US20210165403A1 - Orienting a user interface of a controller for operating a self-propelled device - Google Patents

Abstract

A self-propelled device determines an orientation for its movement based on a pre-determined reference frame. A controller device is operable by a user to control the self-propelled device. The controller device includes a user interface for controlling at least a direction of movement of the self-propelled device. The self-propelled device is configured to signal the controller device information that indicates the orientation of the self-propelled device. The controller device is configured to orient the user interface, based on the information signaled from the self-propelled device, to reflect the orientation of the self-propelled device.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/261,288 entitled “ORIENTING A USER INTERFACE OF A CONTROLLER FOR OPERATING A SELF-PROPELLED DEVICE” filed Apr. 24, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/342,884, entitled “ORIENTING A USER INTERFACE OF A CONTROLLER FOR OPERATING A SELF-PROPELLED DEVICE,” filed Jan. 3, 2012; now U.S. Pat. No. 8,751,063 issued Jun. 10, 2014, which claims priority to: (i) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/430,023, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING A ROBOTIC DEVICE,” filed Jan. 5, 2011; (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/430,083, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ESTABLISHING 2-WAY COMMUNICATION FOR CONTROLLING A ROBOTIC DEVICE,” filed Jan. 5, 2011; and (iii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/553,923, entitled “A SELF-PROPELLED DEVICE AND SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SAME,” filed Oct. 31, 2011; all of the aforementioned applications being hereby incorporated by reference in their respective entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• Embodiments described herein generally relate to a self-propelled device, and more specifically, to orienting a user interface of a controller for operating a self-propelled device.
BACKGROUND
• Early in human history, the wheel was discovered and human fascination with circular and spherical objects began. Humans were intrigued by devices based on these shapes as practical transportation and propulsion, and as toys and amusements. Self-propelled spherical objects were initially powered by inertia or mechanical energy storage in devices such as coiled springs. As technology has evolved, new ways of applying and controlling these devices have been invented. Today, technology is available from robotics, high energy-density battery systems, sophisticated wireless communication links, micro sensors for magnetism, orientation and acceleration, and widely available communication devices with displays and multiple sensors for input.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic depiction of an embodiment comprising a self-propelled device and a computing device, under an embodiment.
• FIG. 2B depicts a system comprising computing devices and self-propelled devices, according to another embodiment.
• FIG. 2C is a schematic that illustrates a system comprising a computing device and multiple self-propelled devices, under another embodiment.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the components of a self-propelled device that is in the form of a robotic, spherical ball, in accordance with an embodiment.
• FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate a technique for causing controlled movement of a spherical self-propelled device, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 5 further illustrates a technique for causing motion of a self-propelled spherical device, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting a sensor array and data flow, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a system including a self-propelled device, and a controller computing device that controls and interacts with the self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 8A illustrates a more detailed system architecture for a self-propelled device and system, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 8B illustrates the system architecture of a computing device, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 8C illustrates a particular feature of code execution, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 8D illustrates an embodiment in which a self-propelled device800 implements control using a three-dimensional reference frame and control input that is received from another device that utilizes a two-dimensional reference frame, under an embodiment.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a method for operating a self-propelled device using a computing device, according to one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a method for operating a computing device in controlling a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 11A throughFIG. 11C illustrate an embodiment in which a user interface of a controller is oriented to adopt an orientation of a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments.
• FIG. 11D illustrates a method for calibrating a user-interface for orientation based on an orientation of the self-propelled device, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 12A andFIG. 12B illustrate different interfaces that can be implemented on a controller computing device.
• FIG. 13A throughFIG. 13C illustrate a variety of inputs that can be entered on a controller computing device to operate a self-propelled device, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 14A illustrates a system in which a self-propelled device is represented in a virtual environment while the self-propelled device operates in a real-world environment, under an embodiment.
• FIG. 14B andFIG. 14C illustrate an application in which a self-propelled device acts as a fiducial marker, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an interactive application that can be implemented for use with multiple self-propelled devices, depicted as spherical or robotic balls, under an embodiment.
• FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a method of collision detection, according to an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• In an embodiment, a self-propelled device is provided, which includes a drive system, a spherical housing, and a biasing mechanism. The drive system includes one or more motors that are contained within the spherical housing. The biasing mechanism actively forces the drive system to continuously engage an interior of the spherical housing in order to cause the spherical housing to move.
• According to another embodiment, a self-controlled device maintains a frame of reference about an X-, Y- and Z-axis. The self-controlled device processes an input to control the self-propelled device, the input being based on the X- and Y-axis. The self-propelled device is controlled in its movement, including about each of the X-, Y- and Z-axes, based on the input.
• Still further, another embodiment provides a system that includes a controller device and a self-propelled device. The self-propelled device is operable to move under control of the controller device, and maintains a frame of reference about an X-, Y- and Z-axis. The controller device provides an interface to enable a user to enter two-dimensional control input about the X- and Y-axes. The self-propelled device processes the control input from the controller device in order to maintain control relative to the X-, Y- and Z-axes.
• According to another embodiment, a self-propelled device determines an orientation for its movement based on a pre-determined reference frame. A controller device is operable by a user to control the self-propelled device. The controller device includes a user interface for controlling at least a direction of movement of the self-propelled device. The self-propelled device is configured to signal the controller device information that indicates the orientation of the self-propelled device. The controller device is configured to orient the user interface, based on the information signaled from the self-propelled device, to reflect the orientation of the self-propelled device.
• According to another embodiment, a controller device is provided for a self-propelled device. The controller device includes one or more processors, a display screen, a wireless communication port and a memory. The processor operates to generate a user interface for controlling at least a directional movement of the self-propelled device, receive information from the self-propelled device over the wireless communication port indicating an orientation of the self-propelled device, and configure the user interface to reflect the orientation of the self-propelled device.
• In still another embodiment, a self-propelled device includes a drive system, a wireless communication port, a memory and a processor. The memory stores a first set of instructions for mapping individual inputs from a first set of recognizable inputs to a corresponding command that controls movement of the self-propelled device. The processor (or processors) receive one or more inputs from the controller device over the wireless communication port, map each of the one or more inputs to a command based on the set of instructions, and control the drive system using the command determined for each of the one or more inputs. While the drive system is controlled, the processor processes one or more instructions to alter the set of recognizable inputs and/or the corresponding command that is mapped to the individual inputs in the set of recognizable inputs.
• Still further, embodiments enable a controller device to include an object or virtual representation of the self-propelled device.
Terms
• As used herein, the term “substantially” means at least almost entirely. In quantitative terms, “substantially” means at least 80% of a stated reference (e.g., quantity of shape).
• In similar regard, “spherical” or “sphere” means “substantially spherical.” An object is spherical if it appears as such as to an ordinary user, recognizing that, for example, manufacturing processes may create tolerances in the shape or design where the object is slightly elliptical or not perfectly symmetrical, or that the object may include surface features or mechanisms for which the exterior is not perfectly smooth or symmetrical.
• Overview
• Referring now to the drawings,FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments. As described by various embodiments, self-propelleddevice100 can be operated to move under control of another device, such as a computing device operated by a user. In some embodiments, self-propelleddevice100 is configured with resources that enable one or more of the following: (i) maintain self-awareness of orientation and/or position relative to an initial reference frame after the device initiates movement; (ii) process control input programmatically, so as to enable a diverse range of program-specific responses to different control inputs; (iii) enable another device to control its movement using software or programming logic that is communicative with programming logic on the self-propelled device; and/or (iv) generate an output response for its movement and state that it is software interpretable by the control device.
• In an embodiment, self-propelleddevice100 includes several interconnected subsystems and modules.Processor114 executes programmatic instructions fromprogram memory104. The instructions stored inprogram memory104 can be changed, for example to add features, correct flaws, or modify behavior. In some embodiments,program memory104 stores programming instructions that are communicative or otherwise operable with software executing on a computing device. Theprocessor114 is configured to execute different programs of programming instructions, in order to alter the manner in which the self-propelleddevice100 interprets or otherwise responds to control input from another computing device.
• Wireless communication110, in conjunction withcommunication transducer102, serves to exchange data betweenprocessor114 and other external devices. The data exchanges, for example, provide communications, provide control, provide logical instructions, state information, and/or provide updates forprogram memory104. In some embodiments,processor114 generates output corresponding to state and/or position information, that is communicated to the controller device via the wireless communication port. The mobility of the device makes wired connections undesirable; the term “connection” should be understood to mean a logical connection made without a physical attachment to self-propelleddevice100.
• In one embodiment,wireless communication110 implements the BLUETOOTH communications protocol andtransducer102 is an antenna suitable for transmission and reception of BLUETOOTH radio signals. Other wireless communication mediums and protocols may also be used in alternative implementations.
• Sensors112 provide information about the surrounding environment and condition toprocessor114. In one embodiment,sensors112 include inertial measurement devices, including a 3-axis gyroscope, a 3-axis accelerometer, and a 3-axis magnetometer. According to some embodiments, thesensors112 provide input to enableprocessor114 to maintain awareness of the device's orientation and/or position relative to the initial reference frame after the device initiates movement. In various embodiments,sensors112 include instruments for detecting light, temperature, humidity, or measuring chemical concentrations or radioactivity.
• State/variable memory106 stores information about the present state of the system, including, for example, position, orientation, rates of rotation and translation in each axis. The state/variable memory106 also stores information corresponding to an initial reference frame of the device upon, for example, the device being put in use (e.g., the device being switched on), as well as position and orientation information once the device is in use. In this way, some embodiments provide for thedevice100 to utilize information of the state/variable memory106 in order to maintain position and orientation information of thedevice100 once the device starts moving.
• Clock108 provides timing information toprocessor114. In one embodiment,clock108 provides a timebase for measuring intervals and rates of change. In another embodiment,clock108 provides day, date, year, time, and alarm functions. In oneembodiment clock108 allowsdevice100 to provide an alarm or alert at pre-set times.
• Expansion port120 provides a connection for addition of accessories or devices.Expansion port120 provides for future expansion, as well as flexibility to add options or enhancements. For example,expansion port120 is used to add peripherals, sensors, processing hardware, storage, displays, or actuators to the basic self-propelleddevice100.
• In one embodiment,expansion port120 provides an interface capable of communicating with a suitably configured component using analog or digital signals. In various embodiments,expansion port120 provides electrical interfaces and protocols that are standard or well-known. In one embodiment,expansion port120 implements an optical interface. Exemplary interfaces appropriate forexpansion port120 include the Universal Serial Bus (USB), Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus (I2C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), or ETHERNET.
• Display118 presents information to outside devices or persons.Display118 can present information in a variety of forms. In various embodiments,display118 can produce light in colors and patterns, sound, vibration, music, or combinations of sensory stimuli. In one embodiment,display118 operates in conjunction withactuators126 to communicate information by physical movements ofdevice100. For example,device100 can be made to emulate a human head nod or shake to communicate “yes” or “no.”
• In one embodiment,display118 is an emitter of light, either in the visible or invisible range. Invisible light in the infrared or ultraviolet range is useful, for example to send information invisible to human senses but available to specialized detectors. In one embodiment,display118 includes an array of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) emitting various light frequencies, arranged such that their relative intensity is variable and the light emitted is blended to form color mixtures.
• In one embodiment,display118 includes an LED array comprising several LEDs, each emitting a human-visible primary color.Processor114 varies the relative intensity of each of the LEDs to produce a wide range of colors. Primary colors of light are those wherein a few colors can be blended in different amounts to produce a wide gamut of apparent colors. Many sets of primary colors of light are known, including for example red/green/blue, red/green/blue/white, and red/green/blue/amber. For example, red, green and blue LEDs together comprise a usable set of three available primary-color devices comprising adisplay118 in one embodiment. In other embodiments, other sets of primary colors and white LEDs are used.
• In one embodiment,display118 includes an LED used to indicate a reference point ondevice100 for alignment.
• Power124 stores energy for operating the electronics and electromechanical components ofdevice100. In one embodiment,power124 is a rechargeable battery.Inductive charge port128 allows for rechargingpower124 without a wired electrical connection. In one embodiment,inductive charge port128 accepts magnetic energy and converts it to electrical energy to recharge the batteries. In one embodiment,charge port128 provides a wireless communication interface with an external charging device.
• Deep sleep sensor122 puts the self-propelleddevice100 into a very low power or “deep sleep” mode where most of the electronic devices use no battery power. This is useful for long-term storage or shipping.
• In one embodiment,sensor122 is non-contact in that it senses through the enclosing envelope ofdevice100 without a wired connection. In one embodiment,deep sleep sensor122 is a Hall Effect sensor mounted so that an external magnet can be applied at a pre-determined location ondevice100 to activate deep sleep mode.
• Actuators126 convert electrical energy into mechanical energy for various uses. A primary use ofactuators126 is to propel and steer self-propelleddevice100. Movement and steering actuators are also referred to as a drive system or traction system. The drive system movesdevice100 in rotation and translation, under control ofprocessor114. Examples ofactuators126 include, without limitation, wheels, motors, solenoids, propellers, paddle wheels and pendulums.
• In one embodiment, drive system actuators126 include two parallel wheels, each mounted to an axle connected to an independently variable-speed motor through a reduction gear system. In such an embodiment, the speeds of the two drive motors are controlled byprocessor114.
• However, it should be appreciated thatactuators126, in various embodiments, produce a variety of movements in addition to merely rotating and translatingdevice100. In one embodiment,actuators126cause device100 to execute communicative or emotionally evocative movements, including emulation of human gestures, for example, head nodding, shaking, trembling, spinning or flipping. In some embodiments, processor coordinatesactuators126 withdisplay118. For example, in one embodiment,processor114 provides signals toactuators126 anddisplay118 to causedevice100 to spin or tremble and simultaneously emit patterns of colored light. In one embodiment,device100 emits light or sound patterns synchronized with movements.
• In one embodiment, self-propelleddevice100 is used as a controller for other network-connected devices.Device100 contains sensors and wireless communication capability, and so it can perform a controller role for other devices. For example, self-propelleddevice100 can be held in the hand and used to sense gestures, movements, rotations, combination inputs and the like.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic depiction of an embodiment comprising a self-propelled device and a computing device, under an embodiment. More specifically, a self-propelleddevice214 is controlled in its movement by programming logic and/or controls that can originate from acontroller device208. The self-propelleddevice214 is capable of movement under control of thecomputing device208, which can be operated by auser202. Thecomputing device208 can wirelessly communicate control data to the self-propelleddevice214 using a standard or proprietary wireless communication protocol. In variations, the self-propelleddevice214 may be at least partially self-controlled, utilizing sensors and internal programming logic to control the parameters of its movement (e.g., velocity, direction, etc.). Still further, the self-propelleddevice214 can communicate data relating to the device's position and/or movement parameters for the purpose of generating or alternating content on thecomputing device208. In additional variations, self-propelleddevice214 can control aspects of thecomputing device208 by way of its movements and/or internal programming logic.
• As described herein, the self-propelleddevice214 may have multiple modes of operation, including those of operation in which the device is controlled by thecomputing device208, is a controller for another device (e.g., another self-propelled device or the computing device208), and/or is partially or wholly self-autonomous.
• Additionally, embodiments enable the self-propelleddevice214 and thecomputing device208 to share a computing platform on which programming logic is shared, in order to enable, among other features, functionality that includes: (i) enabling theuser202 to operate thecomputing device208 to generate multiple kinds of input, including simple directional input, command input, gesture input, motion or other sensory input, voice input or combinations thereof; (ii) enabling the self-propelleddevice214 to interpret input received from thecomputing device208 as a command or set of commands; and/or (iii) enabling the self-propelleddevice214 to communicate data regarding that device's position, movement and/or state in order to effect a state on the computing device208 (e.g., display state, such as content corresponding to a controller-user interface). Embodiments further provide that the self-propelleddevice214 includes a programmatic interface that facilitates additional programming logic and/or instructions to use the device. Thecomputing device208 can execute programming that is communicative with the programming logic on the self-propelleddevice214.
• According to embodiments, the self-propelleddevice214 includes an actuator or drive mechanism causing motion or directional movement. The self-propelleddevice214 may be referred to by a number of related terms and phrases, including controlled device, robot, robotic device, remote device, autonomous device, and remote-controlled device. In some embodiments, the self-propelleddevice214 can be structured to move and be controlled in various media. For example, self-propelleddevice214 can be configured for movement in media such as on flat surfaces, sandy surfaces or rocky surfaces.
• The self-propelleddevice214 may be implemented in various forms. As described below and with an embodiment ofFIG. 3, the self-propelleddevice214 may correspond to a spherical object that can roll and/or perform other movements such as spinning. In variations,device214 can correspond to a radio-controlled aircraft, such as an airplane, helicopter, hovercraft or balloon. In other variations,device214 can correspond to a radio controlled watercraft, such as a boat or submarine. Numerous other variations may also be implemented, such as those in which thedevice214 is a robot.
• In one embodiment,device214 includes a sealed hollow envelope, roughly spherical in shape, capable of directional movement by action of actuators inside the enclosing envelope.
• Continuing to refer toFIG. 2A,device214 is configured to communicate withcomputing device208 usingnetwork communication links210 and212.Link210 transfers data fromdevice208 todevice214.Link212 transfers data fromdevice214 todevice208.Links210 and212 are shown as separate unidirectional links for illustration; in some embodiments a single bi-directional communication link performs communication in both directions. It should be appreciated that link210 and link212 are not necessarily identical in type, bandwidth or capability. For example, communication link210 fromcomputing device208 to self-propelleddevice214 is often capable of a higher communication rate and bandwidth compared to link212. In some situations, only onelink210 or212 is established. In such an embodiment, communication is unidirectional.
• Thecomputing device208 can correspond to any device comprising at least a processor and communication capability suitable for establishing at least uni-directional communications with self-propelleddevice214. Examples of such devices include, without limitation: mobile computing devices (e.g., multifunctional messaging/voice communication devices such as smart phones), tablet computers, portable communication devices and personal computers. In one embodiment,device208 is an IPHONE available from APPLE COMPUTER, INC. of Cupertino, Calif. In another embodiment,device208 is an IPAD tablet computer, also from APPLE COMPUTER. In another embodiment,device208 is any of the handheld computing and communication appliances executing the ANDROID operating system from GOOGLE, INC.
• In another embodiment,device208 is a personal computer, in either a laptop or desktop configuration. For example,device208 is a multi-purpose computing platform running the MICROSOFT WINDOWS operating system, or the LINUX operating system, or the APPLE OS/X operating system, configured with an appropriate application program to communicate with self-propelleddevice214.
• In variations, thecomputing device208 can be a specialized device, dedicated for enabling theuser202 to control and interact with the self-propelleddevice214.
• In one embodiment, multiple types ofcomputing device208 can be used interchangeably to communicate with the self-propelleddevice214. In one embodiment, self-propelleddevice214 is capable of communicating and/or being controlled by multiple devices (e.g., concurrently or one at a time). For example,device214 can link with an IPHONE in one session and with an ANDROID device in a later session, without modification ofdevice214.
• According to embodiments, theuser202 can interact with the self-propelleddevice214 via thecomputing device208, in order to control the self-propelled device and/or to receive feedback or interaction on thecomputing device208 from the self-propelleddevice214. According to embodiments, theuser202 is enabled to specifyinput204 through various mechanisms that are provided with thecomputing device208. Examples of such inputs include text entry, voice command, touching a sensing surface or screen, physical manipulations, gestures, taps, shaking and combinations of the above.
• Theuser202 may interact with thecomputing device208 in order to receivefeedback206. Thefeedback206 may be generated on thecomputing device208 in response to user input. As an alternative or addition, thefeedback206 may also be based on data communicated from the self-propelleddevice214 to thecomputing device208, regarding, for example, the self-propelled device's position or state. Without limitation, examples offeedback206 include text display, graphical display, sound, music, tonal patterns, modulation of color or intensity of light, haptic, vibrational or tactile stimulation. Thefeedback206 may be combined with input that is generated on thecomputing device208. For example, thecomputing device208 may output content that is modified to reflect position or state information communicated from the self-propelleddevice214.
• In some embodiments, thecomputing device208 and/or the self-propelleddevice214 are configured such thatuser input204 andfeedback206 maximize usability and accessibility for auser202, who has limited sensing, thinking, perception, motor or other abilities. This allows users with handicaps or special needs to operatesystem200 as described.
• It should be appreciated that the configuration illustrated in the embodiment ofFIG. 2A is only one of an almost unlimited number of possible configurations of networks including a self-propelled device with communication connections. Furthermore, while numerous embodiments described herein provide for a user to operate or otherwise directly interface with the computing device in order to control and/or interact with a self-propelled device, variations to embodiments described encompass enabling the user to directly control or interact with the self-propelleddevice214 without use of an intermediary device such ascomputing device208.
• FIG. 2B depicts asystem218 comprising computing devices and self-propelled devices, according to another embodiment. In the example provided byFIG. 2B,system218 includes twocomputing devices220 and228, four self-propelleddevices224,232,236, and238, andcommunication links222,226,230,234 and239. The communication ofcomputing device220 with self-propelleddevice224 usinglink222 is similar to the embodiment depicted innetwork200 ofFIG. 2A; however, embodiments such as those shown enable additional communication to be established between twocomputing devices220 and228, vianetwork link226.
• According to an embodiment such as provided withsystem218, thecomputing devices220,228 may optionally control more than one self-propelled device. Furthermore, each self-propelleddevice224,232,236,238 may be controlled by more than onecomputing device220,228. For example, embodiments provide thatcomputing device228 can establish multiple communications links, including with self-propelleddevices232 and236, andcomputing device220.
• In variations, thecomputing devices220,228 can also communicate with one or more self-propelled devices using a network such as the Internet, or a local wireless network (e.g., a home network). For example, thecomputing device228 is shown to have acommunications link239, which can connect the computing device to an Internet server, a web site, or to another computing device at a remote location. In some embodiments, thecomputing device228 can serve as an intermediary between the network source and a self-propelled device. For example, thecomputing device228 may access programming from the Internet and communicate that programming to one of the self-propelled devices.
• As an alternative or variation, thecomputing device228 can enable a network user to control thecomputing device228 in controlling one or more of the self-propelleddevices232,236, etc. Still further, thecomputing device228 can access the network source in order to receive programmatically triggered commands, such as a command initiated from a network service that causes one or more of the self-propelled devices to update or synchronize using thecomputing device228. For example, the self-propelleddevice232 may include image capturing resources, and a network source may trigger thecomputing device228 to access the images from the self-propelled device, and/or to communicate those images to the network source over the Internet.
• In variations, such remote network functionality may alternatively be communicated directly from a network source to the self-propelleddevices224,232,236. Thus,computing devices220,228 may be optional and various applications and uses. Alternatively,computing devices220,228 may be separated from the self-propelleddevices224,232,236 by a network such as the Internet. Thus,computing devices220,228 can alternatively be the network source that remotely controls and/or communicates with the self-propelled devices.
• It should be noted that thedata communication links210,212,222,226,230,234,239,242,246,248, and252 inFIGS. 2A, 2B, and2C are depicted as short and direct for purposes of illustration. However, actual links may be much more varied and complex. For example, link226 connecting twocomputing devices220 and228 may be a low-power wireless link, ifdevices220 and228 are in close proximity. However,computing devices220 and228 may be far apart (e.g., separated by miles or geography), as long as suitable network communication can be established.
• Thus, link226 and all of thelinks222,230,234, and239 can employ a variety of network technologies, including the Internet, World Wide Web, wireless links, wireless radio-frequency communications utilizing network protocol, optical links, or any available network communication technology. The final connection to self-propelleddevices224,232,236 and238 is preferably wireless so connecting wires do not restrict mobility.
• In one embodiment, the communication links222,226,230 and234 are based on the wireless communication standard for data exchange known as BLUETOOTH. BLUETOOTH is widely available and provides a flexible communication framework for establishing data networks using short-wavelength radio transceivers and data encoding. BLUETOOTH incorporates security features to protect the data sent on the links from unauthorized observers or interference. Alternative wireless communication medium may also be employed, such as wireless USB, Wi-Fi, or proprietary wireless communications. Embodiments further contemplate that one or more of the communication links to222,226,230 and234 utilize short-range radiofrequency (RF) communication, and/or line-of-sight communications.
• In various other embodiments, the communication links are based on other wireless communication systems. Various radio frequency data communication systems are available, including for example those known as WI-FI, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n. Other radio frequency data links are formed using cellular telephone service or serial communication protocols using radio modems. In other embodiments, optical communication links are employed, including modulating properties of light and LASER beams.
• Any suitable communication technology can be used to form the network links, whether presently known or available in the future. The features described herein are not dependent on any particular networking technology or standard.
• In some embodiments, the communication established amongst the devices, such as amongstcomputing device220,228 and/or self-propelleddevices224,232,236, can be temporary, flexible and reconfigurable. A resulting network of such devices can be considered an “ad-hoc” network, or alternatively a “piconet,” or “personal area network.” In this respect, some implementations provide that the computing device is220,228 and self-propelleddevices224,232,236 can be considered nodes of the network, such as an ad-hoc network. In such configurations, network components, topology and communications paths are flexible and can be readily adjusted to accommodate addition or removal of devices, changing communication requirements or channel interference. For example, self-propelleddevice238 inFIG. 2B is shown with no present network connection. However, self-propelleddevice238 has connected to network218 in the past and received instructions to enable it to operate without a persistent network link.
• FIG. 2C is a schematic that illustrates asystem268 comprising a computing device and multiple self-propelled devices, under another embodiment. Acomputing device240 is operable to communicate with one or more self-propelleddevices244,250,254. Thecomputing device240 may communicate commands or other control data, and received feedback similar to embodiments described above. The self-propelleddevices244,250,254 are configured to communicate and/or be controlled by thecomputing device240. Additionally, the self-propelleddevices244,250,254 are configured to communicate and/or control one another.
• In the example shown byFIG. 2C, thecomputing device240 communicates with self-propelleddevice244 using communications link242. Self-propelleddevice244 communicates with self-propelleddevice250 usinglink246 and with self-propelleddevice254 usinglink248. Self-propelleddevices250 and254 communicate usinglink252. Thecomputing device250 can send data to any of the self-propelleddevices244,250, or254, usingdevice244 as a relay. Alternatively, thecomputing device240 can communicate with the other self-propelleddevices250,254 directly.
• Thesystem268 may include various configurations. For example, a user may operatecomputing device240 to control self-propelleddevice244. Movement of the self-propelleddevice244 may be communicated both to thecomputing device240 and to one or more of the other self-propelleddevices250,254. Each of self-propelled devices may be preprogrammed to react in a specific manner based on state or position information communicated from another one of the self-propelled devices. For example, self-propelleddevices244,250 may each be operated in a repel mode, so that the movement of self-propelled device244 (as controlled from computing device240) results in a repel motion by the self-propelleddevice250. In other variations, self-propelleddevices244,250,254 may be preprogrammed to maintain a specific distance apart from one another, so that movement by one device automatically causes movement by the other two devices. Still further, thedevices244,250,254 may be configured so as to perform a variety of activities, such as, for example, (i) one self-propelled device automatically moving when another approaches a threshold distance; (ii) one self-propelled device programmatically moving to bump another self-propelled device; (iii) the self-propelled devices automatically moving in tandem based on input received by each of the self-propelled devices from the other self-propelled devices or from thecomputing device240, and/or variations thereof.
• Thevarious systems200,218,268 are illustrative of embodiments provided herein. With any of the systems described, variations include the addition of more or fewer computing devices, and/or more or fewer self-propelled devices. As described with some variations, additional sources or nodes can be provided from a remote network source. Additionally, in some operational environments, the presence of the computing device is optional. For example, the self-propelled devices can be partially or completely autonomous, using programming logic to function.
• Spherical Mechanical Design
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the components of a self-propelleddevice300 that is in the form of a robotic, spherical ball, in accordance with an embodiment. In one embodiment,robotic ball300 is of a size and weight allowing it to be easily grasped, lifted, and carried in an adult human hand.
• As shown,robotic ball300 includes an outer spherical shell (or housing)302 that makes contact with an external surface as the device rolls. In addition,robotic ball300 includes aninner surface304 of theouter shell302. Additionallyrobotic ball300 includes several mechanical and electronic components enclosed byouter shell302 and inner surface304 (collectively known as the envelope).
• In the described embodiment,outer shell302 andinner surface304 are composed of a material that transmits signals used for wireless communication, yet are impervious to moisture and dirt. The envelope material can be durable, washable, and/or shatter resistant. The envelope may also be structured to enable transmission of light and is textured to diffuse the light.
• In one embodiment, the housing is made of sealed polycarbonate plastic. In one embodiment, at least one of theouter shell302 orinner surface304 are textured to diffuse light. In one embodiment, the envelope comprises two hemispherical shells with an associated attachment mechanism, such that the envelope can be opened to allow access to the internal electronic and mechanical components.
• Several electronic and mechanical components are located inside the envelope for enabling processing, wireless communication, propulsion and other functions (collectively referred to as the “interior mechanism”). Among the components, embodiments include adrive system301 to enable the device to propel itself. Thedrive system301 can be coupled to processing resources and other control mechanisms, as described with other embodiments. Referring again toFIG. 3,carrier314 serves as the attachment point and support for components of the interior mechanism. The components of the interior mechanism are not rigidly attached to the envelope. Instead, the interior mechanism is in frictional contact withinner surface304 at selected points, and is movable within the envelope by the action of actuators of the drive mechanism.
• Carrier314 is in mechanical and electrical contact withenergy storage316.Energy storage316 provides a reservoir of energy to power the device and electronics and is replenished throughinductive charge port326.Energy storage316, in one embodiment, is a rechargeable battery. In one embodiment, the battery is composed of ithium-polymer cells. In other embodiments, other rechargeable battery chemistries are used.
• Carrier314 can provide the mounting location for most of the internal components, including printed circuit boards for electronic assemblies, sensor arrays, antennas, and connectors, as well as providing a mechanical attachment point for internal components.
• In one embodiment, thedrive system301 includesmotors322,324 andwheels318,320.Motors322 and324 connect towheels318 and320, respectively, each through an associated shaft, axle, and gear drive (not shown). The perimeter ofwheels318 and320 are two points where the interior mechanism is in mechanical contact withinner surface304. The points wherewheels318 and320 contactinner surface304 are an essential part of the drive mechanism of the ball, and so are preferably coated with a material to increase friction and reduce slippage. For example,wheels318 and320 are covered with silicone rubber tires.
• In some embodiments, a biasing mechanism is provided to actively force thewheels318,320 against theinner surface304. In an example provided, thespring312 and end310 can comprise a biasing mechanism. More specifically,spring312 andspring end310 are positioned to contactinner surface304 at a point diametrically opposed towheels318 and320.Spring312 and end310 provide additional contact force to reduce slippage of thewheels318 and320, particularly in situations where the interior mechanism is not positioned with the wheels at the bottom and where gravity does not provide adequate force to prevent the drive wheels from slipping.Spring312 is selected to provide a smallforce pushing wheels318 and320, andspring end310 evenly againstinner surface304.
• Spring end310 is designed to provide near-frictionless contact withinner surface304. In one embodiment, end310 comprises a rounded surface configured to mirror a low-friction contact region at all contact points with theinner surface304. Additional means of providing near-frictionless contact may be provided. In another implementation, the rounded surface may include one or more bearings to further reduce friction at the contact point whereend310 moves alonginner surface304.
• Spring312 and end310 are preferably made of a non-magnetic material to avoid interference with sensitive magnetic sensors.
• Control Overview
• FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate a technique for causing controlled movement of a spherical self-propelleddevice402, in accordance with one or more embodiments. InFIG. 4A, self-propelled device is at rest in a stable orientation. With an X-, Y-, Z-axes frame of reference, the center of mass406 (or center of gravity) of the device is aligned directly below (Z axis) the center ofrotation408, causing the device to be at rest.Reference mark404 is included in the drawing to illustrate movement (X, Y axes), but is not present on the actual self-propelleddevice402.
• To produce directed movement of self-propelleddevice402, the center ofmass406 is displaced from under the center ofrotation408, as shown inFIG. 4B. With movement, thedevice402 has an inherent dynamic instability (DIS) in one or more axes (e.g., see Y or Z axes). To maintain stability, the device uses feedback about its motion to compensate for the instability. Sensor input, such as provided from sensors112 (seeFIG. 1) or accelerometers or gyroscopes (seeFIG. 6), can be used to detect what compensation is needed. In this way, the device maintains a state of dynamic inherent instability as it moves under control of sensors and control input, which can be communicated from another controller device.
• Thedisplacement410 of center ofmass406 is caused by one or more actuators. When center ofmass406 is not aligned below center ofrotation408, a torque is created ondevice402 about the center of rotation, causingdevice402 to rotate to restore stability. Whendevice402 is in contact with a surface, rotation causesdevice402 to move along the surface in the direction corresponding to thedisplacement410.
• FIG. 4C illustratesdevice402 at rest after the movement, withreference mark404 showing thedistance device402 has rotated from the initial position inFIG. 4A. Although the displacement of center ofmass406 and movement are shown in one dimension for illustration, the principle applies to create desired motion in any direction on a two-dimensional plane.
• In some implementations,device402 is configured with center ofmass406 being as near to the inner surface of the sphere as possible, or equivalently to arrange components so that center ofmass406 is as low as possible when the device is in a stable situation as shown inFIG. 4A.
• FIG. 5 further illustrates a technique for causing motion of a self-propelled spherical device, according to an embodiment. In theFIG. 5,device500 is shown, having center ofrotation502 and center ofmass506, and in contact withplanar surface512. The drive mechanism forrobotic device500 comprises two independently-controlledwheeled actuators508 in contact with the inner surface of the enclosing spherical envelope ofdevice500. Also shown issensor platform504. Several components ofdevice500 are not shown inFIG. 5 for simplicity of illustration.
• When it is desired thatdevice500 moves at a constant velocity, the technique illustrated inFIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C can be extended as shown inFIG. 5. To achieve continuous motion at a constant velocity, the displacement of center ofmass506 relative to center ofrotation502 is maintained by action ofwheeled actuators508. The displacement of the center ofmass506 relative to center ofrotation502 is difficult to measure, thus it is difficult to obtain feedback for a closed-loop controller to maintain constant velocity. However, the displacement is proportional to theangle510 betweensensor platform504 andsurface512. Theangle510 can be sensed or estimated from a variety of sensor inputs, as described herein. Therefore, in one embodiment, the speed controller forrobotic device500 can be implemented to useangle510 to regulate speed forwheeled actuators508 causingdevice500 to move at a constant speed acrosssurface512. The speed controller determines the desiredangle510 to produce the desired speed, and the desired angle set point is provided as an input to a closed loop controller regulating the drive mechanism.
• FIG. 5 illustrates use of angle measurement for speed control; however the technique can be extended to provide control of turns and rotations, with feedback of appropriate sensed angles and angular rates.
• It can be seen from the foregoing discussion that knowledge of the orientation angles is useful, in various embodiments, for control of a self-propelled device. Measuring the orientation of the device is also useful for navigation and alignment with other devices.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting a sensor array and data flow according to an embodiment. InFIG. 6,sensor array612 provides a set of sensors for providing information to the self-propelled device, including for example, its position, orientation, rates of translation, rotation and acceleration. Many other sensors can be included to meet requirements in various embodiments.
• In one embodiment,sensor array612 includes a 3-axis gyroscope sensor602, a 3-axis accelerometer sensor604, and a 3-axis magnetometer sensor606. In one embodiment a receiver for the Global Positioning System (GPS) is included. However, GPS signals are typically unavailable indoors, so the GPS receiver is often omitted.
• Due to limitations in size and cost, sensors insensor array612 are typically miniaturized devices employing micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) technology. The data from these sensors requires filtering and processing to produce accurate state estimates616. Various algorithms are employed in sensor fusion andstate estimator614. These algorithms are executed by the processor on the self-propelled device.
• Those familiar with the art will understand that the signals from sensor insensor array612 are imperfect and distorted by noise, interference and the limited capability of inexpensive sensors. However, the sensors also provide redundant information, so that application of a suitable sensor fusion andstate estimator process614 provides anadequate state estimation616 of the true state of the self-propelled device.
• For example, in many situations, magnetometer data is distorted by stray magnetic fields and ferrous metals in the vicinity. Sensor fusion andstate estimator614 are configured to reject bad or suspect magnetometer data and rely on the remaining sensors in estimating thestate616 of the self-propelled device. In some embodiments, particular movements of the self-propelled device can be used to improve sensor data for desired purposes. For example, it can be useful to rotate self-propelled device through an entire 360 degree heading sweep while monitoring magnetometer data, to map local magnetic fields. Since the fields are usually relatively invariant over a short period of time, the local field measurement is repeatable and therefore useful, even if distorted.
• Architecture
• FIG. 7 illustrates a system including a self-propelled device, and a controller computing device that controls and interacts with the self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments. In an embodiment, a self-propelleddevice710 may be constructed using hardware resources such as described with an embodiment ofFIG. 1. In one implementation, self-propelleddevice710 is a spherical object such as described with an embodiment ofFIG. 3. Acomputing device750 can be a multifunctional device, such as a mobile computing device (e.g., smart phone), tablet or personal computer in device. Alternatively,computing device750 can correspond to a specialized device that is dedicated to controlling and communicating with the self-propelleddevice710.
• In an embodiment, self-propelleddevice710 is configured to execute one ormore programs716 stored in aprogram library720. Eachprogram716 in theprogram library720 can include instructions or rules for operating the device, including instructions for how the device is to respond to specific conditions, how the device is to respond to control input713 (e.g., user input entered on the computing device720), and/or the mode of operation that the device is to implement (e.g., controlled mode, versus autonomous, etc.).
• Theprogram library720 may also maintain an instruction set that is shared by multiple programs, including instructions that enable some user input to be interpreted in a common manner. An application program interface (API)730 can be implemented on thedevice710 to enable programs to access a library of functions and resources of the device. For example, theAPI730 may include functions that can be used with programs to implement motor control (e.g., speed or direction), state transition, sensor device interpretation and/or wireless communications.
• In one implementation, thedevice710 receives programs and programming instructions wirelessly through use of thewireless communication port712. In variations, thedevice710 receives programs andprogramming instructions782 fromexternal sources780 via other ports, such as expansion port120 (seeFIG. 1). The programming resources may originate from, for example, a media provided to the user of the device (e.g., SD card), a network resource or website where programs can be downloaded, and/or programs and/or instruction sets communicated via thewireless communication port712 from thecomputing device750. In one implementation, thecomputing device750 can be programmatically configured to interact and/or control the self-propelleddevice710 with software. Once configured, thecomputing device750 communicates instructions coinciding with its programmatic configuration to the self-propelleddevice710. For example, thecomputing device750 may download an application for controlling or interacting with the self-propelleddevice710. The application can be downloaded from, for example, a network (e.g., from an App Store), or from a website, using wireless communication capabilities inherent in the computing device750 (e.g., cellular capabilities, Wi-Fi capabilities, etc.). The application that is downloaded by thecomputing device750 may include an instruction set that can be communicated to the self-propelleddevice710.
• In an embodiment, thecomputing device750 executes aprogram756 that is specialized or otherwise specific to communicating or interacting with, and/or controlling the self-propelleddevice710. In some embodiments, theprogram756 that executes on thecomputing device750 includes acounterpart program716A that can execute on the self-propelleddevice710. Theprograms756,716A can execute as a shared platform or system. For example, as described below, theprogram756 operating on thecomputing device750 may cooperate with thecounterpart runtime program716A to generate input for the self-propelleddevice710, and to generate output on thecomputing device750 based on a data signal from the self-propelleddevice710. In an embodiment, theprogram756 generates auser interface760 that (i) prompts or provides guidance for the user to provide input that is interpretable on the self-propelleddevice710 as a result of thecounterpart runtime program716A, resulting in some expected outcome from the self-propelleddevice710; (ii) receivesfeedback718 from the self-propelleddevice710 in a manner that affects the content that is output by theprogram756 operating on thecomputing device750. In the latter case, for example, computer-generated content may be altered based on positioning or movement of the self-propelleddevice710.
• More specifically, on the computing device, theprogram756 can provide auser interface760, includinglogic762 for prompting and/or interpreting user input on the computing device. Various forms of input may be entered on thecomputing device750, including, for example, user interaction with mechanical switches or buttons, touchscreen input, audio input, gesture input, or movements of the device in a particular manner.
• Accordingly, theprogram756 can be configured to utilize an inherent application program interface on thecomputing device750, to utilize the various resources of the device to receive and process input. Many existing multifunctional or general purpose computing devices (e.g., smart phones or tablets) are configured to detect various kinds of input, including touchscreen input (e.g., multitouch input gesture input), optical input (e.g., camera image sensing input), audio input and device movement input (e.g., shaking or moving the entire device). Theuser interface760 may includelogic762 to prompt the user for specific kinds of input (e.g., include visual markers where a user should place fingers, instruct the user or provide the user with the visual and/or audio prompt to move the device, etc.), and to interpret the input into control information that is signaled to the self-propelled device.
• In some embodiments or implementations, the input generated on thecomputing device750 is interpreted as a command and then signaled to the self-propelleddevice710. In other embodiments or implementations, the input entered on thecomputing device750 is interpreted as a command by programmatic resources on the self-propelleddevice710. By interpreting user input in the form of commands, embodiments provide for the self-propelleddevice710 to respond to user input in a manner that is intelligent and configurable. For example, the self-propelleddevice710 may interpret user input that is otherwise directional in nature in a manner that is not directional. For example, a user may enter gesture input corresponding to a direction, in order to have the self-propelleddevice710 move in a manner that is different than the inherent direction in the user input. For example, a user may enter a leftward gesture, which the device may interpret (based on theruntime program716A) as a command to stop, spin, return home or alter illumination output, etc.
• Theuser interface760 may also includeoutput logic764 for interpreting data received from the self-propelleddevice710. As described with other embodiments, the self-propelleddevice710 may communicate information, such as state information and/or position information (e.g., such as after when the device moves) to thecomputing device750. In one implementation, the communication from the self-propelleddevice710 to thecomputing device750 is in response to a command interpreted from user input on thecomputing device750. In another implementation, the communication from the self-propelleddevice710 may be in the form of continuous feedback generated as result of the device's continuous movement over a duration of time. As described with other implementations and embodiments, the output ontodevice750 may correspond to a computing device having one of various possible form factors. Theprogram756 may configure the interface to graphically provide gaming context and/or different user-interface paradigms for controlling the self-propelleddevice710. Theprogram756 may operate to directly affect the content generated in these implementations based on movement, position or state of the self-propelleddevice710.
• In operation, the self-propelleddevice710 implements theprogrammatic runtime716A using one or more sets of program instructions stored in itsprogram library720. Theprogram runtime716A may correspond to, for example, a program selected by the user, or one that is run by default or in response to some other condition or trigger. Among other functionality, theprogram runtime716A may execute a set of program-specific instructions that utilizes device functions and/or resources in order to: (i) interpret control input from thecomputing device750; (ii) control and/or state device movement based on the interpretation of the input; and/or (iii) communicate information from the self-propelleddevice710 to thecomputing device750.
• In an embodiment, theprogram runtime716A implements drivecontrol logic731, includingsensor control logic721 andinput control logic723. Thesensor control logic721 interpretsdevice sensor input711 for controlling speed, direction or other movement of the self-propelled device's drive system or assembly (e.g., seeFIG. 1, 3 or 8D). Thesensor input711 may correspond to data such as provided from the accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s) or gyroscope(s) of the self-propelleddevice710. The sensor data can also include other information obtained on a device regarding the device's movement, position, state or operating conditions, including GPS data, temperature data, etc. Theprogram716A may implement parameters, rules or instructions for interpretingsensor input711 as driveassembly control parameters725. Theinput control logic723 interpretscontrol input713 received from thecomputing device750. In some implementations, thelogic723 interprets the input as a command, in outputting driveassembly control parameters725 that are determined from theinput713. Theinput drive logic723 may also be program specific, so that thecontrol input713 and/or its interpretation are specific to theruntime program716A. The drive assembly control logic uses the parameters, as generated through sensor/input control logic721,723 to implement drive assembly controls725.
• In variations, the sensor/input control logic721,723 is used to control other aspects of the self-propelleddevice710. In embodiments, the sensor/input control logic721,723 may executeruntime program716A instructions to generate astate output727 that controls a state of the device in response to some condition, such as user input our device operation condition (e.g., the device comes to stop). For example, an illumination output (e.g., LED display out), audio output, or device operational status (e.g., mode of operation, power state) may be affected by thestate output727.
• Additionally, therun time program716A generates anoutput interface726 for the self-propelleddevice program756 running on thecomputing device750. Theoutput interface726 may generate the data that comprisesfeedback718. In some embodiments, theoutput interface726 generates data that is based on position, movement (e.g., velocity, rotation), state (e.g., state of output devices), and/or orientation information (e.g., position and orientation of the device relative to the initial reference frame). Theoutput interface726 may also generate data that, for example, identifies events that are relevant to theruntime program716A. For example theoutput interface726 may identify events such as the device being disrupted in its motion or otherwise encountering a disruptive event. In some embodiments,output interface726 may also generate program specific output, based on, for example, instructions of theruntime program716A. For example, run-time program716A may require a sensor reading that another program would not require. Theoutput interface726 may implement instructions for obtaining the sensor reading in connection with other operations performed through implementation of theruntime program716A.
• According to embodiments, self-propelleddevice710 is operable in multiple modes relative tocomputing device750. In a controlled mode, self-propelleddevice710 is controlled in its movement and/or state bycontrol input713, via control signals713 communicated from thecomputing device750. In some implementations, the self-propelleddevice710 pairs with thecomputing device750 in a manner that affects operations on the computing device as to control or feedback. In some embodiments, self-propelleddevice710 is also operable in an autonomous mode, wherecontrol parameters725 are generated programmatically on the device in response to, for example,sensor input711 and without need forcontrol input713. Still further, in variations, the self-propelleddevice710 can act as a controller, either for thecomputing device750 or for another self-propelleddevice710. For example, the device may move to affect a state of thecomputing device750. The device can operate in multiple modes during one operating session. The mode of operation may be determined by theruntime program716A.
• As described by an embodiment ofFIG. 7 and elsewhere in the application, the self-propelleddevice710 can include a library of instruction sets for interpretingcontrol input713 from thecomputing device750. For example, the self-propelled device can store instructions for multiple programs, and the instructions for at least some of the programs may include counterpart programs that execute on thecontroller device750. According to embodiments, the library that is maintained on the self-propelled device is dynamic, in that the instructions stored can be added, deleted or modified. For example, a program stored on the self-propelled device may be added, or another program may be modified.
• When executed on thecomputing device750, each program may include instructions to recognize a particular set of inputs, and different programs may recognize different inputs. For example, a golf program may recognize a swing motion on thecomputing device750 as an input, while the same motion may be ignored by another program that is dedicated to providing a virtual steering mechanism. When executed on the self-propelleddevice710, each program may include instructions to interpret or map thecontrol input713 associated with a particular recognized input to a command and control parameter.
• In embodiments, the self-propelled device is able to dynamically reconfigure its program library. For example, an embodiment provides that a program can be modified (e.g., through instructions received by the controller device) to processcontrol input713 that corresponds to a new recognized input. As another example, an embodiment provides that the self-propelled device is able to switch programs while the self-propelled device is in use. When programs are switched, a different set of inputs may be recognized, and/or each input may be interpreted differently on the self-propelleddevice710.
• FIG. 8A illustrates a moredetailed system architecture800 for a self-propelled device and system, according to an embodiment. As has been previously discussed herein, in various embodiments, the self-propelleddevice800 comprises multiple hardware modules, includingwireless communication802,memory804,sensors806,displays808,actuators810 and anexpansion port812. Each of these modules is interfaced with a set of software known as device drivers or hardware abstraction layer (HAL)820.HAL820 provides isolation between specific hardware and higher layers of the software architecture.
• Anoperating system822 provides for support of general hardware input and output, scheduling tasks, and managing resources to perform tasks. Theoperating system822 is also sometimes known as a “hypervisor” which provides for sharing of resources among tasks, for example, if two software modules request control of the actuators simultaneously, operation policy established byhypervisor822 resolves the contention.
• ORBOTIX predefinedlocal control functions824 comprise control loops and library routines useful torobot applications825. In some embodiments, a set oflocal robot applications825 controls some or all of the features of self-propelleddevice800. In some embodiments, a set of predefinedremote control functions826 interfaces with a remote controller device such as a computing device, usingwireless link802.
• In one embodiment, a Robot Application Programming Interface (API)828 provides a documented set of functions usable to control and monitor the device hardware and functions. API functions, also known as user functions832, can be supplied by a user or obtained from a software repository or website and downloaded to the self-propelled device. User functions832 are stored in user function storage830.
• In one embodiment, arobot language interpreter834 is provided. Therobot language interpreter834 processes program instructions written in a simple, easy to understand format. For example, in one embodiment,language interpreter834 processes instructions written in a variant of the BASIC programming language with extensions for readingrobot sensors806, controllingdisplays808 andactuators810, and interfacing with other robot device hardware and features.Robot language interpreter834 also provides protection and security against performing destructive or unwise operations. In one embodiment,language interpreter834 understands the ORBBASIC language from ORBOTIX. Robot language code838 is stored in dedicatedrobot language storage836.
• An example of user code838, when executed byinterpreter834, causes the self-propelled device's LED display to change color in response to the measured speed of movement of the device. Thus it can be seen that a user-supplied function can control one element of the device, such as LED display, while other elements (speed and direction) remain controlled through the wireless connection and remote control device.
• Thus, multiple methods are provided for a user to add programmatic instructions to control and extend the features of the self-propelled device.API828 provides a powerful interface for a sophisticated user, whilelanguage interpreter834 provides a simple and safer interface for a novice that can also negate time lags in communication with a controller device.
• FIG. 8B illustrates the system architecture of acomputing device840, according to an embodiment. As previously described herein, computing devices useful in networks with self-propelled devices typically provide awireless communication interface841, auser interface845, with other hardware and features846.
• Device840 typically provides anoperating system848, for example iOS for an APPLE IPHONE and ANDROID OS for ANDROID computing devices. Also provided is anAPI850 for applications.ORBOTIX application base852 provides basic connectivity todevice API850 anddevice OS848 with higher layers of application software.
• ORBOTIX controller application programs, or “apps”854 and858, provide user experiences and interaction with self-propelled devices. For example, in various embodiments,apps854 and858 provide control of a self-propelled device using touch-sensing control or a simulated joystick controller.Apps854 and858 can also provide a solo or multi-player game experience using self-propelled or robotic devices.
• In some embodiments,controller apps854 and858 use sensors ondevice840 to allow gestural control of a physical device in a real world environment, controlling a self-propelled or robotic device. For example, a user can make a gesture used in a sports game—a tennis swing or golf swing. The gesture is sensed ondevice840 and processed by a software app to cause corresponding motion of the self-propelled device.
• ORBOTIX API/SDK (Software Development Kit)856 provides a documented set of interface functions useful to a user desiring to createcustom applications858 on a controller device for use with a self-propelled robotic device.
• App854 differs fromapp858 in thatapp854 is built directly on theapplication base layer852, whileapp858 is built on ORBOTIX controller API/SDK856.
• FIG. 8C illustrates a particular feature of code execution according to an embodiment. Shown are two computingdevices842 and846.Device842 is not necessarily the same type asdevice846. One device may be an IPHONE and one an ANDROID phone. Each device has an associated memory storage area,memory849 fordevice846 andmemory844 fordevice842.Robot code847 is loaded into bothmemories844 and849, and is subsequently available to transfer torobot API850.
• A notable feature in this embodiment is thatcode module847 is stored and transferred intorobot API850 using anintermediate computing device842 or846, and the type of the computing device does not matter. This makes it possible for computing devices to store various code modules or “helper apps” that can be downloaded to robotic devices as needed, for example to expedite a particular task.
• It should be appreciated that the embodiments and features discussed in relation toFIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C provide a highly flexible distributed processing platform, wherein tasks can be readily moved between a controller and controlled device.
• Control Systems
• According to at least some embodiments, a self-propelled device such as described by various examples herein moves in accordance with a three-dimensional reference frame (e.g., X-, Y- and Z-axes), but operates using input that is received from a device that uses a two-dimensional reference frame (e.g., X-, Y-axes). In an embodiment, the self-propelled device maintains an internal frame of reference about the X-, Y- and Z-axes. The self-propelled device is able to receive control input from another device, in which the control input is based on a two-dimensional reference frame and further controls the movement of the self-propelled device about the X-, Y- and Z-axes.
• FIG. 8D illustrates an embodiment in which a self-propelleddevice800 implements control using a three-dimensional reference frame and control input that is received from another device that utilizes a two-dimensional reference frame, under an embodiment. The self-propelled device800 (assumed to be spherical) includes acontrol system882 that includes a three-axis controller880 and an inertial measurement unit (IMU)884. TheIMU884 uses sensor input to provide feedback that thecontroller880 can use to independently determine a three-dimensional frame of reference for controlling a drive system890 (e.g., seeFIG. 3) of the self-propelled device. Specifically, the three-axis controller880 operates to implement control on motors892 (or wheels894) of thedrive system890. For example, the three-axis controller880 operates to determine the speeds at which each of two parallelwheeled motors894,894 are to spin. It should be appreciated that the twomotors892,892, which can be operated in varying degrees of cooperation and opposition, are capable of moving thesphere800 in many rotational and translational motions to achieve a desired movement. In one embodiment, themotors892,892 are capable of rotating at varying speeds in both forward and reverse directions to affect the movement of the correspondingwheels894,894. In another embodiment, eachmotor892,892 speed is varied from zero to a maximum in one direction.
• Thecontroller880 andIMU884 can be implemented through separate hardware and/or software. In one implementation, thecontroller880 andIMU884 are implemented as separate software components that are executed on, for example, processor114 (seeFIG. 1).
• More specifically, thecontroller880 measures or estimates the present state of the self-propelleddevice800, including pitch, roll, and yaw angles based onfeedback895. Thefeedback895 may originate from, for example, one ormore accelerometers896A,gyroscope896B,magnetometer896C, and/or other devices (e.g., GPS), which determine the feedback when the device is in motion.
• In one embodiment,controller880 receivesfeedback895 from theIMU884 as to the motion of the device along three axes, including a desired pitch input, a desired roll input and a desired yaw input. In one variation, thefeedback895 includes desired orientation angles. Still further, the feedback can correspond to desired rates of angular rotation.
• In one embodiment, the desired pitch angle is calculated by an additional control loop configured to maintain forward speed. As described in conjunction withFIG. 5, speed and pitch angle are related by the physics of a rolling sphere.
• In addition tofeedback895, the controller usescontrol input885 from the controller device to implement control on thedrive system890. Thecontrol input885 may originate from a device that utilizes a two-dimensional reference frame (e.g., X and Y). In one implementation, thecontrol input885 is determined by, for example, processing resources of the self-propelleddevice800 that interpret control data from thecontroller880 as commands that specify one or more parameters, such as parameters that specify position (e.g., move to a position), distance, velocity or direction. Thus, some embodiments provide that thecontrol input885 is based on control data that is (i) generated in accordance with a two-dimensional reference frame, and (ii) interpreted as one or more commands that specify parameters such as distance, position or velocity. For example, a desired speed is provided by way ofcontrol input885 to thecontroller880. In an embodiment, thecontroller880 implements control888 on thedrive system890 using control parameters898, which account for thecontrol input885 and thefeedback895. Thecontrol888 may cause individual components of thedrive system890 to compensate for instability, given, for example, parameters specified in the control input (e.g., command input). In other words, thecontroller880 may implementcontrol888 in a manner that causes thedrive system890 to adjust the motion of the device based onfeedback895, in order to effectively implement the control parameters (e.g., distance to travel) specified in the command input. Furthermore, thecontrol888 enables the device to maintain control with presence of dynamic instability when the device is in motion.
• In some embodiments, thecontroller880 is able to determine, fromfeedback895, the present state of the self-propelleddevice800 in conjunction with desired angles. As mentioned, thecontroller880 can use thefeedback895 to implement control parameters, particularly as to compensating for the dynamic instability (see alsoFIG. 4B) that is inherent in about one or more axes when the self-propelled device is in motion. The errors can be determined for each axis (e.g., pitch, roll and yaw). This uses a technique of feedback where the actual angle is compared to the desired angle, in each axis, to calculate an error or correction signal.
• According to embodiments, thecontroller880 uses thefeedback895 to establish multiple control loops. In one embodiment, thecontroller880 computes an estimated set of state variables, and uses the estimated state variables in a closed loop feedback control. This allows the multiple feedback control loops to be implemented, each of which control or provide feedback as to a state, such as, for example, a position, rate, or angle. Thecontroller880 can implement feedback control using estimated states, so as to provide for controlled movement of the self-propelled device, both along a surface and in device rotation about axes. The controlled movement can be achieved while the device is inherently unstable during movement.
• In addition, incorporatingfeedback input895 using sensors and estimation of present state variables enables feedback control898 for device stability in both static and dynamic conditions. It can be appreciated that actuators in embodiments of a self-propelled device will not respond consistently or cause identical command response, due to disturbances such as variations in actuators, environment, noise and wear. These variations would make stable, controlled movement difficult without feedback control. Feedback control also provides stability augmentation to a device that can be inherently unstable and allows movement in a controlled and stable manner.
• Now the controller has calculated three correction signals and the signals must be combined into command signals to each of the two motors. For reference, the two motors are termed “left” and “right”, although it should be understood the assignment of these terms is arbitrary. It can be appreciated that the assignment of labels affects the sign conventions in roll and yaw.
• Then, the following equations are used to combine the correction terms into left and right motor commands.
• First, the pitch and yaw corrections are combined into intermediate variables. In one embodiment, the pitch correction is limited to prevent the motors from being driven at full speed to create forward motion, which would prevent response to roll or yaw correction inputs.
• 
  left_motor_intermediate=pitch correction+yaw correction
• 
  right_motor_intermediate=pitch correction−yaw correction
• Next, the roll correction is included appropriately into the left and right motor variables. If the roll correction is positive, roll correction is subtracted from the left motor command:
• 
  left_motor_output=left_motor_intermediate−roll_correction
• 
  right_motor_output=right_motor_intermediate.
• Alternatively, if the roll correction is not positive, roll correction is added to the right motor variable:
• 
  left_motor_output=left_motor_intermediate
• 
  right_motor_output=right_motor_intermediate+roll_correction
• Thus the controller produces an output variable for each motor that includes the desired control in three axes.
• In this way, a controller can use a two-dimensional reference frame to provide input for the self-propelled device (which utilizes a three-dimensional reference frame). For example, the controller can implement a graphic user interface to enable the user to input that is based on two-dimensional input. For example,FIG. 11B illustrates a graphic control mechanism that can be implemented on a controller device to enable the user to provide directional input about the X and Y axes (see alsoFIG. 12A).
• Methodology
• FIG. 9 illustrates a method for operating a self-propelled device using a computing device, according to one or more embodiments. Reference may be made to numerals of embodiments described with other figures, and withFIG. 7 in particular, for purpose of illustrating suitable components or elements that can be used to perform a step or sub-step being described.
• According to an embodiment, when a session is initiated between the self-propelleddevice710 and computing device750 (e.g., self-propelled device is turned on and the self-propelleddevice program756 is launched on the computing device750), the two devices calibrate their respective orientation (910). In one implementation, the self-propelleddevice710 obtains its orientation and/or position relative to the initial reference frame, then signals the information to thecomputing device750.
• In an embodiment in which the self-propelleddevice710 is spherical (e.g., a ball), the self-propelleddevice710 can base its orientation determination on the location of the device marker. The device marker may correspond to a predetermined feature on the device. The location of the feature relative to an initial reference frame is obtained and communicated to thecomputing device750. Thecomputing device750 may include a user-interface that includes an orientation that is based on the orientation information communicated from the self-propelleddevice710. For example, theuser interface760 ofcomputing device750 may generate a graphic steering mechanism that is calibrated to reflect the orientation of the self-propelled device710 (e.g., based on the predetermined marker on the self-propelled device710).
• Control input is received on the self-propelled device from the computing device running the self-propelled device program756 (920). The control input may be in the form of a command, or otherwise be in the form of data that is interpretable on the self-propelled device710 (through use of programming). The control input may include multiple components, including components from different input or interface mechanisms of the computing device750 (e.g., touchscreen and accelerometer of the computing device750). Accordingly, implementations provide for control input to be based on touchscreen input (922), mechanical switch or button inputs (924), device motion or position input (926), or combinations thereof (928). In variations, other forms of input can be entered on thecomputing device750 and processed as control input. For example, thecomputing device750 may communicate to the self-propelleddevice710 one or more of (i) audio input from the user speaking, (ii) image input from the user taking a picture, and/or (iii) GPS input.
• In an embodiment, the control input is interpreted on the self-propelleddevice710 using programming (930). Thus, the self-propelleddevice710 may receive different forms of input from thecomputing device750, based on the program executed on the self-propelleddevice710 and/or thecomputing device750. Moreover, self-propelleddevice710 and/or thecomputing device750 implement different processes for how input of a given type is to be interpreted. For example, self-propelleddevice710 can interpret touchscreen inputs differently for different programs, and the response of the self-propelled device may be determined by which program is executing when the input is received.
• In using programming to interpret input, self-propelleddevice710 may be capable of different forms of responses to input. Based on the program that is executed on the self-propelleddevice710 and/or thecomputing device750, the input of the user may be interpreted as directional input (932), non-directional input (934), and/or a multi-component command input (936). More specifically, the device may be correlated to input that is directional in nature by interpreting user actions or input data that includes an inherent directional aspect. For example, a user may operate a graphic steering wheel to control the direction of the self-propelleddevice710. The device may also process input non-directionally. For example some forms of user input or action may have inherent directional characteristics (e.g., the userswinging computing device750 in a particular direction, the user providing some directional input on the steering wheel mechanism that is graphically displayed on the computing device, etc.), but the manner in which the input is processed on the self-propelleddevice710 may not be directional, or least directional in a manner that is similar to the inherent directional characteristic of the user action.
• In variations, action performed by the user on thecomputing device750 may also be interpreted as a command. The input from the user on thecomputing device750 may be correlated (either on thecomputing device750 or the self-propelled device710) with instructions that signify an action by the device. The correlation between input and action can be program-specific, and configurable to meet the requirements or objects of the particular program that is being executed. As an example, the self-propelleddevice710 can interpret a single user action (e.g., gesture input on computing device) as a command to perform a series of actions, such as actions to perform a combination of movement, state changes, and/or data outputs.
• The device performs one or more actions that are responsive to the user action or actions (940). The response of the self-propelleddevice710 may be dictated by the program that is executing on the device (as well as the computing device750) when the control input is received. Thus, the action or actions performed by the self-propelleddevice710 may be complex, and multiple actions can be performed based on a single command or series of user actions.
• For example, the self-propelleddevice710 and thecomputing device750 may combine to enable the user in simulating a game in which a ball (such as a tennis ball) is struck against the wall. To simulate the game, the user may swingcomputing device750 in a given direction (e.g., like a racquet), causing the self-propelleddevice710 to move in a direction that is related to the direction of the user's motion. However, without further input from the user, the self-propelleddevice710 may return or move in a substantially opposite direction after the initial movement, so as to simulate the ball striking a wall or another racquet and then returning. Thus, the return of the self-propelleddevice710 would be non-directional in its relation to the inherent directional characteristic of the original action.
• The same example also illustrates the use of command input, in that one input on the computing device750 (user swinging device) is interpreted into multiple actions that are taken by the self-propelleddevice710. Moreover, based on programming, the self-propelleddevice710 and/or thecomputing device750 may interpret multiple kinds of user input or action as a command, resulting in performance of one action, or a series of actions. For example, in the ball example described above, the user may also be required to place his finger on the touchscreen of thecomputing device750, while swinging the device in a particular direction. The combination of the touchscreen input and the motion input of thecomputing device750 can be interpreted as a command for multiple actions to be performed by the self-propelleddevice710. In the example provided, the self-propelled device performs the following in response to multi-component user action: determine a velocity and direction based on the user action (e.g., user places finger and touchscreen while swinging computing device750); move based on the determined velocity and direction; determine when to stop based on the simulated presence of a wall; estimate return velocity and direction; and then move in the return direction.
• Additionally, each action or output from the self-propelleddevice710 may incorporate several independent sub actions, involving independently operable aspects of the self-propelleddevice710. For example, self-propelleddevice710 may include multiple motors that comprise the drive assembly. A command input may dictate whether one or both motors are used. Likewise, command input may determine if other hardware resources of the device are used in response to user input. For example, the command input can correlate a user input on the computing device with a series of actions on the self-propelleddevice710, which include communicating an output of a magnetometer to thecomputing device750.
• Other types of command input that can be interpreted from a user action include, for example, altering the state of the self-propelleddevice710 based on a particular input from the user. For example, the user may perform a double tap on the touchscreen of thecomputing device750 as a form of input. A first program on the self-propelleddevice710 may interpret the double tap as a command to spin. A second program on the same self-propelleddevice710 may interpret the double tap as a command to illuminate.
• In some embodiments, the self-propelleddevice710 signals back information (e.g., feedback718) to the computing device750 (950). Thefeedback718 may correspond to the updated position information (952), information about the device's movement or orientation (e.g., velocity or direction), device state information (954), or other information (956) (e.g., sensor input from the device based on specific programming request). As described with some embodiments, thefeedback718 may be used to generate content on thecomputing device750. For example, thefeedback718 may affect a virtual representation of the self-propelleddevice710 generated on thecomputing device750. With, for example, movement of the self-propelleddevice710, the corresponding virtual representation of the self-propelled device on thecomputing device750 may also be moved accordingly. Numerous examples are provided herein foruser feedback718 to generate and/or alter content on thecomputing device750.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a method for operating a computing device in controlling a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments. Reference may be made to numerals of embodiments described with other figures for the purpose of illustrating suitable components or elements for performing a step or sub-step being described.
• Thecomputing device750 may include a contextual user interface (1010). For example, the user interface generated on thecomputing device750 may include a graphic interface that provides features for implementing the game or simulation. The features may include use of a graphic object that is virtually moved in accordance with movement of the self-propelleddevice710. Specific examples of user interfaces include, for example: (i) a user interface having a circle, and an orientation marker that the user can move about the circle, where the orientation marker represents the orientation of the self-propelled device; (ii) a golfing or bowling interface showing a virtualized ball that represents the self-propelled device; or (iii) a dynamic and interactive gaming content in which an object representing the self-propelleddevice710 is moved in the context of gaming or simulation content.
• A user may operate the computing device752 to enter one or more inputs (1020). The input may be either discrete (in time) or continuous. Discrete input may correspond to a specific user action that is completed, and results in the self-propelleddevice710 moving and/or performing other actions. Examples of discrete inputs include simulated golf swings or bowling strokes (e.g., where the user swings his handset and the action is interpreted as a golf or bowling ball movement). Continuous input requires the user to be engaged while the self-propelled device moves. Examples of continuous input include the user operating a virtual steering feature or joy stick as a mechanism for controlling the self-propelled device in its movement. As mentioned with some other embodiments, the user input may correspond to multiple actions performed by the user, including actions that include the use of different input interfaces or mechanisms on thecomputing device750. For example, the user input can correspond to user actions on the touchscreen display, the user moving the computing device about the gesture, the user interacting with the camera to the computing device, the user providing speech input from a microphone of the computing device, and/or the user operating buttons and/or mechanical switches on the computing device.
• The user input is communicated to the self-propelled device (1030). In one embodiment, thecomputing device750 interprets the input of the user, and then signals interpreted input to the self-propelleddevice710. In variations, the self-propelleddevice710 interprets the input of the user, based on data signals received from thecomputing device750.
• The self-propelleddevice710 may respond to the user input, by, for example, moving in a direction and/or in accordance with the velocity specified by the user input (1040). Other actions, such as spinning, performing other movements, changing state of one or more devices, etc. can also be performed, depending on the interpretation of the user input.
• Thecomputing device750 may receive the feedback from the self-propelled device710 (1050). The nature and occurrence of the feedback may be based on the programmatic configuration of the self-propelleddevice710 and thecomputing device750. For example, the feedback communicated from the self-propelleddevice710 to thecomputing device750 may include information that identifies position, orientation and velocity of the self-propelled device, either at a particular instance or over a given duration of time. As an alternative or addition, the feedback may include or state information about the self-propelleddevice710, and/or readings from one or more sensors on the self-propelled device. Furthermore, depending on the implementation, the feedback may be communicated either continuously or discretely. In the latter case, for example, the self-propelleddevice710 may perform an action, such as moving to a particular position, and then communicate its position and orientation to thecomputing device750. Alternatively, the self-propelleddevice710 may continuously update thecomputing device750 on this orientation and/or position and/or velocity, as well as state other information. Numerous variations are possible, depending on the programmatic configuration of the self-propelleddevice710.
• In response to receiving the feedback, thecomputing device750 updates, modifies or generates a new contextual user interface that reflects a change in the representation of the self-propelled device (1060). Specifically, once the self-propelleddevice710 moves, its representation of the user interface on thecomputing device750 may reflect the movement. For example, the contextual user interface of the computing device may reflect the movement of the self-propelleddevice710 in a manner that is not video (or at least not solely video), but rather computer-generated (e.g., animated, graphic, etc.). As an addition or alternative, other information communicated with the feedback (e.g., the state of the self-propelled device710) may also be reflected in the user interface of thecomputing device750. For example, if the self-propelleddevice710 is illuminated, its virtual representation of the user interface of thecomputing device750 may change to reflect that illumination.
• FIG. 14A throughFIG. 14C, discussed below, provide further examples and extensions of embodiments in which the self-propelled device is represented in a virtual context on the controller device.
• User Control Orientation
• FIG. 11A throughFIG. 11C illustrate an embodiment in which a user interface of a controller is oriented to adopt an orientation of a self-propelled device, according to one or more embodiments. In embodiments shown, a self-propelleddevice1102 maintains a pre-determined reference frame that indicates, for example, a forward facing direction. With reference toFIG. 11A, the self-propelleddevice1102 is shown to be spherical, although other form factors may be adopted (including crafts or vehicles). As a spherical device, however, self-propelleddevice1102 is relatively featureless and lacks structure that would otherwise indicate to the observer what the device's frame of reference is, such as what the forward-facing direction of the device is. In order to identify the frame of reference, the self-propelleddevice1102 can optionally include an outwardlyvisible marker1104 or surface feature that identifies the frame of reference. For example, themarker1104 can correspond to a light-emitting component that illuminates to mark a forward-facingsurface1106 of the device. The light-emitting component can, for example, correspond to a light emitting diode (LED) that resides with the exterior of the device, or alternatively, within the interior of the device so as to illuminate the forward-facingsurface1106 from within the (e.g., the exterior of the device may be translucent).
• Thedevice1102 can maintain its own frame of reference, using resources that reside on the device. For example,device1102 may utilize sensors such as a magnetometer (determine north, south, east west), an IMU (seeFIG. 8D), a GPS, and/or stored position or state information in order to determine its frame of reference.
• FIG. 11B illustrates acontroller device1120 for controlling the self-propelleddevice1102. Thecontroller device1120 includes a display screen1121 on which a user-interface feature1122 is provided to enable control of the self-propelleddevice1102. The user-interface feature1122 may enable the user to enter, for example, directional input in order to steer the self-propelleddevice1102. According to embodiments, the orientation of the user-interface feature1122 is calibrated to match the orientation of the self-propelleddevice1102, based on the frame of reference maintained on the self-propelleddevice1102. For example, the user-interface feature1122 may include amarker1124 that serves as a point of contact for interaction with the user. The relative orientation of themarker1124 on the user-interface feature1122 may be set to match the orientation of themarker1104 of the self-propelleddevice1102. Thus, in the example provided, the forward-facing orientation of the self-propelleddevice1102 may be directed west, and the user may maintain the forward-direction by keeping themarker1124 in the west direction.
• According to embodiments, the orientation of the self-propelleddevice1102 with respect to the device's internal frame of reference dictates the orientation of the user-interface1122 (e.g., the direction of the marker1124). For example,FIG. 11C can serve as an illustration of thecontroller1120 being rotated (e.g., the user moves the controller while holding it) relative to the self-propelleddevice1102. Themarker1124 of the user-interface1122 may be set to the orientation of themarker1104 on the self-propelleddevice1102, so that, for example, the west direction remains forward-facing.
• FIG. 11D illustrates a method for calibrating a user-interface for orientation based on an orientation of the self-propelled device, according to an embodiment. While reference is made to elements ofFIG. 11A throughFIG. 11C for purpose of illustrating suitable elements or components for performing a step or sub-step being described, an embodiment such as described byFIG. 11D may be readily employed with other forms of devices.
• The self-propelleddevice1102 operates to determine its orientation, relative to an internal frame of reference that is determined from resources of the device (1150). The self-propelleddevice1102 can determine its orientation in response to events such as the self-propelled device1102 (i) being switched on, (ii) being connected wirelessly to thecontroller device1120, (iii) after a set duration of time, (iv) after user input or command, and/or (v) after a designated event, such as a bump that makes the device “lost”.
• The self-propelleddevice1102 signals information to thecontroller1120 that indicates the orientation of the self-propelleddevice1102 relative to the device's frame of reference (1160). The information may be signaled wirelessly through, for example, BLUETOOTH or other forms of wireless communication mediums.
• Thecontroller1120 may initiate a program or application to control the self-propelled device1102 (1170). For example, a control program may be operated that initiates thecontroller1120 in connecting with the self-propelleddevice1102. The program may generate a user-interface1122 that displays content in the form of a virtual controller for the self-propelleddevice1102. The virtual controller can include a marker or orientation that indicates front/back as well as left/right.
• Based on the information received from the self-propelleddevice1102, thecontroller1120 configures the user-interface1122 so that the marker or orientation is aligned or otherwise calibrated with the orientation maintained on the device (1180). For example, as a result of the calibration or alignment, both the self-propelleddevice1102 and thecontroller1120 recognize the frontal direction to be in the same direction (e.g. north or west).
• Numerous variations may be provided to the examples provided. For example, the user-interface1122 can include alternative steering mechanisms, such as a steering wheel or virtual joystick (see alsoFIG. 12A). The manner in which the user-interface1122 can be configured to provide directional input can also be varied, depending on, for example, the virtual model employed with the user-interface (e.g., steering wheel or joystick).
• Controller Interface and Usage Scenarios
• FIG. 12A andFIG. 12B illustrate different interfaces that can be implemented on a controller computing device. InFIG. 12A, content corresponding to a steering mechanism is illustrated to control the velocity and direction of a self-propelled device. InFIG. 12B, content corresponding to a gaming interface (e.g., golf) is depicted that shows a representation of the self-propelled device in the form of a golf ball. The user can interact with the devices shown (e.g., take golf swing with the controller/computing device) to direct the self-propelled device to move. In turn, the content generated on the computing device can be reconfigured or altered. In particular, the representation of the self-propelled device can be affected. For example, the golf ball may be depicted as moving when the self-propelled device moves.
• FIG. 13A throughFIG. 13C illustrate a variety of inputs that can be entered on a controller computing device to operate a self-propelled device, according to an embodiment. InFIG. 13A andFIG. 13B, the user can be prompted by graphic features1302 to place fingers on a given area of a display screen1304. For example, two finger positioning can be used for a golf example, and three finger positioning can be used for a bowling example. With fingers placed, thedevice1300 can be moved in an arc motion to simulate a golf stroke or bowler arm motion (FIG. 13C). The examples illustrate cases in which multiple types of input are combined and interpreted as a set of commands with one or more parameters (e.g., parameters dictating direction and velocity or position of the self-propelled device). For example, a guided touch screen input (first type of input) performed concurrently with movement of the controller device (second type of input) in an arc fashion can be interpreted as a command to move the self-propelled device in a given direction for a designated distance (e.g., for golfing or bowling examples).
• Virtual Object Representation and Interaction
• Some embodiments enable the self-propelled device to be virtually represented on an interface of the controller device. In such embodiments, the degree to which the self-propelled device and its virtual representation are linked may vary, depending on desired functionality and design parameters. For example, in gaming applications, some events that occur to the self-propelled device (e.g., bumps) may be conveyed and represented (e.g., virtual bump) with the device representation.
• With reference toFIG. 14A, the self-propelled device1400 may be operated in a real-world environment, and virtually represented by agraphic object1412 that is part of the user-interface of thecontroller device1402. The implementation may be provided by executing a corresponding program or instruction set on each of the self-propelled device1400 and controller device1402 (e.g., a game). Based on the implemented instruction set, a relationship can be established between the self-propelled device1400 and thevirtual representation1412. The relationship can be established by way of the self-propelled device1400 signaling state information1405 to thecontroller device1402, and the controller device signalingcontrol information1415 based on user-input and virtual events.
• As described with other embodiments, the self-propelled device1400 may operate in a three-dimensional reference frame and thecontroller device1402 may operate in a two-dimensional reference frame. The self-propelled device1400 can include a three-dimensional controller that processes two-control information1415 (e.g., user input and virtual events) in its three-dimensional reference frame. The three-dimensional environment of the self-propelled device1400 may be represented two-dimensionally on thecontroller device1402.
• Examples of the relationships can include: (i) the self-propelled device1400 communicates its state (e.g., position information) to the controller device1402, which reflects a corresponding change in the position of the virtual object1412—for example, both the self-propelled device and the controller device1402 may trace a similarly shaped path; (ii) the user can enter input that moves or changes position of the virtual representation1412, and this change is reflected by real-world movement of the self-propelled device1400; (iii) an event that occurs to the self-propelled device1400 is conveyed and/or represented in the virtual environment of the virtual representation1412—for example, the self-propelled device may collide with an object, causing lateral movement or stoppage, and this event may be communicated virtually with the object1412 being bumped, stopped or even made to change color to reflect the event; and (iv) an event that occurs to the virtual environment of the virtual representation1412 is conveyed to the self-propelled device—for example, a virtual collision between the virtual representation1412 and another virtual object (e.g., wall, zombie, etc. in gaming environment) may result in the movement of the virtual object1412 being changed, and this change may be communicated as control input to the self-propelled device1402 which can shake, stop or move unexpectedly to simulate the virtual collision). Numerous variations may be implemented with respect to the manner in which the self-propelled device is linked to a virtual environment.
• FIG. 14B andFIG. 14C illustrate an application in which a self-propelled device acts as a fiducial marker, according to an embodiment. In the example shown, a gaming environment is provided in which the user can steer the self-propelled device through, for example, tilting or movement of thecontroller computing device1430. While the self-propelled device is moved, the controller computing device displays content that includes bothvirtual objects1432 and therepresentation1434 of the self-propelled device. Based on the rules and object of the game, the user can steer the self-propelled device and cause thevirtual representation1434 to move on the screen in a manner that reflects the real movement of the self-propelled device. As noted inFIG. 14A, events such as collisions between the self-propelleddevice1430 and its environment, can be communicated and represented with thevirtual representation1434 and its environment. Likewise, events that occur between thevirtual representation1434 and the virtual environment (e.g., wall or zombie collision) can be communicated and implemented on the self-propelled device1402 (e.g., the device may veer left).
• FIG. 15 illustrates an interactive application that can be implemented for use with multiple self-propelled devices, depicted as spherical or robotic balls, under an embodiment. InFIG. 15,system1500 creates an ad-hoc network to arrange a number of self-propelled robotic balls into a desired pattern on aplanar surface1515. For example, the balls may be automatically arranged into a character, word, logo, or other meaningful or visually interesting arrangement. Fiverobotic balls1510,1512,1514,1516, and1518 are shown for illustration, but this does not imply any limit to the number of robotic ball devices that can be included.
• Video camera1502 captures images of the robotic balls onsurface1515 and relays the image to computer/controller1506 usingdata link1504. Computer/controller1506 executes an application designed to identify the robotic balls and instruct each robotic ball in moving to its desired position.Computer controller1506 forms an ad-hoc network vialink1506 withrobotic balls1510,1512,1514,1516, and1518 to send instructions to each ball.Link1506 can, in one embodiment, be a link to a single ball, and each ball is communicated with in turn. In another embodiment,link1506 connects to two or more of the robotic balls, or is a broadcast channel to all robotic balls.
• Onetask controller1506 performs is identification of each ball and its location. To perform this task, in oneembodiment controller1506 sequentially instructs each ball to emit a unique signal detectable bycamera1502 in conjunction withcontroller1506 and associated application software. The signal may be detectable by a human or not. For example, aball1510 emits a certain color or pattern of light. In one embodiment, the ball's light pattern is modulated in a manner detectable byvideo camera1502 andcontroller1506. In another embodiment, every ball in the array is instructed to simultaneously emit its own unique identification signal or light pattern.
• Once every robotic ball onsurface1515 has been identified and located bycontroller1506,controller1506 issues a set of movement instructions to each robotic ball to move it into the desired location.
• FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a method of collision detection, according to an embodiment. InFIG. 16A,collision event1600 occurs when self-propelleddevice1602 collides with fixedobject1604. A collision event causes a sudden negative acceleration in self-propelleddevice1602.Device1602, in one embodiment, is equipped with multi-axis accelerometers for sensing acceleration. The data from the accelerometer sensors show a distinctive pattern indicating a collision event has occurred. In one embodiment, collision detection occurs in onboard processing ofdevice1602. If self-propelleddevice1602 has established a network connection with another device, either a controller or another self-propelled device, then collision detection can occur in any connected device.
• FIG. 16B shows a more complex case of acollision event1620 between two self-propelleddevices1622 and1624. In the event of a collision between two self-propelled devices, it may be the case that one was in motion or that both were in motion, prior to the collision. Detection of a collision between two self-propelled devices requires that a processor receive data from both devices, and that the data be tagged to allow time-correlation of collision events. If two collision events occur at the nearly the same time in two self-propelled devices, it is inferred that the two devices were involved in a collision event—they collided with each other. Further filtering is possible, for example to determine if the two devices were in close proximity, or if either was moving toward the other at the time the collision event was detected. Filtering increases the probability of accurately detecting a collision event from acceleration data. Collision detection can be useful in games and in applications that require detection of walls and obstacles.
CONCLUSION
• One or more embodiments described herein provide that methods, techniques and actions performed by a computing device are performed programmatically, or as a computer-implemented method. Programmatically means through the use of code, or computer-executable instructions. A programmatically performed step may or may not be automatic.
• One or more embodiments described herein may be implemented using programmatic modules or components. A programmatic module or component may include a program, a subroutine, a portion of a program, or a software component or a hardware component capable of performing one or more stated tasks or functions. As used herein, a module or component can exist on a hardware component independently of other modules or components. Alternatively, a module or component can be a shared element or process of other modules, programs or machines.
• Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented through the use of instructions that are executable by one or more processors. These instructions may be carried on a computer-readable medium. Machines shown or described with FIGs below provide examples of processing resources and computer-readable mediums on which instructions for implementing embodiments of the invention can be carried and/or executed. In particular, the numerous machines shown with embodiments of the invention include processor(s) and various forms of memory for holding data and instructions. Examples of computer-readable mediums include permanent memory storage devices, such as hard drives on personal computers or servers. Other examples of computer storage mediums include portable storage units (such as CD or DVD units), flash memory (such as carried on many cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs)), and magnetic memory. Computers, terminals, network enabled devices (e.g., mobile devices such as cell phones) are all examples of machines and devices that utilize processors, memory and instructions stored on computer-readable mediums. Additionally, embodiments may be implemented in the form of computer-programs, or a computer usable carrier medium capable of carrying such a program.
• Although illustrative embodiments have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, variations to specific embodiments and details are encompassed by this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular feature described, either individually or as part of an embodiment, can be combined with other individually described features, or parts of other embodiments. Thus, absence of describing combinations should not preclude the inventor(s) from claiming rights to such combinations.
• While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described above, it will be understood that the embodiments described are by way of example only. Accordingly, the inventions should not be limited based on the described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the inventions described herein should only be limited in light of the claims that follow when taken in conjunction with the above description and accompanying drawings.

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:

1. A system comprising:

a self-propelled device, wherein the self-propelled device determines an orientation for its movement based on a pre-determined reference frame;

a controller device operable by a user to control the self-propelled device, wherein the controller device includes a user interface for controlling at least a direction of movement of the self-propelled device;

wherein the self-propelled device is configured to signal the controller device information that indicates the orientation of the self-propelled device;

wherein the controller device is configured to orient the user interface, based on the information signaled from the self-propelled device, to reflect the orientation of the self-propelled device.

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