US20200389510A1 - Apparatus, system, and method for adaptive-rate shifting of streaming content - Google Patents

Abstract

An apparatus for adaptive-rate shifting of streaming content includes an agent controller module configured to simultaneously request at least portions of a plurality of streamlets. The agent controller module is further configured to continuously monitor streamlet requests and subsequent responses, and accordingly request higher or lower quality streamlets. A staging module is configured to stage the streamlets and arrange the streamlets for playback on a content player. A system includes a data communications network, a content server coupled to the data communications network and having a content module configured to process content and generate a plurality of high and low quality streams, and the apparatus. A method includes simultaneously requesting at least portions of a plurality of streamlets, continuously monitoring streamlet requests and subsequent responses, and accordingly requesting higher or lower quality streamlets, and staging the streamlets and arranging the streamlets for playback on a content player.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/566,831 entitled “APPARATUS, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR DYNAMIC RATE SHIFTING OF STREAMING CONTENT” and filed on Apr. 30, 2004 for R. Drew Major and Mark B. Hurst, which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONField of the Invention
• The invention relates to video streaming over packet switched networks such as the Internet, and more particularly relates to adaptive-rate shifting of streaming content over such networks.
Description of the Related Art
• The Internet is fast becoming a preferred method for distributing media files to end users. It is currently possible to download music or video to computers, cell phones, or practically any network capable device. Many portable media players are equipped with network connections and enabled to play music or videos. The music or video files (hereinafter “media files”) can be stored locally on the media player or computer, or streamed or downloaded from a server.
• “Streaming media” refers to technology that delivers content at a rate sufficient for presenting the media to a user in real time as the data is received. The data may be stored in memory temporarily until played and then subsequently deleted. The user has the immediate satisfaction of viewing the requested content without waiting for the media file to completely download. Unfortunately, the audio/video quality that can be received for real time presentation is constrained by the available bandwidth of the user's network connection. Streaming may be used to deliver content on demand (previously recorded) or from live broadcasts.
• Alternatively, media files may be downloaded and stored on persistent storage devices, such as hard drives or optical storage, for later presentation. Downloading complete media files can take large amounts of time depending on the network connection. Once downloaded, however, the content can be viewed repeatedly anytime or anywhere. Media files prepared for downloading usually are encoded with a higher quality audio/video than can be delivered in real time. Users generally dislike this option, as they tend to want to see or hear the media file instantaneously.
• Streaming offers the advantage of immediate access to the content but currently sacrifices quality compared with downloading a file of the same content. Streaming also provides the opportunity for a user to select different content for viewing on an ad hoc basis, while downloading is by definition restricted to receiving a specific content selection in its entirety or not at all. Downloading also supports rewind, fast forward, and direct seek operations, while streaming is unable to fully support these functions. Streaming is also vulnerable to network failures or congestion.
• Another technology, known as “progressive downloads,” attempts to combine the strengths of the above two technologies. When a progressive download is initiated, the media file download begins, and the media player waits to begin playback until there is enough of the file downloaded that playback can begin with the hope that the remainder of the file will be completely downloaded before playback “catches up.” This waiting period before playback can be substantial depending on network conditions, and therefore is not a complete or fully acceptable solution to the problem of media presentation over a network.
• Generally, three basic challenges exist with regard to data transport streaming over a network such as the Internet that has a varying amount of data loss. The first challenge is reliability. Most streaming solutions use a TCP connection, or “virtual circuit,” for transmitting data. A TCP connection provides a guaranteed delivery mechanism so that data sent from one endpoint will be delivered to the destination, even if portions are lost and retransmitted. A break in the continuity of a TCP connection can have serious consequences when the data must be delivered in real-time. When a network adapter detects delays or losses in a TCP connection, the adapter “backs off” from transmission attempts for a moment and then slowly resumes the original transmission pace. This behavior is an attempt to alleviate the perceived congestion. Such a slowdown is detrimental to the viewing or listening experience of the user and therefore is not acceptable.
• The second challenge to data transport is efficiency. Efficiency refers to how well the user's available bandwidth is used for delivery of the content stream. This measure is directly related to the reliability of the TCP connection. When the TCP connection is suffering reliability problems, a loss of bandwidth utilization results. The measure of efficiency sometimes varies suddenly, and can greatly impact the viewing experience.
• The third challenge is latency. Latency is the time measure form the client's point-of-view, of the interval between when a request is issued and the response data begins to arrive. This value is affected by the network connection's reliability and efficiency, and the processing time required by the origin to prepare the response. A busy or overloaded server, for example, will take more time to process a request. As well as affecting the start time of a particular request, latency has a significant impact on the network throughput of TCP.
• From the foregoing discussion, it should be apparent that a need exists for an apparatus, system, and method that alleviate the problems of reliability, efficiency, and latency. Additionally, such an apparatus, system, and method would offer instantaneous viewing along with the ability to fast forward, rewind, direct seek, and browse multiple streams. Beneficially, such an apparatus, system, and method would utilize multiple connections between a source and destination, requesting varying bitrate streams depending upon network conditions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention has been developed in response to the present state of the art, and in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available content streaming systems. Accordingly, the present invention has been developed to provide an apparatus, system, and method for adaptive-rate content streaming that overcome many or all of the above-discussed shortcomings in the art.
• The apparatus for adaptive-rate content streaming is provided with a logic unit containing a plurality of modules configured to functionally execute the necessary steps. These modules in the described embodiments include an agent controller module configured to simultaneously request a plurality of streamlets, the agent controller module further configured to continuously monitor streamlet requests and subsequent responses, and accordingly request higher or lower quality streamlets, and a staging module configured to stage the streamlets and arrange the streamlets for playback on a content player.
• The apparatus is further configured, in one embodiment, to establish multiple Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections with a content server, and request streamlets of varying bitrates. Each streamlet may further comprise a portion of a content file. Additionally, the agent controller module may be configured to generate a performance factor according to responses from streamlet requests.
• In a further embodiment, the agent controller module is configured to upshift to a higher quality streamlet when the performance factor is greater than a threshold, and the agent controller module determines the higher quality playback can be sustained according to a combination of factors. The factors may include an amount of contiguously available streamlets stored in the staging module, a minimum safety margin, and a current read ahead margin.
• The agent controller module may be configured to downshift to a lower quality streamlet when the performance factor is less than a second threshold. Also, the agent controller module is further configured to anticipate streamlet requests and pre-request streamlets to enable fast-forward, skip randomly, and rewind functionality. In one embodiment, the agent controller module is configured to initially request low quality streamlets to enable instant playback of the content file, and subsequent upshifting according to the performance factor.
• A system of the present invention is also presented to adaptive-rate content streaming. In particular, the system, in one embodiment, includes a data communications network, and a content server coupled to the data communications network and having a content module configured to process content and generate a plurality of high and low quality streams. In one embodiment, each of the high and low quality streams may include a plurality of streamlets.
• In a further embodiment, the system also includes an agent controller module configured to simultaneously request a plurality of streamlets, the agent controller module further configured to continuously monitor streamlet requests and subsequent responses, and accordingly request higher or lower quality streamlets, and a staging module configured to stage the streamlets and arrange the streamlets for playback on a content player.
• A method of the present invention is also presented for adaptive-rate content streaming. The method in the disclosed embodiments substantially includes the steps necessary to carry out the functions presented above with respect to the operation of the described apparatus and system. In one embodiment, the method includes simultaneously requesting a plurality of streamlets, continuously monitoring streamlet requests and subsequent responses, and accordingly requesting higher or lower quality streamlets, and staging the streamlets and arranging the streamlets for playback on a content player.
• In a further embodiment, the method may include establishing multiple Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections with a content server, and requesting streamlets of varying bitrates. Also, the method may include generating a performance factor according to responses from streamlet requests, upshifting to a higher quality streamlet when the performance factor is greater than a threshold, and determining if the higher quality playback can be sustained. Furthermore, the method may include downshifting to a lower quality streamlet when the performance factor is less than a second threshold.
• In one embodiment, the method includes anticipating streamlet requests and pre-requesting streamlets to enable fast-forward, skip randomly, and rewind functionality. The method may also comprise initially requesting low quality streamlets to enable instant playback of a content file, and subsequent upshifting according to the performance factor.
• Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present invention should be or are in any single embodiment of the invention. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, discussion of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.
• Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the invention.
• These features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system for adaptive rate shifting of streaming content in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 2ais a schematic block diagram graphically illustrating one embodiment of a content file in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 2bis a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a plurality of streams having varying degrees of quality and bandwidth in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 2cis a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a stream divided into a plurality of streamlets in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a content module in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram graphically illustrating one embodiment of a client module in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for processing content in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for playback of a plurality of streamlets in accordance with the present invention; and
• FIG. 7 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for requesting streamlets within an adaptive-rate content streaming environment in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like.
• Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.
• Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.
• Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
• Reference to a signal bearing medium may take any form capable of generating a signal, causing a signal to be generated, or causing execution of a program of machine-readable instructions on a digital processing apparatus. A signal bearing medium may be embodied by a transmission line, a compact disk, digital-video disk, a magnetic tape, a Bernoulli drive, a magnetic disk, a punch card, flash memory, integrated circuits, or other digital processing apparatus memory device.
• Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of programming, software modules, user selections, network transactions, database queries, database structures, hardware modules, hardware circuits, hardware chips, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of asystem100 for dynamic rate shifting of streaming content in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, thesystem100 comprises a content server102 and anend user104. The content server102 and theend user station104 may be coupled by a data communications network. The data communications network may include theInternet106 and connections108 to theInternet106. Alternatively, the content server102 and theend user104 may be located on a common local area network, wireless area network, cellular network, virtual local area network, or the like. Theend user station104 may comprise a personal computer (PC), an entertainment system configured to communicate over a network, or a portable electronic device configured to present content.
• In the depicted embodiment, thesystem100 also includes apublisher110, and aweb server116. Thepublisher110 may be a creator or distributor of content. For example, if the content to be streamed were a broadcast of a television program, thepublisher110 may be a television or cable network channel such as NBC®, or MTV®. Content may be transferred over theInternet106 to the content server102, where the content is received by acontent module112. Thecontent module112 may be configured to receive, process, and store content. In one embodiment, processed content is accessed by aclient module114 configured to play the content on theend user station104. In a further embodiment, theclient module114 is configured to receive different portions of a content stream from a plurality of locations simultaneously. For example, theclient module114 may request and receive content from any of the plurality ofweb servers116.
• FIG. 2ais a schematic block diagram graphically illustrating one embodiment of acontent file200. In one embodiment, thecontent file200 is distributed by thepublisher110. Thecontent file200 may comprise a television broadcast, sports event, movie, music, concert, etc. Thecontent file200 may also be live or archived content. Thecontent file200 may comprise uncompressed video and audio, or alternatively, video or audio. Additionally, thecontent file200 may be compressed. Examples of acompressed content file200 include, but are not limited to, DivX®, Windows Media Video 9®, Quicktime 6.5Sorenson 3®, or Quicktime 6.5/MPEG-4® encoded content.
• FIG. 2bis a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a plurality ofstreams202 having varying degrees of quality and bandwidth. In one embodiment, the plurality ofstreams202 comprises alow quality stream204, amedium quality stream206, and ahigh quality stream208. Each of thestreams204,206,208 is a copy of thecontent file200 encoded and compressed to varying bit rates. For example, thelow quality stream204 may be encoded and compressed to a bit rate of 100 kilobits per second (kbps), themedium quality stream206 may be encoded and compressed to a bit rate of 200 kbps, and thehigh quality stream208 may be encoded and compressed to 600 kbps.
• FIG. 2cis a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of astream210 divided into a plurality ofstreamlets212. As used herein, streamlet refers to any sized portion of thecontent file200. Eachstreamlet212 may comprise a portion of the content contained instream210, encapsulated as an independent media object. The content in astreamlet212 may have a unique time index in relation to the beginning of the content contained instream210. In one embodiment, the content contained in eachstreamlet212 has a duration of two seconds. For example,streamlet0 may have a time index of 00:00 representing the beginning of content playback, andstreamlet1 may have a time index of 00:02, and so on. Alternatively, the time duration of thestreamlets212 may be any duration smaller than the entire playback duration of the content instream210. In a further embodiment, thestreamlets212 may be divided according to file size instead of a time index.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating in greater detail one embodiment of thecontent module112 in accordance with the present invention. Thecontent module112 may comprise astream module302, astreamlet module304, anencoder module306, astreamlet database308, and theweb server116. In one embodiment, thestream module302 is configured to receive thecontent file200 from thepublisher110 and generate the plurality ofstreams202 of varying qualities. Theoriginal content file200 from the publisher may be digital in form and may comprise content having a high bit rate such as, for example, 2 mbps. The content may be transferred from thepublisher110 to thecontent module112 over theInternet106. Such transfers of data are well known in the art and do not require further discussion herein. Alternatively, the content may comprise a captured broadcast.
• In the depicted embodiment, the plurality ofstreams202 may comprise thelow quality stream204, themedium quality stream206, and thehigh quality stream208. Alternatively, the plurality ofstreams202 may comprise any number of streams deemed necessary to accommodate end user bandwidth. Thestreamlet module304 may be configured to receive the plurality ofstreams202 from the stream module and generate a plurality ofstreams312, each stream comprising a plurality ofstreamlets212. As described with reference toFIG. 2c,eachstreamlet212 may comprise a pre-defined portion of the stream. Theencoder module306 is configured to encode each streamlet from the plurality ofstreams312 and store the streamlets in thestreamlet database308. Theencoding module306 may utilize encoding schemes such as DivX®, Windows Media Video 9®, Quicktime 6.5Sorenson 3®, or Quicktime 6.5/MPEG-4®. Alternatively, a custom encoding scheme may be employed.
• Thecontent module112 may also include ametadata module312 and ametadata database314. In one embodiment, metadata comprises static searchable content information. For example, metadata includes, but is not limited to, air date of the content, title, actresses, actors, length, and episode name. Metadata is generated by thepublisher110, and may be configured to define an end user environment. In one embodiment, thepublisher100 may define an end user navigational environment for the content including menus, thumbnails, sidebars, advertising, etc. Additionally, thepublisher110 may define functions such as fast forward, rewind, pause, and play that may be used with thecontent file200. Themetadata module312 is configured to receive the metadata from thepublisher110 and store the metadata in themetadata database314. In a further embodiment, themetadata module312 is configured to interface with theclient module114, allowing theclient module114 to search for content based upon at least one of a plurality of metadata criteria. Additionally, metadata may be generated by thecontent module112 through automated process(es) or manual definition.
• Once thestreamlets212 have been received and processed, theclient module114 may request stream lets212 using HTTP from theweb server116. Such use of client side initiated requests requires no additional configuration of firewalls. Additionally, since theclient module114 initiates the request, theweb server116 is only required to retrieve and serve the requested streamlet. In a further embodiment, theclient module114 may be configured to retrievestreamlets212 from a plurality of web servers310. Eachweb server116 may be located in various locations across theInternet106. Thestreamlets212 are essentially static files. As such, no specialized media server or server-side intelligence is required for aclient module114 to retrievestreamlets212.Streamlets212 may be served by theweb server116 or cached by cache servers of Internet Service Providers (ISPs), or any other network infrastructure operators, and served by the cache server. Use of cache servers is well known to those skilled in the art, and will not be discussed further herein. Thus, a highly scalable solution is provided that is not hindered by massive amounts ofclient module114 requests to theweb server116 at any specific location.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram graphically illustrating one embodiment of aclient module114 in accordance with the present invention. Theclient module114 may comprise anagent controller module402, astreamlet cache module404, and anetwork controller module406. In one embodiment, theagent controller module402 is configured to interface with aviewer408, and transmitstreamlets212 to theviewer408. In a further embodiment, theclient module114 may comprise a plurality ofagent controller modules402. Eachagent controller module402 may be configured to interface with oneviewer408. Alternatively, theagent controller module402 may be configured to interface with a plurality ofviewers408. Theviewer408 may be a media player (not shown) operating on a PC or handheld electronic device.
• Theagent controller module402 is configured to select a quality level of streamlets to transmit to theviewer408. Theagent controller module402 requests lower or higher quality streams based upon continuous observation of time intervals between successive receive times of each requested streamlet. The method of requesting higher or lower quality streams will be discussed in greater detail below with reference toFIG. 7.
• Theagent controller module402 may be configured to receive user commands from theviewer408. Such commands may include play, fast forward, rewind, pause, and stop. In one embodiment, theagent controller module402requests streamlets212 from thestreamlet cache module404 and arranges the receivedstreamlets212 in astaging module409. Thestaging module409 may be configured to arrange thestreamlcts212 in order of ascending playback time. In the depicted embodiment, thestreamlets212 are numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. However, eachstreamlet212 may be identified with a unique filename.
• Additionally, theagent controller module402 may be configured to anticipatestreamlet212 requests andpre-request streamlets212. Bypre-requesting streamlets212, the user may fast-forward, skip randomly, or rewind through the content and experience no buffering delay. In a further embodiment, theagent controller module402 may request thestreamlets212 that correspond to time index intervals of30 seconds within the total play time of the content. Alternatively, theagent controller module402 may request streamlets at any interval less than the length of the time index. This enables a “fast-start” capability with no buffering wait when starting or fast-forwarding throughcontent file200. In a further embodiment, theagent controller module402 may be configured topre-request streamlets212 corresponding to specified index points within the content or within other content in anticipation of theend user104 selecting new content to view.
• In one embodiment, thestreamlet cache module404 is configured to receivestreamlet212 requests from theagent controller module402. Upon receiving a request, thestreamlet cache module404 first checks astreamlet cache410 to verify if thestreamlet212 is present. In a further embodiment, thestreamlet cache module404 handles streamlet212 requests from a plurality ofagent controller modules402. Alternatively, astreamlet cache module404 may be provided for eachagent controller module402. If the requestedstreamlet212 is not present in thestreamlet cache410, the request is passed to thenetwork controller module406. In order to enable fast forward and rewind capabilities, thestreamlet cache module404 is configured to store the plurality ofstreamlets212 in thestreamlet cache410 for a specified time period after thestreamlet212 has been viewed. However, once thestreamlets212 have been deleted, they may be requested again from theweb server116.
• Thenetwork controller module406 may be configured to receive streamlet requests from thestreamlet cache module404 and open a connection to theweb server116 or otherremote streamlet212 database (not shown). In one embodiment, thenetwork controller module406 opens a TCP/IP connection to theweb server116 and generates a standard HTTP GET request for the requestedstreamlet212. Upon receiving the requestedstreamlet212, thenetwork controller module406 passes thestreamlet212 to thestreamlet cache module404 where it is stored in thestreamlet cache410. In a further embodiment, thenetwork controller module406 is configured to process and request a plurality ofstreamlets212 simultaneously. Thenetwork controller module406 may also be configured to request a plurality of streamlets, where eachstreamlet212 is subsequently requested in multiple parts.
• In a further embodiment, streamlet requests may comprise requesting pieces of any streamlet file. Splitting thestreamlet212 into smaller pieces or portions beneficially allows for an increased efficiency potential, and also eliminates problems associated with multiple full-streamlet requests sharing the bandwidth at any given moment. This is achieved by using parallel TCP/IP connections for pieces of thestreamlets212. Consequently, efficiency and network loss problems are overcome, and the streamlets arrive with more useful and predictable timing.
• In one embodiment, theclient module114 is configured to use multiple TCP connections between theclient module114 and theweb server116 or web cache. The intervention of a cache may be transparent to the client or configured by the client as a forward cache. By requesting more than onestreamlet212 at a time in a manner referred to as “parallel retrieval,” or more than one part of astreamlet212 at a time, efficiency is raised significantly and latency is virtually eliminated. In a further embodiment, the client module allows a maximum of threeoutstanding streamlet212 requests. Theclient module114 may maintain additional open TCP connections as spares to be available should another connection fail.Streamlet212 requests are rotated among all open connections to keep the TCP flow logic for any particular connection from falling into a slow-start or close mode. If thenetwork controller module406 has requested astreamlet212 in multiple parts, with each part requested on mutually independent TCP/IP connections, thenetwork controller module406 reassembles the parts to present acomplete streamlet212 for use by all other components of theclient module114.
• When a TCP connection fails completely, a new request may be sent on a different connection for thesame streamlet212. In a further embodiment, if a request is not being satisfied in a timely manner, a redundant request may be sent on a different connection for thesame streamlet212. If the first streamlet request's response arrives before the redundant request response, the redundant request can be aborted. If the redundant request response arrives before the first request response, the first request may be aborted.
• Several streamlet212 requests may be sent on a single TCP connection, and the responses are caused to flow back in matching order along the same connection. This eliminates all but the first request latency. Because multiple responses are always being transmitted, the processing latency of eachnew streamlet212 response after the first is not a factor in performance. This technique is known in the industry as “pipelining.” Pipelining offers efficiency in request-response processing by eliminating most of the effects of request latency. However, pipelining has serious vulnerabilities. Transmission delays affect all of the responses. If the single TCP connection fails, all of the outstanding requests and responses are lost. Pipelining causes a serial dependency between the requests.
• Multiple TCP connections may be opened between theclient module114 and theweb server116 to achieve the latency-reduction efficiency benefits of pipelining while maintaining the independence of eachstreamlet212 request.Several streamlet212 requests may be sent concurrently, with each request being sent on a mutually distinct TCP connection. This technique is labeled “virtual pipelining” and is an innovation of the present invention. Multiple responses may be in transit concurrently, assuring that communication bandwidth between theclient module114 and theweb server116 is always being utilized. Virtual pipelining eliminates the vulnerabilities of traditional pipelining. A delay in or complete failure of one response does not affect the transmission of other responses because each response occupies an independent TCP connection. Any transmission bandwidth not in use by one of multiple responses (whether due to delays or TCP connection failure) may be utilized by other outstanding responses.
• Asingle streamlet212 request may be issued for anentire streamlet212, or multiple requests may be issued, each for a different part or portion of the streamlet. If the streamlet is requested in several parts, the parts may be recombined by theclient module114 streamlet.
• In order to maintain a proper balance between maximized bandwidth utilization and response time, the issuance of new streamlet requests must be timed such that theweb server116 does not transmit the response before theclient module114 has fully received a response to one of the previously outstanding streamlet requests. For example, if threestreamlet212 requests are outstanding, theclient module114 should issue the next request slightly before one of the three responses is fully received and “out of the pipe.” In other words, request timing is adjusted to keep three responses in transit. Sharing of bandwidth among four responses diminishes the net response time of the other three responses. The timing adjustment may be calculated dynamically by observation, and the request timing adjusted accordingly to maintain the proper balance of efficiency and response times.
• The schematic flow chart diagrams that follow are generally set forth as logical flow chart diagrams. As such, the depicted order and labeled steps are indicative of one embodiment of the presented method. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent in function, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, of the illustrated method. Additionally, the format and symbols employed are provided to explain the logical steps of the method and are understood not to limit the scope of the method. Although various arrow types and line types may be employed in the flow chart diagrams, they are understood not to limit the scope of the corresponding method. Indeed, some arrows or other connectors may be used to indicate only the logical flow of the method. For instance, an arrow may indicate a waiting or monitoring period of unspecified duration between enumerated steps of the depicted method. Additionally, the order in which a particular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order of the corresponding steps shown.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of amethod500 for processing content in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment themethod500 starts502, and thecontent module112 receives504 content from thepublisher110. Receivingcontent504 may comprise receiving504 a digital copy of thecontent file200, or digitizing a physical copy of thecontent file200. Alternatively, receiving504 content may comprise capturing a radio or television broadcast. Once received504, thestream module302 generates506 a plurality ofstreams202, eachstream202 having a different quality. The quality may be predefined, or automatically set according to end user bandwidth, or in response to pre-designated publisher guidelines
• Thestreamlet module304 receives thestreams202 and generates508 a plurality ofstreamlets212. In one embodiment, generating508 streamlets comprises dividing thestream202 into a plurality of twosecond streamlets212. Alternatively, the streamlets may have any length less than or equal to the length of thestream202. Theencoder module306 then encodes510 the streamlets according to a compression algorithm. In a further embodiment, the algorithm comprises a proprietary codec such as WMV9®. Theencoder module306 then stores512 the encoded streamlets in thestreamlet database308. Once stored512, theweb server116 may then serve514 the streamlets. In one embodiment, serving514 the streamlets comprises receiving streamlet requests from theclient module114, retrieving the requested streamlet from thestreamlet database308, and subsequently transmitting the streamlet to theclient module114. Themethod500 then ends516.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of amethod600 for viewing a plurality of streamlets in accordance with the present invention. Themethod600 starts and anagent control module402 is provided604 and associated with aviewer408 and provided with astaging module409. Theagent controller module402 then requests606 a streamlet from thestreamlet cache module404. Alternatively, theagent controller module402 may simultaneously request606 a plurality of streamlets from thestreamlet cache module404. If the streamlet is stored608 locally in thestreamlet cache410, thestreamlet cache module404 retrieves610 the streamlet and sends the streamlet to theagent controller module402. Upon retrieving610 or receiving a streamlet, theagent controller module402 makes611 a determination of whether or not to shift to a higher orlower quality stream202. This determination will be described below in greater detail with reference toFIG. 7.
• In one embodiment, thestaging module409 then arranges612 the streamlets into the proper order, and theagent controller module402 delivers614 the streamlets to theviewer408. In a further embodiment, delivering614 streamlets to the end user comprises playing video and or audio streamlets on theviewer408. If the streamlets are not stored608 locally, the streamlet request is passed to thenetwork controller module406. Thenetwork controller module406 then requests616 the streamlet from theweb server116. Once the streamlet is received, thenetwork controller module406 passes the streamlet to thestreamlet cache module404. Thestreamlet cache module404archives618 the streamlet. Alternatively, thestreamlet cache module404 then archives618 the streamlet and passes the streamlet to theagent controller module402, and themethod600 then continues fromoperation610 as described above.
• Referring now toFIG. 7, shown therein is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of amethod700 for requesting streamlets within a adaptive-rate shifting content streaming environment in accordance with the present invention. Themethod700 may be used in one embodiment as theoperation611 ofFIG. 6. Themethod700 starts and theagent controller module402 receives704 a streamlet as described above with reference toFIG. 6. Theagent controller module402 then monitors706 the receive time of the requested streamlet. In one embodiment, theagent controller module402 monitors the time intervals A between successive receive times for each streamlet response. Ordering of the responses in relation to the order of their corresponding requests is not relevant.
• Because network behavioral characteristics fluctuate, sometimes quite suddenly, any given A may vary substantially from another. In order to compensate for this fluctuation, theagent controller module402 calculates708 a performance ratio r across a window of n samples for streamlets of playback length S. In one embodiment, the performance ratio r is calculated using the equation
• $r=S\frac{n}{\sum _{i=1}^n{\Delta }_i}.$
• Due to multiple simultaneous streamlet processing, and in order to better judge the central tendency of the performance ratio r, theagent control module402 may calculate a geometric mean, or alternatively an equivalent averaging algorithm, across a window of size m, and obtain a performance factor φ:
• ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{current}}={\left(\prod _{j=1}^mr_j\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}.$
• The policy determination about whether or not to upshift710 playback quality begins by comparing φ_currentwith a trigger threshold Θ_up. If φ_current≥Θ_up, then an up shift to the next higher quality stream may be considered716. In one embodiment, the trigger threshold Θ_upis determined by a combination of factors relating to the current read ahead margin (i.e. the amount of contiguously available streamlets that have been sequentially arranged by thestaging module409 for presentation at the current playback time index), and a minimum safety margin. In one embodiment, the minimum safety margin may be24 seconds. The smaller the read ahead margin, the larger Θ_upis to discourage upshifting until a larger read ahead margin may be established to withstand network disruptions. If theagent controller module402 is able to sustain716 upshift quality, then theagent controller module402 will upshift717 the quality and subsequently request higher quality streams. The determination of whether use of the higher quality stream is sustainable716 is made by comparing an estimate of the higher quality stream's performance factor, φ_higher, with Θ_up. If φ_higher≥Θ_upthen use of the higher quality stream is considered sustainable. If the decision of whether or not the higher stream rate is sustainable716 is “no,” theagent control module402 will not attempt to upshift717 stream quality. If the end of the stream has been reached714, themethod618 ends716.
• If the decision on whether or not to attemptupshift710 is “no”, a decision about whether or not to downshift712 is made. In one embodiment, a trigger threshold Θ_downis defined in a manner analogous to Θ_up. If φ_current>Θ_downthen the stream quality may be adequate, and theagent controller module402 does not downshift718 stream quality. However, if φ_current≤Θ_down, theagent controller module402 does downshift718 the stream quality. If the end of the stream has not been reached714, theagent controller module402 begins to request and receive704 lower quality streamlets and themethod618 starts again. Of course, the above described equations and algorithms are illustrative only, and may be replaced by alternative streamlet monitoring solutions.
• The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus for rendering a video that is adaptively received as a digital stream from a video server over a network, the apparatus comprising:

a media player operating on the apparatus, wherein the media player is configured to stream the video from the video server via at least one transmission control protocol (TCP) connection over the network, wherein the video server stores multiple different copies of the video encoded at different bit rates as multiple sets of streamlets, wherein each of the streamlets yields a different portion of the video on playback, wherein the streamlets across the different copies yield the same portions of the video on playback, and wherein the streamlets in the different copies are aligned in time such that the streamlets that play back the same portion of the video for the different copies each begin at the same playback time in relation to the beginning of the video, and wherein the media player streams the video by:

requesting sequential streamlets of one of the copies from the video server according to the playback times of the streamlets, wherein the sequential streamlets are selected by the media player from the based upon successive determinations to shift the playback quality to a higher or lower quality one of the different copies of the video;

adapting the successive determinations to shift the playback quality to achieve continuous playback of the video using the streamlets of the highest quality copy of the video that is determined to be sustainable at that time; and

presenting the video for playback by providing the requested streamlets in order of ascending start time.

2. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the media player repeatedly generates a factor relating to the performance of the network that is indicative of an ability to sustain the streaming of the video, and wherein the adapting of the successive determinations occurs based upon the factor.

3. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein each streamlet is a portion of a content file maintained by the video server that provides one of the copies of the video.

4. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the requesting the sequential streamlets comprises the apparatus transmitting hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) GET requests for selected streamlets, wherein each of the HTTP GET requests identifies a separate portion of a file stored by the video server, wherein the portion of the file corresponds to the requested streamlet.

5. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein each of the streamlets of each of the different copies is independently requestable and playable by the apparatus.

6. The apparatus ofclaim 4, wherein the requesting of the sequential streamlets comprises the end user device transmitting hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) GET requests for selected streamlets.

7. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein each of the streamlets in each of the plurality of different copies is a separate file stored by the video server.

8. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the media player upshifts to a higher quality one of the different copies when the factor is greater than a first threshold and downshifts to a lower quality one of the different copies when the factor is less than a second threshold.

9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the requesting the sequential streamlets comprises the apparatus transmitting hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) GET requests for selected streamlets, and wherein each of the HTTP GET requests identifies a separately-identifiable portion of the one or more files that corresponds to the requested streamlet.

10. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to initially request low quality streamlets to enable instant playback of the content file, and subsequent upshifting according to the performance factor.

11. The end user device ofclaim 1 wherein each of the streamlets in each of the plurality of different copies is a separately-identifiable portion of one or more files stored by the video server.

12. The apparatus ofclaim 1 wherein the apparatus is a mobile computing device comprising a processor and a non-transitory data storage.

13. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to establish multiple Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections with a content server, and to request streamlets of varying bitrates from the content server via the multiple TCP connections.

14. A method executable by an end user device to stream a video received via a connection with a server over a network, the method comprising:

requesting, by the end user device, a plurality of sequential streamlets of one of the copies from the server based on playback times of the streamlets wherein multiple different copies of the video encoded at different bit rates are stored as multiple sets of streamlets on the server, wherein each of the streamlets yields a different portion of the video on playback, wherein the streamlets across the different copies yield the same portions of the video on playback, and wherein each of the streamlets comprises a playback time such that each of the streamlets for each of the different copies that encode the same portion of the video begins at the same playback time in relation to the beginning of the video;

making successive determinations by the end user device to shift the playback quality to achieve continuous playback of the video using the streamlets of the highest quality copy determined sustainable at that time; and

presenting the video by playing back the requested media streamlets on the end user device in order of ascending playback time.

15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the making of the successive determinations to shift comprises upshifting to a higher quality one of the different copies when the at least one factor is greater than a first threshold and downshifting to a lower quality one of the different copies when the at least one factor is less than a second threshold.

16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein each of the streamlets of each of the different copies is independently requestable and playable by the end user device.

17. The method ofclaim 14 wherein each of the streamlets in each of the plurality of different copies is a separately-identifiable portion of one or more files stored by the video server.

18. The method ofclaim 17 wherein the requesting of the sequential streamlets comprises the end user device transmitting hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) GET requests for selected streamlets, and wherein each of the HTTP GET requests identifies the separately-identifiable portion of the one or more files that corresponds to the requested streamlet.

19. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the video captures a live event, and wherein the streamlets of the different copies are available to the end user device while the live event is occurring.

20. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising the end user device repeatedly generating a factor that is indicative of an ability to sustain the streaming of the video, and wherein the successive determinations to shift the playback quality are made based upon the factor.

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