US20190247638A1

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Publication number: US20190247638A1
Application number: US16/273,613
Authority: US
Inventors: Kieran P. Murphy
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2018-02-13
Filing date: 2019-02-12
Publication date: 2019-08-15
Also published as: WO2019159062A1; EP3752239A1; US20230248955A1; US12042617B2; EP3752239A4

Abstract

A delivery system for delivering a drug depot to a site within a patient, the system comprising: a cannula; a delivery stylet configured and dimensioned to be receivable by and slidable forwardly and backwardly within the cannula including to a position wherein a distal portion of the stylet protrudes beyond the distal end of the cannula; a drug depot retainable by the stylet at the distal end of the stylet, the drug depot being visualizable by a diagnostic imaging beam or modality; and an actuator for ejecting the drug depot from the stylet to a site within the body using fluid pressure. Also disclosed are methods using, and uses of, the delivery system, including for treating scoliosis.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. 62/629,769, filed Feb. 13, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to devices or delivery systems for drug depots and methods for delivering drug depots to inside an animal, including humans.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Drugs may be delivered to patients by a variety of methods including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, inhalation, topical, subcutaneous delivery or delivery directly or locally to the treatment site (e.g., intrathecally, intraspinally, intraarticularly, etc.). The method of delivery chosen depends, among other things, upon the condition being treated, desired therapeutic concentration of the drug to be achieved in the patient and the duration of drug concentration that must be maintained.

Drug depots have been developed which allow a drug to be introduced or administered to sites beneath the skin of a patient (e.g., subcutaneously or intramuscularly) so that the drug is slowly released over a long period of time. Such drug depots allow the drug to be released from the depot in a relatively uniform dose over a time period.

Drug depot delivery devices or systems have been developed for implanting drug depots. One prior art device has a handle for one-handed implantation of the drug depot, a small needle containing the drug depot to be implanted, and a rod positioned within the needle for pushing the drug depot out of the needle. Once the needle containing the drug depot has been inserted at the site of implant, a spring-loaded trigger on the handle is activated which causes the needle to be automatically withdrawn by a spring leaving the implanted drug depot in place. Unfortunately, it is not possible to control the motion of the needle in these devices because the needle will automatically retract upon activation of the trigger. The complex spring loaded propelling system and trigger of these devices increase the chances that the device will jam and fail to eject the drug depot when required, or deposit the drug depot in a less than optimal site.

Other prior art devices also suffer from inaccurate placement of the drug depot due to the limited control over where the drug is deposited. Therefore, new drug depot devices or delivery systems are needed, which can allow more accurate and precise implantation of a drug depot with minimal physical and psychological trauma to a patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the invention provides, according to a first aspect, a delivery system for delivering a drug depot to a site within a patient, the system comprising:

- a hollow cannula having a proximal end and a distal end;
- a delivery stylet having a proximal end, a distal end, a lumen extending between the proximal and distal ends of the delivery stylet, and a distal portion at the distal end of the delivery stylet, the delivery stylet being configured and dimensioned to be receivable by and slidable forwardly and backwardly within the cannula including to a position wherein said distal portion protrudes beyond the distal end of the cannula; and
- an actuator for ejecting the drug depot from the stylet to a site within the body, said actuator having a fluid (e.g. liquid) delivery mechanism in fluid communication with an interior of the stylet and being effective to create pressure within the stylet sufficient to eject the drug depot therefrom.

In certain embodiments, the delivery system further comprises a drug depot to be administered to a patient. The drug depot may be packaged separately or retained by the stylet at the distal end of the stylet. When retained in the stylet, the drug depot may have a portion inside the stylet and a portion protruding from the distal end of the stylet. Furthermore, the drug depot may be visualizable by a diagnostic imaging beam or modality (e.g. computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluoroscopy). For example, the drug depot may incorporate a radiographic marker that allows the drug depot to be visualized under a diagnostic imaging beam. The radiographic marker may be selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium phosphate, bismuth, iodine, tantalum, tungsten, metal beads, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the delivery system may further comprise a solid stylet configured and dimensioned to be receivable inside the cannula to provide rigidity thereto, whereby the cannula, with the solid stylet received therein, is effective to pierce tissue of a patient, prior to the use of the delivery stylet.

The delivery stylet may have a hub at the proximal end thereof, and the actuator may be releasably attachable to the hub.

The actuator of the system may be a syringe having a barrel with a distal portion thereof configured to be attachable to the hub of the delivery stylet, and a plunger slidable within the barrel. In some embodiments, the syringe is a Luer lock syringe and the hub of the delivery stylet has external threads complementary to internal threads of the Luer lock of the syringe.

The fluid (e.g. liquid) delivery mechanism may deliver liquid selected from the group consisting of an anaesthetic (e.g. Marcaine), Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone), dexamethasone, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the cannula and delivery stylet comprises a radiopaque material or ultrasound responsive topography to provide increased contrast relative to the absence of the material of topography under a diagnostic imaging beam.

The invention also provides, in accordance with a second aspect, a method of delivering a drug depot to a site within a patient using the delivery system according to the first aspect, comprising:

- a. inserting the cannula with solid stylet received into a target tissue of a patient under image guidance;
- b. removing the solid stylet from the cannula and inserting the delivery stylet into the cannula until the distal portion of the delivery stylet emerges from the distal end of the cannula;
- c. positioning the drug depot under image guidance by moving the delivery stylet forwards or backwards until the drug depot is positioned at a desired location; and
- d. actuating the actuator to expel the drug depot from the delivery stylet.

The method can be used to treat scoliosis according to the additional teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 9,821,033 for an invention entitled Method of Treating Scoliosis, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. That is, the present delivery system can be used to treat scoliosis by delivering a drug depot comprising a therapeutically effective or acceptable amount of a growth modulator into a first epiphyseal growth plate of a first vertebra for altering the growth of the first epiphyseal growth plate to correct or compensate for disproportionate growth.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be better understood with reference to the following description and drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows components of a delivery system for delivering a drug depot pursuant to one embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2-10 show the system in use at various stages of delivery of the drug depot to a site near the spinal column of a patient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT

For the sake of clarity and to avoid ambiguity, certain terms are defined herein as follows.

The term “comprising” means “including without limitation.” Thus, a system, device, or component comprising a list of elements may include additional elements not expressly recited. The term “consisting of” means “including the listed elements and such additional elements as may be normally present in the recited elements.” Elements that would normally be present in a recited element will be apparent to the person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, a “needle” will necessarily have a proximal and a distal end. The term “consisting essentially of” means “consisting of” (as defined herein) the listed elements plus such additional elements as would not materially affect (positively or negatively) the basic and novel properties of the invention. By “basic and novel properties” is meant the ability of the systems, devices and methods according to the invention to deliver a drug depot to a desired site within the body.

The numerical values set forth herein are reported as precisely as possible. However, any numerical value inherently may contain errors resulting from the standard deviation found in standard measurement techniques. Therefore, unless the context indicates otherwise, all numerical values recited herein are to be understood as being modified by the term “about.” Furthermore, the numerical parameters set forth herein may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. Without limiting the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should (at least) be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and ordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” includes any and all subranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10, e.g., 2-4, 5.5-10, etc.

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. Thus, for example, reference to “a drug depot” includes one, two, three or more drug depots.

When used herein, the term “patient” can refer to animals, including, without limitation, humans.

The headings below are not meant to limit the disclosure in any way; embodiments under any one heading may be used in conjunction with embodiments under any other heading.

Referring now primarily toFIG. 1, adelivery system10 for delivering a drug depot (not shown) to a site within a patient is shown. Thesystem10 comprises ahollow cannula12 having aproximal end14 and adistal end16. Aplastic hub17 is attached to thecannula12 at theproximal end14 to allow a user to grasp and manipulate thecannula12. Thedistal end16 of thecannula12 is bevelled to facilitate piercing of tissue, as will be described below. Thecannula12 is designed to cause minimal physical and psychological trauma to the patient and made of a low density material, in this case, carbon fiber, to reduce beam hardening artifacts when visualized under an imaging beam of a CT scanner (not shown).

Thesystem10 also includes aplastic delivery stylet18 having aproximal end20, a distal end22, a lumen24 (referenced inFIGS. 6 and 9) extending between the proximal and distal ends20,22. At theproximal end20 is attached aplastic hub25 for use in grasping and manipulating thedelivery stylet18. Thedelivery stylet18 is longer than thecannula12 and further dimensioned to be receivable by and slidable forwardly and backwardly within thecannula12 including to a position wherein adistal portion26 protrudes beyond thedistal end16 of the cannula12 (as will be described further below).

As best shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, adrug depot28 is retained by thedelivery stylet18 at the distal end22 of thestylet18. Referring toFIG. 6, thedrug depot28 has aportion30 inside thedelivery stylet18 and aportion32 protruding from the distal end22 of thedelivery stylet18. As will be further described, thedrug depot28 can be visualized by a diagnostic imaging beam or modality, which in this embodiment, is a beam of a CT scanner.

Thesystem10 further includes an actuator, which, in this embodiment, is in the form of asyringe34 comprising abarrel36 andplunger38. Theplunger38 is slidable within thebarrel36 to eject thedrug depot28 from thedelivery stylet18 using a fluid (in this case a liquid) in thebarrel36 to a site within the body (as will be further described below). Thesyringe34 is a Luer lock syringe making it releasably attachable to ahub25 of thedelivery stylet18 usinginternal screw threads42 of thebarrel36 andexternal thread43 of thehub25.

Thesystem10 further comprises a solidplastic stylet44 having aplastic hub45 attached to aproximal end47 thereof for use in grasping and manipulating thestylet44. Thesolid stylet44 is configured and dimensioned to be receivable inside thecannula12 to provide additional rigidity thereto, whereby thecannula12, with thesolid stylet44 received therein, can be used to pierce tissue of a patient prior to use of thedelivery stylet18, as will now be described with reference toFIGS. 2-10.

As shown inFIG. 2, during a procedure, thecannula12 with the solidplastic stylet44 seated therein is advanced through tissue of a patient until thedistal end16 of the cannula reaches a desired location within the patient, but can in other locations, e.g. along the path of the exiting nerve root or to the rear of the dorsal root ganglion. In this embodiment, the location is near the spinal column of the patient. Because of the materials used in the cannula and solid stylet, the combination can be visualized under an imaging beam of a CT scanner (not shown) with reduced beam hardening artifacts. This facilitates accurate placement of the cannula within the patient. Once the cannula is moved to the desired location, thesolid stylet44 is withdrawn (as shown inFIG. 3) and thedelivery stylet18 carrying thedrug depot28 is inserted into the cannula12 (shown inFIG. 4) until thedistal portion26 of thedelivery stylet18 emerges from the distal end of the cannula12 (as shown inFIG. 5). Referring toFIG. 7,physical markers27 are placed at regular and predetermined, in this case 1 cm, intervals on thedelivery stylet18 and are used to determine the position of thedelivery stylet18 relative to thecannula12 by inspecting the location of the markers relative to aproximal end50 of thehub17 of thecannula12. Themarkers27 are placed to allow the user to determine when the distal end22 of thedelivery stylet18 will emerge from thedistal end16 of thecannula12.

The areas denoted by reference numerals5 and6 inFIG. 5 are enlarged and shown inFIGS. 5 and 6 to better show thedrug depot28 carried by the distal end22 of thedelivery stylet18. Thedrug depot28 is in the form of a biodegradable pellet provided with a lyophilized powder coating containing a radiographic marker, in this case iodine, to allow thedrug depot28 to be visualized under a diagnostic imaging beam of a CT scanner. The coating also contains a therapeutic agent, in this case, clonidine, for use in treating pain (amongst other things). The user can position thedrug depot28 within the patient by moving thedelivery stylet18 back and forth within thecannula12 until thedrug depot28 reaches the desired location based on the user's view of thedrug depot28 under the imaging beam. Once thedrug depot28 is in the desired location, thebarrel36 of theLuer lock syringe34 carrying liquid, in this case, a saline solution comprising a mixture of 0.5 g/mL of Marcaine and 40 mg/mL of Depo-Medrol, is screwed onto the hub40 of thedelivery stylet18, and theplunger38 is advanced within thebarrel36 to expel the liquid through thelumen24 of thedelivery stylet18 thereby depositing thedrug depot28 in the desired location in the neural foramen near the spinal column of the patient—seeFIGS. 7, 8 and 9, wherein the areas denoted byreference numerals8 and9 inFIG. 8 are shown enlarged inFIGS. 8 and * to between show thedrug depot28 being expelled from the distal end22 of thedelivery stylet18. Thesyringe34,cannula12, anddelivery stylet18 are then withdrawn from the patient leaving thedrug depot28 in place near the spinal column (as shown inFIG. 10). After deposition, the radiographic marker of thedrug depot28 can be used to track movement and/or degradation of thedrug depot28 at the site over time.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for localized and/or targeted delivery of a drug to a patient to treat a disease or condition such as for example, scoliosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica, carpal tunnel syndrome, cancer, inflammation and pain, such as lower back pain, sciatica, lower extremity pain, upper extremity pain, tissue pain and pain associated with injury or repair of cervical, thoracic, and/or lumbar vertebrae or intervertebral discs, rotator cuff, articular joint, TMJ, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and the like. The treatment of scoliosis can incorporate methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,821,033 referenced above.

Treating or treatment of a disease refers to executing a protocol, which may include administering one or more drugs to a patient (human or otherwise), in an effort to alleviate signs or symptoms of the disease. Alleviation can occur prior to signs or symptoms of the disease appearing, as well as after their appearance. Thus, “treating” or “treatment” includes “preventing” or “prevention” of disease. In addition, “treating” or “treatment” does not require complete alleviation of signs or symptoms, does not require a cure, and specifically includes protocols that have only a marginal effect on the patient.

“Localized delivery” includes delivery to tissue within close proximity to a target site in the tissue, e.g. within about 10 cm or about 5 cm from the target site. “Targeted delivery” includes delivery to the target site.

It will be appreciated that numerous variations can be made to the embodiment described above as will be described below.

Cannula and Stylets

The various embodiments, the materials used to make thecannula12,

stylets

18,44 and hubs of the cannula, delivery stylet and

solid stylet

17,25,45 may be the same or different materials. Examples of materials that can be used include but are not limited to polyurethane, polyurea, polyether(amide), PEBA, thermoplastic elastomeric olefin, copolyester, and styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, metal alloys with high non-ferrous metal content and a low relative proportion of iron, carbon fiber, glass fiber, plastics, ceramics or combinations thereof.

The cannula may include a transparent or translucent portion that can be visualizable by ultrasound, fluoroscopy, x-ray, or other imaging techniques. In such embodiments, the transparent or translucent portion may include a radiopaque material or ultrasound responsive topography that increases the contrast of the cannula relative to the absence of the material or topography. To reduce or minimize beam hardening artifacts under a CT scan, low density materials (relative to stainless steel or steel) can be used.

The cannula may also include one or more tapered regions or have a tip style designed for accurate treatment of the patient depending on the site for implantation. Examples of tip styles include, for example, Trephine, Cournand, Veress, Huber, Seldinger, Chiba, Francine, Bias, Crawford, deflected tips, Hustead, Lancet, or Tuohey. Ideally, the cannula is packaged together with a sheath covering the distal end thereof prior to use to avoid unwanted needle sticks.

The dimensions of the cannula, among other things, will depend on the site for implantation. For example, the width of the epidural space is only about 3-5 mm for the thoracic region and about 5-7 mm for the lumbar region. Thus, the cannula can be designed for these specific areas. In various embodiments, the cannula may be inserted using a transforaminal approach in the spinal foramen space, for example, along an inflamed nerve root and the drug depot implanted at this site for treating the condition. Typically, the transforaminal approach involves approaching the intervertebral space through the intervertebral foramina and implanting the drug depot.

The length of the cannula will vary depending on the specific application and may range from about 50 to 150 mm. For example, for epidural use, the cannula may be about 65 mm for use in children, about 85 mm for use in a standard adult, and about 110 mm for use in an obese adult patient. The thickness of the cannula will also depend on the specific application, including the site of implantation. The thickness includes, but is not limited to, from about 0.05 to about 1.655 mm. The gauge of the cannula may be the widest or smallest diameter or a diameter in between for insertion into a patient. The widest diameter is typically about 14 gauge, while the smallest diameter is about 22 gauge. In various embodiments, the gauge of the cannula is about 18 to about 22 gauge.

The delivery stylet and solid stylet will be dimensioned to be slidable within the cannula. The length of the delivery stylet will, in all cases be greater than the length of the cannula in order for the distal portion thereof to protrude from a distal end of the cannula when fully inserted therein. The markers on the delivery stylet can be placed at differing intervals, e.g. every 1 mm to 1 cm, along its length or along a portion of its length. For example, the markers can appear only along a proximal end portion of the delivery stylet to allow the user to determine the degree to which the delivery stylet is extending beyond the distal end of the cannula during a procedure.

Drug Depot

The drug depot comprises a physical structure to facilitate implantation and retention in a desired site (e.g., a synovial joint, a disc space, a spinal canal, soft tissue surrounding the spinal canal, or other tissue of the patient, etc.). The drug depot includes but is not limited to capsules, microspheres, particles, gels, matrices, wafers, pills, cartridges, pellets or other pharmaceutical delivery compositions provided that they can be shaped and sized so as to be receivable by the delivery stylet and slidable through the cannula of the delivery system of the invention.

In various embodiments, the drug depot is in the form of a pellet. Pellets include, but are not limited to, substantially spherical, rod shaped, square, oval shaped particles having, in various embodiments, an aspect ratio (the ratio of the length to the width of the pellet) which is less than about 4.0 to about 1.0.

Procedures for making pellets include, but are not limited to, extrusion-spheroidization, for spherical pellets where the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and any inactive ingredients (excipients, binders, etc.) are pre-mixed, then wetted with water, in a high shear mixer to form a damp mass. The damp mass is then transferred into an extruder where it is forced through a screen or die plate, where it forms an essentially solid, cylindrical extrudate of uniform shape and size. The size of the opening in the screen or die dictate resultant pellet size. The extrudate is fed onto a rotating disk, which may be smooth or may contain a grid (waffled, grooved, etc.) and the extrudate breaks into small cylinders, which in time are rounded into spherically shaped solids. Subsequently, the pellets are dried to the desired residual moisture content, typically in a fluid bed dryer. Any oversized or undersized product is removed by sieving, and the resulting pellets have a narrow size distribution.

The drug depot also comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a drug. The term “drug” as used herein is generally meant to refer to any substance that alters the physiology of a patient. The term “drug” may be used interchangeably herein with the terms “therapeutic agent”, and “active pharmaceutical ingredient”. It will be understood that a “drug” formulation may include more than one therapeutic agent, wherein exemplary combinations of therapeutic agents include a combination of two or more drugs. The drug provides a concentration gradient of the therapeutic agent for delivery to the site. In various embodiments, the drug depot provides an optimal drug concentration gradient of the therapeutic agent at a distance of up to about 1 cm, about 5 cm, or about 10 cm, from the implant site. A “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount such that when administered, the drug results in alteration of the biological activity, such as, for example, inhibition of inflammation, reduction or alleviation of pain, improvement in the condition, etc. The dosage administered to a patient can be a single dose or multiple doses depending upon a variety of factors, including the drug's pharmacokinetic properties, patient conditions and characteristics (sex, age, body weight, health, size, etc.), extent of symptoms, concurrent treatments, frequency of treatment and the effect desired.

Examples of drugs suitable for use in the drug depot, include, but are not limited to growth modulators (both positive and negative) such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,821,033, an anti-inflammatory agent, analgesic agent, or osteoinductive growth factor or a combination thereof. Anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, salicylates, diflunisal, indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, tolmetin, ketorolac, diclofenac, ketoprofen, fenamates (mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid), enolic acids (piroxicam, meloxicam), nabumetone, celecoxib, etodolac, nimesulide, apazone, gold, sulindac or tepoxalin; antioxidants, such as dithiocarbamate, and other compounds such as sulfasalazine [2-hydroxy-5-[-4-[C2-pyridinylamino)sulfonyl]azo]benzoic acid], steroids, such as fluocinolone, cortisol, cortisone, hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone, fluticasone or a combination thereof.

Suitable anabolic growth or anti-catabolic growth factors include, but are not limited to, a bone morphogenetic protein, a growth differentiation factor, a LIM mineralization protein, CDMP or progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, or a combination thereof.

Suitable analgesic agents include, but are not limited to, acetaminophen, lidocaine, bupivicaine, opioid analgesics such as buprenorphine, butorphanol, dextromoramide, dezocine, dextropropoxyphene, diamorphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, ketobemidone, levomethadyl, mepiridine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, opium, oxycodone, papavereturn, pentazocine, pethidine, phenoperidine, piritramide, dextropropoxyphene, remifentanil, tilidine, tramadol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, meptazinol, dezocine, eptazocine, flupirtine or a combination thereof. Analgesics also include agents with analgesic properties, such as for example, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, clonidine, or a combination thereof.

Other therapeutic agents which can be incorporated into the drug depot include NSAIDs, anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF), interleukins, byname, dexamethasone, and anaesthetic agents.

In various embodiments, the drug can be layered on the solid core of the pellet by solution or suspension layering or by powder layering techniques, as are known in the art.

The drug depot may comprise a biopolymer that is biodegradable or non-biodegradable. For example, the drug depot can comprise a non-biodegradable body in the form of a porous hollow chamber filled with the therapeutic agent alone or incorporated into a degradable polymer. It may be desirable to make the body non-degradable to be able to retrieve it after it has released its contents. Non-limiting examples of suitable biodegradable materials for the pellet body include polyorthoesters (POE), polylacticglycolic acid (PLGA) polysacharides (Saber technology), polycapralactone, polyfumarate, tyrosine polycarbonate, etc. The body may be solid, and the therapeutic agent may be dispersed throughout the material that forms the body. The dispersal of the therapeutic agent may be even throughout the body. Alternatively, the concentration of the therapeutic agent may vary throughout the body. As the biodegradable material of the body degrades at the site, the therapeutic agent is released.

The drug depot may also comprise a biopolymer that may provide for immediate release, sustained release, or controlled release of the drug(s). Examples of suitable sustained release biopolymers include but are not limited to poly(alpha-hydroxy acids), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugates of poly(alpha-hydroxy acids), polyorthoesters, polyaspirins, polyphosphagenes, collagen, starch, chitosans, gelatin, alginates, dextrans, vinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA-g-PLGA, PEGT-PBT copolymer (polyactive), methacrylates, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PEO-PPO-PEO (pluronics), PEO-PPO-PAA copolymers, PLGA-PEO-PLGA, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the pellet is made using a core of biodegradable material, such as, for example, polyglactin, polylactone, polylactide, etc. The core is then coated with a thin layer of the drug, such as an anti-inflammatory agent, analgesic agent, etc. by solution, suspension, or powdered layering until the desired potency is achieved.

In various embodiments, the drug pellets can be different sizes, for example, from a length of from about 0.5 mm to 5 mm and have a diameter of from about 0.01 to about 2 mm. The layer or layers will each have a layer thickness of from about 0.005 to 1.0 mm, such as, for example, from about 0.05 to about 0.75 mm.

Radiographic markers that can be incorporated in the drug depot include iodine, barium, calcium phosphate, bismuth, tantalum, tungsten, metal beads (e.g. gold, silver), and mixtures thereof. Instead of or in addition to a radiographic marker, the drug depot can be provided with a certain topography to allow the drug depot to be visualised under ultrasound. Depending on the nature of the radiographic marker and/or topography, a variety of diagnostic imaging procedures can be used including X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound and fluoroscopy.

The fluid used to eject the drug depot can be a gas (eg. air) or a liquid, including any pharmaceutically acceptable liquid such as a pharmaceutically acceptable saline solution alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically effective amount of an anaesthetic, e.g. Marcaine. Marcaine can be used in an amount of about 0.5, 1, or 2 v/v%, Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone) (e.g. 40-80 mg/mL), dexamethasone, and mixtures thereof.

The system components (e.g., cannula, stylets, syringe, etc.) may be disposable or sterilisable for re-use. Sterilization can be done via radiation, e.g. gamma radiation or electronic beam radiation, or via gas sterilization, such as, for example, with ethylene oxide or steam sterilization. The radiation can be performed in a terminal sterilization step in the final packaging or the individual components can be sterilized separately and the final package assembled in a sterile environment.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various additional modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the invention as described and claimed.