US20210180753A1 - Solid State Lamp Using Light Emitting Strips - Google Patents

Abstract

A solid state lamp includes a connector and a bulb portion with multiple strips.

Description

CLAIM OF PRIORITY
• This application is a continuation application and claims priority under 35 U. S.C. § 120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 16/894,658, filed Jun. 5, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/833,290, filed Mar. 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/380,858, filed Apr. 10, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/417,037, filed Jan. 26, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/929,147, filed Oct. 30, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/334,067, filed Jul. 17, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/681,099, filed Nov. 19, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/032,502, filed Feb. 22, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• This invention relates to a solid state lamp, such as a lamp using light emitting diodes (LEDs), and, in particular, to a solid state lamp that requires relatively little cooling.
BACKGROUND
• A huge market for LEDs is in replacement lamps for standard, screw-in incandescent light bulbs, commonly referred to as A19 bulbs, or less formally, A-lamps. The letter “A” refers to the general shape of the bulb, including its base, and the number 19 refers to the maximum diameter of the bulb in eighths of an inch (e.g., 2⅜″ diameter). Such a form factor is also specified in ANSI C78-20-2003. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an LED lamp that has the same screw-in base as a standard light bulb and approximately the same size diameter or less. Additional markets exist for replacing other types of standard incandescent bulbs with longer lasting and more energy efficient solid state lamps.
• Typical LED lamps having an A-shape use high power LEDs in order to use as few LEDs as possible to achieve the desired lumen output (e.g., 600-1000 lumens). Such LEDs may each draw a current greater than 300 mA and dissipate 1 W or more. Since the LED dies are on the order of about 1 mm², adequate heat removal is difficult because the heat is usually highly concentrated within a small surface area and often located near the base of the lamp where it shares heat dissipation capacity with the power supply electronics. The high power LED junction temperatures should be kept under 125° C. to ensure the LEDs remain efficient and have a long life. A common design is to mount high power LEDs on a flat, heat conductive substrate and provide a diffusive bulb-shaped envelope around the substrate. The power supply is in the body of the lamp. Removing heat from such designs, using ambient air currents, is difficult since the lamp may be mounted in any orientation. Metal fins or heavy metal heat sinks are common ways to remove heat from such lamps, but such heat sinks add significant cost and have other drawbacks. It is common for such LED replacement lamps to cost $30-$60. Additionally, the light emission produced by such a solid state bulb is unlike that of an incandescent bulb since all the LEDs are mounted on a relatively small flat substrate. This departure from the standard spherical distribution patterns for conventional lamps that are replaced with LED replacement lamps is of particularly concern to the industry and end users, since their existing luminaires are often adapted to spherical light emission patterns. When presented with the typical “hemi-spherical” type emission from many standard LED replacement lamps, there are often annoying shadow lines in shades and strong variations in up/down flux ratios which can affect the proper photometric distributions.
• What is needed is a new approach for a solid state lamp that replaces a variety of standard incandescent lamps, using standard electrical connectors and supply voltages, where removing adequate heat does not require significant cost or added weight and where other drawbacks of prior art solid state lamps are overcome.
SUMMARY
• In one embodiment, a solid state lamp has a generally bulb shape, such as a standard A19 shape. Many other form factors are envisioned.
• The light source comprises an array of flexible LED strips, where each strip encapsulates a string of low power (e.g., 20 mA), bare LED dies without wire bonds. The strips are affixed to the outside of a bulb form, which may be clear plastic, a metal mesh, or other suitable material. The strips are thin, allowing heat to be transferred through the surface of the strips to ambient air. An optional thin protective layer over the strips would also transmit heat to the ambient air. Further, the strips are spaced apart from each other to expose the bulb form to ambient air, allowing heat absorbed by the underlying bulb form to be dissipated. Therefore, there is a low heat-producing large surface area contacted by ambient air. There may be openings in the bulb form for air circulation within the bulb form. The strips can be bent to accommodate any form factor, such as an A-shape bulb.
• In one embodiment, the strips are only a few millimeters wide and are arranged extending from the lamp's base to the apex of the bulb form.
• In another embodiment, the strips are affixed around the perimeter of the bulb form either in a spiral pattern or with parallel strips. Other patterns of the strips are envisioned.
• In one embodiment, to replace a 60 W incandescent bulb, there are 12 LED strips affixed to a bulb form, each strip having 12 LEDs in series for generating a total of 800-900 lumens. The 12 strips are driven in parallel. The LEDs may be driven at a low current so as to generate very little heat, and are spread out over a relatively large bulb surface, enabling efficient cooling by ambient air. By driving the LEDs at lower localized current density, it is also possible to significantly enhance the overall efficacy of the LED by as much as 30% which delivers significant energy savings when compared to the large LED chip type lamps that are in the market.
• By using unpackaged LED dies in the strips, and using traces in the strips to connect the dies in series, the cost of each strip is very low. Using bare LED dies in the strips, compared to packaged LEDs, reduces the cost per LED by 90% or more, since packaging of LED chips to mount them in a sealed surface mount package is by far the largest contributor to an LED's cost.
• White light may be created by using blue LEDs in conjunction with a phosphor or combinations of phosphors or other light converting materials in either proximate or remote configurations. Light emitting dies other than LEDs may also be used, such as laser diodes.
• Many other lamp structures are envisioned. For example, the strips may have sufficient mechanical integrity to not require being affixed to a rigid form. In one embodiment, a plurality of strips extends from a base and the strips are bendable by the user to have any shape and to produce a customized light emission pattern. In another embodiment, a flexible transparent substrate encapsulating the light emitting dies is formed as a sheet and is bent to form a cylinder or other shape to replace a standard incandescent light bulb.
• In another embodiment, the solid state lamp is compressible for storage or shipping and expandable to various heights and configurations by the user.
• To provide a consistent overall color temperature using LEDs from a variety of bins, the strips may be tested for color temperature and combined in a single lamp to achieve the desired overall color temperature when the light output from the plurality of strips is merged.
• Dynamic feedback is used in one embodiment to energize redundant strips in the event another strip has failed. The currents through the various strips may be detected to determine that a strip has failed. In a related embodiment, the currents are monitored to determine an increase in current, indicating that one or more LEDs in the strip are becoming too hot and are drawing more current. The heated strips are then controlled to have a reduced duty cycle to cool them, while the duty cycle of one or more other strips is increased to offset the reduction in flux.
• Many other embodiments are described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is side view of a solid state lamp, using a plurality of LED strips, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the internal AC/DC power supply and the positive and negative terminals for the strips.
• FIG. 3 is a top down view ofFIG. 1 illustrating the connections of all the strips to the positive DC terminal.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the plurality of LED strips connected in parallel.
• FIG. 5 illustrates how the LEDs can have different densities to provide more uniform light output over the surface of the bulb form or to better mimic the light emission pattern of conventional light sources.
• FIG. 6 illustrates the LED strips being latitudinally arranged parallel to one another, with a reduced pitch near the middle of the bulb to achieve a more uniform density of LEDs.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a cylindrical bulb that has more uniform light output using identical LED strips.
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a solid state lamp having flat sides.
• FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a portion of an LED strip that can be used in the various lamps. All strips described herein can instead be formed as sheets of encapsulated bare LEDs connected in combinations of serial and parallel.
• FIG. 9B illustrates the LED strip ofFIG. 9A where the substrate conductors terminate at only one end of the strip.
• FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an LED strip or sheet, where the LEDs are connected in series.
• FIG. 10B is a magnified top down view ofFIG. 9A showing how the LEDs are connected in series by conducting traces on the substrates sandwiching the bare LEDs.
• FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view of the end of an LED strip or sheet showing how the metal leads of the strip or sheet can be exposed for attachment to a power supply terminal.
• FIG. 11B is a top down view of the end of the LED strip or sheet ofFIG. 10A showing a termination pad of the strip.
• FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of another embodiment LED strip or sheet, where the LEDs are connected in series via a conductive link.
• FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an LED strip or sheet where light is bidirectionally emitted.
• FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of another embodiment of an LED strip or sheet where light is bidirectionally emitted.
• FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of yet another embodiment of an LED strip or sheet where light is bidirectionally emitted.
• FIG. 16 is a front view of a light sheet containing many encapsulated bare LEDs. The light sheet may be bidirectional or emit from only one side.
• FIG. 17 illustrates the light sheet ofFIG. 16 bent in a cylinder as a replacement for an incandescent bulb.
• FIG. 18 illustrates the light sheet ofFIG. 16 bent in a cone or truncated cone as a replacement for an incandescent bulb.
• FIG. 19 illustrates a plurality of LED strips around a form, where the color temperatures of the individual strips are combined to create an overall target color temperature.
• FIG. 20 illustrates a solid state lamp formed by a corrugated LED sheet or by a plurality of LED strips affixed to a form, where the lamp may be compressible.
• FIG. 21A illustrates a solid state lamp where the LED strips are bendable to create a custom light emission pattern.
• FIG. 21B illustrates a solid state lamp where the LED strips broaden near the “light center” of the lamp and concentrate more light emission.
• FIG. 22 is similar toFIG. 21A, where the LED strips are straight but could be fixed or able to be bent at various angles.
• FIG. 23A illustrates a solid state lamp formed of a single LED sheet or a plurality of LED strips, where the sheet or strips are configured to create a polygonal cross-section.
• FIG. 23B is a cross-sectional view ofFIG. 23A along line A-A inFIG. 23A.
• FIG. 24 illustrates a solid state lamp, similar toFIG. 23A, with a diffuser being positioned over it.
• FIG. 25 illustrates a solid state lamp, similar toFIG. 23A, with a reflector surrounding the LEDs.
• FIG. 26A illustrates a solid state lamp having a plurality of bendable LED strips supported at their ends to form a lamp having a customizable shape.
• FIG. 26B is a top down view ofFIG. 26A.
• FIG. 27 illustrates a solid state lamp that is compressible for packaging.
• FIG. 28 is a bisected view ofFIG. 27 in its compressed state, with the screw-in type electrical connector in its stored position.
• FIG. 29A is a perspective view of the electrical connector ofFIG. 28 in its down position.
• FIG. 29B is a top down view of the electrical connector ofFIG. 29A.
• FIG. 29C is a cross-sectional view of a push-in connector for an Edison-type screw-in socket.
• FIG. 30 illustrates an electrical connector affixed to a handle to provide torque for screwing a solid state lamp into a socket.
• FIG. 31 is a side view of a solid state lamp that has a directed light emission.
• FIG. 32 is a top down view of the lamp ofFIG. 31 where the LED strips are arranged radially on a support surface.
• FIG. 33 is a top down view of the lamp ofFIG. 31 where each LED strip has a curved shape.
• FIG. 34A illustrates an extended, self-supporting light strip that may be rolled up.
• FIG. 34B illustrates the light strip ofFIG. 34A rolled up.
• FIG. 35 illustrates a telescoping lamp formed of concentric, cylindrical light sheets.
• FIG. 36 illustrates a lamp formed of a spiraling light strip.
• FIG. 37A illustrates a cylindrical lamp formed of a light sheet, where the LEDs are facing inward.
• FIG. 37B illustrates a truncated cone lamp formed of a light sheet, where the LEDs are facing inward.
• FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of three overlapping light sheets/strips for increasing light output per area and/or to permit mixing of different wavelengths.
• FIG. 39 illustrates a stretchable light sheet for affixing over a form, such as a shallow dome.
• FIG. 40 illustrates a circuit for automatically energizing one or more redundant light strips when a normally energized light strip fails.FIG. 40 is also used to illustrate other active controls for the LED strips.
• Elements that are the same or similar in the various figures are identified with the same numeral.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of asolid state lamp10 having an A19 form factor to be used as a direct replacement of conventional light bulbs. Thelamp10 can have other form factors, such as being substantially spherical.
• Thelamp10 has a standard screw-inbase14. The threaded portion of the base14 typically contacts a neutral (or grounded) terminal of a socket connected to a mains voltage supply. The light fixture socket provides some heat sinking for at least the internal AC/DC power supply. Thebottom terminal16 of the base14 contacts the “hot” terminal of the socket. Atop portion18 of the base14 houses at least a portion of a driver for the various LED strips20.
• The LED strips20 will be described in further detail later. In one embodiment, eachLED strip20 contains 12low power LEDs22 connected in series so as to drop approximately 30-40 volts, depending on the type of LEDs used. Other numbers and types of LEDs may be used.
• In one embodiment, for replacing a 60 W incandescent bulb, there are 12 LED strips20, each having 12LEDs22 connected in series for generating a total of 800-900 lumens. Eachstrip20 extends from a connection terminal (e.g., a common terminal or current source terminal) near thebase14 of thelamp10 to a topelectrical termination pad24 so theLEDs22 are spread over the entire length of the lamp (3-4 inches from base to apex). The 12 strips20 are driven in parallel, parallel/series, or even variably switched by an electrical interface to the mains power that is contained within the lamp. EachLED22 may be driven at the relatively low current of about 20 mA so as to generate very little heat. Since many LEDs (e.g.,144) are spread out over a relatively large bulb surface, the heat is not concentrated, enabling efficient cooling by ambient air. Eachstrip20 may be less than 5 mm wide and less than 2 mm thick. In another embodiment the strips are only electrically connected at either the top or the bottom end, and the LEDs can be driven in any of either series, parallel, or series and parallel configurations with the electrical supply terminations on either of one or both ends or sides. The conductor terminations may occur at any location along the sides or even terminate at an opening along the strip.
• Thestrips20 are affixed, such as with silicone or epoxy or thermal bonding, to abulb form30, which may be virtually any material. Since there may be some backscatter from thestrips20, it is preferable that thebulb form30 be clear, such as molded transparent plastic, or reflective, such as reflective layer coated plastic or diffuse reflecting plastic. To provide an air flow inside thebulb form30 for removing heat, thebulb form30 may be provided withopenings34, which may be holes, slits, or other opening shapes.
• In another embodiment, the bulb form is a metal mesh for improved air flow.
• In another embodiment, the bulb form may be created by the length and bending radius of thestrips20 between thetermination pad24 and the driver. This results in a lower cost lamp with increased air flow around all sides of the LED strips20. It may also be advantageous to affix each thestrips20 to a separate reinforcing backplane, which may be made of copper or a high spring constant copper alloy such that it affords a restorative spring force to the shape. Furthermore, the addition of a copper backplane will also increase the cooling effectiveness of the strips with good airflow such that fewer higher power LED dies could be considered instead of lower power LED dies.
• In another embodiment, it is known that certain types of small lamp shades have a spring loaded clip designed to mechanically spring over the lamp form and provide the mechanical connection between the bulb form and the lamp shade. In such a case, there is afforded either a metal cross-section that interfaces to the clip, or the strips are provided with a sufficiently protective top layer that the force of the metal clip does not damage the LED dies contained within the strips.
• InFIG. 1, the 12 LED strips20 are evenly distributed around thebulb form30, and theLEDs22 are evenly spaced on the strips. In other embodiments, thestrips20 are not evenly distributed, and the LEDs are not evenly spaced to customize the light emission. If no special optics are used, eachLED22 emits light in a nearly Lambertian pattern, so the light from nearby LEDs gets mixed. By providing many LEDs around a bulb shape, the resulting light emission pattern is similar to that of an incandescent bulb. Since each LED die produces roughly a hemispherical distribution and the light merges together, the present invention eliminates one major drawback of conventional LED replacement bulbs in that the substantially spherical light distribution of a conventional lamp can be reproduced by the merging of the light emitted by the manysmall LEDs22 located around the rounded bulb shape thereby more accurately mimicking the appearance and light distribution of a standard incandescent lamp.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the inner structure of thelamp10. A combined AC/DC converter andcurrent driver module40 receives the mains voltage from the socket and converts the voltage to about 40 volts DC, which is greater than the voltage drops along thestrips20. The positive voltage output terminal of themodule40 is connected via awire42 to atermination pad24 that is mounted to the top of thebulb form30. Themodule40 has a common or ground terminal for connection to the other ends of thestrips20. An alternative embodiment could also have both terminals at either end of the strip.
• If theLEDs22 are matched in terms of overall forward voltage, a single current source may be used to drive all thestrips20. Thestrips20 may also have additional matching components or distributions of LEDs contained therein that provide for matched current flows. If theLEDs22 are not adequately matched, a separate current source and/or switching circuit may be used for eachstrip20. The current sources and voltage converter may be part of the samepower supply module40. The heat generated by themodule40 may be removed by a combination of theair openings34 in thebulb form30 and the socket.
• If theLEDs22 are also not adequately matched in terms of forward voltage, it may be desirable to include a provision within the strips to custom trim the performance of each strip prior to final assembly of the lamp such that they could be readily combined on a single current source. Means to achieve this include laser trimming of passive components, fuse arrays and other such in-line manufacturing processes that are known in the art to balance arrays of components.
• FIG. 3 is a top down view ofFIG. 1, illustrating thetermination pad24 providing the drive voltage to each of thestrips20. Thepad24 may be a relatively large metal pad, or thepad24 may be provided on a substrate with metal traces connected to associated terminals or the LED strips20. The wire42 (FIG. 2) may connect to thepad24 by a via through the substrate. Thepad24 may be covered with an insulator for safety.Pad24 may also be designed to optionally provide an electrically insulated solid point at the top of the lamp by which to grasp the lamp and provide the torque necessary to rotate the lamp into the socket such that the correct contact is made at the base.
• FIG. 3 also illustrates an optionalprotective layer46 of silicone, or other transparent layer, that protects thestrips20 and helps prevent thestrips20 from delaminating during handling by the user. Thislayer46 may exist over all parts of the lamp form or only over specific parts of the outer form to protect thestrips20 from mechanical damage or to protect the user from possibly contacting the low voltage DCtop terminal pad24. Thelayer46 may also provide optics, such as being a diffuser, or even contain one or more types of light converting materials (e.g., phosphors) to provide conversion between blue or ultraviolet emission from the dies to a broader white light output.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating thepad24 providing a drive voltage V+ to thestrips20, connected in parallel, andcurrent sources47 connecting the other ends of thestrips20 to the common terminal of the driver. Thecurrent sources47 may all be formed on one or more integrated circuits or formed using a combination of discrete components and integrated circuits. The location of thecurrent sources47 may be embedded within the strips or be located with other power converting electronics. Small power supplies for driving any number of LEDs are commercially available or easily designed. The current through each string may be 20 mA in one embodiment, but depends on the types of LEDs used and other factors. The ground terminals shown at the bottom may be referenced to ground or some other neutral reference level of the electrical supply that enables current to flow through the string.
• Since the density ofLEDs22 inFIG. 1 is less around the wider part of thebulb form30 due to the larger area, the light output per area will be less at the wider part. This may be objectionable in certain applications. The embodiment ofFIG. 5 provides a more uniform light output along the length of thebulb form30 by increasing the density ofLEDs22 near the wider part of thebulb form30. Thus, one of the preferred embodiments of the lamp may closely emulate the photometric of a standard incandescent A-lamp by virtue of a substantially uniform density of LEDs per unit area of the bulb form.FIG. 5 also shows that perforations in the outer envelope may be used to induce air flow through the bulb for additional cooling purposes.
• In another embodiment, theLEDs22 may be affixed inside the transparent bulb form for protection of theLEDs22.
• Thestrips20 may be arranged in other ways on thebulb form30.FIG. 6 illustrates thestrips20 being latitudinally arranged around thebulb form30. Thestrips20 are therefore different lengths, yet still have the same number ofLEDs22 in them. The V+ and ground rails50 and52 are arranged vertically to connect to the ends of thestrips20. The pitches of thestrips20 near the wider part of thebulb form30 may be reduced to provide an increased density ofLEDs20 near the central region of thebulb form30, thereby more closely emulating a traditional lamp luminance pattern. A vertical reveal may also be provided for that will enable air to flow through the body of the bulb thereby providing additional cooling.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a generallycylindrical bulb form56 that has a uniform circumference for most of its length. In the industry, these are often called “T” type lamps for their roughly tubular shape. This enables thestrips20 to be substantially identical and equally spaced while providing a uniform light output along the entire length of the lamp. Alternatively, the density ofLEDs20 could also be increased in the central region to more closely emulate a standard filament type lamp.
• In another embodiment, thestrips20 may be arranged in a spiral pattern that may even emulate the near field photometric of a conventional compact fluorescent lamp.
• In another embodiment, there is no bulb form, and thestrips20 are held in place by a stiff rod that runs through the center of the lamp and connects to the ends of thestrips20. The shape (radius of curvature) of thestrips20 will be determined by the length of the rod. Such an embodiment has the greatest cooling, but thestrips20 are vulnerable to breakage by handling by the user. A handle or other grip-able device may be added at the top of the rod for providing the torque arm for screwing the lamp into a socket.
• In one embodiment, to greatly reduce the cost of thestrips20, theLEDs22 encapsulated in eachstrip20 are bare unpackaged dies, and conductive traces in thestrips20 connect theLEDs22 in series. This reduces the cost perLED22 by 90% or more, since packaging of LED chips to mount them in a sealed surface mount package is by far the largest contributor to a packaged LED's cost, as shown by the most recent US Department of Energy SSL Manufacturing Roadmap for 2010.
• FIG. 8 illustrates asolid state lamp57 that is relatively simple to manufacture since the support surfaces58 for the LED strips20 are flat. The support surfaces58 may even be collapsible for packaging. The support surfaces58 may be transparent or reflective. If transparent, thestrips20 can be bidirectional, discussed later. By providing LED strips20 on the eight sides of the support surfaces58, 360 degrees of light emission is obtained to emulate a bulb emission. Thestrips20 are shown connected to a positive voltage V+ at one end and current sources in thedriver module40 at their other end. There may be more or fewer support surfaces58, such as three support surfaces arranged 120 degrees apart while still providing 360 degrees of light emission. The distribution of LEDs within the strips may be uniform or at any localized density as would be desired for the correct near field photometric response. AnLED strip59 may be positioned on top of thelamp57 to direct light upward for a more spherical light emission. Asimilar strip59 can be affixed to the outer edges of the support surfaces58 to emit light generally perpendicular to the LEDs on the faces of the support surfaces. A round (e.g., cylindrical) diffuser may be placed over thelamp57 to provide more uniform near field emission and allow the user to handle the lamp without damage to the LED strips20 when screwing thelamp57 into an Edison socket. The screw-in base is not shown inFIG. 8. The diffuser may contain air holes to allow heated air to escape.
• There may be any number ofstrips20 supported by a single surface, and the strips, being transparent, may overlap each other to increase the light output per unit area.
• In another embodiment, the shapes of the thin support surfaces58 may be arced, such as forming a cloverleaf outline as viewed from the top down, where the LEDs are arranged on the rounded outer surface of each support surface to emit light around the arc. This arrangement would provide a more uniform distribution of light, similar to that of the cylindrical lamp ofFIG. 7. Having the LEDs arranged on thin arced sheets improves cooling since the backs of the sheets are exposed to ambient air. Any number of LEDs may be distributed over the arced support surface and in any relative density from uniform to highly localized.
• Generally, the length of the light-emitting portion of the lamp will be on the order of 2-4 inches to take up an area the same as or less than the area taken up by an equivalent lumen-output incandescent lamp.
• FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a portion of anLED strip60 that may be used as thestrips20 in all lamp embodiments. Thestrip60 has a bottomreflective layer62, abottom substrate64, and atop substrate66. Thesubstrates64 and66 may be transparent flex circuits, which are commercially available. Thesubstrates64 and66 include metal traces68 that connect thebare LEDs22 in series. In one embodiment, theLEDs22 are vertical LEDs, with a wire bond pad on a top surface and a reflective electrode covering the entire bottom surface. By using the strip structures described below, no wire bonding is needed. Thestrips20 may only be 1-2 mm thick and less than 5 mm wide so as to be very flexible and easily affixed over a rounded bulb form. Thestrip60 may be expanded in length and width directions to include any number of strings of LEDs and strings of any number of LEDs.
• FIG. 9B is a perspective view of an alternative form of an LED strip69 that may also be used as thestrips20 in embodiments where electrical contacts are desired to be made at only one end of the strip.Trace68 interconnects the LEDs and can be configured to provide a return path to the same end of the strip as the input trace.
• FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of fourLEDs22 in thestrip60 sandwiched betweensubstrates64 and66. Metal traces68 on thetop substrate66 and metal traces70 on thebottom substrate64 overlap and electrically connect during a lamination process to seal theLEDs22 between thesubstrates64 and66 to create a series connection. A conductive adhesive may be used to electrically connect the anode and cathode electrodes of theLEDs22 to the traces and to electrically connect the overlapping traces together.
• FIG. 10B is a magnified top down view of two LED areas in thestrip60 ofFIG. 10A. Thetraces68 and70 overlap when thesubstrates64 and66 are laminated to form a series connection.
• In one embodiment, there may be 12 LEDs in series in a single strip to drop about 40 volts. Ten to fifty or more strips can be connected in parallel (e.g., to the same power supply terminals or to separate current sources) to generate any amount of light.
• TheLEDs22 inFIG. 10A may emit a blue light, which is converted to white light by a YAG phosphor or red and green phosphors, or other light converting materials known in the art, overlying theLEDs22 or positioned remotely from theLEDs22. Surrounding a blue LED with a white light phosphor is well known, where blue light leaking through the phosphor layer combines with the yellow light or red and green light produced by the phosphor to create white light. It is also well known to provide a remote phosphor tile over the LED. For example, the space around theLEDs22 inFIG. 10A is filled with a phosphor contained in a silicone binder, and a phosphor tile is affixed on thetop substrate66 overlying eachLED22 so that each LED area emitswhite light70 having any color temperature or color coordinate.
• FIG. 11A illustrates an end of theLED strip60 where aterminal pad74 is formed on a portion of thebottom substrate64 that extends past thetop substrate66. Since theterminal pad74 is electrically connected to the anode (bottom contact) of theend LED22 in thestrip60, theterminal pad74 will be connected to a terminal of the current source46 (FIG. 4), which may be a terminal on the power supply module.FIG. 11B is a top down view of the end of thestrip60. A similar termination is at the other end of thestrip60 where the strip terminal pad is connected to a cathode of theend LED22 and connected to the pad24 (FIG. 2) that provides the positive voltage to thestrips60.
• FIG. 12 illustrates a portion of a different type ofstrip80, where thebottom substrate82 includestraces84 which connect the bottom electrodes of theLEDs22 to ametal slug86, or other metal via, and thetop substrate88 includestraces90 that connect theLEDs22 in series when thesubstrates82 and88 are laminated together.Phosphor94 surrounds theLEDs22, and aphosphor tile96 overlies theblue LEDs22 to create white light.
• In another embodiment, theslug86 can instead be a conductive element with fusible properties or other useful electrical properties, such as any one of, or combinations of, surge protection, switchability, or even digital memory storage, current control, or filtering. Therefore, the connections between LEDs may be managed or even selectively opened or closed after initial fabrication by laser, overcurrents, etc.
• LEDs other than blue LEDs may be used, such as UV LEDs. Suitable phosphors and other light conversion materials used separately or in mixtures are used to create white light or various desirable color points as may be necessitated by the system. Instead of LEDs, any other light emitting dies can be used, including laser diodes. OLEDs and other emerging light generating devices may also be used. Instead of phosphors, quantum dots or other wavelength conversion materials may be used.
• Further descriptions of suitable flexible LED strips and sheets are found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/917,319, filed 1 Nov. 2010, entitled Bidirectional Light Sheet for General Illumination, assigned to the present assignee and incorporated herein by reference.
• In all embodiments, depending on the desired light emission, the LED strips or LED sheets may be bidirectional, meaning that light is emitted from both surfaces of the strip or sheet.FIGS. 13-15 illustrate some suitable bidirectional light strip/sheet structures, where more detail may be found in the above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/917,319.
• FIG. 13 illustrates LED dies100 that are oppositely mounted in a light strip or sheet to create a bidirectional emission pattern. There is no reflector layer covering the bottom of the strip/sheet. Any number of LED dies100 are connected in series by alternating the orientation of the LED dies along the light strip/sheet to connect the anode of one LED die to the cathode of an adjacent LED die usingmetal conductors102 and104 formed on thetop substrate106 andbottom substrate108. The substrate electrodes contacting theLED electrodes110, formed on the light-emitting surface of the LED dies, may betransparent electrodes114 such as ITO (indium-doped tin oxide) or ATO (antimony-doped tin oxide) layers. Alternatively, very thin conductive traces that are not transparent may be used that may only occlude a small percentage of the light emission from the LED die. Aphosphor layer116 may be deposited to generate white light from the blue LED emission. The sides of the LED dies100 may be encapsulated byphosphor118 infused in a silicone binder.
• FIG. 14 illustrates two light strips/sheets back-to-back. The LED dies120 are shown as flip-chips, and the conductor layers for interconnecting the LED dies on each side in series are deposited on opposite sides of themiddle substrate122. The light strip/sheet structure is sandwiched betweentransparent substrates124 and126. Themiddle substrate122 may include a reflective layer that reflects all impinging light back through the two opposite surfaces of the bidirectional light strip/sheet.
• FIG. 15 is another example of two light strips/sheets, similar to the light sheet described with respect toFIG. 10A, affixed back-to-back with a middlereflective layer130. Theconductors68 and70 andsubstrates64 and66 are described with respect toFIGS. 10A and 10B. The light strips/sheets may be affixed to the middlereflective layer130 using a thin layer of thermally conductive silicone or other thermally conductive adhesive.Phosphor132 may be used to convert the blue LED light to white light. Thesubstrates66 may be formed withlenses136 to create the desired light emission.
• The middlereflective layer130 may be a good conductor of thermal energy, which can assist theconductors68 and70 in dissipating the heat from the LED dies22. There may be enough thermal mass within thelayer130 that it provides all of the heat sink required to operate the LED dies22 safely or it may be extended laterally, beyond the edges of thesubstrates64 and66, to regions where the heat may be dissipated more freely to the air within the lighting fixture or lamp.Reflective layer130 may also interface to matching thermal details within the luminaire to extend the thermal conductivity to other surfaces.
• The light output surfaces of the various substrates may be molded to have lenses, such as Fresnel lenses, that customize the light emission pattern. Different lenses may be formed over different LED dies to precisely control the light emission so as to create any spread of light with selectable peak intensity angle(s).
• Any of the lamps described herein may use any of the light strips/sheet described herein to achieve a desired light emission pattern or to achieve the desired lumens output.
• FIG. 16 is a front view of alight sheet138 containing many encapsulated bare LED dies140. For example, there may be 100-200 LEDs in the light sheet for emulating a 60 watt incandescent bulb. Thelight sheet138 may be bidirectional or emit from only one side. In one embodiment, the LED dies140 in a single column are connected in series, and the columns are connected to individual current sources in the power supply module within the lamp. The LED light is phosphor-converted to produce white light of a certain color temperature.
• FIG. 17 illustrates thelight sheet138 ofFIG. 16 bent in a cylinder as a replacement for an incandescent bulb. If the general size of the bulb is to be maintained, the diameter of the cylinder may be on the order of 2.5 inches and the height of the cylinder may be on the order of 2-3 inches. The standard Edison screw-inconnector146 is shown.
• FIG. 18 illustrates alight sheet148, similar toFIG. 16 but formed circular, where thelight sheet148 is bent to form a cone or truncated cone as a replacement for an incandescent bulb (the top of the truncated cone is indicated by a dashed line). The light emission may be only up, only down, or bidirectional. In another embodiment,openings149 are formed in thesheet148 for air to flow through.
• FIG. 19 illustrates a plurality of LED strips154 around a transparentcylindrical form156. Thestrips154 are shown overlapping and spiraling for better mixing of light from the individual strips154. The ends of thestrips154 are connected to the positive voltage terminal and current source terminals of the driver module in the base of the lamp.
• An alternative embodiment could have the strips woven to create a lamp form and provide structural integrity. Since the strips are transparent, they will still allow light to pass through and not create losses due to shadowing.
• Blue LED dies have slight variations in peak wavelength due to process variations. However, when the phosphor-converted light from a variety of LED dies are combined, their observed correlated color temperature along, or proximate to, the well-known black body curve is generally the average of all the individual color temperatures. Therefore, for all embodiments, the color temperature, or color coordinates, or spectral power distribution (SPD) of each LED strip may be measured by conventional optical test equipment when energizing the strip, and the strips are binned (e.g., classified in a memory or physically separated out) based on color temperature, or color coordinates, or SPD. In some cases, an SPD has an equivalent correlated color temperature. The bins may be separated by, for example, 10K or 100K temperature resolutions or any other resolution, depending on the desired color temperature precision. When the strips are to be combined into a single lamp, the strips from different bins may be combined to achieve the target color temperature, or color coordinates, or SPD, assuming the light is generally on the Planckian locus. A simple algorithm for mixing color temperatures or SPDs to achieve the target color temperature or SPD may be used by a computer simulation program to determine the number of strips from the various bins to combine to generate the target color temperature or SPD. The algorithm may also determine the placement of the strips relative to each other on the form in order to achieve the target color temperature orSPD 360 degrees around the lamp. In this way, the yield is very high since all strips would be used irrespective of its color temperature or SPD. Such mixing of color temperatures, color coordinates, or SPDs may also be performed on an LED by LED basis to achieve a target overall color temperature, or color coordinate, or SPD per strip. In this way, lamps will be produced that output approximately the same color temperature. This is in contrast to a well documented trend in the industry towards utilizing fewer and fewer large LED dies to achieve the target light flux. In this latter case the requirement for careful binning becomes increasingly important with an attendant yield issue that begins to increase the cost of manufacturing.
• In one embodiment, the blue LEDs are tested and binned, such as in peak wavelength resolutions of 2 nm, and the specific combinations of LEDs in a strip are applied to an algorithm to determine the correlated color temperature or SPD of the strip without the need for separately testing the strip. Alternatively, the LEDs do not need to be tested separately, and the only color testing and binning are performed at the strip level. This greatly reduces testing and binning time.
• Since a typical LED manufacturer bins the blue LEDs with a peak wavelength resolution of 2 nm and only uses LEDs from the same bin in a single device for color uniformity, any technique to allow the use of LEDs from different bins in a single device, even within a peak wavelength range of 4 nm, will greatly increase the effective yield of the LEDs. Therefore, using blue LEDs having peak wavelengths within a 4 nm range or greater in the same strip is envisioned.
• Generally, the LEDs that make up the strips have a certain range of SPDs that occurs as a result of process variations and other limitations that occur during the fabrication process. It is a goal to use any combination of such LEDs to maximize the LED yield and reduce the cost of the resulting lamp.
• One scenario may be that the LEDs in a single strip are from widely diverse bins, separated by, for example, 10 nm. However, the wide SPD of light from the single strip may desirably increase the color rendering index (CRI) of the strip.
• If the same combination of LEDs from different bins is used in each strip to create the desired target color temperature or SPD for each strip, testing each strip is unnecessary.
• In another embodiment, each pair of adjacent strips is selected so that the aggregate SPD or color temperature of the pair approximately matches the SPD or color temperature of the lamp. This improves color uniformity around the lamp and allows a wide range of LED bins to be used in the strips. Any number of strips may be combined to generate the target SPD or color temperature.
• The same principle applies as well to color converted strips that may be selected based upon their final binned performance and when combined in the aggregate within a single lamp provides the target SPD and flux performance. These are then manufactured with a range of blue LED dominant wavelengths, color converted by any one of a number of means, and then binned based on their final flux, SPD and/or other characteristic that permits a uniformity within tolerance for the aggregate light output of the lamp. The light from strips of slightly different color temperatures (from difference bins) can also be combined to produce an aggregate target color temperature and via variable driving means, can be controlled by internal or external means to create a range of color temperature or even track a typical incandescent color temperature and flux dimming profile. Combining different strips with compensatory color temperatures is an effective means to reduce the overall color temperature variation between lamps and to enable additional functionality or emulation to the finished lamp.
• In an alternative embodiment, thestrips154 could be placed parallel to one another, similar toFIG. 6 and evenly or unevenly spaced.
• Further, since the strip substrates may both be transparent, strips may completely overlap each other to combine the colors and increase the light output per area.
• The flexibility of the LED strips allows the strips to be temporarily or even permanently bent or compressed for storage, shipping, or use.
• FIG. 20 illustrates asolid state lamp170 formed by a corrugated LED sheet or by a plurality of LED strips affixed to acompressible form174, so that the lamp may be compressed for storage. Thelamp170 resembles a small Chinese lantern. An additional benefit of the corrugated shape is that some LEDs are aimed upward and some LEDs are aimed downward, providing a substantially sphericallight emission176 similar to a standard bulb. The user may expand thelamp170 to a variety of lengths, where the light emission pattern varies with length. A shorter length provides more up-down light, while a longer length provides more side light thus enabling different photometric intensity profiles for use in different lighting fixture means.
• FIG. 21A illustrates asolid state lamp180 having a base182 containing at least a portion of a driver, where the LED strips184 retain their shape when bent. Thestrips184 may contain a thin copper or aluminum strip for heat extraction that additionally retains its shape when bent. Thelamp180 may be packaged with thestrips184 unbent for minimum space, and the user may bend thestrips184 in any shape to achieve a desired emission pattern. While the design may be considered useful for decorative means it may also provide for minimized packaging volume and enable a wide range of different fixture photometric profiles that can add efficiency, aesthetic advantages and variety for new light fixture designs. For example, thestrips184 may be bent in a bulb shape to emulate the emission pattern of a standard bulb. A virtually unlimited array of light emission patterns, including some highly decorative versions, may be enabled by this embodiment. In another embodiment, it is also possible to have different color coordinates or color temperatures which may be differentially aimed to create different patterns within a lamp shade or luminaire. It is even possible to combine strips with lambertian emission patterns with strips that have prescribed directional light emission within the same bulb to enable multiple functions from the same lamp. For example, it is possible to have some strips designed for side illumination and indirect lighting within sconce while other strips are “aimed” with optical control to provide strong directional up or down light for increased task illumination. The LED strip69 ofFIG. 9B may be used in the embodiment ofFIG. 21A.
• A clear outer shell may be used to protect the strips in the embodiment ofFIG. 21 and allow the lamp to be handled by the user.
• FIG. 21B is similar toFIG. 21A but thestrips185 are designed with variable widths and distributions of LED dies. In this embodiment, the LED dies are arranged in patches at the tips of thestrips185 that widen into larger areas at their tips. One advantage of this is to increase the light flux at the “light center” of the lamp, which more closely emulates a standard incandescent lamp. This embodiment also allows for the LED dies to be turned through larger angles to enable aiming of the tips of thestrips185 to enable some of the functionality described above.
• FIG. 22 is similar toFIG. 21A, where the LED strips184 are straight or aimable via rotation and angular displacement. The distribution of LED chips may also be adapted to be higher or lower in regions.
• In one embodiment, a reflector may partially surround thestrips184 to confine the beam, similar to an MR-16 type bulb. In another embodiment, additional strips may be affixed to the outer surface of the reflector to emit light in a downward direction relative toFIG. 21. In another embodiment, a diffuser may also completely, or partially surround thestrips184 to soften the light distribution. In both cases, the reflector or diffuser described above may be removable and replaceable as an option that is sold with thebase lamp21 or22 and supplied as directed or desired by the user or fixture design.
• InFIGS. 21A, 21B, and 22, there may be two or more strips. In one embodiment, there are up to 12 strips, each strip containing 12 LEDs in series for providing sufficient lumens to replace a 60 watt incandescent bulb. The strips may be connected in parallel, and each strip may be associated with its own current source in the power converter.
• The strips may be corrugated instead of flat to create a broader beam. The strips may have lenses formed in them.
• In one embodiment, the strips are about 1-6 inches long depending on the allowable space and desired light output. The strips may bendable between an angle perpendicular to the central axis of the lamp and parallel to the central axis to maximize control of the light emission pattern. The strips may be arranged to emulate most types of standard bulbs. Any electrical connector can be used.
• FIG. 23A illustrates asolid state lamp188 formed of a single LED sheet or a plurality of LED strips, where the sheet or strips are configured to create a polygonal cross-section. The sheet or strips may be affixed to a polygon form with flat sides. The polygon may be vented or made from thermally conducting material such that heat is transferred to other regions of the lamp for cooling. For example, ventilation holes189 in the base can result in buoyancy driven air flow to run parallel to the vertical axis within the lamp body and be ventilated in either direction depending upon the orientation of the lamp.
• FIG. 23B is a cross-sectional view ofFIG. 23A along line A-A inFIG. 23A showing that the lamp is a six-sided polygon to provide good 360 degree light emission. Each side may be associated with its own current source to ensure substantially equal light output per side.
• FIG. 24 illustrates asolid state lamp188, similar toFIG. 23A, with a substantiallyspherical diffuser190 being positioned over it so that the light emission better emulates a bulb. Thediffuser190 also provides protection for the LEDs and allows the user to apply torque to the screw-in base without touching the LED strips. Thediffuser190 may be held in place by ascrew192, a clamp, locking tabs, an adhesive, or any other means.
• In another embodiment ofFIG. 24, thediffuser190 is designed to be adjustable up and down such that it can be positioned vertically at different heights to effect a change in spatial distribution. Thediffuser190 may also incorporate regions of diffusion with regions of transparency with regions of specular reflectivity as may offer a unique light distribution for particular lighting fixture design. One such example in the incandescent world is to create regions near the top hemisphere of the bulb glass envelope with highly specular reflectivity to shield direct view of the filament. The equivalent property could be exploited in this design with the added advantage that it could be designed such that it could be adjusted vertically to control the cut-off angle suiting the user's requirements.Diffuser190 may also haveperforations197 or reveals to permit air flow to pass from the bottom to the top for additional cooling of the LED dies. Thescrew fastener192 shown is one example of a means to fix the diffuser to the central lamp structure. Other methods include snap fitting, threaded fitting and interference fitting that will provide for mechanical joining of the removable and replaceable reflector or diffuser assembly.
• In another embodiment,diffuser190 may contain a remote phosphor or light conversion material to help create light of a desired spectrum from the underlying LED dies.
• In one embodiment, there is no phosphor on the LED strips, so the strips emit blue light. Thediffuser190 is coated with phosphor for converting the blue light to white light.
• FIG. 25 illustrates asolid state lamp188, similar toFIG. 23A, with a hemispherical orparabolic reflector196 surrounding the LEDs. Optionally,perforations197 in one or both of thereflector196 or the diffuser/optic202 will aid in cooling of the LED die. A variety of types of diffusers or reflectors may fit over thesame lamp188 to achieve different emission patterns. Thelight emission200 from theLEDs140 is shown reflecting off the reflector's196 inner surface and being emitted in a forward direction to achieve a spotlight effect. A transparent or diffusingwindow202 may be provided over the lamp. Thereflector196 may instead be a diffuser and can be designed to be removably attached to the lamp pedestal such that the end user may change the desired distribution from a hemispherical light distribution, as with a globe diffuser, to a reflector lamp with a narrow beam distribution by changing thereflector196. Preferably, there will be an allowance for mechanically connecting the reflector/diffuser component and any external lenses, diffusers or homogenizers as are known in the art. The wide variety of optical conversion materials and structures that can be attached to the central lamp form offers end users great utility in that they can readily modify the lamp spatial emission characteristics without removing the underlying lamp from the socket. Since theunderlying lamp form188 can remain in a luminaire socket for decades of useful life in residential and commercial applications it is advantageous and environmentally prudent to be able to readily change the optical and emission characteristics of the lamps over time.
• Additionally, the LED strips or LED sheet inFIG. 25 may be replaceable while retaining the remainder of the lamp to achieve different characteristics, such as increasing or decreasing the lumen output or changing the color. The LED strip or sheet may have a plug-in connector and be a snap-fit.
• The bottom portion of thelamp188 may be formed of a good thermal conductor and is exposed to ambient air with air channels for aiding in cooling. In this way, the lamp is cooled in any orientation.
• FIG. 26A illustrates asolid state lamp210 having a plurality of LED strips212 supported at their ends to form a lamp having a customizable shape. Thestrips212 may have an increased density ofLEDs214 near their middle to provide more uniform spherical light emission. The radius of curvature of thestrips212 may be set with ascrew216 at the top of thelamp210 connected to thebase218. The screw216 (or other fastener) may also be adapted to be gripped by a user to provide a torque for screwing the lamp into a socket. A positive voltage is coupled to one end of thestrips212 and current sources are connected to the other ends of thestrips212, as shown inFIG. 4.
• In another embodiment, all connections to the power converter can be made exclusively at the bottom of the strips so that the top of the lamp may be electrically neutral for safety.
• In another embodiment,FIG. 26A may have thestrips212 rotationally variable such that all of the strips can be fanned to one side or distributed evenly. For example,FIG. 26B may also represent a flat, fanned out array ofstrips212 with all electrical connections at one end near the central pivot point. This mode can be useful for uses of the lamp where it may be desirable to have the light emit from only one side of the lamp such as in a wall sconce.
• In another embodiment, thestrips212 may be selectively fanned out by the user in the bent configuration shown inFIG. 26A so that the lamp emits light in an asymmetrical pattern.
• FIG. 26B is a top down view ofFIG. 26A showing theindividual strips212 and thescrew216.
• FIG. 27 illustrates asolid state lamp230 that is compressible for packaging. The LED strips232 are diamond shaped, or any other convenient foldable shape, to provide an increased density of LEDs near the middle of the strips for more uniform spherical light emission. Thestrips232 are formed to have a crease in the middle, orseparate strips232 may be provided on the upper and lower halves of thelamp230 to avoid a severe bend in the strips. The LED driver may be within thebase structure234.
• As withFIG. 20, the height of thelamp230 may be adjustable to greatly control the light emission pattern. A more compressed lamp will provide more up-down light, while and expanded lamp will provide more side light. The height may be adjustable by turning a central screw or simply compressing or expanding a central friction slip rod or any other means.
• The lamps ofFIGS. 20 and 27 may have a large surface area for better cooling of the LEDs. The central open area further increases air cooling.
• In one embodiment, a sheer insect-blocking netting is provided over the opening.
• An Edison-type screw-in connector for an incandescent bulb is usually required to provide a portion of the support for the vacuum chamber for the filament. However, for a solid state lamp, the electrical connector can be any of a variety of shapes as long as it has the ability to connect to the standard Edison socket and provide the necessary safety clearance for shock. In one embodiment, thelamp230 has a screw-in typeelectrical connector236, having a relatively narrowcentral shaft237 and two ormore metal tabs238 that engage the threads in the Edison socket239 (threads and hot electrode shown). The connector's236hot electrode240 is connected to a wire that runs inside theshaft237 to the driver.
• FIG. 28 is a bisected view of thelamp230 ofFIG. 27 in its compressed state, showing theelectrical connector236 in its stored state. Theconnector236 is relatively thin and may be foldable for storage.
• FIG. 29A illustrates in more detail theconnector236 ofFIG. 28. Theconnector236 has wideflat sides246 and portions ofthreads248 on its narrower sides that correspond to the matching screw shell of thestandard socket239. The view ofFIG. 27 shows the narrow side of theconnector236. The threaded area may be copper affixed to an insulating support material249 (FIG. 29A). The structure will screw into astandard Edison socket239. Ahot electrode240, extending through the insulatingsupport material249, connects to atop terminal250, which is, in turn, connected to one input of the driver. The driver is optionally housed within thebase structure234, which also provides a finger safe shock shield over the top of the corresponding socket. Thecopper threads248 connect to another input of the driver.Tabs238 extend from theconnector236 in its down position once theconnector236 is positioned by the user. Thetabs238 can be provided on both sides of theconnector236 and, when locked in position, provides four points of contact within theEdison socket239 and permits the lamp to be screwed into the socket in a normal fashion. Since solid state light sources offer extraordinary life expectancy measured in decades, it is reasonable that lamps will typically be installed and then left for many years without any need for replacement. Thus, the requirement for simple removal and replacement may be relaxed in terms of mechanical convenience and ergonomics and instead be directed to quick installation methods for rapid deployment in the field.
• In another embodiment, which may be similar in appearance toFIG. 27, themetal tabs238 act as resilient metal springs that allow thelamp230 to just be pushed into theEdison socket239 without any turning of the lamp. Thetabs238 have an acute angle portion that engages the threads of thesocket239 and resiliently locks in the lamp. There may be 2, 3, or fourtabs238, depending on the desired rigidity of the lamp connection to the socket. Thehot electrode240 may be spring loaded (urged into its expanded state) to ensure firm contact with the hot electrode of the socket as thetabs238 settle into a trough of the socket thread. Typically, an Edison type screw-in socket has a resilient hot electrode252 (FIG. 27), so spring loading thehot electrode240 of theconnector236 may not be needed. A central support shaft may form the central axis of the lamp and can be used to apply the pressure for inserting theconnector236 into thesocket239. In such a push-in embodiment, thecopper threads248 ofFIG. 29A would be omitted, and the central shaft may be a more narrow cylinder or rectangular bar.
• FIG. 29C is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a push-in connector for an Edison-type screw-in socket. InFIG. 29C, conductivecaptive balls251 within receptacles around a conductive or insulatingvertical shell252 provide the mechanical locking within the Edison-type socket. Thecaptive balls251 are urged outward bysprings253 so as to have sufficient restorative force that they can readily be inserted with sufficient pushing force and yet remain tight within the socket for mechanical and electrical integrity. Removal is the reverse and could be either by exerting a strong pull or via the typical unscrewing rotational action of traditional designs. The neutral or ground potential of the socket is conducted by theballs251, springs253, andcentral metal conductor254 to a power supply input of the LED driver (not shown) in the base of the lamp. The hot potential is conducted from thehot electrode255 by awire257 to the other input of the driver. Many different ways of coupling the potentials to the driver are envisioned.
• In another embodiment related toFIG. 29C, the act of pushing vertically down on the top of the lamp will force a spring loaded central plunger (may be similar to the conductor254) down and free theballs251 within their receptacles in a horizontal direction, allowing the lamp to be freely inserted. As the plunger is allowed to move to its normal resting position, a central cam may push the balls out and lock them into the socket. Removal will then either be via a standard rotational motion or could be enabled by having a reverse detail on the central shaft that will permit theballs251 to be retracted when the lamp is pulled from the socket.
• FIG. 30 illustrates anelectrical connector256, extending from abase258, having ahandle262 affixed to it to provide torque for screwing a solid state lamp into a socket or pushing the lamp into the socket. Thehandle262 is optional if there is other means to screw or push the lamp into the socket. The base258 may support the LED strips or a bulb form.
• In certain applications, it is desirable for a solid state lamp to provide a more directed light emission rather than a standard bulb emission.FIGS. 31-33 illustrate a solid state lamp that may be used to provide a more directed beam.
• FIG. 31 is a side view of asolid state lamp268 that has a directed light emission. Thelamp268 has a standard screw-inbase14, and a driver is included in thelamp268. Thelamp268 has abody270 for supporting a plurality of LED strips, which may be any of those LED strips previously described. Adiffuser272 is optional.
• FIG. 32 is a top down view of the lamp ofFIG. 31 without thediffuser272. In the example, there are eight LEDstrips274 encapsulating any number of bare LED dies276. There may be any number of strips and any number of LED dies per strip, such as 12 strips, each containing 12 LED dies connected in series.
• Acentral pad280 is connected to an end lead of eachstrip274 and may supply a positive voltage provided by the driver. The other end of eachstrip274 may be connected to a common conductor or to an associated current source, as shown inFIG. 4. In the simplified example ofFIG. 32, the perimeter of the circle is acommon conductor282 connected to all thestrips274 so all thestrips274 are connected in parallel.
• If thesurface277 supporting thestrips274 is flat, the light emission from thestrips274 will, at most, be hemispherical, and lenses formed on the strips' substrates may be used to narrow or direct the beam to create a spotlight effect. Thediffuser272 may instead include a lens for directing the beam. Thelamp268 may replace directional lamps such as types MR-16 (2 inch diameter), R30 (3¾ inch diameter), PAR 38 (4¾ inch diameter), and others.
• Thesurface277 supporting thestrips274 may be thermally conductive and reflective, such as aluminum, to draw heat from the LED dies276, and thebody270 removes the heat from the metal by transferring the heat to the ambient air. Holes may be formed in thebody270 to create an air flow contacting the bottom surface of the metal support. If the LED dies276 are low current types (e.g., 20 mA), removing heat will not be difficult since the LED dies276 are spread over a relatively large area.
• Thesurface277 supporting thestrips274 need not be flat, but may be concave or convex (e.g., conical) to affect the light emission pattern, such as making the light beam wider or narrower, or increasing the proportion of side light, etc.
• FIG. 33 is a top down view of the lamp ofFIG. 31 where eachLED strip286 has a curved shape to better distribute the LED dies276 over themetal surface277. This not only creates a more uniform light beam but spreads the heat from the LED dies276 over a larger area for increased cooling.
• Many other shapes of the LED strips can be used. In another embodiment, a single strip can be formed in a long spiral around the central axis to distribute the LEDs. In another embodiment, the strips may be concentric circles. Instead of LED strips, the LEDs may be distributed in an LED sheet, such as shown inFIG. 16.
• As previously discussed with respect toFIG. 19, thestrips274/286 may be pre-tested for color temperature and binned, and strips may be combined from different bins to create a target color temperature. Therefore, alllamps268 will output white light having the same overall color temperature.
• The flexible structure and selectable width of the light strips allows them to be bent to form various types of lamps having particular light emission characteristics.
• FIG. 34A illustrates alight strip300 mounted on a curved metal backing that can be rolled up similar to a conventional metal tape measure. The metal may be the same steel as used in a tape measure or any planar material with the ability to spring into shape.FIG. 34B is a side view of thelight strip300 rolled up. The metal backing provides strength to thestrip300 when it is unrolled, due to its U-shape, so the strip can be self supported up to 8 feet. Thelight emission302 may be broad due to the curved shape of thelight strip300.Electrodes304 project from thestrip300 and may connect to a standard fluorescent bulb socket. A metal backing is not necessary, and other material may be used, such as plastic. If the light strip is suitably formed, no backing material may be necessary.
• Thelight strip300 may be a lamp for installing in a fixture or may be the complete fixture itself. As a complete fixture, the light strip may be any width, such as up to one foot wide or wider, to be self-supporting. For thelight strip300 to be a fixture in itself, theelectrodes304 are attach to end caps, which are supported by wires connected to a ceiling or supported by a T-bar grid. The supporting wires carry the current, or separate wires carry the current. Thestrip300 may be arced up or down, depending on the desired light distribution.
• It is estimated, that thelight strip300 may be self-supporting up to 12-16 feet if it has sufficient width. LEDs may be mounted on both sides of the strip to provide bidirectional lighting where the ceiling is also illuminated. This invention greatly reduces the packaging and volume inherent in the shipping of typical planar light sources since it is readily rolled up and delivered to site in a compact fashion saving significantly in packaging and delivery costs. The use of raw materials is also significantly enhanced as far less mass is consumed by this structure to provide a given amount and distribution of lighting within the space.
• In another embodiment, the U-shape is inverted, and the LEDs may be mounted on both sides if the strip.
• In another embodiment, the U shape is joined back to back with another U shape such that the cross section is a free-form sprung “eyeball” type shape.
• In another embodiment, thestrip300 does not have to be rollable, but may be stackable for storage. This greatly simplifies the construction of thestrip300 since it may be formed as a rigid piece. Thestrip300 may only have oneelectrode304 per end, or have bothelectrodes304 at only one end.
• FIG. 35 is a perspective view of acylindrical lamp306 formed ofvarious sections308,309,310 of light sheets, where each light sheet contains an array of LEDs and bent to form a cylinder. Thelamp306 telescopes due to thesections309 and310 having progressively smaller diameters. The electrodes for each section are connected bywires312 to thelamp electrodes314. Other means of electrical conduction may be used. Electrodes may be at both ends of thelamp306. Thelamp306 may be fully extended or partially extended. If partially extended, light from an inner light sheet will emit through the outer light sheet since the light sheets may be transparent. In one embodiment, there are four sections of about one foot each to replace a four foot fluorescent bulb. Thelamp306 may be used to replace a variety of lamp lengths and wattages, such as 2, 3, or 4 foot lamps.
• FIG. 36 illustrates alamp318 that is formed of a singlespiral light strip320 that is stretched into its fully expanded position shown inFIG. 36. The edges of the light sheet are shown forming a helix. The spiral may effectively lock in place by tabs or other means. For example, if one edge of the spiral strip has a U-shaped edge that corresponds to the thickness of the other side of the strip then it will naturally snap back into the U channel as the spiral is unfurled. Once snapped back the spiral will effectively be a rigid tube similar to a cardboard spiral tube used as a mandrel for winding paper. Electrodes (not shown) may protrude from one or both ends.
• FIG. 37A illustrates a lamp formed of alight sheet322 bent into a cylinder, where the LEDs' light emitting surfaces are facing into the cylinder. The outer surface may be reflective so all light324 is emitted from the open ends of the cylinder. One end may be blocked by a reflective plate. The colors emitted by the LEDs are highly mixed so that the light exiting the lamp is very uniform. Such a lamp may be affixed to a wall to provide accent lighting or provide directed lighting onto a surface.
• FIG. 37B illustrates a lamp similar to that ofFIG. 37A, where thelight sheet326 is bent to form a truncated cone facing up or down. The light328 is emitted through the large open end, and there is less reflection of the light before exiting compared to the embodiment ofFIG. 37A. The bottom may be open or provided with a reflector.
• FIG. 38 illustrates three overlapping light sheets/strips330,331,332, each sheet/strip encapsulating an array ofLEDs334. AllLEDs334 emit light336 in the same direction. The substrates are all transparent so as to transmit the light. Therefore, the light output per area of a lamp may be increased using this technique. Any number of sheets/strips may overlap.
• The overlapping sheets/strips330-332 may be used in any of the embodiments described herein.
• In another embodiment, the three sheets/strips330-332 may be connected to different power converter terminals. In a low light state, only one light sheet/strip (or only one set of strips) may be energized. In higher light states, the additional strips or sheets would be energized. A three-way fixture switch or other control means may be controlled by the user to apply power to the redundant strips or sheets to emulate a three-way bulb. The electrical connector for the lamp may be a standard three-way bulb connector. A mixture of strips and a sheet may also be used. In an another embodiment, the strips may be of different spectral power distributions and be independently controlled or dependently controlled by known means to provide a composite spectral power distribution. Open loop or closed loop electrical control means may provide for a variety of color temperatures or color points to be reproduced by the assembly of overlapping sheets/strips.
• FIG. 39 illustrates that the substrates used to form alight sheet338 may be stretchable so as to conform to 3-dimensional objects, such as ashallow dome340. The LEDs in thesheet338 may emit light in either direction. The stretchable substrate may have an adhesive surface to stick to the form.
• To maintain a certain brightness level over very long periods, redundant strips may be used, as shown inFIG. 40.FIG. 40 illustrates a set ofactive strips350 containingLEDs352 and one or moreredundant strips354. Theactive strips350 are normally all energized. Theredundant strips354 would not be energized until anopen circuit detector356 detects that a normally operational strip has either become an open circuit or has otherwise failed. Then thedetector356 controls acurrent source358, via aswitch360, to power up aredundant strip354. Many other types of circuits may be used to detect a non-operational strip and, in turn, energize a redundant strip. Aredundant strip354 may also be energized in response to an active feedback sensor sensing that the light has dropped below a threshold level.
• In another embodiment ofFIG. 40, the strips may be enabled to self regulate system output by utilizing control means responsive to temperature or light flux that enable warmer strips to dim and for cooler strips to brighten such that overall efficacy and longevity is maximized. For example, the strips may be cooled by reducing a PWM duty cycle of the strips.
• In another embodiment ofFIG. 40,parallel strips354 of LEDs produced with approximately equal impedance are powered and wired such that a change in the impedance of each strip is detected by thedetector356. This detection can be by monitoring the currents through thestrips354 and detecting any increase in current due to a drop in resistance of a particular LED, such as the lowering of an LED's voltage drop due to excess heat. The average current through this decreased resistance can be reduced by thedetector356 decreasing the duty cycle of the individual LED or thestrip354 which contains it. As the decreased LED orstrip354 cools, the other, parallel strips will be radiating sufficient light to keep the integrated flux constant. As other LEDs heat and drop their resistance and have their duty cycle decreased in turn bydetector356, the previously reduced strips will have cooled and their duty cycle can now be increased so that the integrated light flux remains the same. Accordingly, each strip will have its resistance monitored and current adjusted such that it cools while other parallel strips are radiating. The current can be controlled by controlling a resistance, voltage, or any other suitable parameter. This control of temperature and current through the various junctions can be arranged so that the required light flux is maintained but the degradation of the various junctions is reduced, thereby extending the life.
• Accordingly, there can be no thermal runaway problems and the lifetime of each strip will be approximately the same.
• The continual detection and control of eachstrip354, controlled bydetector356, allows a feedback and control loop to occur that
• i) detects overheating junctions through their drop in resistance;
• ii) cools the overheating junctions by reducing their duty cycle;
• iii) transfers the extra load to other strips operating with normal resistance; iv) keeps constant the overall flux of light from the entire light sheet, luminaire, or device, either through statistics or through an active larger-scale control loop;
• v) allows the entire device to have a substantially longer lifetime through the lengthened lifetimes of the component LEDs and LED light strips.
• The various features of the lamps described herein may be combined in any way.
• The inventions can be applied to any form of lamp having any type of electrical connector. The lamps may run off the mains voltage or a battery. If a battery is the power supply, the selection of the number of LEDs in a strip (determining the voltage drop) may be such that there is no power supply needed in the lamp.
• Having described the invention in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that given the present disclosure, modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and inventive concepts described herein. Therefore, it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described.

Claims (30)

What is claimed is:

1. A solid state lamp comprising:

a connector configured to connect the solid state lamp to a power source, the connector defining an axis; and

a bulb portion extending along the axis and attached to the connector, the bulb portion comprising a plurality of strips, each strip comprising:

an elongate substrate extending from a first end to a second end opposite the first end, the elongate substrate comprising a top surface having a length extending between the first and second ends of the elongate substrate and a width perpendicular to the length, the length being greater than the width, the substrate comprising side surfaces on opposing sides of the width of the top surface;

a plurality of spaced-apart light-emitting diode (LED) unpackaged dies disposed on the top surface of the elongate substrate between the first and second ends;

conductors arranged to provide electrical power to the LED unpackaged dies; and

a solid encapsulant encapsulating the LED unpackaged dies on the top surface of the substrate,

wherein the side surfaces of the elongate substrate are free of the solid encapsulant, and

wherein the first and second ends of each strip are spaced apart from the first and second ends of the other strips of the plurality of strips.

2. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein each of the LED unpackaged dies has a reflector arranged co-planar and adjacent to the top surface of the substrate and the reflector reflects light from within the corresponding LED unpackaged die.

3. The solid state lamp ofclaim 2, wherein the reflector extends across a face of the corresponding LED unpackaged die.

4. The solid state lamp ofclaim 2, wherein during operation each of the strips outputs a first light in directions away from the top surface of the elongate substrate having a first spectral power distribution and each of the strips outputs a second light in directions away from a bottom surface of the elongate substrate opposite the top surface, the second light having a second spectral power distribution different from the first spectral power distribution.

5. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the substrate is a dielectric substrate.

6. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the solid encapsulant comprises a mixture of a phosphor and a binder.

7. The solid state lamp ofclaim 6, wherein the binder comprises a silicone.

8. The solid state lamp ofclaim 6, wherein the mixture of a phosphor and a binder is in contact with the LED unpackaged dies and the top surface of the elongate substrate between the LED unpackaged dies, and the solid encapsulant provides an outside surface of each corresponding strip.

9. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein portions of the top surface of each strip are free of the solid encapsulant.

10. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein each strip further comprises a phosphor layer disposed on a bottom surface of the elongate substrate opposite the top surface.

11. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein, in each of the strips, the solid encapsulant on the top surface of the substrate provides a first light emission surface through which the corresponding strip outputs a first intensity of light during operation, and a side opposite the first light emission surface provides a second light emission surface through which the strip outputs a second intensity of light during operation, and the first intensity of light is higher than the second intensity of light.

12. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the solid encapsulant in each of the strips is configured to scatter light from the LED unpackaged dies, and the corresponding strip outputs a first intensity of the scattered light in a first direction and a second intensity of the scattered light in a second direction opposite the first direction during operation, wherein the first intensity of light is higher than the second intensity of light.

13. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the substrate is a reflective substrate.

14. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, further comprising a support structure, wherein the strips are supported by the support structure.

15. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein the support structure electrically interconnects the strips.

16. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein the support structure comprises a stiff rod.

17. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein the support structure comprises wires.

18. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein the support structure has a first portion and a second portion different from the first portion, the strips being separately attached to the support structure, wherein the first end of each strip is attached to the first portion of the support structure and the second end of each strip is attached to the second portion of the support structure, and the support structure electrically connects the strips to the connector.

19. The solid state lamp ofclaim 18, wherein the first portion of the support structure is disposed proximate the connector and the second portion of the support structure is disposed distal of the connector.

20. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein the strips are curved and the support structure maintains the curved shapes of the strips.

21. The solid state lamp ofclaim 20, wherein the strips are helical strips.

22. The solid state lamp ofclaim 14, wherein each of the strips further comprises a terminal fastened to the elongate substrate, the terminal extending along a portion of at least one of the side surfaces and connecting the corresponding strip to the support structure.

23. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the strips are free-standing strips supported only at the first ends and extend from the connector into the bulb portion, and the connector has a plurality of connection locations each configured to receive at least one of the free-standing strips at the corresponding first end.

24. The solid state lamp ofclaim 23, wherein, in each of the strips, the LED unpackaged dies are arranged in multiple rows along the corresponding elongate substrate and the LED unpackaged dies in each of the rows are electrically connected in series.

25. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the strips are straight strips.

26. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein each of the strips has a width of less than 5 mm and a thickness of less than 2 mm.

27. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein, in each of the strips, the LED unpackaged dies are uniformly arranged in one or more rows along the elongate substrate.

28. The solid state lamp ofclaim 27, wherein the LED unpackaged dies are uniformly arranged in two rows connected anti-parallel to each other, each row extending along corresponding lines parallel to each other.

29. The solid state lamp ofclaim 27, wherein in each of the strips, the LED unpackaged dies are arranged between some of the electrical conductors and the substrate.

30. The solid state lamp ofclaim 1, wherein the strips are electrically connected in series or parallel.

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