US20190360483A1 - Fluid End Plug With Bore Clearance - Google Patents

Abstract

A closure for a fluid end having a middle sealing section which engages a seal. The sealing section either has a larger outer diameter than adjacent sections or contacts a bore with a smaller inner diameter than adjacent sections. In either case, the clearance formed on either side of the sealing section reduces friction and allows the closure to be rocked back and forth to insert and remove the closure from the fluid end bore.

Description

SUMMARY
• The present invention is directed to a fluid end. The fluid end comprises a housing, a bore, and a plug. The housing has an external surface and an internal chamber. The bore is formed in the housing and joins the internal chamber to the external surface. The plug is installed within the bore adjacent to the external surface. The plug and the bore cooperate to define a longitudinally-extending closure zone. The closure zone comprises a first region and a second region. The first region is spaced from the external surface and the plug engages the walls of the bore in that region. The plug does not engage the walls of the bore in the second region. The second region adjoins the first region and extends without interruption to the external surface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a suction plug.
• FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a discharge plug.
• FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a fluid end having the suction plug ofFIG. 1 and the discharge plug ofFIG. 2 installed within. Hardware, such as valves, seats, springs, the plunger and stuffing box sleeves, has been removed from this figure for clarity.
• FIG. 4 is a detail view of detail4 shown inFIG. 3.
• FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a fluid end having a plug and retainer with a unitary construction. Hardware removed fromFIG. 3 is included inFIG. 5.
• FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a fluid end having a divided plug and retainer construction. Hardware removed fromFIG. 3 is included inFIG. 6.
• FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a fluid end having a suction and discharge plug with a flangeless construction. Hardware, such as valves, seats, springs, the plunger and stuffing box sleeves, has been removed from this figure for clarity.
• FIG. 8 is a detail view ofdetail8 shown inFIG. 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• This invention relates generally to high-pressure fracturing pumps used for oil bearing formation stimulation, also known as fracking. The most common design of such a pump includes two sub-assemblies, the power end and the fluid end. More specifically, this invention provides improvements to the discharge and suction plugs commonly used in the fluid end portion of these pumps.
• A typical fluid end has four ports in each section and multiple sections. One port is the inlet port and is connected to the fluid source. A second port allows the plunger access to the pressure chamber. The third and fourth ports, commonly called the discharge and suction ports, allow access to the inside of the fluid end for assembly and maintenance and are sealed by plugs when the fluid end is in operation. One exemplar fluid end is provided in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0017503, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
• A fluid end, such asfluid end body104 shown inFIGS. 3, 5 and 6, is a conduit for fluid in which low-pressure fluid enters the fluid end and is discharged at a high pressure due to operation of areciprocating plunger200.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 show individual components of an exemplar fluid end. Thefluid end104 has anexternal surface202. Afirst bore204 and asecond bore206 are formed in thefluid end body104 and interconnect theexternal surface202 with aninternal chamber208. Theinternal chamber208 is the location where thebores204,206 meet. Thefluid end104 may be constructed of two or more sections as shown inFIGS. 5 and 6. Typically, three or five sections are utilized, withplungers200 reciprocating out-of-phase to approximate constant flow on the high pressure side of thefluid end104.
• A pair ofvalves210 and212 are positioned within eachsecond bore206. Thevalves210,212 route fluid flow within thebody104. Thedischarge valve210 regulates fluid flow through adischarge opening214. Theintake valve212 regulates fluid flow through one ormore intake openings216 and prevents backflow therethrough. A plurality of couplers may be attached to each discharge opening214 for connection to a piping system (not shown).
• Asuction plug100 is utilized within thefirst bore204 to close the first bore and allow access within thefluid end104 to repair and replace components related to theintake valve212. Adischarge plug102 is utilized within thesecond bore206 to close the second bore and allow access within the fluid end to repair and replace components related to thedischarge valve210.
• Eachplug100,102 is held in place by aretainer150. As shown inFIG. 5, theretainer150 may be unitary with the plug, while inFIG. 6, theretainer150 is a separate piece, and includes an internally threadednut152 that holds the plug in the bore. Theretainer150 is secured to theexternal surface202 with bolts, screws, or other fasteners.
• Eachvalve210,212 may utilize avalve seat220 and aspring222. Thevalve seat220 provides a surface for sealing the valve. Thespring222 provides biasing force to properly open and close the valves. As shown, thespring222 disposed on thedischarge valve210 is seated against thedischarge plug102. Thespring222 may be seated against other components as well, such as avalve retainer224.
• Theplunger200 is within thefirst bore204 and is reciprocated by a power end (not shown) to drive fluid into theinternal chamber208 from theintake opening216 and out the discharge opening214 at a high pressure. Thefirst bore204 includes astuffing box sleeve236. Thesleeve236 surrounds theplunger200 and associatedpacking238 which enables theplunger200 to repeatedly extend and retract within thefluid end104. Apacking nut240 may be used to holdpacking238 in place. As shown, aplunger bore retainer242 is bolted to theexternal surface202 of thefluid end104. Theretainer242 engages thestuffing box sleeve236.
• Due to the large operating pressures of the fluid end, up to 20,000 psi, the discharge and suction plugs require their sealing surfaces, or those of the fluid end body, to be manufactured to small clearances between the sealing surface and seals for proper sealing and operating life. These small clearances have typically been applied to the entire length of the plug as installed in each respective port even though only a relatively short axial length is engaged with the seal. The small clearances cause the assembly and disassembly of the plugs to the fluid end to be much more difficult.
• If the plug is threaded the torque required to assemble or disassemble is increased greatly due to friction between the outside diameter of the plug and inside diameter of the port. If the plug is not threaded the assembly force is also increased because of the friction between the parts. Typically, large wrenches and/or impact wrenches are used to assemble and disassemble threaded plugs and slide hammers are used to assemble and disassemble non-threaded plugs. A reduction in the assembly and disassembly effort is needed.
• The invention described in the listed embodiments reduces the effort required to install or remove discharge and suction plugs from fluid end bodies. Specifically, the invention eliminates the small clearances, except where absolutely necessary, between the outside diameter of the plug and the inside diameter of the bore the plug is installed in during operation.
• Since the features essential to the description of this invention are the same for bothplugs100,102 those features will be given the same reference numbers.FIG. 1 shows thesuction plug100 whileFIG. 2 shows thedischarge plug102.
• The wear surface of the seal joint between the plugs and thebody104 is on theplugs100,102. Theplugs100,102 can be replaced easier and with less expense than repairing thefluid end body104.
• FIG. 1 shows thesuction plug100. Thesuction plug100 has a mountingflange114 with mountingholes116 through which bolts (not shown) are assembled to retain thesuction plug100 in its correct position in thefluid end body104 during operation. Screws, pins, and other connectors may alternatively be utilized as connectors between theflange114 and thefluid end body104.
• Theplug100 further comprises abody101 with a generally circular cross-sectional profile having acenter axis112. Thebody101 has a variable diameter along its length. In general, thebody101 has threesections106,120,122 of constant diameter with tapered transitions therebetween. Each section of the body has a smaller diameter than the mountingflange114.
• Thesealing section106 of thesuction plug100 is the portion of thesuction plug100body101 with the maximum outside diameter. The diameter of thesealing section106 should approximately match the diameter of thebore118 in which it is situated. Further, thissection106 should be longitudinally situated next to theseal108 in thefluid end body104 as shown inFIG. 3.
• For proper sealing the diameter of thesealing section106 has an interference fit with the inside diameter of theseal108. An interference fit decreases the clearance and increases friction during assembly and disassembly. To minimize this friction the axial length of thesealing section106 is minimized. Preferably, thesealing section106 has an axial length of less than half of the length of the plug.
• Thesections120,122 on either side, axially, of thesealing section106 have reduced diameters. Thesection120 of thesuction plug100 the farthest distance away from the mountingflange114, axially, may also have a chamferednose124 to assist in the initial alignment of thesuction plug100 as it is inserted in thebore118 and contacts theseal108.
• Section122 is situated between the sealingsection106 and the mountingflange114. The reduced diameter ofsection122 results in a small annular space created between theseal108 and theflange114, as best seen inFIG. 4.
• Thesections106,122,120 correspond to a longitudinally-extending closurezone having regions160,170,180. Thefirst region160 is spaced apart from theexternal surface202 and within thisregion160 theplug100,102 at sealingsection106 engages the walls of thebore118,136 and/or theseals108. Within thesecond region170, theplug100,102 does not engage the walls of the bore, and this region extends without interruption to the external surface. Thethird region180 is disposed between thefirst region160 and the internal chamber, and the walls of theplug100,102 do not extend to the walls of thebore118,136.
• To assemble, thesuction plug100 is inserted in thebore118. Thebore118 is the section offirst bore204 between theinternal chamber208 andexternal surface202. As a practical matter, any of the bores of thefluid end body104 may have similar constructions.
• An axial force is applied to an outside surface126 of theplug100. Accordingly, the sealingsections106 andadjacent sections120,122 are inserted into thebore118 along thecylindrical axis112. Once thesuction plug100 is inserted far enough into thebore118 the retention bolts are inserted through the mountingholes116 of the mountingflange114 and tightened into threaded holes (not shown) of thefluid end body104.
• When the retention bolts are tightened to the appropriate torque thesealing section106 of thesuction plug100 is positioned against theseal108 installed in thefluid end body104. The axial force required to insert thesuction plug100 to the correct position in thefluid end body104 has been reduced from that required to insert a plug with a uniform interference fit diameter.
• Another advantage of the smaller diameter ofsection120 andsection122 is the diametral clearance provided. The clearance allows thesuction plug100 to be rotated about anaxis128 perpendicular to thecylindrical axis112 of thesuction plug100. It should be understood thataxis128 inFIGS. 1 and 2 is shown for exemplary purposes and that any line transverse to thecenter axis112 is a potential axis of rotation forplug100. Rotation causes thesuction plug100 to be rocked as the insertion force is being applied. Thesealing section106 is the fulcrum for the rotation which allows thesuction plug100 to be worked into or out of thebore118 in a stepwise manner.
• Thesuction plug100 may be rocked from the position where afirst contact point130 onsection122 contacts the inner diameter of thebore118 while asecond contact point132 opposite thefirst contact point130 and onsection120 contacts a point on the inside diameter of thebore118.
• To disassemble, a threaded rod (not shown) is torqued into a threadedhole134 in the outside surface126 of thesuction plug100. The threadedhole134 may be coincident with thecylindrical axis112. The threaded rod may be a component of a slide hammer or other items used for removal of plugs.
• A force is applied to the threaded rod to remove thesuction plug100 from thebore118. The force may be generally along thecylindrical axis112. The diametral clearance provided bysections120,122 also allows thesuction plug100 to be rotated about aperpendicular axis128 while the removal force is being applied along thecylindrical axis112. This rotation allows thesuction plug100 to be worked out of thebore118 in a step wise fashion using the sealingsurface106 as a fulcrum as described above. However, in this instance thesuction plug100 is being removed instead of inserted.
• The relevant structure, assembly, and disassembly are the same for thedischarge plug102 and bore136. As shown inFIG. 2, thedischarge plug102 has abody103 with sections of differing diameter. Thedischarge plug102 only differs in that it has aprotrusion105 to retain thespring222 that provides the biasing force to thedischarge valve210. This structure is not necessary on thesuction plug100.
• Another embodiment of this invention may remove material from the bores to provide the diametral clearances needed to allow the rotation of the plugs about theaxis128 perpendicular to thecylindrical axis112. In this embodiment the diameter of the bores are increased before and after the seals which has segment with an axial length of a smaller diameter to support the seals. The diameter of the plugs may be constant in this embodiment.
• One skilled in the art can appreciate the possibility of using any combination of reduced outside diameter of the plugs combined with an increased diameter of the bores to allow the rotation of the plugs about the perpendicular axis or possibly both increasing the diameter of the bores and decreasing the diameter of the plugs in areas that are not the sealing surface or supporting the seal. The fulcrum, or center of rotation, would always be the sealing area of the plug and bore.
• Another embodiment of this invention includes the possibility of reducing the diameter of the plugs on only one side of the sealing section. This would reduce the possible rotation about the perpendicular axis by approximately half but would still provide more opportunity for movement than no reduction at all. It is contemplated that the smaller diameter section could be either before or after the sealing section, or may be a larger diameter section in the bores either before or after the seal, or could be both increased bore diameter and decreased plug diameter. This embodiment will also work with the typical fluid end sealing set up that has the seal in the plug.
• As shown inFIGS. 6-8, an embodiment of this invention includes the possibility that there is no flange on theplugs100,102. Theplugs100,102 may be inserted until they are flush with the fluid end body. In this embodiment aseparate retainer element150 may be used to retain the plugs in position during operation. Theretainer element150 may have an internally threadednut152 disposed within it Thenut152 can be removed without removing the bolts or fasteners holding the retainer fast to theexternal surface202.
• The body ofplugs100,102 are otherwise similar in construction, and have similarly formedsections106,120,122. The sections correspond to a longitudinally-extending closurezone having regions160,170,180. As with the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, thefirst region160 is spaced apart from theexternal surface202 and the plug at sealingsection106 engages the walls of the bore. Within thesecond region170, theplug100,102 does not engage the walls of the bore, and this region extends without interruption to the external surface. Thethird region180 is disposed between thefirst region160 and the internal chamber, and the walls of theplug100,102 do not extend to the walls of the bore.
• If threaded, the diametral clearances obtained by either increasing the bore dimeters, reducing the plug diameters, or both, may only be of assistance until the threads engage at which point the possibility of perpendicular axial rotation is eliminated; however, the increased clearance will still reduce the friction and thus the torque required to assemble and disassemble. Various modifications can be made in the design and operation of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof. Thus, while the principle preferred construction and modes of operation of the invention have been explained in what is now considered to represent its best embodiments, which have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described.

Claims (22)

1. A fluid end comprising:

a body having an external surface;

a first bore extending through the body and terminating at a first opening formed in the external surface;

a second bore extending through the body and terminating at a second opening formed in the external surface, in which the first bore and the second bore intersect at an internal chamber;

a closure removably installed within at least a portion of the first bore and comprising:

a first cylindrical section having a first diameter;

a second cylindrical section having a second diameter; and

a third cylindrical section having a third diameter, the third cylindrical section being disposed between the second cylindrical section and the first opening;

in which the second diameter is greater than the first diameter and the third diameter.

2. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the closure includes a flange section having a greater diameter than the first bore, and further comprising:

a plurality of connectors, each connector adapted to secure the flange section to the external surface of the fluid end.

3. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the second cylindrical section has an axial length of less than fifty percent of the axial length of the closure.

4. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the closure is characterized as a first closure, and further comprising:

a second closure removably installed within at least a portion of the second bore and comprising:

a first cylindrical section having a first diameter;

a second cylindrical section having a second diameter; and

a third cylindrical section having a third diameter, the third cylindrical section being disposed between the second cylindrical section and the second opening;

in which the second diameter is greater than the first diameter and the third diameter.

5. The fluid end ofclaim 4 in which the second diameter of the first closure is identical to the second diameter of the second closure.

6. The fluid end ofclaim 1 further comprising:

an annular seal groove formed in the first bore; and

an annular seal configured for installation within the annular seal groove.

7. The fluid end ofclaim 6 in which the seal contacts the second cylindrical section of the closure.

8. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the first and third diameters are equal.

9. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the closure further comprises a flange section having a greater diameter than the second cylindrical section.

10. The fluid end ofclaim 9 further comprising a plurality of connectors, each connector adapted to secure the flange section to the external surface of the fluid end.

11. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which no portion of the closure contains an elastomeric seal.

12. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which no portion of the closure is threaded.

13. The fluid end ofclaim 1 further comprising at least one valve disposed within the first bore, in which the valve is movable from a first position to a second position.

14. The fluid end ofclaim 1 in which the closure is characterized as a first closure, further comprising:

a stuffing box sleeve disposed within the second bore;

a plunger disposed within the stuffing box sleeve;

a retainer engaged with the stuffing box sleeve to retain the stuffing box sleeve within the second bore; and

a second closure disposed within the second bore, in which the second closure is on an opposite side of the internal chamber as the stuffing box sleeve, the second closure comprising:

a first cylindrical section having a first diameter;

a second cylindrical section having a second diameter; and

a third cylindrical section having a third diameter, the third cylindrical section being disposed between the second cylindrical section and the opening;

in which the second diameter is greater than the first diameter and the third diameter.

15. A fluid end comprising:

a body having an external surface;

a bore extending through the body and terminating at an opening formed in the external surface, the bore having an concave surface;

a plug disposed within the bore and having an convex surface, the plug defining a center axis;

an annular groove formed in the concave surface of the bore; and

a seal disposed in the annular groove and abutting the convex surface of the plug;

in which a region is defined by that length of the bore along which the plug and bore are concentric about a center axis; and

in which the plug and bore are not in contact for a first portion of the region, in which the first portion is located entirely between the seal and the external surface.

16. The fluid end ofclaim 15 in which no portion of the plug is threaded.

17. The fluid end ofclaim 15 in which the plug further comprises:

a flange section disposed entirely outside of the region and configured for connection to the external surface.

18. The fluid end ofclaim 15 in which the plug and bore are not in contact for a second portion of the region, in which the second portion is located on an opposite side of the seal from the first portion.

19. The fluid end ofclaim 15 in which the bore has a constant diameter throughout the region.

20. The fluid end ofclaim 15 further comprising a retainer in contacting relationship with the plug and disposed partially outside of the region, the retainer configured for connection to the external surface.

21. A fluid end, comprising:

a housing having an external surface and an internal chamber;

a bore formed in the housing and joining the internal chamber to the external surface; and

a plug installed within the bore adjacent to the external surface;

the plug and the bore cooperating to define a longitudinally-extending closure zone that comprises:

a first region, spaced from the external surface, in which the plug engages the walls of the bore; and

a second region in which the plug does not engage the walls of the bore, the second region adjoining the first region and extending without interruption to the external surface.

22. The fluid end ofclaim 21 further comprising:

an endless groove formed within the first region of the closure zone within a selected one of the bore surface and the plug surface; and

a seal received within the groove.

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