US20190279299A1 - Method and apparatus for improved electronic trading - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for improved electronic tradingDownload PDFInfo
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- US20190279299A1 US20190279299A1US16/154,948US201816154948AUS2019279299A1US 20190279299 A1US20190279299 A1US 20190279299A1US 201816154948 AUS201816154948 AUS 201816154948AUS 2019279299 A1US2019279299 A1US 2019279299A1
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- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange
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- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q30/00—Commerce
- G06Q30/02—Marketing; Price estimation or determination; Fundraising
- G06Q30/0283—Price estimation or determination
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- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
Definitions
- the present inventionis related to electronic trading and, more particularly, to electronic trading of equity derivatives.
- An equity derivativeis a class of financial instruments whose value is derived in part from one or more underlying equity securities. Options are a common type of equity derivatives. An option purchaser obtains the right, but not the obligation, to engage in a future transaction on some underlying security. The option seller collects a premium and is obligated to perform if the holder exercises his right under the option contract.
- call optionsprovides the option holder the right to buy an agreed quantity of a particular security from a seller at a certain time for a set price.
- put optionprovides the holder with the right to sell an agreed quantity of a particular security to the seller at a certain time for a set price. The seller has the obligation to purchase the underlying security at that price, if the holder exercises the option.
- a traderWhen securities are traded, a trader will generally receive a request or “order” to buy or sell a number of shares of the security, and the trader will then execute the trade in the appropriate market or markets. Orders that occur between institutional parties are called “block” trades. A block equity trade is for 250,000 shares or more and a block equity option trade is for at least 500 contracts. However, the average execution size in the markets for these securities is substantially smaller than “block” size. The average equity execution is between 300 and 200 shares and the average equity option execution is between 20 and 10 contracts. In some cases, orders often cannot be executed in a single transaction between one buyer or seller and must be executed as multiple transactions and at multiple prices often spread out over a period of time.
- VWAPVolume Weighted Average Price
- VWAPis the average of the price of every trade, weighted by the size of the trade over a period of time.
- VWAPdefines a fair price—what the market, as a whole, paid, as an average.
- many broker-dealersoffer guaranteed VWAP pricing to their clients; there are systems, algorithms and firms available that target VWAP on an agency basis; and there are products, such as Instinet's VWAP cross, that are designed for bringing together block trades at a fair price.
- VWAPis common in the equities market, it is not used in the equity derivatives market. The many reasons for this include: 1) the fact that derivatives often do not trade consistently throughout the day. They are “chunkier” and more random in occurrence, therefore there are fewer relevant price points to use in determining a VWAP price; 2) much of the derivatives volume is done in multi-leg trades—spreads and other complex orders—where one derivative's contingent trading price is based on the price of another asset with simultaneous contingent execution.
- a computer-readable storage mediumhaving instructions which, when executed on a processor, perform a method for generating a benchmark price for an exchange-traded equity derivatives order, the method comprising: receiving a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value; where the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in a theoretical value of an option for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in a delta of an option for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; and the original order premium value is an agreed value; calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and reference price values; calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta value, the master rate of change value, and the gamma value; calculating a gamma-
- an apparatus for generating a benchmark trading price for an exchange-traded equity derivatives ordercomprising: an input module for receiving input values, the input values comprising a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value; where: the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's delta for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; and the original order premium value is a value set for the order with corresponding values based on the first delta value, gamma value, and reference price value; a processor for performing calculations, including: calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and the reference price values; calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta
- a computer-readable storage mediumhaving instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform a method for matching pre-open orders using a gamma-weighted average price, the method comprising: receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, the pre-open orders including a seller amount and price or a buyer amount and price; storing the pre-open orders in an order module; matching the pre-open orders during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends, the orders being matched when the seller amount and price of a pre-open order matches the buyer amount and price of a pre-open order; receiving market data during a third time period that begins after the second time period ends; calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the received market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and outputting the gamma-weighted average price value as an estimate of
- an apparatus for conducting forward-price trades in the equity derivatives marketcomprising: a communications module for receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, the pre-open orders including a seller amount and price or a buyer amount and price; an order module for storing the pre-open orders; a matching module for matching the pre-open orders during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends, the pre-open orders being matched when the seller amount and price of a pre-open order matches the buyer amount and price of a pre-open order; an input module for receiving market data during a third time period that begins after the second time period ends; a calculation module for calculating a gamma-weighted average price based on the received market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and a display module for outputting the gamma-weighted average price a benchmark price
- a computer-readable storage mediumhaving instructions which, when executed on a processor, perform a method for calculating the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at a gamma-weighted average price and incremental prices around the gamma-weighted average price, the method comprising: receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, each pre-open order including (1) a seller amount value at a gamma-weighted average price value or a second price value, or (2) a buyer amount value at the gamma-weighted average price value or the second price value; calculating the level of buyer trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the gamma-weighted average price value; calculating the level of buyer trading interest at the second price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the second price value; calculating the level of seller trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value by adding
- FIG. 1is a data flow diagram consistent with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2is flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of an imbalance module
- FIG. 3is a graphical depiction of an example illustrative of calculations of the imbalance module depicted in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 4is a flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of a calculation module
- FIG. 5is a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a computer system that may implement the embodiments of the present invention.
- Embodiments of the present inventionmay include a Gamma-weighted Options Pricing (GWAP) methodology that brings to the exchange traded equity derivatives market a benchmark that can be used the way VWAP is used in the equities market.
- GWAPGamma-weighted Options Pricing
- the GWAP factormay accurately and equitably estimate the change in value of the options premium that would have resulted if the options traded in a direct linear volume relationship with its underlying security.
- FIG. 1is a data flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment consistent with the invention.
- a GWAP system 200may include a display module 210 , an input module 220 , an order module 230 , a matching module 240 , a calculation module 250 , a communication module 260 , an imbalance module 270 , a memory 280 , and a processor 290 .
- Traders 100can submit pre-open orders to the GWAP system 200 during an order entry period via communication module 260 .
- the communication module 260may communicate using the Financial Information eXchange (FIX) protocol or any other acceptable electronic communications protocol for the exchange of information.
- the pre-open orderscan include one or more pieces of information such as, for example, a trader's interest in executing a trade at the GWAP price and/or incremental prices around the GWAP price.
- These pre-open ordersare received by the GWAP system 200 and are maintained in order module 230 until the order entry period expires and orders are matched by matching module 240 during a matching period.
- the imbalance module 270 of the GWAP system 200may use the pre-open orders to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price, and report that interest through the communication module 260 to, for example, the traders 100 , in the event that the traders 100 want to modify their pre-open orders. However, during the matching period no new orders are accepted and no order modification may take place.
- the matching module 240calculates the maximum match quantity and pairs off, or matches, pre-open orders to achieve the maximum match quantity. For example, buyers who want to buy x number of contracts of a security at GWAP are matched with sellers who want to sell x number of contracts of a security at GWAP.
- the matching module 240may also use a priority system to match pre-open orders if there are multiple pre-open orders that could be filled to achieve an optimum match quantity. For example, pre-open orders in the same series may be ranked using size priority, and pre-open orders in the same series that are the same size may be ranked using time priority.
- the communications module 260is responsible for distributing order confirmation and/or cancelation notifications. Generally, both the order entry period and the matching period begin and conclude before the market opens for trading. Thus, following the matching period, the market opens and executes trades which determine the data used to calculate the GWAP execution price.
- the input module 220may receive input values from, for example, an exchange 300 .
- These input valuescan include, but are not limited to, public market data obtained during the trading day (as discussed above) including a delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price of an underlying stock, a reference price of the underlying stock, and an order original premium value.
- the input module 220may transmit the input values to the calculation module 250 , which in turn uses the input values to calculate the GWAP execution price as discussed in more detail below.
- a communication module 260 of the GWAP system 200may report the GWAP trades to an exchange or SRO 300 , such as the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE), and through the exchange or SRO to the public and other required industry dissemination services such as, for example, the Options Price Reporting Authority (OPRA) 401 and the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) 402 .
- the exchange or SRO 300may also send an acknowledgement of receipt of the report of the GWAP trades.
- the communication module 260may transmit the GWAP execution price to a number of individuals or entities, including the traders 100 who submitted orders, and preferably only to the traders 100 who submitted orders that were filled or partially filled.
- the GWAP system 200may include a display module 210 that can display the GWAP execution price and/or well as the trades that occurred at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price.
- FIG. 2is flow-chart demonstrating an exemplary method used by the imbalance module 270 to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price.
- the imbalance module 270may calculate the total interest of the buyers S 272 and/or the sellers S 273 .
- the imbalance modulemay calculate the buy clearing price and/or the buy clearing size S 274 , the sell clearing price and/or the sell clearing price S 275 , and/or the indicative crossing price, indicative crossing size, and/or indicative price imbalance S 276 .
- the imbalance module 270may transmit one or more of the results of these calculations S 277 through the communications module 260 of the GWAP system 200 .
- FIG. 3is a graphical depiction of an example illustrative of calculations of the imbalance module 270 as depicted in FIG. 2 .
- Buyer Ais willing to buy 30,000 contracts at GWAP or 15,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA 1 while Buyer B is only willing to buy 25,000 contracts at GWAP.
- Seller Ais willing to sell 30,000 contracts at GWAP+1.00, 20,000 contracts at GWAP+0.75 VEGA, 10,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA, 7,500 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA, or 5,000 contracts at GWAP.
- Seller Bis willing to sell 15,000 contracts at GWAP+1.00 VEGA or 10,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA. There are no buyers or sellers at GWAP ⁇ 0.25 VEGA or GWAP+1.25 VEGA.
- Vegais a derivative of the option value with respect to the volatility of the underlying option.
- the imbalance module 270calculates the interests of the buyers and sellers at the GWAP price and the incremental prices around the GWAP price, the results of which are shown in Table 1 below.
- the interest of the buyers at the GWAP priceis 55,000 contracts (Buyer A's interest of 30,000 contracts at GWAP+Buyer B's interest in 25,000 contracts at GWAP) and the interest of the sellers at the GWAP price is 5,000 contracts (Seller A's interest of 5,000 contracts at GWAP+Seller B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP).
- the interest of the buyers at the GWAP+0.25 VEGAis 0 contracts (Buyer A's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA+Buyer B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA) while the interest of the sellers at GWAP+0.25 VEGA is 5,000 contracts (Sellers A's interest of 5,000 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA+Seller B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA).
- the imbalance module 270may calculate the clearing prices and sizes (i.e. the maximum number of buys or sells at GWAP or at each incremental price around GWAP if each order was filled).
- the maximum number of buysoccurs at GWAP because if each order was filled there would be 55,000 contracts as opposed to only 15,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50.
- the buy clearing priceis GWAP and the buy clearing size is 55,000.
- the maximum number of sellsoccurs at GWAP+1.00 because if each order was filled there would be 45,000 contracts.
- the imbalance module 270may also calculate the indicative crossing price and size, as well as the indicative price imbalance.
- there are no sellers or buyers at GWAP ⁇ 0.25 VEGAand there are no buyers at GWAP+0.25 VEGA or GWAP+0.75 VEGA.
- the indicative crossing price in this exampleis GWAP+0.50 VEGA
- the indicative crossing sizeis 15,000
- the indicative price imbalanceis 5,000 to sell.
- the pricing increments described herein and shown in FIG. 3are relative increments, such as ⁇ 0.5 VEGA, the pricing increments may be absolute increments such as ⁇ 0.5 and may be any number or fraction thereof.
- FIG. 4is a flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of the calculation module 250 .
- the calculation module 250receives the input values S 251 and may calculate the Rate of Change S 252 by subtracting the Stock Reference from the VWAP of the underlying stock, as represented by equation (1)
- the calculation module 250may also calculate the Adjusted Delta S 253 by adding or subtracting (for calls and puts, respectively) the Rate of Change multiplied by the Gamma of the options contract to/from the Delta of the option contract, as represented by equations (2) and (3):
- the calculation module 250may also calculate the GWAP S 254 by adding (for call options) or subtracting (for put options) the Rate of Change of the underlying stock multiplied by an Adjusted Delta to/from the Original Order Premium, as represented by equations (4) and (5):
- GWAPOriginal Order Premium+(Rate of Change ⁇ Adjusted Delta) for call options (4)
- GWAPOriginal Order Premium ⁇ (Rate of Change ⁇ Adjusted Delta) for put options (5)
- the Original Order Premiummay be an input value set by the pre-sale order with corresponding values based on the First Delta, Gamma, and the Stock Reference, where First Delta is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, Gamma is a measure of the rate of change in an option's First Delta for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, and the Stock Reference is the actual last trade of the underlying stock and/or the price of the stock at the time of order arrival.
- First Deltais a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock
- Gammais a measure of the rate of change in an option's First Delta for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock
- the Stock Referenceis the actual last trade of the underlying stock and/or the price of the stock at the time of order arrival.
- the calculation modulemay transmit the results of the GWAP calculation to the communication module 260 .
- the GWAP aboveis calculated using a straight delta-adjusted formula.
- variations of the GWAP formula and trading processcan be used such as a second-order Taylor expansion version, or any similar n-order variation that smooths an option price over a period of time based on the delta, gamma, and VWAP of the underlying security. For example, assuming that the First Delta of call options is positive and the First Delta of put options is negative, the GWAP may be calculated using equation 6.
- GWAPOriginal Order Premium+(First Delta ⁇ Rate of Change)+0.5 ⁇ (Gamma ⁇ (Rate of Change) 2 ) (6)
- GWAPOriginal Order Premium+(First Delta ⁇ Rate of Change)+0.5 ⁇ (Gamma ⁇ (Rate of Change) 2 )
- the calculations completed by the imbalance module 270 and the calculation module 240are only exemplary, and the imbalance module 270 need not complete each and every one of those calculations in order to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments and the calculation module 240 need not complete each and every one of the calculations to calculate the GWAP price. Indeed, the calculation module 240 and the imbalance module 270 may complete more or less calculations than those described above. Furthermore, the order of the calculations discussed above are not limited to the exemplary orders shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 .
- Computer system 500may comprise a computer 510 , a memory 520 , a graphics processing unit 530 , an input/output unit 540 , and a mass memory unit 550 , such as a hard disk, interconnected by a bus 560 .
- Computer system 500may further include communications unit 565 for connection to a network 568 such as a LAN or the Internet; a display unit 570 , such as a liquid crystal display (LCD); and one or more input devices, such as a keyboard 580 and CD-ROM drive 590 for reading a computer-readable medium which is encoded with instructions.
- a network 568such as a LAN or the Internet
- display unit 570such as a liquid crystal display (LCD)
- input devicessuch as a keyboard 580 and CD-ROM drive 590 for reading a computer-readable medium which is encoded with instructions.
- the instructionsmay then be read into memory 280 , thereby forming modules 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 , 260 , and 270 .
- the computer system 500may perform the methods described above.
- the GWAP system 200includes a single memory and processor, multiple processors and memories could be used.
- each modulecan communicate with the traders 100 , the exchange 300 , and the like themselves without requiring a transmission to the communication module 260 .
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Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/977,710, filed Oct. 5, 2007, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- The present invention is related to electronic trading and, more particularly, to electronic trading of equity derivatives.
- An equity derivative is a class of financial instruments whose value is derived in part from one or more underlying equity securities. Options are a common type of equity derivatives. An option purchaser obtains the right, but not the obligation, to engage in a future transaction on some underlying security. The option seller collects a premium and is obligated to perform if the holder exercises his right under the option contract.
- Generally, there are two types of options: call options and put options. A call option provides the option holder the right to buy an agreed quantity of a particular security from a seller at a certain time for a set price. In contrast, a put option provides the holder with the right to sell an agreed quantity of a particular security to the seller at a certain time for a set price. The seller has the obligation to purchase the underlying security at that price, if the holder exercises the option.
- When securities are traded, a trader will generally receive a request or “order” to buy or sell a number of shares of the security, and the trader will then execute the trade in the appropriate market or markets. Orders that occur between institutional parties are called “block” trades. A block equity trade is for 250,000 shares or more and a block equity option trade is for at least 500 contracts. However, the average execution size in the markets for these securities is substantially smaller than “block” size. The average equity execution is between 300 and 200 shares and the average equity option execution is between 20 and 10 contracts. In some cases, orders often cannot be executed in a single transaction between one buyer or seller and must be executed as multiple transactions and at multiple prices often spread out over a period of time.
- Many equity traders use a Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) benchmark to evaluate how well a trade is executed. VWAP is the average of the price of every trade, weighted by the size of the trade over a period of time. In layman's terms, VWAP defines a fair price—what the market, as a whole, paid, as an average. In recent years, the use of VWAP in the equities markets has developed further, and traders can achieve a VWAP price through a variety of mechanisms: many broker-dealers offer guaranteed VWAP pricing to their clients; there are systems, algorithms and firms available that target VWAP on an agency basis; and there are products, such as Instinet's VWAP cross, that are designed for bringing together block trades at a fair price. These trades are forward-priced, meaning that when the trade is agreed to, the price is unknown—it must be determined later. At the end of the VWAP interval, when the price can be calculated, the trade is reported through any number of regulated channels. This type of order is generally known as a “benchmark order.”
- Because of the way VWAP trades are priced, the execution price of a VWAP trade is likely to be different from the price that is available in the market at the time the trade is reported. Because of this discrepancy between the VWAP price and the current price and because of the accepted fairness of the forward-pricing mechanism, the rules and regulations governing the trading of equity securities trading clearly allow for these sorts of execution mechanisms.
- Though VWAP is common in the equities market, it is not used in the equity derivatives market. The many reasons for this include: 1) the fact that derivatives often do not trade consistently throughout the day. They are “chunkier” and more random in occurrence, therefore there are fewer relevant price points to use in determining a VWAP price; 2) much of the derivatives volume is done in multi-leg trades—spreads and other complex orders—where one derivative's contingent trading price is based on the price of another asset with simultaneous contingent execution. These trades must be priced to fit inside the current available and displayed prices (at or between the National Best Bid and Offer or NBBO), but do not necessarily reflect the accurate price of each individual option series; and 3) most importantly, there exists no mechanism today to report, to or through the derivatives exchanges, a VWAP (or any other forward-priced) trade. Today all listed equity option trades must take place on an exchange and must be at or between the best available prices on all exchanges (NBBO), therefore an average priced trade may not take place.
- Accordingly, there is a need for improved systems and methods for exchange-traded equity derivatives.
- Consistent with the present invention, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having instructions which, when executed on a processor, perform a method for generating a benchmark price for an exchange-traded equity derivatives order, the method comprising: receiving a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value; where the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in a theoretical value of an option for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in a delta of an option for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; and the original order premium value is an agreed value; calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and reference price values; calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta value, the master rate of change value, and the gamma value; calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the original order premium value, the master rate of change value, and the adjusted delta value; and outputting the gamma-weighted average price value as a benchmark price for the order.
- Consistent with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for generating a benchmark trading price for an exchange-traded equity derivatives order, comprising: an input module for receiving input values, the input values comprising a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value; where: the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's delta for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock; and the original order premium value is a value set for the order with corresponding values based on the first delta value, gamma value, and reference price value; a processor for performing calculations, including: calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and the reference price values; calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta value, the master rate of change value, and the gamma value; and calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the original order premium value, the master rate of change value, and the adjusted delta value; and an output module for outputting the gamma-weighted average price value as a benchmark trading price for the order.
- Consistent with the present invention, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having instructions which, when executed by a processor, perform a method for matching pre-open orders using a gamma-weighted average price, the method comprising: receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, the pre-open orders including a seller amount and price or a buyer amount and price; storing the pre-open orders in an order module; matching the pre-open orders during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends, the orders being matched when the seller amount and price of a pre-open order matches the buyer amount and price of a pre-open order; receiving market data during a third time period that begins after the second time period ends; calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the received market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and outputting the gamma-weighted average price value as an estimate of a trading price for the order.
- Consistent with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for conducting forward-price trades in the equity derivatives market, the apparatus comprising: a communications module for receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, the pre-open orders including a seller amount and price or a buyer amount and price; an order module for storing the pre-open orders; a matching module for matching the pre-open orders during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends, the pre-open orders being matched when the seller amount and price of a pre-open order matches the buyer amount and price of a pre-open order; an input module for receiving market data during a third time period that begins after the second time period ends; a calculation module for calculating a gamma-weighted average price based on the received market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and a display module for outputting the gamma-weighted average price a benchmark price for the order.
- Consistent with the present invention, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having instructions which, when executed on a processor, perform a method for calculating the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at a gamma-weighted average price and incremental prices around the gamma-weighted average price, the method comprising: receiving pre-open orders from a trader during a first time period, each pre-open order including (1) a seller amount value at a gamma-weighted average price value or a second price value, or (2) a buyer amount value at the gamma-weighted average price value or the second price value; calculating the level of buyer trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the gamma-weighted average price value; calculating the level of buyer trading interest at the second price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the second price value; calculating the level of seller trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the gamma-weighted average price value; calculating the level of seller trading interest at the second price value by adding the buyer amount value in each pre-open order at the second price value; and outputting values representing the level of buyer trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value, the level of buyer trading interest at the second price value, the level of seller trading interest at the gamma-weighted average price value, and the level of buyer trading interest at the second price value.
- It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
- The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a data flow diagram consistent with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;FIG. 2 is flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of an imbalance module;FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction of an example illustrative of calculations of the imbalance module depicted inFIG. 2 ;FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of a calculation module; andFIG. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a computer system that may implement the embodiments of the present invention.- Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments consistent with the present invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. It is apparent, however, that the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings are not limiting, and that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
- Embodiments of the present invention may include a Gamma-weighted Options Pricing (GWAP) methodology that brings to the exchange traded equity derivatives market a benchmark that can be used the way VWAP is used in the equities market. Using a Convexity Measurement (Gamma) in an equation where the VWAP of the underlying security (stock, index, or the like) can be calculated, the GWAP factor may accurately and equitably estimate the change in value of the options premium that would have resulted if the options traded in a direct linear volume relationship with its underlying security.
FIG. 1 is a data flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment consistent with the invention. As shown inFIG. 1 , aGWAP system 200 may include adisplay module 210, aninput module 220, anorder module 230, amatching module 240, acalculation module 250, acommunication module 260, animbalance module 270, amemory 280, and aprocessor 290.Traders 100 can submit pre-open orders to the GWAPsystem 200 during an order entry period viacommunication module 260. Thecommunication module 260 may communicate using the Financial Information eXchange (FIX) protocol or any other acceptable electronic communications protocol for the exchange of information. The pre-open orders can include one or more pieces of information such as, for example, a trader's interest in executing a trade at the GWAP price and/or incremental prices around the GWAP price. These pre-open orders are received by the GWAPsystem 200 and are maintained inorder module 230 until the order entry period expires and orders are matched by matchingmodule 240 during a matching period. In addition, theimbalance module 270 of the GWAPsystem 200 may use the pre-open orders to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price, and report that interest through thecommunication module 260 to, for example, thetraders 100, in the event that thetraders 100 want to modify their pre-open orders. However, during the matching period no new orders are accepted and no order modification may take place.- During the matching period, the
matching module 240 calculates the maximum match quantity and pairs off, or matches, pre-open orders to achieve the maximum match quantity. For example, buyers who want to buy x number of contracts of a security at GWAP are matched with sellers who want to sell x number of contracts of a security at GWAP. In addition, the matchingmodule 240 may also use a priority system to match pre-open orders if there are multiple pre-open orders that could be filled to achieve an optimum match quantity. For example, pre-open orders in the same series may be ranked using size priority, and pre-open orders in the same series that are the same size may be ranked using time priority. - After the pre-open orders have been matched and the matching period has expired, the
traders 100 who submitted orders may receive match confirmations that their order has been filled. Unmatched orders or any unmatched portion of an order will be cancelled, and cancel notifications may be transmitted to thetrader 100 whose order was not filled. Thecommunications module 260 is responsible for distributing order confirmation and/or cancelation notifications. Generally, both the order entry period and the matching period begin and conclude before the market opens for trading. Thus, following the matching period, the market opens and executes trades which determine the data used to calculate the GWAP execution price. - After the conclusion of trading, the
input module 220 may receive input values from, for example, anexchange 300. These input values can include, but are not limited to, public market data obtained during the trading day (as discussed above) including a delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price of an underlying stock, a reference price of the underlying stock, and an order original premium value. Theinput module 220 may transmit the input values to thecalculation module 250, which in turn uses the input values to calculate the GWAP execution price as discussed in more detail below. - Subsequently, a
communication module 260 of theGWAP system 200 may report the GWAP trades to an exchange orSRO 300, such as the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE), and through the exchange or SRO to the public and other required industry dissemination services such as, for example, the Options Price Reporting Authority (OPRA)401 and the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC)402. The exchange orSRO 300 may also send an acknowledgement of receipt of the report of the GWAP trades. In addition, thecommunication module 260 may transmit the GWAP execution price to a number of individuals or entities, including thetraders 100 who submitted orders, and preferably only to thetraders 100 who submitted orders that were filled or partially filled. Furthermore, theGWAP system 200 may include adisplay module 210 that can display the GWAP execution price and/or well as the trades that occurred at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price. FIG. 2 is flow-chart demonstrating an exemplary method used by theimbalance module 270 to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments at the GWAP price and incremental prices around the GWAP price. After receiving the pre-open orders S271 for price points, theimbalance module 270 may calculate the total interest of the buyers S272 and/or the sellers S273. In addition, the imbalance module may calculate the buy clearing price and/or the buy clearing size S274, the sell clearing price and/or the sell clearing price S275, and/or the indicative crossing price, indicative crossing size, and/or indicative price imbalance S276. After one or more of the above calculations are complete, theimbalance module 270 may transmit one or more of the results of these calculations S277 through thecommunications module 260 of theGWAP system 200.FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction of an example illustrative of calculations of theimbalance module 270 as depicted inFIG. 2 . As shown inFIG. 3 , Buyer A is willing to buy 30,000 contracts at GWAP or 15,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA1while Buyer B is only willing to buy 25,000 contracts at GWAP. Conversely, Seller A is willing to sell 30,000 contracts at GWAP+1.00, 20,000 contracts at GWAP+0.75 VEGA, 10,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA, 7,500 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA, or 5,000 contracts at GWAP. In addition, Seller B is willing to sell 15,000 contracts at GWAP+1.00 VEGA or 10,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50 VEGA. There are no buyers or sellers at GWAP −0.25 VEGA or GWAP+1.25 VEGA. Vega is a derivative of the option value with respect to the volatility of the underlying option.- The
imbalance module 270 calculates the interests of the buyers and sellers at the GWAP price and the incremental prices around the GWAP price, the results of which are shown in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 Total Contracts Total Contracts Price Point (Sellers) (Buyers) GWAP − 0.25 VEGA 0 0 GWAP 5,000 55,000 GWAP + 0.25 VEGA 7,500 0 GWAP + 0.50 VEGA 20,000 15,000 GWAP + 0.75 VEGA 20,000 0 GWAP + 1.0 VEGA 45,000 0 - In this case, the interest of the buyers at the GWAP price is 55,000 contracts (Buyer A's interest of 30,000 contracts at GWAP+Buyer B's interest in 25,000 contracts at GWAP) and the interest of the sellers at the GWAP price is 5,000 contracts (Seller A's interest of 5,000 contracts at GWAP+Seller B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP). Additionally, the interest of the buyers at the GWAP+0.25 VEGA is 0 contracts (Buyer A's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA+Buyer B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA) while the interest of the sellers at GWAP+0.25 VEGA is 5,000 contracts (Sellers A's interest of 5,000 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA+Seller B's interest of 0 contracts at GWAP+0.25 VEGA).
- In addition to calculating the interest of the buyers and the sellers, the
imbalance module 270 may calculate the clearing prices and sizes (i.e. the maximum number of buys or sells at GWAP or at each incremental price around GWAP if each order was filled). In this example, the maximum number of buys occurs at GWAP because if each order was filled there would be 55,000 contracts as opposed to only 15,000 contracts at GWAP+0.50. Thus, the buy clearing price is GWAP and the buy clearing size is 55,000. Conversely, the maximum number of sells occurs at GWAP+1.00 because if each order was filled there would be 45,000 contracts. - The
imbalance module 270 may also calculate the indicative crossing price and size, as well as the indicative price imbalance. Here, there are no sellers or buyers at GWAP−0.25 VEGA, and there are no buyers at GWAP+0.25 VEGA or GWAP+0.75 VEGA. Thus, in this example, if the buyers and sellers were matched, the maximum number of orders would be filled at GWAP+0.50 VEGA and the number of orders filled would be 15,000, leaving sellers with an additional 5,000 contracts that they were willing, but were unable to sell. Thus, the indicative crossing price in this example is GWAP+0.50 VEGA, the indicative crossing size is 15,000 and the indicative price imbalance is 5,000 to sell. - While the pricing increments described herein and shown in
FIG. 3 are relative increments, such as ±0.5 VEGA, the pricing increments may be absolute increments such as ±0.5 and may be any number or fraction thereof. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary operation of thecalculation module 250. Thecalculation module 250 receives the input values S251 and may calculate the Rate of Change S252 by subtracting the Stock Reference from the VWAP of the underlying stock, as represented by equation (1)
Rate of Change=VWAP of the Underlying Stock−Stock Reference (1)- As shown in
FIG. 4 , thecalculation module 250 may also calculate the Adjusted Delta S253 by adding or subtracting (for calls and puts, respectively) the Rate of Change multiplied by the Gamma of the options contract to/from the Delta of the option contract, as represented by equations (2) and (3):
Adjusted Delta=Delta+(Rate of Change×Gamma) for call options (2)
Adjusted Delta=Delta−(Rate of Change×Gamma) for put options (3)- The
calculation module 250 may also calculate the GWAP S254 by adding (for call options) or subtracting (for put options) the Rate of Change of the underlying stock multiplied by an Adjusted Delta to/from the Original Order Premium, as represented by equations (4) and (5):
GWAP=Original Order Premium+(Rate of Change×Adjusted Delta) for call options (4)
GWAP=Original Order Premium−(Rate of Change×Adjusted Delta) for put options (5)- The Original Order Premium may be an input value set by the pre-sale order with corresponding values based on the First Delta, Gamma, and the Stock Reference, where First Delta is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, Gamma is a measure of the rate of change in an option's First Delta for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, and the Stock Reference is the actual last trade of the underlying stock and/or the price of the stock at the time of order arrival.
- After calculating the GWAP, the calculation module may transmit the results of the GWAP calculation to the
communication module 260. The GWAP above is calculated using a straight delta-adjusted formula. However, variations of the GWAP formula and trading process can be used such as a second-order Taylor expansion version, or any similar n-order variation that smooths an option price over a period of time based on the delta, gamma, and VWAP of the underlying security. For example, assuming that the First Delta of call options is positive and the First Delta of put options is negative, the GWAP may be calculated using equation 6.
GWAP=Original Order Premium+(First Delta×Rate of Change)+0.5×(Gamma×(Rate of Change)2) (6)- The following example is illustrative of a calculation using an exemplary formula of an embodiment of present invention:
- A customer sells 10,000 contracts of XYZ at the GWAP, a price to be determined later. The following criteria are used to compute the GWAP.
- When
- First Delta=30%
- Gamma=6%
- Original Order Premium=2.00
- Stock Reference=$130.50
- VWAP=131.26
- The calculations are as follows:
GWAP=Original Order Premium+(First Delta×Rate of Change)+0.5×(Gamma×(Rate of Change)2)
VWAP−Stock Reference=Rate of Change
131.26−130.5=0.76
GWAP=2.00+(0.30×0.76)+0.5×(0.06×(0.76)2)
GWAP=2.00+0.228+0.017
GWAP=2.245- The calculations completed by the
imbalance module 270 and thecalculation module 240 are only exemplary, and theimbalance module 270 need not complete each and every one of those calculations in order to calculate the level of trading interest of derivative instruments and thecalculation module 240 need not complete each and every one of the calculations to calculate the GWAP price. Indeed, thecalculation module 240 and theimbalance module 270 may complete more or less calculations than those described above. Furthermore, the order of the calculations discussed above are not limited to the exemplary orders shown inFIGS. 2 and 4 . - Referring now to
FIG. 5 , exemplary embodiments consistent with the invention may be implemented on acomputer system 500.Computer system 500 may comprise acomputer 510, amemory 520, agraphics processing unit 530, an input/output unit 540, and amass memory unit 550, such as a hard disk, interconnected by abus 560.Computer system 500 may further includecommunications unit 565 for connection to anetwork 568 such as a LAN or the Internet; adisplay unit 570, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD); and one or more input devices, such as akeyboard 580 and CD-ROM drive 590 for reading a computer-readable medium which is encoded with instructions. The instructions may then be read intomemory 280, thereby formingmodules processor 510, thecomputer system 500 may perform the methods described above. - Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. For example, while in this exemplary embodiment, the
GWAP system 200 includes a single memory and processor, multiple processors and memories could be used. As another example, each module can communicate with thetraders 100, theexchange 300, and the like themselves without requiring a transmission to thecommunication module 260.
Claims (17)
1-18. (canceled)
19. An automated electronic matching system for automatically matching electronic records based on a benchmark generated from external input data, said automated electronic matching system being separate from and coupled to an electronic exchange via an electronic data network, said automated electronic matching system comprising:
a communications module electronically in communication with said electronic data network, coupled to at least one electronic exchange, and to a plurality of electronic trading interfaces, configured to send and receive communications thereto and therefrom via an electronic communications protocol;
an input module coupled with said communications module so as to receive input data from said at least one electronic exchange and said plurality of electronic trading interfaces;
an order module coupled with said communications module so as to receive order data from said at least one electronic exchange and said plurality of electronic trading interfaces;
a calculation module coupled with said input module and configured to execute an algorithm for determining a first matching parameter;
a matching module coupled with said order module, said input module and said calculation module, said matching module being configured to execute a matching algorithm to match a maximum number of electronic order records based on said input data and said first matching parameter; and
an output module coupled with matching module and said communications module, configured to output, via said communications module, execution data to said at least one electronic exchange, said execution data being based on the results of executing said matching algorithm.
20. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 19 , wherein the input data includes a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value, the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's first delta value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, and the original order premium value is a value set for the order with corresponding values based on the first delta value, gamma value, and reference price value;
wherein said calculations module performs calculations, including:
calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and the reference price values;
calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta value, the master rate of change value, and the gamma value; and
calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the original order premium value, the master rate of change value, and the adjusted delta value; and
wherein, the first matching parameter is based on the gamma-weighted average price value.
21. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 19 , wherein the order module is further configured to receive order data only during a first time period, to store said order data;
wherein said matching module executes the matching algorithm during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends;
wherein said input module receives real-time market data during a third time period that begins after the second time period ends;
wherein said calculation module calculates a gamma-weighted average price value based on the received real-time market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and
wherein said output module is configured to use said the gamma-weighted average price value as an estimate of a trading price for each match.
22. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 19 , wherein the communications module is configured to communicate electronically via a FIX protocol.
23. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 19 , wherein the communications module is configured to communicate electronically with an automated options exchange via a FIX protocol.
24. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 19 , wherein the order data comprises order data relating to derivative instruments being electronically traded on said at least one electronic exchange.
25. The automated electronic matching system according toclaim 21 , wherein the order data comprises order data relating to derivative instruments being electronically traded on said at least one exchange, said first time period is during a time when said at least one electronic exchange is closed and said third time period is during a time when said at least one electronic exchange is open.
26. A system for automatically matching electronic records based on a benchmark generated from input data, said said system comprising:
a plurality of electronic trading terminals coupled with an electronic data network and configured to send and receive electronic communications according to an electronic communications protocol; and
an automated electronic matching system being separate from at least one electronic exchange, said automated electronic matching system comprising a communications module electronically in communication with said electronic data network, to said at least one electronic exchange, and to said plurality of electronic trading interfaces and being configured to send and receive communications thereto and therefrom via an electronic communications protocol, an input module coupled with said communications module so as to receive input data from said at least one electronic exchange and said plurality of electronic trading interfaces, an order module coupled with said communications module so as to receive order data from said at least one electronic exchange and said plurality of electronic trading interfaces, a calculation module coupled with said input module and configured to execute an algorithm for determining a first matching parameter, a matching module coupled with said order module, said input module and said calculation module, said matching module configured to execute a matching algorithm to match a maximum number of order records based on said input data and said first matching parameter, and an output module coupled with matching module and said communications module, configured to output, via said communications module, execution data to said at least one electronic exchange, said execution data being based on the results of executing said matching algorithm.
27. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein the input data includes a first delta value, a gamma value, a value-weighted average price value of an underlying stock, a reference price value of the underlying stock, and an original order premium value, the first delta value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, the gamma value is a measure of the rate of change in an option's first delta value for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock, and the original order premium value is a value set for the order with corresponding values based on the first delta value, gamma value, and reference price value;
wherein said calculations module performs calculations, including:
calculating a master rate of change value based on the value-weighted average price and the reference price values;
calculating an adjusted delta value based on the first delta value, the master rate of change value, and the gamma value; and
calculating a gamma-weighted average price value based on the original order premium value, the master rate of change value, and the adjusted delta value; and
wherein, the first matching parameter is based on the gamma-weighted average price value.
28. The system according toclaim 27 , wherein the order module is further configured to receive order data only during a first time period, to store said order data;
wherein said matching module executes the matching algorithm during a second time period that begins after the first time period ends;
wherein said input module receives real-time market data during a third time period from said at least one electronic exchange, that begins after the second time period ends;
wherein said calculation module calculates a gamma-weighted average price value based on the received real-time market data, the gamma-weighted average price being based on an original order premium value, a master rate of change value, and an adjusted delta value; and
wherein said output module is configured to use said the gamma-weighted average price value as an estimate of a trading price for each match.
29. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein the communications module is configured to communicate electronically via a FIX protocol.
30. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein the communications module is configured to communicate electronically with an automated options exchange via a FIX protocol.
31. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein the order data comprises order data relating to derivative instruments being electronically traded on said at least one electronic exchange.
32. The system according toclaim 28 , wherein the order data comprises order data relating to derivative instruments being electronically traded on said at least one exchange, said first time period is during a time when said at least one electronic exchange is closed and said third time period is during a time when said at least one electronic exchange is open.
33. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein said plurality of electronic trading terminals include options trading interfaces.
34. The system according toclaim 26 , wherein said plurality of electronic trading terminals include order management systems.
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2009046258A2 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
| JP2010541104A (en) | 2010-12-24 |
| EP2195774A2 (en) | 2010-06-16 |
| AU2008308630A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
| US20090094151A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
| CA2701750A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
| US8744952B2 (en) | 2014-06-03 |
| US20140372278A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
| WO2009046258A3 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
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