycle. Therefore, when a prior-art forward phase-control dimmer switch is coupled between the AC power source and the load regulation device for the high-efficiency light source, the load control device may not be able to conduct enough current to exceed the rated latching and/or holding currents of the thyristor. In addition, when a prior-art reverse phase-control dimmer switch is coupled between the AC power source and the load regulation device, the magnitude of the charging current of the power supply may be great enough to cause the load regulation device to illuminate the controlled high-efficiency light source to a level that is perceptible by the human eye when the light source should be off.
• The impedance characteristics of the load regulation device may negatively affect the magnitude of the phase-control voltage received by the load regulation device, such that the conduction time of the received phase-control voltage is different from the actually conduction time of the bidirectional semiconductor switch of the dimmer switch (e.g., if the load regulation device has a capacitive impedance). Therefore, the load regulation device may control the intensity of the high-efficiency light source to an intensity that is different than the desired intensity as directed by the dimmer switch. In addition, the charging current of the power supply of the dimmer switch may build up charge at the input of a load regulation device having a capacitive input impedance, thus negatively affecting the low-end intensity that may be achieved.
• Therefore, there exists a need for a two-wire load control device that may be coupled between an AC power source and a load regulation device for a high-efficiency light source and is able to properly control the intensity of the high-efficiency light source.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, a load control device for controlling the amount of power delivered from an AC power source to an electrical load comprises: (1) a thyristor adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source and the electrical load for conducting a load current from the AC power source to the electrical load, the thyristor having a gate for conducting a gate current to render the thyristor conductive; (2) a gate coupling circuit coupled to conduct the gate current through the gate of the thyristor; and (3) a control circuit operable to control the gate coupling circuit to conduct the gate current through a first current path to render the thyristor conductive at a firing time during a half cycle of the AC power source. The control circuit continues to control the gate coupling circuit, such that the gate coupling circuit is able to conduct the gate current through the first current path again after the firing time. The gate current is not able to be conducted through the gate of the thyristor from a transition time before the end of the half-cycle until approximately the end of the half-cycle. The load current able to be conducted from the AC power source to the electrical load through a second current path after the transition time until approximately the end of the half-cycle.
• According to another embodiment of the present invention, a load control device for controlling the amount of power delivered from an AC power source to an electrical load comprises: (1) a thyristor having first and second main load terminals adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source and the electrical load for conducting a load current from the AC power source to the electrical load, the thyristor having a gate for conducting a gate current to render the thyristor conductive; (2) a gate coupling circuit coupled between the first main load terminal and the gate of the thyristor to conduct the gate current through the gate of the thyristor; (3) a controllable switching circuit coupled in parallel electrical connection with the thyristor; and (4) a control circuit operatively coupled to the gate coupling circuit and the controllable switching circuit. The control circuit is operable to render the gate coupling circuit conductive to conduct the gate current to render the thyristor conductive at a firing time during a half cycle of the AC power source. The control circuit continues to render the gate coupling circuit conductive, such that the gate coupling circuit is able to conduct the gate current again after the firing time. The control circuit renders the gate current coupling circuit non-conductive at a transition time after the firing time and before the end of the half-cycle. The control circuit renders the controllable switching circuit conductive at approximately the transition time, such that the controllable switching circuit is able to conduct the load current after the transition time until approximately the end of the half-cycle.
• Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention that refers to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The invention will now be described in greater detail in the following detailed description with reference to the drawings in which:
• FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a lighting control system including a two-wire analog dimmer switch for controlling the intensity of an LED light source according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
• FIGS. 3A and 3B show example waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 2 according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a timing circuit of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 7 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 6 according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a reverse-phase control dimmer switch according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 10 is a simplified timing diagram showing examples of waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 9 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 9 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 12 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 13 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 14 is a simplified timing diagram showing examples of waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 13 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 15 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 16 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 17 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 18 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch having a digital control circuit according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 19 is a simplified flowchart of a switch procedure executed by a microprocessor of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 18 according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 20 is a simplified flowchart of a control procedure periodically executed by the microprocessor of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 18 according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 21 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dimmer switch according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 22 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 21 showing first and second gate drive circuits and a controllable switching circuit in greater detail;
• FIG. 23 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 21 according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 24 is a simplified block diagram of a dimmer switch according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 25 is a simplified block diagram of an electronic switch according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 26 is a simplified schematic diagram of an on-state power supply of the electronic switch of the twelfth embodiment;
• FIG. 27 is a simplified block diagram of a dimmer switch according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention; and
• FIG. 28 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of the dimmer switch ofFIG. 24 according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred, in which like numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed.
• FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of alighting control system10 including a “two-wire”dimmer switch100 for controlling the amount of power delivered to a high-efficiency lighting load101 including a load regulation device, e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)driver102, and a high-efficiency light source, e.g., an LED light source104 (or “light engine”). Thedimmer switch100 has a hot terminal H coupled to an alternating-current (AC)power source105 for receiving an AC mains line voltage V_AC, and a dimmed-hot terminal DH coupled to theLED driver102. Thedimmer switch100 does not require a direct connection to the neutral side N of theAC power source105. Thedimmer switch100 generates a phase-control voltage V_PC(e.g., a dimmed-hot voltage) at the dimmed-hot terminal DH and conducts a load current I_LOADthrough theLED driver102. Thedimmer switch100 may either use forward phase-control dimming or reverse phase-control dimming techniques to generate the phase-control voltage V_PC.
• As defined herein, a “two-wire” dimmer switch or load control device does not require a require a direct connection to the neutral side N of theAC power source105. In other words, all currents conducted by the two-wire dimmer switch must also be conducted through the load. A two-wire dimmer switch may have only two terminals (i.e., the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH as shown inFIG. 1). Alternatively, a two-wire dimmer switch (as defined herein) could comprise a three-way dimmer switch that may be used in a three-way lighting system and has at least three load terminals, but does not require a neutral connection. In addition, a two-wire dimmer switch may comprise an additional connection that provides for communication with a remote control device (for remotely controlling the dimmer switch), but does not require the dimmer switch to be directly connected to neutral.
• TheLED driver102 and the LEDlight source104 may be both included together in a single enclosure, for example, having a screw-in base adapted to be coupled to a standard Edison socket. When theLED driver102 is included with theLED light source104 in the single enclosure, the LED driver only has two electrical connections: to thedimmer switch100 for receiving the phase-control voltage V_PCand to the neutral side N of theAC power source105. TheLED driver102 comprises arectifier bridge circuit106 that receives the phase-control voltage V_PCand generates a bus voltage V_BUSacross a bus capacitor C_BUS. TheLED driver102 further comprises aload control circuit107 that receives the bus voltage V_BUSand controls the intensity of the LEDlight source104 in response to the phase-control signal V_PC. Specifically, theload control circuit107 of theLED driver102 is operable to turn theLED light source104 on and off and to adjust the intensity of the LED light source to a target intensity L_TRGT(i.e., a desired intensity) in response to the phase-control signal V_PC. The target intensity L_TRGTmay range between a low-end intensity L_LE(e.g., approximately 1%) and a high-end intensity L_HE(e.g., approximately 100%). TheLED driver102 may also comprise afilter network108 for preventing noise generated by theload control circuit107 from being conducted on the AC mains wiring. Since theLED driver102 comprises the bus capacitor C_BUSand thefilter network108, the LED driver may have a capacitive input impedance. An example of theLED driver102 is described in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/813,908, filed Jun. 11, 2009, entitled LOAD CONTROL DEVICE FOR A LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE LIGHT SOURCE, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In addition, theLED driver102 may comprise anartificial load circuit109 for conducting current (in addition to the load current I_LOAD) through thedimmer switch100. Accordingly, if thedimmer switch100 includes a triac for generating the phase-control voltage V_PC, theartificial load circuit109 may conduct enough current to ensure that the magnitude of the total current conducted through the triac of thedimmer switch100 exceeds the rated latching and holding currents of the triac. In addition, theartificial load circuit109 may conduct a timing current if thedimmer switch100 comprises a timing circuit and may conduct a charging current if the dimmer switch comprises a power supply, such that these currents need not be conducted through theload control circuit107 and do not affect the intensity of the LEDlight source104.
• Theartificial load circuit109 may simply comprise a constant impedance circuit (e.g., a resistor) or may comprise a current source circuit. Alternatively, theartificial load circuit109 may be controllable, such that the artificial load circuit may be enabled and disabled to thus selectively conduct current through thedimmer switch100. In addition, theartificial load circuit109 may be controlled to conduct different amounts of current depending upon the magnitude of the AC mains line voltage V_AC, the present time during a half cycle of the AC mains line voltage, or the present operating mode of theLED driver102. Examples of artificial load circuits are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/438,587, filed Aug. 5, 2009, entitled VARIABLE LOAD CIRCUITS FOR USE WITH LIGHTING CONTROL DEVICES, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/950,079, filed Nov. 19, 2010, entitled CONTROLLABLE-LOAD CIRCUIT FOR USE WITH A LOAD CONTROL DEVICE, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• Alternatively, the high-efficiency light source could comprise a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and the load regulation device could comprise an electronic dimming ballast. In addition, thedimmer switch100 could alternatively control the amount of power delivered to other types of electrical loads, for example, by directly controlling a lighting load or a motor load. An example of a screw-in light source having a fluorescent lamp and an electronic dimming ballast is described in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/704,781, filed Feb. 12, 2010, entitled HYBRID LIGHT SOURCE, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Thedimmer switch100 comprises a user interface having arocker switch116 and an intensity adjustment actuator118 (e.g., a slider knob as shown inFIG. 1). Therocker switch116 allows for turning on and off theLED light source104, while theintensity adjustment actuator118 allows for adjustment of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 from the low-end intensity L_EEto the high-end intensity L_HE. Examples of user interfaces of dimmer switches are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/363,258, filed Jan. 30, 2009, entitled LOAD CONTROL DEVICE HAVING A VISUAL INDICATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS AND USAGE INFORMATION, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of thedimmer switch100 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.FIGS. 3A and 3B show example waveforms illustrating the operation of thedimmer switch100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch100 comprises abidirectional semiconductor switch110 coupled between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH for generating the phase-control voltage V_PC(as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B) and controlling of the amount of power delivered to theLED driver102. Thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 comprises a control input (e.g., a gate), which may receive control signals for rendering the bidirectional semiconductor switch conductive and non-conductive. Thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 may comprise a single device, such as a triac, or a combination of devices, such as, two field-effect transistors (FETs) coupled in anti-series connection. According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the phase-control voltage V_PCcomprises a forward phase-control voltage. In other words, the phase-control voltage V_PChas a magnitude of approximately zero volts at the beginning of each half cycle during a non-conduction time T_NC, and has a magnitude equal to approximately the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105 during the rest of the half cycle, i.e., during a conduction time T_CON. For example, the conduction time T_CONmay be approximately two milliseconds when the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 is at the low-end intensity L_EEand approximately seven milliseconds when the target intensity L_TRGTis at the high-end intensity L_HE.
• Thedimmer switch100 comprises a mechanical air-gap switch S112 electrically coupled to the hot terminal H and in series with thebidirectional semiconductor switch110, such that theLED light source104 is turned off when the switch is open. When the air-gap switch S112 is closed, thedimmer switch100 is operable to control thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 to control the amount of power delivered to theLED driver102. The air-gap switch S112 is mechanically coupled to therocker switch116 of the user interface of thedimmer switch100, such that the switch may be opened and closed in response to actuations of the rocker switch. Thedimmer switch100 further comprises arectifier circuit114 coupled across thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 and operable to generate a rectified voltage V_RECT(i.e., a signal representative of the voltage developed across the bidirectional semiconductor switch).
• According to the first embodiment, thedimmer switch100 comprises ananalog control circuit115 including apower supply120, a constant-rate one-shot timing circuit130, and a variable-threshold trigger circuit140 (i.e., a gate drive circuit). Thecontrol circuit115 receives the rectified voltage V_RECTfrom therectifier circuit114 and conducts a control current I_CNTLthrough the load (i.e., the LED driver102) in order to generate a drive voltage V_DR(i.e., a drive signal) for controlling thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 to thus adjust the intensity of the LEDlight source104 in response to theintensity adjustment actuator118. Thepower supply120 of thecontrol circuit115 conducts a charging current I_CHRGthrough theLED driver102 in order to generate a supply voltage V_CC(e.g., approximately 11.4 volts). The charging current I_CHRGof the power supply makes up a portion of the control current I_CNTLof thecontrol circuit115.
• Thetiming circuit130 receives the supply voltage V_CCand generates a timing voltage V_TIM(i.e., a timing signal), which comprises a ramp signal having a constant rate of increasing magnitude (i.e., a constant positive slope) as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B. When thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is non-conductive at the beginning of each half cycle, thetiming circuit130 also receives the rectified voltage V_RECTand is able to derive zero-crossing timing information from the voltage developed across the LED driver102 (i.e., from the control current I_CNTLconducted through the LED driver102). The timing voltage V_TIMbegins increasing from approximately zero volts shortly after the zero-crossings of the AC line voltage V_AC(i.e., shortly after the beginning of each half cycle as shown at times t₁, t₄inFIGS. 3A and 3B) and continues increasing at the constant rate. After a fixed amount of time T_TIMhas elapsed since the timing voltage V_TIMstarted increasing from zero volts during the present half cycle, the timing voltage V_TIMis driven to approximately zero volts near the next zero-crossing (i.e., near the end of the present half cycle as shown at time t₃inFIGS. 3A and 3B). Since the timing voltage V_TIMincreases in magnitude at the constant rate for the fixed amount of time Trim each half cycle, the timing voltage V_TIMis essentially identical during each half cycle as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B.
• Referring back toFIG. 2, the variable-threshold trigger circuit140 receives the timing voltage V_TIMfrom thetiming circuit130, and generates a drive voltage V_DR(i.e., a gate drive voltage) for controlling thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 to thus adjust the intensity of the LEDlight source104 in response to actuations of theintensity adjustment actuator118. Thetrigger circuit140 is characterized by a variable threshold (i.e., a variable threshold voltage V_THshown inFIGS. 3A and 3B) that may be adjusted in response to theintensity adjustment actuator118 of the user interface of thedimmer switch100.
• Agate coupling circuit150 couples the drive voltage V_DRto the gate of thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 for thus rendering thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 conductive and non-conductive in response to the magnitude of the variable threshold voltage V_TH. When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMexceeds the magnitude of a variable threshold voltage V_THeach half cycle (as shown at firing times t₂, t₅inFIGS. 3A and 3B), thetrigger circuit140 is operable to drive the drive voltage V_DRto a first magnitude (e.g., approximately zero volts as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B) to thus render thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 conductive each half cycle (as will be described in greater detail below with reference toFIG. 4). The drive voltage V_DRis then driven to a second magnitude (e.g., approximately the supply voltage V_CCas shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B) to render thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 non-conductive when the timing voltage V_TIMis controlled to approximately zero volts shortly before the next zero-crossing. The variable threshold voltage V_THis shown at two different magnitudes inFIGS. 3A and 3B, which results in the drive voltage V_DRbeing driven low to zero volts (and thus rendering thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 conductive) for different amounts of time.
• As shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, thecontrol circuit115 of thedimmer switch100 is operable to provide a constant gate drive to thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 by maintaining the drive voltage V_DRlow for the remainder of the half cycle after thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is rendered conductive (as shown at firing times t₂, t₅). Accordingly, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 will remain conductive independent of the magnitude of the load current I_LOADconducted through the bidirectional semiconductor switch and theLED driver102. When thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is conductive and the magnitude of the phase control voltage V_PCis greater than approximately the magnitude of the bus voltage V_BUSof theLED driver102, theLED driver102 will begin to conduct the load current I_LOADthrough the bidirectional semiconductor switch. Since the bus capacitor C_BUSof theLED driver102 may charge quickly, the magnitude of the load current I_LOADmay quickly peak before subsiding down to a substantially small magnitude (e.g., approximately zero amps). As previously mentioned, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 will remain conductive independent of the magnitude of the load current I_LOADbecause thecontrol circuit115 is providing constant gate drive to the bidirectional semiconductor switch. In addition to quickly increasing and decreasing in magnitude, the load current I_LOADmay also change direction after thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is rendered conductive. Therefore, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is also operable to conduct current in both directions (i.e., to and from the LED driver102) after the bidirectional semiconductor switch is rendered conductive during a single half cycle, thereby allowing any capacitors in thefilter network108 of theLED driver102 to follow the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105.
• FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of thedimmer switch100. As shown inFIG. 4, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment is implemented as atriac110′, but may alternatively be implemented as one or more silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), or any suitable thyristor. Thetriac110′ comprises two main terminals that are coupled in series electrical connection between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH, such that the triac is adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between theAC power source105 and theLED driver102 for conducting the load current I_LOADto the LED driver. Thetriac110′ comprises a gate (i.e., a control input) for rendering the triac conductive each half cycle of theAC power source105 as will be described in greater detail below. While not shown inFIG. 4, a choke inductor may be coupled in series with thetriac110′, and a filter circuit (such as a filter capacitor) may be coupled between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH (i.e., in parallel with the triac) to prevent noise generated by the switching of the triac from being conducted on the AC mains wiring.
• Therectifier circuit114 comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge having four diodes D114A, D114B, D114C, D114D. The rectifier bridge of therectifier circuit114 has AC terminals coupled in series between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH, and DC terminals for providing the rectified voltage V_RECTto thetiming circuit130 when thetriac110′ is non-conductive and a voltage is developed across thedimmer switch100. Thecontrol circuit115 conducts the control current I_CNTLthrough therectifier circuit114 and theLED driver102. Accordingly, the total current conducted through theLED driver102 each half cycle is the sum of the load current I_LOADconducted through thebidirectional semiconductor switch110, the control current I_CNTLconducted through thecontrol circuit115 of thedimmer switch100, and any leakage current conducted through the filter circuit (that may be coupled between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH).
• As shown inFIG. 4, thepower supply120 comprises, for example, a pass-transistor circuit that generates the supply voltage V_CC. The pass-transistor circuit comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q122 having a collector coupled to receive the rectifier voltage V_RECTthrough a resistor R124 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 100 kΩ). The base of the transistor Q122 is coupled to the rectifier voltage V_RECTthrough a resistor R125 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 150 kΩ), and to circuit common through a zener diode Z126 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 12 volts). Thepower supply120 further comprises a storage capacitor C128, which is able to charge through the transistor Q122 to a voltage equal to approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z126 minus the base-emitter drop of the transistor Q122. The storage capacitor C128 has, for example, a capacitance of approximately 10 μF, and operates to maintain the supply voltage V_CCat an appropriate magnitude (i.e., approximately 11.4 volts) to allow thetiming circuit120 to generate the timing voltage V_TIMand thegate coupling circuit150 to continue rendering thetriac110′ conductive after the firing times each half cycle.
• Thetiming circuit130 comprises aconstant ramp circuit160, a one-shot latch circuit170, and areset circuit180. Theconstant ramp circuit160 receives the supply voltage V_CCand causes the timing voltage V_TIMto increase in magnitude at the constant rate. Thereset circuit180 receives the rectified voltage V_RECTand is coupled to the timing voltage V_TIM, such that the reset circuit is operable to start the timing voltage V_TIMincreasing in magnitude from approximately zero volts shortly after the beginning of each half cycle at a half cycle start time (e.g., times t₁, t₄inFIGS. 3A and 3B). Specifically, thereset circuit180 is operable to enable the timing voltage V_TIM(i.e., to start the increase of the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIM) in response to a positive-going transition of the rectified voltage V_RECTacross a reset threshold V_RSTthat remains above the reset threshold V_RSTfor at least a predetermined amount of time. The one-shot latch circuit170 provides a latch voltage V_LATCHto thereset circuit180 to prevent thereset circuit180 from resetting the timing voltage V_TIMuntil the end of the half cycle, thus ensuring that the reset circuit only restarts the generation of the timing voltage once each half cycle.
• The one-shot latch circuit170 stops the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMby controlling the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMto approximately 0.6 volts at the end of the fixed amount of time from when thereset circuit180 enabled the timing voltage V_TIM(e.g., near the end of the half cycle at time t₃inFIGS. 3A and 3B). After the one-shot latch circuit170 controls the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMto approximately 0.6 volts, thereset circuit180 is once again able to enable the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMafter the beginning of the next half cycle (i.e., at time t₄inFIGS. 3A and 3B). As a result, a dead time T_DTexists between the time when the one-shot latch circuit170 drives the timing voltage V_TIMto approximately 0.6 volts and thereset circuit180 enables the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMby controlling the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMdown to approximately zero volts.
• The variable-threshold trigger circuit140 comprises a comparator U142 having an inverting input that receives the timing voltage V_TIMfrom thetiming circuit130. The variable-threshold trigger circuit140 also comprises a potentiometer R144 that is mechanically coupled to the slider knob of theintensity adjustment actuator118. The potentiometer R144 has a resistive element coupled between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common and a wiper terminal that generates the variable threshold voltage V_TH. The variable threshold voltage V_THcomprises a DC voltage that varies in magnitude in response to the position of the slider knob of theintensity adjustment actuator118 and is provided to a non-inverting input of the comparator U142. The drive voltage V_DRis generated at an output of the comparator U142 and is provided to thegate coupling circuit150 for rendering thetriac110′ conductive and non-conductive. Thegate coupling circuit150 comprises an opto-coupler U152 having an input photodiode, which is coupled between the supply voltage V_CCand the output of the comparator U142 and in series with a resistor R154 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 8.2 kΩ). The opto-coupler U152 has an output phototriac that is coupled in series with a resistor R156 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 100Ω). The series combination of the output phototriac of the opto-coupler U152 and the resistor R156 is coupled between the gate and one of the main terminals of thetriac110′ (e.g., to the hot terminal H).
• As shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, when the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMis below the magnitude of the variable threshold voltage V_TH, the magnitude of the drive voltage V_DRat the output of the comparator U142 of the variable-threshold trigger circuit140 remains high at approximately the supply voltage V_CC, such that thetriac110′ remains non-conductive. When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMincreases above the variable threshold voltage V_TH, the comparator U142 drives the drive voltage V_DRlow to approximately circuit common, such that the input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 conducts a drive current I_DR, which may have an rated magnitude I_DR-RTDof approximately 2 mA. As a result, the output phototriac of the opto-coupler U152 is rendered conductive and conducts a gate current I_Gthrough the gate of thetriac110′, thus rendering the triac conductive. Accordingly, the drive voltage V_DRis driven low to render thetriac110′ conductive after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the half cycle start time (i.e., the non-conduction time T_NCas shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B), where the variable amount of time is adjusted in response tointensity adjustment actuator118 and the variable threshold voltage V_TH. Since the magnitude of the drive voltage V_DRremains low after thetriac110′ is rendered conductive, the input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 continues to conduct the drive current I_DRfor the remainder of the half cycle. For example, the input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 may conduct an average current from the storage capacitor C128 of thepower supply120 where the average current may range from approximately 0.5 milliamps when the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 is at the low-end intensity L_LEto approximately 1.7 milliamps when the target intensity L_TRGTis at the high-end intensity L_HE.
• As previously mentioned, the load current I_LOADmay change direction after thetriac110′ is rendered conductive (i.e., the magnitude of the load current I_LOADtransitions from positive to negative or vice versa). When the magnitude of the load current I_LOADfalls below the holding current of thetriac110′, the triac commutates off and becomes non-conductive. In addition, the gate of thetriac110′ stops conducting the gate current I_Gand the output phototriac of the opto-coupler U152 becomes non-conductive. However, because the magnitude of the drive voltage V_DRremains low and accordingly, the input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 continues to conduct the drive current I_DR(i.e., providing a constant gate drive) even when thetriac110′ becomes non-conductive, the output phototriac of the opto-coupler is able to conduct the gate current I_Gand thetriac110′ is able to be rendered conductive and conduct the load current I_LOADin the opposite direction shortly thereafter. Accordingly, thetriac110′ is able to conduct the load current I_LOADin both directions in a single half cycle.
• After thetriac110′ is rendered conductive each half cycle, thetiming circuit130 continues to generate the timing voltage V_TIM. Thus, the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMremains above the variable threshold voltage V_THand thetriac110′ remains conductive until approximately the end of the half cycle when the one-shot latch circuit170 drives the timing voltage to approximately zero volts. The input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 continues to conduct the drive current I_DRand the output phototriac continues to conduct the gate current I_Gto render thetriac110′ conductive while the drive voltage V_DRis driven low each half cycle (as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B).
• According to the first embodiment of the present invention, thelatch circuit170 is operable to control the timing voltage V_TIMto approximately zero volts (thus controlling the magnitude of the drive voltage V_DRhigh to approximately the supply voltage V_CC) shortly before the end of the present half cycle (as shown at time t₃inFIGS. 3A and 3B). Accordingly, the length of the timing voltage V_TIM(i.e., the fixed amount of time T_TIM) is slightly smaller than the length T_HCof each half cycle. The dead time T_DT(or “blanking pulse”) in the timing voltage V_TIMat the end of the half cycle allows thetriac110′ to commutate off (i.e., become non-conductive) when the magnitude of the load current I_LOADthrough the triac reduces to approximately zero amps at the end of the half cycle.
• Because theLED driver102 may have a capacitive input impedance, the magnitude of the phase-control voltage V_PCmay not quickly decrease to zero volts near the zero-crossing of the AC mains lines voltage V_ACafter thetriac110′ becomes non-conductive at the end of each half cycle. Therefore, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, thereset circuit180 only starts the timing voltage V_TIMafter a zero-crossing of the AC mains lines voltage V_AC, i.e., in response to the magnitude of the rectified voltage V_RECTexceeding the reset threshold V_RSTwhen the rectified voltage is increasing in magnitude. Thereset circuit180 is prevented from resetting the timing voltage V_TIMin response to the magnitude of the rectified voltage V_RECTdropping below the reset threshold V_RST, which may or may not happen each half cycle due to the capacitive input impedance of theLED driver102.
• FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of thetiming circuit130. Theconstant ramp circuit160 receives the supply voltage V_CCand generates the timing voltage V_TIMacross a timing capacitor C162 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 50 nF). Theconstant ramp circuit160 comprises a constant current source for conducting a constant timing current I_TIMthrough the timing capacitor C162, such that the timing voltage V_TIMhas a constant slope. The constant current source circuit comprises a PNP bipolar junction transistor Q164 having an emitter coupled to the supply voltage V_CCvia a resistor R165 (e.g. having a resistance of approximately 10 kW. Two diodes D166, D168 are coupled in series between the supply voltage V_CCand the base of the transistor Q164. A resistor R169 is coupled between the base of the transistor Q164 and circuit common and has, for example, a resistance of approximately 51 kΩ. A voltage having a magnitude of approximately the forward voltage drop of the diode D166 (e.g., approximately 0.6 V) is produced across the resistor R165, such that the resistor conducts the constant timing current I_TIM(e.g., approximately 70 μA) into the capacitor C162. The rate at which the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMincreases with respect to time (i.e., dV_TIM/dt) is a function of the magnitude of the timing current I_TIMand the capacitance C_C162of the capacitor C162 (i.e., dV_TIM/dt=I_TIM/C₁₆₂), and may be equal to, for example, approximately 1.4 V/msec.
• The one-shot latch circuit170 comprises a comparator U172 having an inverting input coupled to the timing voltage V_TIM. The timing voltage V_TIMis further coupled to an output of the comparator U172 via a diode D174. The one-shot latch circuit170 includes a resistive divider, which is coupled in series electrical connection between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common, and comprises two resistors R175, R176 having, for example, resistances of approximately 100 kΩ and 1 MΩ, respectively. The junction of the two resistors R175, R176 produces a latch threshold voltage V_TH-L, which is provided to a non-inverting input of the comparator U172. The non-inverting input of the comparator U172 is also coupled to the output via a resistor R178 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 1 kΩ). The latch voltage V_LATCHis generated at the output of the comparator U172 and is provided to thereset circuit180 as will be described in greater detail below.
• Thereset circuit180 comprises a first comparator U181 having a non-inverting input that receives the rectified voltage V_RECTvia the series combination of a zener diode Z182 and a resistor R183 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 100 kΩ). The parallel combination of a capacitor C184 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 1000 pF) and a resistor R185 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 20 kΩ) is coupled between the non-inverting input of the comparator U181 and circuit common. A zener diode Z186 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 12 volts) clamps the magnitude of the voltage produced between the non-inverting input of the comparator U181 and circuit common. Thereset circuit180 further comprises a resistive divider that has two resistors R187, R188 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 150 kΩ and 100 kΩ, respectively), and is coupled in series electrical connection between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common. The junction of the two resistors R187, R188 produces a reset threshold voltage V_RST(e.g., approximately 4.8 V), which is provided to an inverting input of the comparator U181. An output of the comparator U181 is coupled to the supply voltage V_CCvia a resistor R189 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 10 kΩ).
• Thereset circuit180 also comprises a second comparator U191 having a non-inverting input coupled to the threshold voltage V_RSTand an output coupled to the timing voltage V_TIM. The output of the comparator U181 is coupled to an inverting input of the second comparator U191 via a capacitor C190 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 1000 μF). A resistor R192 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 68 kΩ) and a diode D193 are coupled between the inverting input of the comparator U191 and circuit common. A FET Q194 is also coupled between the inverting input and circuit common. The gate of the FET Q194 is pulled up towards the supply voltage V_CCthrough a resistor R195 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 100 kΩ), and is coupled to the latch voltage V_LATCH, such that the FET may be rendered conductive and non-conductive in response to the one-shot latch circuit170.
• When the timing voltage V_TIMstarts out at approximately zero volts, the inverting input of the comparator U172 of thelatch circuit170 is less than the latch threshold voltage V_TH-L(e.g., approximately 10.5 V) at the non-inverting input and the output is pulled up towards the supply voltage V_CCvia the resistor R195 and the diode D196 of thereset circuit180. The magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMcontinues to increase at the constant rate until the magnitude of timing voltage exceeds the latch threshold voltage V_TH-L, at which time, the comparator U172 of thelatch circuit170 drives the output low to approximately zero volts. At this time, the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMis reduced to approximately the forward voltage drop of the diode D174 (e.g., approximately 0.6 V). Accordingly, the fixed amount of time T_TIMthat the timing voltage V_TIMis generated each half cycle is a function of the constant rate at which the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMincreases with respect to time dV_TIM/dt (i.e., approximately 1.4 V/msec) and the magnitude of the latch threshold voltage V_TH-L(i.e., approximately 10.5 V), such that the fixed amount of time T_TIMis approximately 7.5 msec each half cycle. After the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMhas exceeded the latch threshold voltage V_TH-L, the latch threshold voltage V_TH-Lis reduced to approximately 0.1 V, such that the comparator U172 continues to drive the output low and the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMis maintained at approximately 0.6 V.
• At the beginning of a half cycle, the magnitude of the rectified voltage V_RECTis below a break-over voltage of the zener diode Z182 of the reset circuit180 (e.g., approximately 30 V) and the voltage at the non-inverting input of the first comparator U181 is approximately zero volts, such that the output of the first comparator is driven low towards circuit common. When the magnitude of the rectified voltage V_RECTexceeds approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z182, the capacitor C184 begins to charge until the magnitude of the voltage at the non-inverting input of the first comparator U181 exceeds the reset threshold voltage V_RST. The output of the first comparator U181 is then driven high towards the supply voltage V_CCand the capacitor C190 conducts a pulse of current into the resistor R192, such that the magnitude of the voltage at the inverting input of the second comparator U191 exceeds the reset threshold voltage V_RST, and the second comparator pulls the timing voltage V_TIMdown towards circuit common (i.e., the magnitude of the timing voltage is controlled from approximately 0.6 volts to zero volts). The magnitude of the voltage at the inverting input of the comparator U172 of thelatch circuit170 is now less than the latch threshold voltage V_TH-L(i.e., approximately 0.1 V), and the comparator stops pulling the timing voltage V_TIMdown towards circuit common. In addition, thereset circuit180 only drives the timing voltage V_TIMlow for a brief period of time (e.g., approximately 68 μsec) before the capacitor C190 fully charges and then stops conducting the pulse of current into the resistor R192. Accordingly, the second comparator U191 then stops pulling the timing voltage V_TIMdown towards circuit common, thus allowing the timing voltage to once again begin increasing in magnitude with respect to time at the constant rate.
• After thereset circuit180 resets the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMafter the beginning of each half cycle, the comparator U172 of thelatch circuit170 stops pulling the timing voltage V_TIMdown towards circuit common and the magnitude of the latch voltage V_LATCHis pulled high towards the supply voltage V_CCvia the resistor R195 and the diode D196. At this time, the FET Q194 is rendered conductive, thus maintaining the inverting input of the second comparator U191 less than the reset threshold voltage V_RST. The FET Q194 is rendered non-conductive when the comparator U172 of the one-shot latch circuit170 pulls the timing voltage V_TIMlow near the end of the half cycle. Thus, the FET Q194 is rendered conductive for most of each half cycle and prevents thereset circuit180 from resetting the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMuntil after thelatch circuit170 ceases the generation of the timing voltage, thereby greatly improving the noise immunity of thedimmer switch100 with respect to impulse noise on the AC line voltage V_AC.
• When the magnitude of the voltage at the non-inverting input of the first comparator U181 of thereset circuit170 exceeds the reset threshold voltage V_RST, the output is then driven high towards the supply voltage V_CCand the capacitor C190 charges. The FET Q194 is then rendered conductive, and the capacitor C190 remains charged. When the magnitude of the rectified voltage V_RECTdrops below the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z182 at the end of each half cycle and the magnitude of the voltage at the non-inverting input of the first comparator U181 drops below the reset threshold voltage V_RST, the capacitor C190 discharges through the diode D193 and the output of the first comparator U181. However, the magnitude of the voltage at the inverting input of the second comparator U191 remains less than the reset threshold voltage V_RST, and thus thereset circuit180 does not reset the generation of the timing voltage V_TIMuntil the magnitude of the voltage at the non-inverting input of the first comparator U181 of thereset circuit170 rises above the reset threshold voltage V_RSTat the beginning of the next half cycle.
• Accordingly, thecontrol circuit115 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment of the present invention conducts a control current through theLED driver102 and provides constant gate drive to thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 after the bidirectional semiconductor switch is rendered conductive. Thecontrol circuit115 is operable to derive zero-crossing timing information from the voltage developed across theLED driver102, and thus from the control current I_CNTLconducted through theLED driver102. The average magnitude of the control current I_CNTLconducted through theLED driver102 is approximately equal to the sum of the average magnitude of the timing current I_TIMand the drive current I_DR, as well as the other currents drawn by thetiming circuit130 and thetrigger circuit140. Thecontrol circuit115 is operable to render thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 conductive each half cycle in response to the variable threshold that is representative of the desired intensity of the LEDlight source104 and to maintain the bidirectional semiconductor switch conductive until approximately the end of the present half cycle. As a result, the conduction time T_CONof the drive voltage V_DRgenerated by thetrigger circuit140 has a length that is not dependent upon the length of the fixed amount of time T_TIMthat thetiming circuit130 generates the timing signal V_TIM.
• FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch200 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 7 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of thedimmer switch200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The bidirectional semiconductor switch of thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment is implemented as two individual MOS-gated transistors, e.g., FETs Q210A, Q210B, coupled in anti-series connection between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH for control of the amount of power delivered to theLED driver102. The sources of the FETs Q210A, Q210B are coupled together at circuit common. The FETs Q210A, Q210B may comprise metal-oxide semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs) or may alternatively be replaced by any suitable voltage-controlled semiconductor switches, such as, for example, insulated gate bipolar junction transistors (IGBTs). The FETs Q210A, Q210B have control inputs (i.e., gates) that are coupled to agate coupling circuit250, which comprises respective gate resistors R252, R254 (e.g., each having a resistance of approximately 47Ω) for coupling to the gates of the FETs a drive voltage V_DR-INV. The drive voltage V_DR-INVas shown inFIG. 7 is the inverse of the drive voltage V_DRof the first embodiment. Each FET Q210A, Q210B is rendered conductive when the voltage at the gates of the FET is driven to a rated gate threshold voltage (e.g., approximately 10 volts). The FETs Q210A, Q210B are simultaneously controlled to be conductive and non-conductive using the forward phase-control technique, and are operable to be rendered conductive and to remain conductive independent of the magnitude of the load current I_LOADconducted through the FETs.
• Thedimmer switch200 comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge that includes the body diodes of the two FETs Q210A, Q210B in addition to two diodes D214A, D214B. Thetiming circuit130 of thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment operates in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Thedimmer switch200 comprises ananalog control circuit215 having a variable-threshold trigger circuit240 that is similar to the variable-threshold trigger circuit140 of the first embodiment. However, thetrigger circuit240 of the second embodiment comprises a comparator U242 having a non-inverting input that receives the timing voltage V_TIMand an inverting input that receives a variable threshold voltage V_THfrom a potentiometer R244. Thetrigger circuit240 operates to drive the drive voltage V_DR-INVhigh towards the supply voltage V_CCto render the FETs Q210A, Q210B conductive, and low towards circuit common to render the FETs non-conductive (as shown inFIG. 7).
• As shown inFIG. 7, the gates of the FETs Q210A, Q210B only conduct a small pulse of drive current I_DR-INVfrom thepower supply120 when the FETs Q210A, Q210B are rendered conductive, i.e., due to the charging of the input capacitances of the gates of the FETs (which each may have, for example, an input capacitance of approximately 100 μF). Since the drive current I_DR-INVis conducted from the storage capacitor C128 of thepower supply120, the average magnitude of the control current I_CNTLconducted through theLED driver102 by theanalog control circuit215 of thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment is less than the average magnitude of the control current I_CNTLconducted by theanalog control circuit115 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment (which conducts the drive current I_DRthrough the input photodiode of the opto-coupler U152 for the entire time that thetriac110′ is rendered conductive).
• In addition, thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment does not require the opto-coupler U152 of the first embodiment, which is typically expensive and is also characterized by a rated turn-on time (e.g., approximately 35 microseconds). In the event that the load current LOAD changes direction after thetriac110′ is rendered conductive, the rated turn-on time of the opto-coupler U152 limits how quickly thetriac110′ can be rendered conductive after becoming non-conductive. Specifically, during the time from when thetriac110′ becomes momentarily non-conductive and is once again rendered conductive, the magnitude of the phase-control voltage V_PCacross theLED driver102 decreases while the magnitude of the voltage across thedimmer switch100 increases. This change in the voltage across the input of the LED driver102 (or electronic ballast) may result in fluctuations in the intensity of the LED light source104 (or fluorescent lamp) for some high-efficiency lighting loads. Because the bidirectional semiconductor switch of thedimmer switch200 is implemented as FETs Q210A, Q210B and because the FETs Q210A, Q210B are operable to remain conductive independent of the magnitude of the load current, potential fluctuations in the intensity of some high-efficiency lighting loads are avoided.
• FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch300 according to a third embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment comprises thetriac110′ (as in the first embodiment). However, thedimmer switch300 includes agate coupling circuit350 that comprises a voltage-controlled controllably conductive device, such as two MOS-gated transistors (e.g., FETs Q352A, Q352B) coupled in anti-series connection between the gate and a first one of the main load terminals of thetriac110′ (e.g., the hot terminal H of the dimmer switch). The FETs Q352A, Q352B may comprise MOSFETs or may alternatively be replaced by any suitable voltage-controlled semiconductor switches, such as, for example, IGBTs. The sources of the FETs Q352A, Q352B are coupled together through two source resistors R353, R354 (e.g., each having a resistance of approximately 10Ω), where the junction of the two resistors R353, R354 is coupled to circuit common. The source resistors R353, R354 operate to limit the magnitude of the gate current I_Gconducted through the gate of thetriac110′ to a maximum gate current (e.g., approximately 0.6 amp). The gates of the FETs Q352A, Q352B are coupled to respective gate resistors R355, R356 (e.g., each having a resistance of approximately 47Ω). The drive voltage V_DR-INVgenerated by theanalog control circuit215 is received at a control input of the gate coupling circuit350 (i.e., the junction of the gate resistors R355, R356).
• Thedimmer switch300 comprises a resistor R358, which has a resistance of, for example, approximately 30.9Ω and is coupled between the gate and a second one of the main load terminals of thetriac110′ (e.g., to the dimmed hot terminal DH of the dimmer switch). Thedimmer switch300 further comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge that includes the body diodes of the FETs Q352A, Q352B and the diodes D214A, D214B, and generates the rectified voltage V_RECTthat is received by thepower supply120 and thetiming circuit130 of thecontrol circuit215. Accordingly, thecontrol circuit215 is coupled to the first main load terminal of thetriac110′ through the body diode of the FET Q352A and the diode D214A, and to the second main load terminal of the triac through the body diode of the FET Q352B, the diode D214B, and the resistor R358. Alternatively, thecontrol circuit215 could be directly coupled to at least one of the main load terminals of thetriac110′, or electrically coupled to at least one of the main load terminals of the triac through one or more resistors.
• Thetiming circuit130 of thecontrol circuit215 generates the timing voltage V_TIMand the variable-threshold trigger circuit240 generates the drive voltage V_DR-INVas in the second embodiment (as shown inFIG. 7). When the drive voltage V_DR-INVis driven low towards circuit common, the FETs Q352A, Q352B are non-conductive, such that thetriac110′ is also non-conductive. When thetrigger circuit240 drives the drive voltage V_DR-INVhigh towards the supply voltage V_CCat the firing time each half cycle, the FETs Q352A, Q352B are able to conduct the gate current I_Gthrough the gate of thetriac110′ to render the triac conductive. The drive voltage V_DR-INVis driven low slightly before the end of the half cycle, such that the blanking pulse exists at the end of the half cycle to allow thetriac110′ to commutate off. Since the drive voltage V_DR-INVremains high until approximately the end of the half-cycle, the FETs Q352A, Q352B remain conductive such that the FETs Q352A, Q352B are able to conduct the gate current I_Gat any time from the firing time through approximately the remainder of the half cycle. Accordingly, thetriac110′ is rendered conductive from the firing time to approximately the end of the half cycle, thereby allowing the load current I_LOADto be either polarity (i.e., positive or negative) in any given half cycle, which is particularly important when theLED driver102 has a capacitive impedance and causes the load current to change polarity before one of the zero-crossings.
• The control input of thegate coupling circuit350 only conducts the small pulses of drive current I_DR-INVfrom thepower supply120 when the FETs Q352A, Q352B are rendered conductive due to the charging of the input capacitances of the gates of the FETs (i.e., as shown inFIG. 7). Thus, thegate coupling circuit350 allows theanalog control circuit215 to render thetriac110′ conductive and maintain the triac conductive without the need to conduct the drive current I_DR-INVthrough the control input of the gate coupling circuit during approximately the remainder of the half cycle (e.g., in contrast to the input photodiode of the optocoupler U152 of the first embodiment conducting the drive current I_DRas shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B). Accordingly, the average magnitude of the control current I_CNTLconducted by theanalog control circuit215 of thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment to render thetriac110′ conductive is less than the average magnitude of the control current I_CNTLconducted by theanalog control circuit115 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment to render thetriac110′ conductive. For example, if the FETs Q352A, Q352B are each characterized by a turn-on time of approximately two microseconds, an input impedance of approximately 100 μF, and a gate threshold voltage of approximately 10 volts, thegate coupling circuit350 may conduct an average current of approximately 240 nanoamps from the storage capacitor C128 of the power supply120 (independent of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LED light source104).
• In addition, thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment does not require the opto-coupler U152 to render thetriac110′ conductive. As previously mentioned, the opto-coupler U152 is typically expensive and is characterized by the rated turn-on time, which limits how quickly thetriac110′ can be rendered conductive after becoming non-conductive in response to the load current I_LOADchanging directions.
• Since the magnitude of the gate current I_Gconducted by the FETs Q352A, Q352B of thegate coupling circuit350 is much less than the magnitude of the load current I_LOADconducted by thetriac110′, the FETs Q352A, Q352B of the third embodiment may be sized smaller in power rating (and accordingly, in physical size) than the FETs Q210A, Q210B of thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment (which conduct the load current I_LOAD). In other words, because the FETs Q352A, Q352B of the third embodiment do not conduct the load current I_LOAD, the FETs need not be power devices, but can rather be signal-level devices. Therefore, thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment only requires one power device (i.e., thetriac110′) rather than two power devices (i.e., the FETs Q210A, Q210B), which leads to lower total cost of thedimmer switch300, as well as fewer constraints to physically fit and heat sink two power devices in a single wall-mounted load control device. In addition, thetriac110′ typically has better peak current capabilities in a single package as compared to the two FETs Q210A, Q210B having similar sized packages.
• Accordingly, thetriac110′ and thegate coupling circuit350 of thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment provide a thyristor-based load control circuit that requires substantially no net average current to be conducted through the control input after the triac is rendered conductive through the remainder of the half-cycle using a constant gate drive signal. As used herein, “substantially no net average current” is defined as an amount of current appropriate to charge the input capacitances of the gates of the FETs Q352A, Q352B (or other suitable switching devices) of thegate coupling circuit350, for example, less than approximately one microamp.
• FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a reverse-phase controldimmer switch400 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 9, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 is implemented as two FETs Q210A, Q210B coupled in anti-series connection (as in the second embodiment). Thedimmer switch100 comprises an analog control circuit including avoltage reference circuit420, atiming circuit430, and agate drive circuit440. Thevoltage reference circuit420 includes a pass-transistor circuit460 and a snap-oncircuit470, and operates to generate a reference voltage V_REF(e.g., approximately 14.4 volts) from the rectified voltage V_RECT. Thetiming circuit430 receives the reference voltage V_REFand generates a timing voltage V_TIM, which is representative of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104. Thegate drive circuit440 generates a gate voltage V_G, which is coupled to the gates of the FETs Q210A, Q210B via thegate coupling circuit250 for simultaneously rendering the FETs conductive and non-conductive. According to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, the phase-control voltage V_PCgenerated by thedimmer switch400 comprises a reverse phase-control voltage. Accordingly, thegate drive circuit440 operates to render the FETs Q210A, Q210B conductive at the beginning of each half cycle, and non-conductive at some time during each half cycle in response to the timing voltage V_TIM.
• FIG. 10 is a simplified timing diagram showing examples of the phase-control voltage V_PCgenerated by thedimmer switch400, the timing voltage V_TIM, and the gate voltage V_Gfor driving the FETs Q210A, Q210B according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. The phase-control voltage V_PChas a magnitude equal to approximately the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105 at the beginning of each half cycle during a conduction time T_CON, and has a magnitude of approximately zero volts during the rest of the half cycle, i.e., during a non-conduction time T_NC. To generate the phase-control voltage V_PC, thegate drive circuit440 drives the gate voltage V_Ghigh towards the reference voltage V_REFat the beginning of each half cycle, such that the FETs Q210A, Q210B are rendered conductive (as shown at time t₁inFIG. 10). At this time, thetiming circuit430 begins generating the timing voltage V_TIM, which comprises a ramp voltage that increases in magnitude with respect to time at a rate representative of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LED light source104 (i.e., in response to the intensity adjustment actuator118). When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMreaches a maximum timing voltage threshold V_T-MAX(e.g., approximately 7.5 volts), thegate drive circuit440 renders the FETs Q210A, Q210B non-conductive (as shown at time t₂inFIG. 10). The rate of the timing voltage V_TIMis inversely proportional to the target intensity L_TRGT, i.e., the rate of the timing voltage V_TIMincreases as the target intensity L_TRGTdecreases, and decreases as the target intensity L_TRGTincreases. After the FETs Q210A, Q210B are rendered non-conductive, thegate drive circuit440 will render the FETs conductive once again at the beginning of the next half cycle (as shown at time t₃inFIG. 10).
• FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of thedimmer switch400 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 11, the pass-transistor circuit460 comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q462 having a collector coupled to receive the rectifier voltage V_RECTthrough a resistor R464 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 180Ω). The base of the transistor Q462 is coupled to the rectifier voltage V_RECTthrough a resistor R465 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 470 kΩ), and to circuit common through a zener diode Z466 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 15 volts). The pass-transistor circuit460 further comprises a storage capacitor C468, which is able to charge through the transistor Q462 and a diode D469 to a voltage equal to approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z466 minus the base-emitter drop of the transistor Q462 and the forward drop of the diode D469. The storage capacitor C468 has, for example, a capacitance of approximately 22 μF, and operates to maintain the reference voltage V_REFat an appropriate magnitude (e.g., at least approximately 12 volts) to control the FETs Q210A, Q210B to be conductive (i.e., when there is approximately zero volts generated across the dimmer switch100) as will be described in greater detail below.
• The snap-oncircuit470 is coupled to the storage capacitor Q468 and comprises a PNP bipolar junction transistor Q472. The base of the transistor Q472 is coupled to circuit common through the series combination of a resistor R474 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 22 kΩ) and a zener diode Z476 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 12 volts). The reference voltage V_REFis generated across a capacitor C478, which is coupled between the collector of the transistor Q472 and circuit common and has, for example, a capacitance of approximately 0.1 g. The snap-oncircuit470 operates such that the reference voltage V_REFis only provided across the capacitor C478 when the magnitude of the voltage across the storage capacitor C468 of the pass-transistor circuit460 exceeds the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z476 plus the emitter-base drop of the transistor Q472.
• Thetiming circuit430 receives the reference voltage V_REFand generates the timing voltage V_TIMacross a timing capacitor C432 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 10 nF). Thetiming circuit430 includes a constant current source circuit for charging the capacitor C432 at a constant rate to generate the timing voltage V_TIM. The constant current source circuit comprises a PNP bipolar junction transistor Q434 having an emitter coupled to the reference voltage V_REFvia a resistor R435 (e.g. having a resistance of approximately 180 kΩ). A voltage divider circuit comprising a potentiometer R436 and two resistors R438, R439 is coupled between the reference voltage V_REFand circuit common. For example, the potentiometer R436 may have a resistance ranging from approximately 0 to 500 kΩ, while the resistors R438, R439 may have resistances of approximately 100 kΩ and 82 kΩ, respectively. The junction of the potentiometer R436 and the resistor R438 is coupled to the base of the transistor Q434. The resistance of the potentiometer R436 varies in response to theintensity adjustment actuator118 of thedimmer switch100, such that the magnitude of the voltage at the base of the transistor Q434 is representative of the target intensity L_TRGT. When the potentiometer R436 is not presently being adjusted (i.e., is in a steady state condition), a constant voltage is generated across the resistor R435 and the emitter-base junction of the transistor Q434, such that the transistor Q434 conducts a constant current (having a magnitude dependent upon the magnitude of the voltage at the base of the transistor Q434). Accordingly, the capacitor C432 charges at a rate dependent upon the target intensity L_TRGTthus generating the timing voltage V_TIM(as shown inFIG. 10).
• Thegate drive circuit440 renders the FETs Q210A, Q210B conductive at the beginning of each half cycle, and non-conductive at some time during each half cycle in response to the timing voltage V_TIMfrom thetiming circuit430. Thegate drive circuit440 comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q441 and a resistor R442, which is coupled between the collector and base of the transistor Q441 and has a resistance of, for example, approximately 270 kΩ. A diode D443 is coupled between the emitter and the base of the transistor Q441. At the beginning of each half cycle, the resistor R442 conducts current into the base of the transistor Q441. The transistor Q441 is thus rendered conductive and the reference voltage V_REFis coupled to the gates of the FETs Q210A, Q210B via the respective gate resistors R252, R254 to thus render the FETs conductive. As previously mentioned, the storage capacitor C468 of thevoltage reference circuit420 maintains the reference voltage V_REFat an appropriate magnitude (i.e., at least approximately 14.4 volts) to maintain the FETs Q210A, Q210B conductive and the voltage developed across thedimmer switch400 is approximately zero volts.
• The timing voltage V_TIMis coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q444 through a zener diode Z445 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 6.8 volts). When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMexceeds approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z445 plus the base-emitter drop of the transistor Q444 (i.e., the maximum timing voltage threshold V_T-MAX), the transistor Q444 is rendered conductive. Accordingly, the gate voltage V_Gis pulled down towards circuit common through the diode D443 thus rendering the FETs Q210A, Q210B non-conductive.
• Thegate drive circuit440 also comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q446 coupled across the zener diode Z445. The base of the transistor Q446 is coupled to the junction of two series-connected resistors R447, R448 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 200 kΩ and 10 kΩ respectively). The resistors R447, R448 form a voltage divider coupled between the rectified voltage V_RECTand circuit common. The base of the transistor Q446 is also coupled to circuit common via a capacitor C449 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 10 nF). When the FETs Q210A, Q210B are rendered non-conductive (in response to the timing voltage V_TIMexceeding the maximum timing voltage threshold V_T-MAX), the voltage developed across thedimmer switch400 increases to approximately the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105. As a result, the voltage at the base of the transistor Q446 increases such that the transistor is rendered conductive. Accordingly, the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMis controlled to approximately zero volts and the transistor Q444 is maintained conductive (thus keeping the FETs Q210A, Q210B non-conductive) until the end of the present half cycle.
• Near the end of the half cycle, the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105 as well as the magnitude of voltage at the base of the transistor Q446 decrease such that the transistor Q446 is rendered non-conductive. Accordingly, the transistor Q444 is rendered non-conductive and the reference voltage V_REFis coupled to the gates of the FETs Q210A, Q210B through the transistor Q441 and the respective gate resistors R252, R254, thus rendering the FETs conductive. In addition, when the transistor Q446 is non-conductive, the timing voltage V_TIMof thetiming circuit430 may once again begin increasing in magnitude with respect to time at the rate dependent upon the target intensity L_TRGT(as shown inFIG. 10).
• FIG. 12 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch480 according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch480 ofFIG. 12 is very similar to thedimmer switch400 of the fourth embodiment. However, thedimmer switch480 ofFIG. 12 comprises avoltage compensation circuit490, which receives the rectified voltage V_RECTand adjusts the timing voltage V_TIMto account for changes and fluctuations in the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105 to avoid flickering of the intensity of the LEDlight source104. Thevoltage compensation circuit490 comprises two resistors R492, R494, which are coupled in series between the rectified voltage V_RECTand circuit common, and have, for example, resistances of approximately 1 MΩ and 98 kΩ, respectively. A capacitor C496 is coupled between the junction of the resistors R492, R494 and circuit common, and has, for example, a capacitance of approximately 0.22 μF. The capacitor C496 is coupled to the timing voltage V_TIMthrough a resistor R498 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 560 kΩ).
• The voltage produced across the capacitor C496 is proportional to the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105 when the FETs Q210A, Q210B are non-conductive and the timing voltage V_TIMis increasing in magnitude with respect to time. When there are no changes or fluctuations in the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACof theAC power source105, the capacitor C496 charges to a steady-state voltage. However, if the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_ACchanges while the FETs Q210A, Q210B are non-conductive during a half cycle (e.g., between times t₂and t₃inFIG. 10), the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor C496 will also change, thus resulting in a change in the timing voltage V_TIMwhen the FETs are conductive during the next half cycle (e.g., between times t₃and t₄). For example, if the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_AC(and thus the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor C496) increases while the FETs Q210A, Q210B are non-conductive during a half cycle, the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMwill be greater while the FETs are conductive during the next half cycle, thus causing the FETs to be rendered non-conductive earlier in the next half cycle.
• FIG. 13 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch500 according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch500 comprises a mechanical air-gap switch S514 and two FETs Q510A, Q510B coupled in anti-series connection between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH for generating the phase-control voltage V_PC. Thedimmer switch500 comprises an analog control circuit (e.g., a timing circuit520) for generating a timing voltage V_TIMrepresentative of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104, and agate drive circuit530 for rendering the FETs Q510A, Q510B conductive and non-conductive in response to the timing voltage V_TIMto thus generate the phase-control voltage V_PC. According to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, thegate drive circuit530 is operable to generate two gate voltages V_G1, V_G2for independently controlling the respective FETs Q510A, Q510B on a complementary basis. The FETs Q510A, Q510B are rendered conductive when the magnitudes of the respective gate voltages V_G1, V_G2are controlled to a nominal gate voltage V_N(e.g., approximately 9 V) and are rendered non-conductive when the magnitudes of the respective gate voltages V_G1, V_G2are controlled to approximately zero volts. Thedimmer switch500 further comprises anovercurrent protection circuit540 for rendering the FETs Q510A, Q510B non-conductive in the event of an overcurrent condition in the FETs.
• FIG. 14 is a simplified timing diagram showing examples of the phase-control voltage V_PCgenerated by thedimmer switch500 and the gate voltages V_G1, V_G2for driving the FETs Q510A, Q510B, respectively. According to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, the phase-control voltage V_PCcomprises a forward phase-control voltage. During the positive half cycles, the first FET Q510A is rendered conductive and the second FET Q510B is rendered non-conductive when the first gate voltage V_G1increases from approximately zero volts to the nominal gate voltage V_N(as shown at time t₁), and the second gate voltage V_G2decreases from the nominal gate voltage V_Nto approximately zero volts. At this time, thedimmer switch500 conducts the load current I_LOADto theLED driver102 through the first FET Q510A and the body diode of the second FET Q510B. At the beginning of the negative half cycles, the first FET Q510 remains conductive. However, since the second FET Q510B is non-conductive and the body diode of the second FET Q510B is reversed-biased, thedimmer switch500 does not conduct the load current I_LOADat this time.
• During the negative half cycles, the first FET Q510A is rendered non-conductive and the second FET Q510B is rendered conductive when the first gate voltage V_G1decreases from the nominal gate voltage V_Nto approximately zero volts and the second gate voltage V_G2increases from approximately zero volts to the nominal gate voltage V_N(as shown at time t₂). At this time, thedimmer switch500 conducts the load current I_LOADto theLED driver102 through the second FET Q510B and the body diode of the first FET Q510A. At the beginning of the positive half cycles, the second FET Q510B remains conductive, the first FET Q510A remains non-conductive, and the body diode of the first FET Q510A is reversed-biased at this time, such that thedimmer switch500 does not conduct the load current I_LOADuntil the first FET Q510A is rendered conductive.
• Thetiming circuit520 is coupled in series between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH and conducts a timing current I_TIM(i.e., a control current) through theLED driver102 in order to generate the timing voltage V_TIMacross a capacitor C522 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 0.1 μF). The capacitor C522 is operable to charge from theAC power source105 through resistors R524, R525 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 27 kΩ and 10 kΩ, respectively) and a potentiometer R526. The resistance of the potentiometer R526 may range from, for example, approximately 0 kΩ to 300 kΩ, and may be controlled by a user of the dimmer switch500 (e.g., by actuating the slider control) to adjust the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104. A calibration resistor R527 is coupled to potentiometer R526 for calibrating the range of the potentiometer, and has a resistance of, for example, approximately 300 kΩ. Since the capacitor C522 charges through the potentiometer R526, the rate at which the capacitor C522 charges and thus the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMare representative of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104.
• Thedrive circuit530 comprises a diac532 (e.g., having a break-over voltage V_BRof approximately 32 volts) and twopulse transformers534A,534B. Thediac532 is coupled in series with the primary windings of the twopulse transformers534A,534B. The secondary windings of thepulse transformers534A,534B are coupled to respective capacitors C535A, C535B via respective zener diodes Z536A, Z536B (which each have a break-over voltage approximately equal to the nominal gate voltage V_N, i.e., approximately 9 V). The capacitors C535A, C535B are coupled to the gates of the FETs Q510A, Q510B via gate resistors R538A, R538B, respectively (e.g., having resistances of approximately 47 kW. The gate resistors R538A, R538B may alternatively have different resistances in order to change the duration of the switching times of the FETs Q510A, Q510B as is well known in the art.
• When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMexceeds approximately the break-over voltage V_BRof thediac532, the diac conducts a pulse of current (i.e., a firing current I_FIREas shown inFIG. 13) through the primary windings of thepulse transformers534A,534B causing secondary voltages V_SEC(e.g., approximately 9V) to be generated across the secondary windings of the pulse transformers. During the positive half cycles, the capacitor C535A charges from the secondary winding of thefirst pulse transformer534A through the zener diode Z536A to approximately the nominal gate voltage V_N(i.e., approximately 9 volts). Accordingly, the first gate voltage V_G1is driven high from approximately zero volts to the nominal gate voltage V_Nrendering the first FET Q510A conductive (as shown at time t₁inFIG. 14). At the beginning of the negative half cycles, the first FET Q510A is conductive, while the second FET Q510B is non-conductive. Since the body diode of the second FET Q510B is reversed biased at this time, thedimmer switch500 does not conduct the load current LOAD.
• During the negative half cycles, the firing current I_FIREhas a negative magnitude, thus causing the secondary voltages V_SECacross the secondary windings of thepulse transformers534A,534B to also have negative magnitudes. Accordingly, the zener diode Z536A is reverse-biased during the negative half cycles, causing the capacitor C535A to discharge through the zener diode Z536A, such that the voltage across the capacitor C535A is driven to approximately zero volts. As a result, the first gate voltage V_G1is driven low from the nominal gate voltage V_Nto approximately zero volts rendering the first FET Q510A non-conductive (as shown at time t₂inFIG. 14). In addition, the zener diode Z536B coupled to the secondary winding of thesecond pulse transformer534B is forward-biased in the negative half cycles, such that the capacitor C535B charges to approximately the nominal gate voltage V_Nand the second FET Q510B is rendered conductive during the negative half cycles (as shown at time t₂inFIG. 14). Accordingly, the FETs Q510A, Q510B are driven in a complementary manner, such that—at all times—at least one FET is conductive, while the other FET is non-conductive. As a result, the FETs Q510A, Q510B are driven to be conductive for approximately the period T_HCof a half cycle and non-conductive for the period T_HCof a half cycle.
• Thetiming circuit520 also comprises a diac528 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 64V) coupled to the potentiometer R526. Thediac528 provides voltage compensation by adjusting the voltage provided to the potentiometer R526 to compensate for variations in the AC line voltage V_ACprovided by theAC power source105. Thediac528 has a negative impedance transfer function, such that the voltage across the diac increases as the current through the diac decreases. Thus, as the voltage across the dimmer switch500 (i.e., between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH) decreases, the current through the resistor R524 and thediac528 decreases. As a result, the voltage across thediac528 increases, thus causing the current flowing through the potentiometer R526 to increase and the firing capacitor C522 to charge at a faster rate. This results in an increased conduction time T_CONof the FETs Q510A, Q510B during the present half cycle to compensate for the decreased voltage across thedimmer switch500, thereby maintaining the intensity of the LEDlight source104 constant.
• Thedrive circuit530 is characterized as having inherent shorted-FET protection. In the event that one of the FETs Q510A, Q510B fails shorted, thedrive circuit530 is operable to drive the other, non-shorted FET into full conduction, such that the load current I_LOADis not asymmetric. Asymmetric current can cause some types of lighting loads to overheat. For example, if the second FET Q510B fails shorted, the full AC waveform will be provided to theLED driver102 during the negative half cycles. Since there will be approximately zero volts produced across thedimmer switch500 during the negative half cycles when second FET Q510B is shorted, the capacitor C522 of thetiming circuit520 will not charge, thediac532 of the drive circuit330 will not conduct the pulse of the firing current I_FIRE, and the voltage across the capacitor C535A will not be driven to zero volts to render the first FET Q510A non-conductive during the negative half cycles. Accordingly, the first FET Q510A will remain conductive during both half cycles and the load current I_LOADwill be substantially symmetric. The second FET Q510B is controlled to be conductive in a similar manner if the first FET Q510A has failed shorted.
• Theovercurrent protection circuit540 comprises a sense resistor R542 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 0.015Ω). The sense resistor R542 is coupled between the sources of the FETs Q510A, Q510B, such that a voltage representative of the magnitude of the load current LOAD is generated across the sense resistor. The voltage generated across the sense resistor R542 is provided to the base of a first NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) Q544. The first transistor Q544 is coupled across the capacitor C535A and operates to protect the first FET Q510A in the event of an overcurrent condition during the positive half cycles. When the magnitude of the load current LOAD exceeds a predetermined current limit (e.g., approximately 46.6 amps) such that the voltage generated across the sense resistor R542 exceeds the rated base-emitter voltage (e.g., approximately 0.7 volts) of the first transistor Q544, the first transistor is rendered conductive. Accordingly, the first transistor Q544 pulls the first gate voltage V_G1at the gate of the first FET Q510A down towards zero volts, thus rendering the first FET non-conductive. Theovercurrent protection circuit540 further comprises a second NPN bipolar junction transistor Q546, which is coupled across the capacitor C535B and operates to protect the second FET Q510B during the negative half cycles. When the magnitude of the load current I_LOADexceeds the predetermined current limit, the second transistor Q546 is rendered conductive, thus pulling the second gate voltage V_G2at the gate of the second FET Q510B down towards zero volts and rendering the second FET non-conductive.
• FIG. 15 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch600 according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch600 comprises adrive limit circuit650, which is coupled in series with thediac532 and the primary windings of the twopulse transformers534A,534B of thedrive circuit530. Thedrive limit circuit650 operates to limit the number of times that thedrive circuit530 attempts to render the FETs Q510A, Q510B conductive during a specific half cycle. For example, if theovercurrent protection circuit540 renders one of the FETs Q510A, Q510B non-conductive, thedrive limit circuit650 prevents thedrive circuit530 from attempting to render the respective FET conductive again during the present half cycle.
• When the diac532 fires each half cycle, thedrive limit circuit650 conducts the firing current I_FIREand generates an offset voltage V_OFFSETacross a capacitor C652A during the positive half cycles and a capacitor C652B during the negative half cycles. The capacitor C452A charges through a diode D654A during the positive half cycles, and the capacitor C452B charges through a diode D654B during the negative half cycles. For example, the capacitors C652A, C652B may have capacitances of approximately 0.1 μF. Discharge resistors R656A, R656B are coupled in parallel with the capacitors C652A, C652B, respectively, and each have a resistance of, for example, approximately 33 kΩ. The drive limit circuit450 further comprises two zener diodes Z658A, Z658B coupled in anti-series connection and each having the same break-over voltage V_Z(e.g., approximately 40V). The zener diodes Z658A, Z658B are coupled to thetiming circuit520 to limit the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMto a clamp voltage V_CLAMP, i.e., approximately the break-over voltage V_Z, in both half cycles.
• At the beginning of a positive half cycle, the capacitor C652A of thedrive limit circuit540 has no charge, and thus, no voltage is developed across the capacitor. The timing voltage signal V_TIMincreases until the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMexceeds approximately the break-over voltage V_BRof thediac532. When the diac532 fires, the diode D654A and the capacitor C652A conduct pulse of the firing current I_FIREand the offset voltage V_OFFSET(e.g., approximately 12 volts) is developed across the capacitor C652A. After thediac532 has finished conducting the firing current I_FIRE, the voltage across the capacitor C522 decreases by approximately a break-back voltage (e.g., approximately 10 volts) of thediac532 to a predetermined voltage VP (e.g., approximately 22 volts). If theovercurrent protection circuit540 renders one of the FETs Q510A, Q510B non-conductive, the timing voltage signal V_TIMwill begin to increase again. The magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMmust exceed approximately the break-over voltage V_BRof thediac532 plus the offset voltage V_OFFSETacross the capacitor C652A (i.e., approximately 44 volts) in order for thediac532 to conduct the pulse of the firing current I_FIREonce again. However, because the zener diode Z658A limits the timing voltage V_TIMto the break-over voltage V_Z(i.e., approximately 40 volts), the timing voltage V_TIMis prevented from exceeding the voltage threshold V_TH. Accordingly, thedrive circuit530 is prevented from repeatedly attempting to render the FETs Q510A, Q510B conductive during each half cycle in the event of an overcurrent condition.
• The timing voltage V_TIMis prevented from exceeding the voltage threshold V_THuntil the voltage ΔV across the capacitor C652A decays to approximately the break-over voltage V_Zof the zener diode Z658A minus the break-over voltage V_BRof thediac532. The capacitor C652A discharges slowly through the discharge resistor R656A, such that the time required for the voltage ΔV across the capacitor C652A to decay to approximately the break-over voltage V_Zof the zener diode Z658A minus the break-over voltage V_BRof thediac532 is long enough such that thedrive circuit530 only attempts to render the FETs Q510A, Q510B conductive once during each half cycle. The voltage across the capacitor C652A decays to substantially zero volts during the negative half cycle such that the voltage across the capacitor C652A is substantially zero volts at the beginning of the next positive half cycle. The capacitor C652B, the diode D654B, the discharge resistor R656B, and the zener diode Z658B of thedrive limit circuit650 operate in a similar fashion during the negative half cycles. An example of thedrive limit circuit650 is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,031, issued Aug. 4, 2009, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING MULTIPLE ATTEMPTED FIRINGS OF A SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCH IN A LOAD CONTROL DEVICE, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• FIG. 16 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch700 according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch700 comprises adrive circuit730 that includes asingle pulse transformer734. Thepulse transformer734 has a single primary winding and secondary winding having atap connection734′. Thediac532 is coupled in series with the single primary winding of thepulse transformer734. The series combination of the zener diode Z536A and the capacitor C535A is coupled between one end of the secondary winding and thetap connection734′ of thepulse transformer734. The series combination of the diode Z536B and the capacitor C535B is coupled between the other end of the secondary winding and thetap connection734′ of thepulse transformer734. Thedrive circuit730 of the seventh embodiment operates to render the FETs Q510A, Q510B conductive and non-conductive in the same manner as thedrive circuit530 of the fifth embodiment.
• FIG. 17 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch800 according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch800 comprises a mechanical air-gap switch S814 and two FETs Q810A, Q810B coupled in anti-series connection between the hot terminal H and the dimmed hot terminal DH for control of the amount of power delivered to the connectedLED driver102. As in the fifth, sixth, and seventh embodiments, the FETs Q810A, Q810B have control inputs (i.e., gates) that receive respective gate voltages V_G1, V_G2for rendering the FETs conductive and non-conductive. The LEDlight source104 is off when the switch S814 is open, and is on when the switch is closed. Thedimmer switch800 comprises a control circuit that includes atiming circuit820 and apower supply880 and is operable to conduct a control current I_CNTLthrough theLED driver102. Thetiming circuit820 conducts a timing current I_TIMin order to generate a timing voltage V_TIM(as in the fifth embodiment). Thedimmer switch800 further comprises adrive circuit830 for rendering the FETs810A, Q810B conductive and non-conductive in response to the timing voltage V_TIMand anovercurrent protection circuit860 for rendering the FETs810A, Q810B non-conductive in response to an overcurrent condition through the FETs.
• Thepower supply880 generates a DC supply voltage V_S(e.g., approximately 14.4 volts) for powering thedrive circuit830 and theovercurrent protection circuit860. Thepower supply880 conducts a charging current I_CHRGthrough theLED driver102 when thedimmer switch800 is not conducting the load current I_LOADto the LED driver and the magnitude of the voltage developed across the dimmer switch is approximately equal to the magnitude of the AC line voltage V_AC. The control current I_CNTLconducted through theLED driver102 is approximately equal to the sum of the timing current I_TIMof thetiming circuit820 and the charging current I_CHRGof thepower supply880.
• Thepower supply880 comprises a diode D881 coupled to the hot terminal H (via the switch S814), such that thepower supply880 only charges during the positive half cycles of theAC power source105. Thepower supply880 includes a pass-transistor circuit that operates to generate the supply voltage V_Sacross a capacitor C882 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 10 μF). The pass-transistor circuit comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q883, a resistor R884 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 220Ω), a resistor R885 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 470 kΩ), and a zener diode Z886. The capacitor C882 is coupled to the emitter of the transistor Q883, such that the capacitor is able to charge through the transistor. The zener diode Z886 is coupled to the base of the transistor Q883 and has a break-over voltage of, for example, approximately 15V, such that the capacitor C882 is able to charge to a voltage equal to approximately the break-over voltage minus the base-emitter drop of the transistor.
• Thepower supply880 further comprises snap-on circuit including a PNP bipolar junction transistor Q887, a resistor R888 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 22 kΩ), and a zener diode Z889. The resistor R888 and the zener diode Z889 are coupled in series with the base of the transistor Q887, and the collector of the transistor Q887 is coupled to a capacitor C890. The zener diode Z889 has a break-over voltage of, for example, approximately 12 V, such that the voltage across the capacitor C882 is coupled across the capacitor C890 when the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor C882 exceeds approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z889 plus the emitter-base drop of the transistor Q887. When the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor C882 drops below approximately the break-over voltage of the zener diode Z889 plus the emitter-base drop of the transistor Q887, the voltage across the capacitor C882 is disconnected from the capacitor C890, such that the supply voltage V_Swill drop to approximately circuit common (i.e., approximately zero volts).
• Thetiming circuit820 conducts the timing current I_TIMand generates the timing voltage V_TIMacross a capacitor C822 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 0.047 μF). The capacitor C822 charges from theAC power source105 through resistors R824, R825 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 27 kΩ and 10 kΩ, respectively) and a potentiometer R826 (e.g., having a resistance ranging from approximately 0 kΩ to 300 kΩ). A calibration potentiometer R827 is coupled across the potentiometer R826 and has, for example, a resistance ranging from approximately 0 to 500 kΩ. Thetiming circuit820 further comprises adiac828, which has a break-over voltage of, for example, approximately 64V, and operates to provide voltage compensation for the timing circuit (in a similar manner as thediac528 of thetiming circuit520 of the fifth embodiment).
• Thedrive circuit830 generates the gate voltages V_G1, V_G2for rendering the FETs Q810A, Q810B conductive and non-conductive on a complementary basis in response to the timing voltage V_TIMof thetiming circuit820. Thedrive circuit830 comprises a diac832 (e.g., having a break-over voltage of approximately 32 volts), a resistor R834 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 680Ω), and two optocouplers U835A, U835B. When the magnitude of the timing voltage V_TIMexceeds approximately the break-over voltage of thediac832, the diac conducts a firing current I_FIREthrough the input photodiode of the first optocoupler U835A during the positive half cycles, and through the input photodiode of the second optocoupler U835B during the negative half cycles. Accordingly, the output phototransistor of the first optocoupler U835A is rendered conductive during the positive half cycles, and the output phototransistor of the second optocoupler U835B is rendered conductive during the negative half cycles. The output phototransistors of the optocouplers U835A, U835B are between the supply voltage V_Sand circuit common through respective resistors R836, R838, which each have resistances of, for example, approximately 4.7 kΩ.
• The output phototransistors of the optocouplers U835A, U835B are also coupled to set-reset (SR) latches U840A, U840B, U840C, U840D, which operate to generate the gate voltages V_G1, V_G2and to thus render the FETs Q810A, Q810B conductive and non-conductive on the complementary basis. For example, the SR latches U840A, U840B, U840C, U840D may be implemented as part of a single integrated circuit (IC), which may be powered by the supply voltage V_S. As shown inFIG. 17, the output phototransistor of the first optocoupler U835A is coupled to the set input of the first SR latch U840A and to the reset input of the second SR latch U840B. The output phototransistor of the second optocoupler U835B is coupled to the set input of the second SR latch U840B and to the reset input of the first SR latch U840A. The output of the first SR latch U840A is coupled to the gate of the first FET Q810A and the output of the second SR latch U840B is coupled to the gate of the second FET Q810B through respective resistors R842, R852, which each have a resistance of, for example, approximately 47 kΩ.
• When the output phototransistor of the first optocoupler U835A is rendered conductive during the positive half cycles, the output of the first SR latch U840A is driven high towards the supply voltage V_S(thus rendering the first FET Q810A conductive), while the output of the second SR latch U840B is driven low towards circuit common (thus rendering the second FET Q810B non-conductive). Similarly, when the output phototransistor of the second optocoupler U835B is rendered conductive during the negative half cycles, the output of the second SR latch U840B is driven high towards the supply voltage V_S(thus rendering the second FET Q810B conductive), while the output of the first SR latch U840A is driven low towards circuit common (thus rendering the first FET Q810A non-conductive). Since the set input of the first SR latch U840A is coupled to the reset input of the second SR latch U840B, and the set input of the second SR latch is coupled to the reset input of the first SR latch, the FETs Q810A, Q810B are driven in a complementary manner (as in the fifth embodiment), such that one of the FETs is conductive, while the other FET is non-conductive.
• Theovercurrent protection circuit860 is coupled to the set inputs of the third and fourth SR latches U840C, U840D for rendering the FETs Q810A, Q810B non-conductive in the event of an overcurrent condition through the FETs. The output of the third SR latch U840C is coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q844 via a resistor R846 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 18 kΩ). The collector of the transistor Q844 is coupled to the gate of the first FET Q810A via a resistor R848 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 330Ω). Thedrive circuit830 comprises a similar circuit for coupling the output of the fourth SR latch U840D to the gate of the second FET Q810B.
• Theovercurrent protection circuit860 comprises a sense resistor R870 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 0.015Ω). The sense resistor R870 is coupled in series between the FETs Q810A, Q810B, and circuit common is referenced to one side of the sense resistor (as shown inFIG. 12), such that the magnitude of the voltage generated across the sense resistor is proportional to the magnitude of the load current I_LOAD. The sense resistor R870 is coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q861 via a resistor R862 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 2.2 kW. A resistor R863 is coupled between the base and the emitter of the transistor Q861 and has a resistance of, for example, approximately 4.7 kΩ. The emitter of the transistor Q861 is coupled to circuit common and the collector is coupled to the supply voltage V_Svia two resistors R864, R865 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 18 kΩ and 4.7 kΩ, respectively). The junction of the resistors R864, R865 is coupled to the base of a PNP bipolar junction transistor Q866. The emitter of the transistor Q866 is coupled to the supply voltage V_Sand the collector is coupled to circuit common through a resistor R867 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 510Ω). The collector of the transistor Q866 is coupled to the set input of the third SR latch U840C for rendering the first FET Q810A non-conductive in the event of overcurrent conditions during the positive half cycles. Theovercurrent protection circuit860 comprises a similar circuit (including transistors Q871, Q876, and resistors R872, R873, R874, R875, R877) for rendering the second FET Q810B non-conductive in the event of overcurrent conditions during the negative half cycles.
• In the event of an overcurrent condition during a positive half cycle, theovercurrent protection circuit860 drives the set input of the third SR latch U840C high towards the supply voltage V_S. Thus, the transistor Q844 is rendered conductive pulling the gate voltage V_G1down towards circuit common and rendering the first FET Q810A non-conductive. The output phototransistor of the second optocoupler U835B is coupled to the reset input of the third SR latch U840C, such that the overcurrent protection is reset during the next half cycle (i.e., the negative half cycle). Specifically, when the output phototransistor of the second optocoupler U835B is rendered conductive during the negative half cycles, the reset input of the third SR latch U840C latch is driven high towards the supply voltage V_S, thus rendering the transistor Q844 non-conductive and allowing the first SR latch U840A to control the first FET Q810A. Similarly, theovercurrent protection circuit860 drives the set input of the fourth SR latch U840D high towards the supply voltage V_S, thus rendering the second FET Q810B non-conductive in the event of an overcurrent condition during a negative half cycle. The reset input of the fourth SR latch U840D is driven high when the output phototransistor of the first optocoupler U835A is rendered conductive during the positive half cycles, thus allowing the second SR latch U840B to once again control the second FET Q810B.
• FIG. 18 is a simplified schematic diagram of a “smart”dimmer switch900 that offers advanced features and functionality to a user according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 18, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 of thedimmer switch900 of the ninth embodiment is implemented as thetriac110′ that is driven by thegate coupling circuit350 having two anti-series-connected FETs Q352a, Q352B (as in thedimmer switch300 of the third embodiment). Thedimmer switch900 comprises an air-gap switch S912 that may be actuated by an air-gap actuator (not shown) to allow for an air-gap disconnect between theAC power source105 and the high-efficiency lighting load101 when servicing the high-efficiency lighting load. The air-gap switch S912 is not the primary means for toggling theLED light source104 on and off as will be described in greater detail below. An example of a smart dimmer switch is described in greater detail in previously-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,919.
• Thedimmer switch900 comprises adigital control circuit915 having amicroprocessor930 for generating a drive voltage V_DR(which is the same as the drive voltage V_DR-INVof the third embodiment shown inFIG. 7). Alternatively, themicroprocessor930 may be implemented as a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable controller or processing device. In addition, thetriac110′ of thedimmer switch900 could alternatively be driven by the opto-coupler U152 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment. Further, thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 of thedimmer switch900 of the ninth embodiment could alternatively be implemented as two FETs in anti-series connection that are simultaneously controlled to be conductive and non-conductive (i.e., in a similar manner as the FETs Q210A, Q210B of thedimmer switch200 of the second embodiment).
• Thedigital control circuit915 also comprises apower supply920 operable to conduct a charging current I_CHRGthrough theLED driver102 in order to generate a DC supply voltage V_CC. For example, thepower supply920 may comprise a pass-transistor circuit (as in thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment shown inFIG. 4) or any suitable power supply that does not draw a large charging current through theLED driver102. Thedigital control circuit915 comprises a voltage divider having two resistors R934, R935 for generating a scaled voltage V_SCALEDhaving a magnitude suitable to be provided to themicroprocessor930. The scaled voltage V_SCALEDis representative of the voltage developed across thebidirectional semiconductor switch110. Themicroprocessor930 may have an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for sampling the scaled voltage V_SCALED, such that themicroprocessor930 is operable to determine the zero-crossings of the phase control voltage V_PCin response to the voltage developed across thebidirectional semiconductor switch110.
• Thedigital control circuit915 further comprises a toggle tactile switch S_TOGGLE, a raise tactile switch S_RAISE, and a lower tactile switch S_LOWERfor receiving user inputs. The toggle tactile switch S_TOGGLEmay be mechanically coupled to a toggle actuator or push button. The raise and lower switches S_RAISE, S_LOWERmay be mechanically coupled to, for example, separate raise and lower buttons, respectively, or to a rocker switch having an upper portion and a lower portion. The toggle switch S_TOGGLEis coupled in series with a resistor R936 between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common, and generates a toggle control signal V_TOGGLE. The raise switch S_RAISEis coupled in series with a resistor R938 between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common, and generates a raise control signal V_RAISE. The lower switch S_LOWERis coupled in series with a resistor R938 between the supply voltage V_CCand circuit common, and generates a lower control signal V_LOWER. The toggle control signal V_TOGGLE, the raise control signal V_RAISE, and the lower control signal V_LOWERare received by themicroprocessor930. Themicroprocessor930 is operable to toggle theLED light source104 on and off in response to subsequent actuations of the toggle switch S_TOGGLE. Themicroprocessor930 is operable to increase the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 in response to actuations of the raise switch S_RAISEand to decrease the target intensity L_TRGTin response to actuations of the lower switch S_LOWER. Alternatively, thedigital control circuit915 could comprise a potentiometer for generating a DC voltage that is representative of the desired intensity of the LEDlight source104 and varies, for example, in magnitude in response to the position of an intensity adjustment actuator of the dimmer switch900 (i.e., similar to the potentiometer R144 and theintensity adjustment actuator118 of thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment).
• In addition, thedimmer switch900 may comprise a visual display (not shown), such as, a linear array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), for displaying feedback to a user of thedimmer switch900. For example, themicroprocessor930 may illuminate one of the LEDs to display a visual representation of the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104. When the LEDlight source104 is off, themicroprocessor930 may illuminate the LEDs dimly to provide a nightlight feature. One of the LEDs may be illuminated to a greater intensity to display the target intensity L_TRGTto which themicroprocessor930 will control theLED light source104 when the LED light source is turned back on. The nightlight feature is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,940, issued Mar. 21, 1995, entitled LIGHTING INDICATING DEVICE HAVING PLURAL ILLUMINATING ELEMENTS WITH ALL SUCH ELEMENTS BEING ILLUMINATED WITH ONE BEING GREATER THAN THE OTHERS, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Further, themicroprocessor930 of thedimmer switch900 may alternatively be operable to receive a digital message from a wired or wireless signal receiver. For example, thedigital control circuit915 of thedimmer switch900 may comprise a radio-frequency (RF) communication circuit (not shown), e.g., an RF transceiver, and an antenna (not shown), for transmitting and receiving RF signals. Themicroprocessor930 may be operable to control thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 in response to the digital messages received via the RF signals. Themicroprocessor930 and the RF transceiver are both able to be put in a sleep mode (i.e., low-power mode) to conserve battery power. During the sleep mode, the RF transceiver is operable to wake up periodically to sample (e.g., listen) for RF energy at a sampling period T_SAMPLE. In the event that the RF transceiver does detect the presence of any RF signals106, the RF transceiver is operable to wake up themicroprocessor930, such that the microprocessor can begin processing the received RF signal. Each time that themicroprocessor930 wakes up, additional power is consumed by the microprocessor (since the microprocessor is fully powered when awake). Alternatively, the RF communication circuit of thedimmer switch900 may simply comprise an RF receiver or an RF transmitter for only receiving or transmitting RF signals, respectively. Examples of RF load control devices and antennas for wall-mounted load control devices are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,103, issued Nov. 9, 1999, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,285, issued Apr. 22, 2008, both entitled COMPACT RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA AND CONTROL DEVICE EMPLOYING SAME, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/415,537, filed Mar. 8, 2012, entitled LOW-POWER RADIO-FREQUENCY RECEIVER, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• FIG. 19 is a simplified flowchart of aswitch procedure1000 executed by themicroprocessor930 in response to an actuation of one of the raise switch S_RAISEor the lower switch S_LOWERat step1010 (i.e., if either of the raise control signal V_RAISEand the lower control signal V_LOWERare pulled down to circuit common). If the raise switch S_RAISEis actuated atstep1012, themicroprocessor930 increases the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 atstep1014 by decreasing a firing time T_FIRE(which is approximately equal to the non-conduction time T_NCshown inFIGS. 3A and 3B). If the lower switch S_LOWERis actuated atstep1016, themicroprocessor930 decreases the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104 by increasing the firing time T_FIREatstep1018, before thebutton procedure1000 exits.
• FIG. 20 is a simplified flowchart of acontrol procedure1100 periodically executed by the microprocessor930 (e.g., every 100 μsec) to sample the scaled voltage V_SCALEDand generate the drive voltage V_DR. First, themicroprocessor930 samples the scaled voltage V_SCALEDusing the ADC atstep1110. Atstep1112, themicroprocessor930 determines if the scaled voltage V_SCALEDis increasing in magnitude and if the present sample is greater than the previous sample in order to detect a positive-going transition of the scaled voltage V_SCALEDacross a zero-crossing threshold. If themicroprocessor930 detects a positive-going transition across the zero-crossing threshold atstep1112 and a RESET flag is set atstep1114, themicroprocessor930 clears the RESET flag atstep1116. Themicroprocessor930 then initializes a timer to zero and starts the timer increasing in value with respect to time atstep1118, before thecontrol procedure1100 exits. If the RESET flag is not set atstep1114, themicroprocessor930 does not restart the timer atstep1118.
• If the timer is equal to the firing time T_FIREatstep1120, themicroprocessor930 drives the drive voltage V_DRlow to approximately circuit common to render thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 conductive atstep1122, and thecontrol procedure1100 exits. If the time is equal to a total time T_TOTALatstep1124, themicroprocessor930 drives the drive voltage V_DRhigh to approximately the supply voltage V_CCto render thebidirectional semiconductor switch110 non-conductive atstep1126. The total time T_TOTALmay be equal to the fixed amount of time T_TIMthat thetiming circuit130 generates the timing voltage V_TIMin thedimmer switch100 of the first embodiment (i.e., approximately 7.5 msec). Atstep1128, themicroprocessor930 sets the RESET flag atstep1128, and thecontrol procedure1100 exits. The RESET flag allows themicroprocessor930 to ensure that the timer is not restarted until after the total time T_TOTAL.
• FIG. 21 is a simplified schematic diagram of adimmer switch1200 according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch1200 includes agate coupling circuit1250 having two FETs Q1252A, Q1252B coupled in anti-series connection between the gate and a first one of the main load terminals of thetriac110′ (e.g., the hot terminal H of the dimmer switch). The sources of the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B are coupled together through two resistors R1253, R1254 (e.g., each having a resistance of approximately 5.6Ω), where the junction of the two resistors R1253, R1254 is coupled to circuit common.
• Thedimmer switch1200 comprises adigital control circuit1215 having amicroprocessor1230 that is responsive to actuators1236 (e.g., such as the toggle tactile switch S_TOGGLE, the raise tactile switch S_RAISE, and the lower tactile switch S_LOWERof the ninth embodiment). Thedigital control circuit1215 comprises a zero-cross detectcircuit1234 that generates a zero-cross voltage V_ZCthat is representative of the zero-crossings of the AC line voltage. Thedigital control circuit1215 also comprises apower supply1220 operable to conduct a charging current I_CHRGthrough theLED driver102 for generating a first DC supply voltage V_CC1(e.g., approximately 8 volts) for driving the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B and a second DC supply voltage V_CC2(e.g., approximately 4 volts) for powering themicroprocessor1230. Both of the first and second DC supply voltages V_CC1, V_CC2are referenced to circuit common and thepower supply1220 conducts the charging current I_CHRGthrough circuit common. For example, thepower supply1220 may comprise a resistor-zener power supply for generating the first DC supply voltage V_CC1and a high-efficiency switching power supply for generating the second DC supply voltage V_CC2. Alternatively, thepower supply1220 may comprise one or more linear regulators, or other suitable power supply, in addition to any combination of linear regulators, switching power supplies, and resistor-zener power supplies.
• Thegate coupling circuit1250 of the tenth embodiment is very similar to thegate coupling circuit350 of the third embodiment. However, thegate coupling circuit1250 of the tenth embodiment comprises first and secondgate drive circuits1260,1270 that allow for independent control the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B. Themicroprocessor1230 generates two drive voltages V_DR1, V_DR2that are received by the respectivegate drive circuits1260,1270 for rendering the respective FETs Q1252A, Q1252B conductive and non-conductive, such that thetriac110′ may be rendered conductive to conduct the load current I_LOADto theLED driver102. Thedimmer switch1200 comprises a resistor R1258, which has a resistance of, for example, approximately 90.9Ω and is coupled between the gate and one of the main load terminals of thetriac110′ (e.g., to the dimmed hot terminal DH of the dimmer switch).
• In addition, thedimmer switch1200 comprises acontrollable switching circuit1280 coupled in series with the anti-series-connected FETs Q1252A, Q1252B and the gate of thetriac110′. Themicroprocessor1230 generates a switch control voltage V_SWfor rendering thecontrollable switching circuit1280 conductive and non-conductive. When thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is conductive, the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B are able to conduct a gate current I_Gthrough the gate of thetriac110′ to render the triac conductive. Themicroprocessor1230 is operable to disconnect the gate of thetriac110′ from the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B before the end of each half-cycle of the AC line voltage, such that the triac is able to commutate off before the end of the half-cycle. However, the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B may conduct the load current I_LOADto theLED driver102 after thetriac110′ and before the end of the present half-cycle, as will be described in greater detail below.
• FIG. 22 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of thedimmer switch1200 showing the first and secondgate drive circuits1260,1270 and thecontrollable switching circuit1280 in greater detail. The firstgate drive circuit1260 comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1261 having a base that receives the first drive voltage V_DR1via a resistor R1262 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 200 kΩ). The collector of the transistor Q1261 is coupled to the first DC supply voltage V_CC1through a resistor R1263 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 200 kΩ), and to the base of another NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1264. The collector-emitter junction of the transistor Q1264 is coupled in series with a diode D1265 and the collector-emitter junction of another NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1266. The base of the transistor Q1266 is coupled to the first DC supply voltage V_CC1through a resistor R1267 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 200 kΩ) and to the collector of the transistor Q1266. The junction of the transistor Q1266 and the diode D1265 is coupled to the gate of the first FET Q1252A through a gate resistor R1268 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 47Ω).
• When the first drive voltage V_DR1is low (i.e., at approximately circuit common), the transistor Q1261 is non-conductive, such that the base of the transistor Q1265 is pulled up towards the first DC supply voltage V_CC1. Accordingly, the transistor Q1265 is rendered conductive, pulling the base of the transistor Q1266 and the gate of the first FET Q1252A down towards circuit common, such that the FET is non-conductive. However, when the first drive voltage V_DR1is high (i.e., at approximately the first DC supply voltage V_CC1), the transistor Q1261 becomes conductive, such that the transistor Q1265 is rendered non-conductive. Thus, the transistor Q1266 becomes conductive and the gate of the first FET Q1252A is driven up towards the first DC supply voltage V_CC1, such that the FET is rendered conductive. The secondgate drive circuit1270 has an identical structure and operation for rendering the second FET Q1252B conductive and non-conductive in response to the second drive voltage V_DR2.
• Thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is coupled between the anti-series-connected FETs Q1252A, Q1252B and the gate of thetriac110′ and is responsive to the switch control voltage V_SWfrom themicroprocessor1230. The gate of thetriac110′ is coupled to one of the main terminals through the parallel combination of a capacitor C1290 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 0.1 μF) and a resistor R1292 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 47Ω). Thecontrollable switching circuit1280 includes a full-wave rectifier bridge comprises four diodes D1281-D1284. The AC terminals of the rectifier bridge are coupled in series with the gate of thetriac110′, while an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1285 is coupled across the DC terminals of the rectifier bridge. Thecontrollable switching circuit1280 also comprises an optocoupler U1286 having an output phototransistor that is coupled in series with a resistor R1287 across the DC terminals of the bridge. For example, the resistor R1287 may have a resistance of approximately 150 kΩ. The switch control voltage V_SWis coupled to the input photodiode of the optocoupler U1286 via a resistor R1288 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 10 kΩ). When the switch control voltage V_SWis low, the output phototransistor of the optocoupler U1286 is non-conductive, such that the transistor Q1285 is non-conductive (i.e., thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is non-conductive). However, when the switch control-voltage V_SWis high, the output phototransistor of the optocoupler U1286 is rendered conductive, such that the transistor Q1285 is conductive (i.e., thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is conductive and the gate of thetriac110′ is coupled to the anti-series-connected FETs Q1252A, Q1252B).
• FIG. 23 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of thedimmer switch1200 according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention. Themicroprocessor1230 is operable to determine the zero-crossing of the AC line voltage at time t₁in response to the zero-cross voltage V_ZCgenerated by the zero-cross detectcircuit1234. At the beginning of each half-cycle, the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B are rendered non-conductive, such that the first FET Q1252A blocks current during the positive half-cycles and the second FET Q1252B blocks current during the negative half-cycles. Themicroprocessor1230 drives both of the drive voltages V_DR1, V_DR2high at the same time, such that the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B are operable to conduct the gate current I_Gthrough the gate of thetriac110′ to render the triac conductive at the desired phase angle (e.g., at time t₃as shown inFIG. 23).
• During the positive half-cycles, themicroprocessor1230 drives the second drive voltage V_DR2low at time t₅before the end of the half-cycle (i.e., at time t₆inFIG. 23), such that the second FET Q1252B will be non-conductive and ready to block current at the beginning of the negative half-cycle. After the second drive voltage V_DR2is driven low at time t₅, the second FET Q1252B is operable to conduct current through its body diode until the end of the half-cycle. Themicroprocessor1230 drives the first drive voltage V_DR1low after the end of the half-cycle at time t₇, such that the first FET Q1252A remains conductive until the end of the present positive half-cycle. Similarly, during the negatives half-cycles, themicroprocessor1230 drives the first drive voltage V_DR1low before the end of the half-cycle and drives the second drive voltage V_DR2low after the end of the half-cycle.
• Themicroprocessor1230 drives the switch control voltage V_SWhigh (e.g., at time t₂as shown inFIG. 23) to cause thecontrollable switching circuit1280 to become conductive) prior to rendering the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B conductive, for example, approximately 40 μsec before the time t₃when the FETs are rendered conductive. If the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B allow the gate of thetriac110′ to conduct the gate current I_Gtoo close to the end of the half-cycle, thetriac110′ may mistakenly be rendered conductive at the beginning of the next half-cycle, which could cause the triac to be conductive for the entire next half-cycle and thus cause flicker in the LEDlight source104. Therefore, themicroprocessor1230 drives the switch control voltage V_SWlow (e.g., at time t₄inFIG. 23) to cause thecontrollable switching circuit1280 to become non-conductive before the end of the present half-cycle, e.g., approximately 600-1000 μsec before the end of the half-cycle (i.e., at time t₆inFIG. 23). Since thecontrollable switching circuit1280 becomes non-conductive before the end of the half-cycle, thetriac110′ is able to commutate off when the magnitude of the load current I_LOADdrops below the rated holding current of the triac. Thetriac110′ cannot be rendered conductive again during the present half-cycle and will remain non-conductive at the beginning of the next half-cycle. If theLED driver102 needs to conduct current after thetriac110′ commutates off, the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B are able to conduct the load current LOAD. Accordingly, thedimmer switch1200 is able to conduct current through theLED driver102 independent of the rated holding current of thetriac110′ and without driving thetriac110′ too close to the next half-cycle.
• Thus, as described above, the gate current I_Gis able to be conducted through a first current path comprising thecontrollable switching circuit1280 and the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B of thegate coupling circuit1250 between the firing time t₃and a transition time before the end of the half-cycle, e.g., at time t₄when thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is rendered non-conductive. In addition, the load current I_LOADis able to be conducted through a second current path comprising the resistor R1258 and the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B of thegate coupling circuit1250 when thetriac110′ commutates off near the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₄when thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is rendered non-conductive) until the end of the half-cycle.
• Thedimmer switch1200 comprises two independently-controllable paths for the load current I_LOADto flow. Specifically, thedimmer switch1200 comprises a first load-current path having a latching behavior (e.g., thetriac110′) that is able to conduct the load current I_LOADbetween the firing time t₃until the triac commutates off near the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₄). Thedimmer switch1200 comprises a second load-current path (e.g., the series combination of the resistor R1258 and the FETs Q1252A, Q1252B of the gate coupling circuit1250) that is able to conduct the load current I_LOADwhen thetriac110′ commutates off near and prior to the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₄when thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is rendered non-conductive) until the end of the half-cycle, thereby ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted path for the load current I_LOADto flow through the duration of the desired conduction time in each half-cycle of the AC power source. The second load-current path may be characterized in having a non-latching behavior, such that conduction of current through the second load-current path may be started and stopped in response to one or more control signals (e.g., the drive voltages V_DR1, V_DR2).
• Since thedimmer switch1200 comprises themicroprocessor1230, the dimmer switch may offer advanced features and functionality to a user of the dimmer switch. The user may be able adjust the features and functionality of thedimmer switch1200 using, for example, an advanced programming mode. Themicroprocessor1230 may be operable to enter the advanced programming mode in response to one or more actuations of theactuators1236. For example, the user may adjust the low-end intensity L_IEand the high-end intensity L_REbetween which themicroprocessor1230 may control the target intensity L_TRGTof the LEDlight source104. A dimmer switch having an advanced programming mode is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,125, issued Mar. 13, 2007, entitled PROGRAMMABLE WALLBOX DIMMER, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In addition, the user may cause thedimmer switch1200 to enter a low-power mode using the advanced programming mode, i.e., in response to one or more actuations of theactuators1236. In the low-power mode, themicroprocessor1230 may disable one or more of the electrical circuits of the dimmer switch1200 (i.e., loads of the power supply1220) to decrease the amount of current conducted through theLED driver102 when theLED light source104 is off. For example, themicroprocessor1230 may be operable to turn off the LEDs, such that thedimmer switch1200 does not provide the nightlight feature when theLED light source104 is off. Further, themicroprocessor1230 may be operable to disable the RF communication circuit when theLED light source104 is off. Alternatively, themicroprocessor1230 could increase the sampling period T_SAMPLE, such that the RF communication circuit wakes up less often to sample for RF energy and thus consumes less power.
• FIG. 24 is a simplified block diagram of asmart dimmer switch1300 according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch1300 is very similar to thedimmer switch1200 of the tenth embodiment. However, thedimmer switch1300 has an earth ground terminal GND that is adapted to be coupled to earth ground. The zero-crossing detector1234 and thepower supply1220 of thedimmer switch1300 are coupled between the hot terminal H and the earth ground terminal GND (rather than the dimmed hot terminal DH). Accordingly, thepower supply1220 conducts the charging current I_CHRGthrough the earth ground terminal GND (rather than the LED driver102).
• The smartdimmer switches900,1200,1300 of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh embodiments could alternatively comprise analog dimmer switches, e.g., dimmer switches having the mechanical air-gap switch S112 coupled to therocker switch116 for turning theLED light source104 on and off and anintensity adjustment actuator118 for adjusting the intensity of the LEDlight source104 as in the first through eighth embodiments. Themicroprocessors930,1230 of thedimmer switches900,1200,1300 of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh embodiments would simply be unpowered when the mechanical air-gap switch S112 is open.
• FIG. 25 is a simplified block diagram of a load control device, e.g., anelectronic switch1400, according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention. Theelectronic switch1400 comprises a single actuator1436 (e.g., a toggle actuator) for simply turning theLED light source104 on and off (i.e., the electronic switch does not comprise an intensity adjustment actuator). Alternatively, theelectronic switch1400 may comprise a first actuator for turning theLED light source104 on and a second actuator for turning the LED light source off. Theelectronic switch1400 comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge1414 having four diodes D1414A, D1414B, D1414C, D1414D. Therectifier bridge1414 has AC terminals coupled in series between a hot terminal H and a switched hot terminal SH, and DC terminals for providing the rectified voltage V_RECTto adigital control circuit1415. Thedigital control circuit1415 comprises amicroprocessor1430 that is responsive to theactuator1436, as well as a zero-cross voltage V_ZCgenerated by a zero-cross detectcircuit1434. Themicroprocessor1430 generates an on-state control signal V_ONthat is representative of the state of the LEDlight source104 for controlling thetriac110′ as will be described in greater detail below. Specifically, themicroprocessor1430 drives the on-state control signal V_ONlow to control theLED light source104 off and high to control theLED light source104 on.
• Thedigital control circuit1415 is coupled to the gate of thetriac110′ via agate coupling circuit1450. Thegate coupling circuit1450 comprises a single MOS-gated transistor, e.g., a FET Q1452, inside of a full-wave rectifier bridge that includes diodes D1456A-D1456D (as well as the diode D1414D). Specifically, the full-wave rectifier bridge has AC terminals coupled in series between the hot terminal H and the gate of thetriac110′ and DC terminals coupled across the series-combination of the FET Q1452 and a resistor R1454 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 3.92Ω). Thegate coupling circuit1450 receives a drive voltage V_DRfrom thedigital control circuit1415, and the drive voltage V_DRis coupled to the gate of the FET Q1452 via agate drive circuit1460. When the FET Q1452 is rendered conductive, a gate current I_Gmay be conducted through the FET Q1452, the resistor R1454, the diodes D1456A, D1456D, and the gate of thetriac110′ during the positive half-cycles to render the triac conductive. During the negative half-cycles, the gate current I_Gmay be conducted through the gate of thetriac110′, the FET Q1452, the resistor R1454, and the diodes D1456B, D1456C and the diode D1414D. While not shown as such inFIG. 25, the diode D1456B may comprise four diodes coupled in series to ensure that the diode D1456D is forward biased during the positive half-cycles.
• The resistor R1454 forms a constant current source with the FET Q1452, such that the gate current I_Gconducted through the gate of thetriac110′ has a constant magnitude. If the resistor R1454 was not included in thegate coupling circuit1450, the magnitude of the gate current I_Gwould be dependent upon the on-resistance R_DS-ONof the FET Q1452 and would be greater in magnitude than when the resistor R1454 was included in thegate coupling circuit1450, thus requiring FET Q1452 to be capable of conducting larger magnitudes of current. Therefore, the resistor R1454 ensures that the gate current I_Ghas a constant and relatively low magnitude that does not put unnecessary stress on thetriac110′, the FET Q1452 and the other components ofgate coupling circuit1450.
• Thedigital control circuit1415 also comprises an on-state power supply1420 and an off-state power supply1422 that are both operable to generate a first DC supply voltage V_CC1(e.g., approximately 8 volts) across a first capacitor C1424 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 1000 μF) and a second DC supply voltage V_CC2(e.g., approximately 3.3 volts) across a second capacitor C1426 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 47 μF). Thedigital control circuit1415 further comprises a boosting power supply, e.g., acharge pump circuit1428, which receives the first DC supply voltage V_CC1and generates a third boosted DC supply voltage V_CC3(e.g., approximately 15 volts) for driving the FET Q1452 of thegate coupling circuit1450. The off-state power supply1422 conducts an off-state charging current I_CHRG-OFFto generate the first and second DC supply voltages V_CC1, V_CC2when theelectronic switch1400 is non-conductive and the LEDlight source104 is off. The off-state power supply1422 may comprise, for example, a high-efficiency switching converter, such as a buck switching power supply. The on-state power supply1420 conducts an on-state charging current I_CHRG-ONto generate the first and second DC supply voltages V_CC1, V_CC2when theelectronic switch1400 is conductive and the LEDlight source104 is on. The on-state power supply1420 will be described in greater detail below with reference toFIG. 26.
• Thedigital control circuit1415 further comprises an analog drivevoltage control circuit1440 for generating the drive voltage V_DRin response to themicroprocessor1430 and the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1. The drivevoltage control circuit1440 comprises acomparator1442, which compares the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1to a reference voltage V_REF(e.g., approximately 8 volts) and generates a power-supply override control signal V_PSO. The drivevoltage control circuit1440 further comprises an ANDlogic gate1444 that receives the on-state control signal V_ONfrom themicroprocessor1430 and the power-supply override control signal V_PSOfrom thecomparator1442, and generates the drive voltage V_DR. Thecomparator1442 and the ANDgate1444 may each be implemented as an integrated circuit or a circuit having discrete parts.
• When the LEDlight source104 is off and the on-state control signal V_ON, the ANDgate1444 controls the drive voltage V_DRlow, such that thetriac110′ is non-conductive and the off-state power supply1422 generates the first and second DC supply voltage V_CC1, V_CC2. When the LEDlight source104 is on, the on-state power supply1420 generates the first and second DC supply voltage V_CC1, V_CC2and is operable to override the on-state control signal V_ONgenerated by themicroprocessor1430, to thus maintain thetriac110′ non-conductive to allow the first DC supply voltage V_CC1to increase to the reference voltage V_REF. Specifically, if the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1is less than the reference voltage V_REFwhen thetriac110′ is non-conductive at the beginning of a half-cycle, thecomparator1442 drives the power-supply override control signal V_PSOlow, such that the ANDgate1444 also drives the drive voltage V_DRlow, thus maintaining thetriac110′ non-conductive. Since thetriac110′ is non-conductive and there is voltage developed across the on-state power supply1442, the on-state power supply1420 is able to charge the first capacitor C1424 while the drive voltage V_DRis low. When the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1rises above the reference voltage V_REF, thecomparator1442 drives the power-supply override control signal V_PSOhigh and the ANDgate1444 drives the drive voltage V_DRhigh, thus rendering thetriac110′ conductive.
• FIG. 26 is a simplified schematic diagram of the on-state power supply1420. The on-state power supply1420 comprises a FET Q1470 that is coupled to the rectifiedbridge1414 for receiving the rectified voltage V_RECT. The FET Q1470 is operable to conduct the on-state charging current I_CHRG-ONthrough a resistor R1472 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 150 mil) and the first capacitor C1424, such that the first DC supply voltage V_CC1is generated across the first capacitor C1424. The on-state power supply1420 further comprises aregulator circuit1490, e.g., a linear regulator, for receiving the first DC supply voltage V_CC1and generating the second DC supply voltage V_CC2across the second capacitor C1426.
• The on-state power supply1420 receives the third DC supply voltage V_CC3(for driving the FET Q1470) as well as the on-state control signal V_ONfrom themicroprocessor1430. The third DC supply voltage V_CC3is coupled to the gate of the FET Q1470 via a PNP bipolar junction transistor (BJT) Q1474 and two resistors R1475, R1476 (e.g., having resistances of approximately 33 kΩ and 47 kΩ). The gate of the FET Q1470 is coupled to the source of the FET through a resistor R1486 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 220 kΩ). The second drive voltage V_DR-UPfrom themicroprocessor1430 is coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1480 through a resistor R1482 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 56.2 kΩ). The base of the transistor Q1480 is coupled to the emitter through a resistor R1484 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 56.2 kΩ). The collector of the transistor Q1490 is coupled to the base of the transistor Q1474 through a resistor R1485 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 470 kΩ). The base of the transistor Q1474 is further coupled to the emitter through a resistor R1486 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 100 kΩ). The on-state power supply1420 further comprises an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1488 having a base-emitter junction coupled across the resistor R1472 and a collector coupled to the junction of the resistors R1475, R1476 to provide overcurrent protection for the FET Q1470.
• When themicroprocessor1430 is controlling theLED light source104 to be on and the on-state control signal V_ONis high, the base of the transistor Q1474 is pulled down toward circuit common, such that the transistor Q1474 is rendered conductive. Thus, the gate of the FET Q1470 is pulled up towards the third DC supply voltage V_CC3, such that the FET is rendered conductive. When the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1is less than the reference voltage V_REF, thetriac110′ is maintained non-conductive and the first capacitor C1424 is able to charge through the FET Q1470. When the magnitude of the first DC supply voltage V_CC1rises above the reference voltage V_REF, thetriac110′ is rendered conductive, such that the voltage across the on-state power supply drops to approximately zero volts and the first capacitor C1424 stops charging. The first capacitor C1424 will be able to charge again when thetriac110′ becomes non-conductive at the end of the half-cycle.
• As shown inFIG. 26, the third DC supply voltage V_CC3is used to drive the FET Q1474 of the on-state power supply1420. Thus, when theelectronic switch1400 is first powered up, themicroprocessor1430 must wait until the third DC supply voltage V_CC3has increased to an appropriate magnitude (e.g., enough to drive the FET Q1474 on) before allowing the on-state power supply1420 to generate the first and second DC supply voltages V_CC1, V_CC2. Specifically, when theelectronic switch1400 is powered up and the LEDlight source104 should be on, themicroprocessor1430 is operable to maintain theLED light source104 off for a predetermined amount of time to allow the off-state power supply to increase the magnitude of third DC supply voltage V_CC3to the appropriate magnitude before rendering thetriac110′ conductive.
• While the twelfth embodiment has been described with reference to theelectronic switch1400, the on-state power supply1420 and the analog drivevoltage control circuit1440 could be used in other types of load control devices, such as, for example, dimmer switches.
• FIG. 27 is a simplified block diagram of a load control device, e.g., adimmer switch1500, according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. Thedimmer switch1500 comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge1514 (including four diodes D1514A, D1514B, D1514C, D1514D) that has AC terminals coupled in series between a hot terminal H and a dimmed hot terminal DH, and DC terminals for providing a rectified voltage V_RECTto adigital control circuit1515. Thedigital control circuit1515 comprises amicroprocessor1530 that is coupled to the gate of thetriac110′ via agate coupling circuit1550. Thedimmer switch1550 may comprises one ormore actuators1536 for receiving user inputs and a zero-cross detectcircuit1534 for generating a zero-cross voltage V_ZCrepresentative of the zero-crossing of the AC line voltage V_AC. Themicroprocessor1530 is operable to render thetriac110′ conductive in response to the zero-cross detectcircuit1534 and theactuators1536. Thedimmer switch1500 further comprises a resistor1554 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 30-47Ω) coupled between the gate of thetriac110′ and the dimmed hot terminal DH (i.e., the second main load terminal of the triac110).
• Thegate coupling circuit1550 comprises a single MOS-gated transistor, e.g., a FET Q1552, inside of a full-wave rectifier bridge that includes diodes D1556A-D1556D (as well as the diode D1514D). Specifically, the FET Q1552 is coupled across the DC terminals of the full-wave rectifier bridge, while the AC terminals are coupled between the hot terminal H and the gate of thetriac110′. Thegate coupling circuit1550 receives a drive voltage V_DRfrom thedigital control circuit1515, and the drive voltage V_DRis coupled to the gate of the FET Q1552 via agate drive circuit1560. When the FET Q1552 is rendered conductive, a gate current I_Gmay be conducted through the FET Q1552, the diodes D1556A, D1556D, and the gate of thetriac110′ during the positive half-cycles to render the triac conductive. During the negative half-cycles, the gate current I_Gmay be conducted through the gate of thetriac110′, the FET Q1552, and the diodes D1556B, D1556C and the diode D1514D. While not shown as such inFIG. 27, the diode D1556B may comprise four diodes coupled in series to ensure that the diode D1556D is forward biased during the positive half-cycles.
• Thedigital control circuit1515 also comprises apower supply1520 for generating a first DC supply voltage V_CC1(e.g., approximately 2.8 volts) for powering themicroprocessor1530 and a boosting power supply, e.g., aboost converter1528, which receives the first DC supply voltage V_CC1and generates a second boosted DC supply voltage V_CC2(e.g., approximately 15 volts) for driving the FET Q1552 of thegate coupling circuit1550.
• Thedimmer switch1500 further comprises acontrollable switching circuit1580 coupled to the DC terminals of the full-wave rectifier bridge1514, such that thecontrollable switching circuit1580 is coupled in parallel electrical connection with thetriac110′ and provides an alternate current path for the load current I_LOADto flow when the triac is non-conductive. Themicroprocessor1530 generates a load-current-path control voltage V_LCPfor rendering thecontrollable switching circuit1580 conductive and non-conductive. For example, thecontrollable switching circuit1580 may comprise a field-effect transistor (FET) or other suitable semiconductor switch or switching circuit coupled across the DC terminals of the full-wave rectifier bridge1514. Thecontrollable switching circuit1580 may also comprise a drive circuit (not shown) for providing the second DC supply voltage V_CC2to the gate of the FET for rendering the FET conductive in response to the load-current-path control voltage V_LCP. Alternatively, thecontrollable circuit1580 could comprise a bidirectional semiconductor switch (such as a triac or two FETs in anti-series connection) or other suitable switching circuit coupled across the AC terminals of the full-wave rectifier bridge1514.
• FIG. 28 shows example waveforms illustrating the operation of thedimmer switch1500 according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. Themicroprocessor1530 drives the drive voltage V_DRhigh towards the first DC supply voltage V_CC1to render thegate coupling circuit1580 conductive at the firing time (e.g., at time t₁inFIG. 28) each half-cycle to conduct the gate current I_Gthrough the gate of the triac to thus render thetriac110′ conductive. Themicroprocessor1530 maintains drive voltage V_DRhigh to keep thegate coupling circuit1580 conductive after the firing time t₁until a transition time (e.g., at time t₂) before the next zero-crossing (e.g., 600 microseconds before the next zero-crossing). Since thegate coupling circuit1580 is rendered non-conductive before the end of the half-cycle, thetriac110′ is able to commutate off when the magnitude of the load current I_LOADdrops below the rated holding current of the triac. Thetriac110′ cannot be rendered conductive again during the present half-cycle and will remain non-conductive at the beginning of the next half-cycle.
• Themicroprocessor1530 also drives the load current path control voltage V_LCPhigh to render thecontrollable switching circuit1280 conductive at approximately the transition time t₂, such that the controllable switching circuit is able to conduct the load current I_LOADif thetriac110′ commutates off before the end of the half-cycle. For example, themicroprocessor1530 may drive the load current path control voltage V_LCPhigh before controlling the drive voltage V_DRlow to render thegate coupling circuit1580 non-conductive (e.g., approximately 10 microseconds before driving the drive voltage V_DRlow) to ensure that thecontrollable switching circuit1280 is conductive before thetriac110′ commutates off. Themicroprocessor1530 then drives the load current path control voltage V_LCPlow to render thecontrollable switching circuit1280 non-conductive at the end of the half-cycle (e.g., at time t₃inFIG. 28).
• Accordingly, in thedimmer switch1500, the gate current I_Gis able to be conducted through a first current path (e.g., the FETs Q1552A, Q1552B of the gate coupling circuit1550) between the firing time t₁and the transition time t₂before the end of the half-cycle when the FETs Q1552A, Q1552B are rendered non-conductive. In addition, the load current I_LOADis able to be conducted through a second current path (e.g., thecontrollable switching circuit1580 and the full-wave rectifier bridge1514) when thetriac110′ commutates off near the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₂when the FETs Q1552A, Q1552B are rendered non-conductive) until the end of the half-cycle (e.g., at time t₃when thecontrollable switching circuit1580 is rendered non-conductive).
• Thedimmer switch1500 comprises two independently-controllable paths for the load current I_LOADto flow. Specifically, thedimmer switch1500 comprises a first load-current path having a latching behavior (e.g., thetriac110′) that is able to conduct the load current I_LOADbetween the firing time t₁until the triac commutates off near the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₂). Thedimmer switch1500 comprises a second load-current path (e.g., thecontrollable switching circuit1580 and the full-wave rectifier bridge1514) that is able to conduct the load current I_LOADwhen thetriac110′ commutates off near the end of the half-cycle (e.g., after the transition time t₄when the FETs Q1552A, Q1552B of thegate coupling circuit1550 are rendered non-conductive) until the end of the half-cycle. The second load-current path may be characterized in having a non-latching behavior, such that conduction of current through the second load-current path may be started and stopped in response to one or more control signals (e.g., the load current path control voltage V_LCP).
• While the present invention has been described with reference to the high-efficiency lighting load101 having theLED driver102 for controlling the intensity of the LEDlight source104, thedimmer switches100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1200,1300,1500 and theelectronic switch1400 could be used to control the amount of power delivered to other types of lighting loads (such as incandescent lamps, halogen lamps, magnetic low-voltage lamps, electronic low-voltage lamps), other types of electrical loads (such as motor and fan loads), and other types of load regulation devices (such as electronic dimming ballasts for fluorescent lamps).
• This application is related to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/953,057, filed Nov. 23, 2010, entitled TWO-WIRE ANALOG FET-BASED DIMMER SWITCH, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.

Claims (22)

What is claimed is:

1. A dimmer switch for controlling an amount of power delivered from an AC power source to a lighting load for controlling an intensity of the lighting load, the dimmer switch comprising:

a triac adapted to be electrically coupled between the AC power source and the lighting load, the triac having first and second main terminals through which current can be conducted to energize the lighting load and a gate terminal through which current can be conducted to render the triac conductive between the first and second main terminals;

a first circuit electrically coupled between the first main terminal of the triac and the gate terminal of the triac to conduct current through the gate terminal of the triac;

a second circuit electrically coupled between the first and second main terminals of the triac to conduct current through the lighting load when the triac is non-conductive; and

a control circuit configured to individually control the first and second circuits to be conductive and non-conductive, the control circuit configured to render the first circuit conductive to conduct a pulse of current through the gate terminal of the triac at a firing time during a present half-cycle of the AC power source to render the triac conductive, the control circuit configured to control the firing time to adjust the intensity of the lighting load;

wherein the control circuit is configured to control the first circuit to allow the first circuit to conduct at least one other pulse of current through the gate terminal of the triac after the firing time during the present half-cycle, the control circuit configured to render the first circuit non-conductive before the end of the present half-cycle to prevent any further pulses of current from being thereafter conducted through the gate terminal of the triac during the present half-cycle, the control circuit further configured to control the second circuit to conduct current through the lighting load after the first circuit is rendered non-conductive.

2. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, wherein the first circuit includes a gate coupling circuit and a controllable switching circuit electrically coupled in series between the first main terminal of the triac and the gate terminal of the triac for conducting current through the gate terminal of the triac when the gate coupling circuit and the controllable switching circuit are conductive.

3. The dimmer switch ofclaim 2, wherein the second circuit includes the gate coupling circuit and a resistor, the gate coupling circuit electrically coupled between the first main terminal of the triac and the controllable switching circuit, the resistor electrically coupled between the second main terminal of the triac and the junction of the gate coupling circuit and the controllable switching circuit, the resistor configured to conduct current through the lighting load when the triac is non-conductive.

4. The dimmer switch ofclaim 3, wherein the gate coupling circuit comprises two MOS-gated transistors electrically coupled in anti-series connection between the first main terminal and the gate terminal of the triac.

5. The dimmer switch ofclaim 4, wherein the control circuit is configured to generate a single drive signal for controlling the gate coupling circuit, the gate coupling circuit comprising a control input electrically coupled to receive the single drive signal from the control circuit.

6. The dimmer switch ofclaim 5, wherein the gate coupling circuit is configured such that the control input conducts an average current of less than one microamp to maintain the gate coupling circuit conductive between the firing time and the end of the present half-cycle.

7. The dimmer switch ofclaim 5, wherein the gate coupling circuit is configured to conduct through the control input an amount of current appropriate to charge input capacitances of gate terminals of the MOS-gated transistors when the MOS-gated transistors are rendered conductive at the firing time.

8. The dimmer switch ofclaim 4, wherein the control circuit is configured to generate two drive signals and to apply the two drive signals to respective ones of the MOS-gated transistors to independently control the MOS-gated transistors.

9. The dimmer switch ofclaim 8, wherein the control circuit is configured to render both of the MOS-gate transistors conductive at the firing time, the control circuit being further configured to render a first one of the MOS-gated transistors non-conductive prior to the end of the present half-cycle to block current at the beginning of the next half-cycle, and to render a second one of the MOS-gated transistors non-conductive after the end of the present half-cycle to conduct current through the lighting load until the end of the present half-cycle.

10. The dimmer switch ofclaim 8, wherein the gate coupling circuit comprises two control inputs for receiving the respective drive signals from the control circuit, the gate coupling circuit being configured to conduct through each of the control inputs an amount of current appropriate to charge an input capacitance of a gate terminal of the respective MOS-gated transistor when the MOS-gated transistors are rendered conductive at the firing time.

11. The dimmer switch ofclaim 4, wherein the control circuit comprises a microprocessor and a power supply configured to generate a DC supply voltage to power the microprocessor so that the control circuit is able to render the MOS-gated transistors of the gate coupling circuit conductive.

12. The dimmer switch ofclaim 3, wherein the control circuit is configured to control the gate coupling circuit to allow the gate coupling circuit to conduct the at least one other pulse of current between the firing time and a second time that occurs after the firing time and before the end of the present half-cycle, the control circuit being configured to render the controllable switching circuit non-conductive at the second time in order to prevent the gate coupling circuit from conducting another pulse of current to thereby allow the triac to become non-conductive.

13. The dimmer switch ofclaim 12, wherein the gate coupling circuit is electrically coupled to conduct current through the lighting load when the triac becomes non-conductive after the second time.

14. The dimmer switch ofclaim 3, wherein the control circuit is configured to render the controllable switching circuit conductive and to control the gate coupling circuit to conduct the pulse of current through the gate terminal of the triac at the firing time to render the triac conductive, the control circuit being configured to control the gate coupling circuit to allow the gate coupling circuit to conduct the at least one other pulse of current through the gate terminal of the triac after the firing time during the present half-cycle, the control circuit being further configured to render the controllable switching circuit non-conductive before the end of the present half-cycle to prevent any further pulses of current from being thereafter conducted through the gate terminal of the triac during the present half-cycle.

15. The dimmer switch ofclaim 14, wherein the triac is able to commutate off after the control circuit renders the controllable switching circuit non-conductive, the control circuit being further configured to maintain the controllable switching circuit non-conductive until at least the beginning of the next half-cycle of the AC power source, thereby assuring that the triac remains non-conductive for the remainder of the present half-cycle after the triac commutates off.

16. The dimmer switch ofclaim 3, wherein the dimmer switch arranged such that a combination of the triac and the gate coupling circuit is able conduct current through the lighting load independent of a rated holding current of the triac.

17. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a wireless signal receiver configured to receive a wireless signal;

wherein the control circuit is configured to determine a desired intensity for the lighting load in response to the wireless signal.

18. The dimmer switch ofclaim 17, wherein the wireless signal receiver comprises a radio-frequency receiver configured to receive a radio-frequency signal.

19. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, further comprising:

an intensity adjustment actuator configured to receive a user input;

wherein the control circuit is configured to determine a desired intensity for the lighting load in response to actuations of the intensity adjustment actuator.

20. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a power supply electrically coupled to conduct current through the lighting load to generate a supply voltage for powering the control circuit.

21. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, wherein the control circuit is configured to control the first and second circuits to prevent the triac from being rendered conductive again after the first circuit is rendered non-conductive until the end of the present half-cycle.

22. The dimmer switch ofclaim 1, wherein the control circuit is configured to control the first and second circuits to ensure that the triac remains non-conductive for the remainder of the present half-cycle after the triac commutates off.

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