US20190140582A1

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Info

Publication number: US20190140582A1
Application number: US16/240,946
Authority: US
Inventors: Paul Julian CROPPER; David Allan STIRLING
Original assignee: Solarmass Energy Group Ltd
Current assignee: Ergosun Holdings LLC
Priority date: 2014-12-04
Filing date: 2019-01-07
Publication date: 2019-05-09
Also published as: US20190199275A1; US11626829B2; US20200259451A1; US20190199274A1; US20160164453A1; US20190140581A1; US20190199273A1; US20190199272A1; US10658969B2; US10756669B2; US20190165719A1; US20190149085A1

Abstract

A solar roof tile installation can include an array of solar roof panels. A solar roof panel can include a photovoltaic solar roof tile assembly. A negative conductor of a first solar roof panel can be electrically connected to a positive conductor of a second solar roof panel to form at least part of an electrically serial chain of solar roof panels having a one-way electrical direct current path that includes a first diode electrically connected between a positive and a negative conductor of the first panel, and a second diode electrically connected between a positive and a negative conductor of the second panel. A method of operation of the solar roof tile installation can include configuring the array of solar roof panels to at least reduce the effect of a loss of performance of a solar roof panel on performance of other solar roof panels in the array.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a photovoltaic solar panel.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Photovoltaic solar panels are known which absorb solar and ultra violet rays, transforming them into electrical energy.

Referring toFIG. 1 herein, there is illustrated schematically in perspective view an installation comprising a plurality of known solar roof tiles, integrated into an existing concrete tile roof. Each solar roof tile has a width of approximately 3 concrete roof tiles. To install the solar roof tiles, rows of individual roof tiles are removed, and the solar roof tiles are fitted to the rafters of the roof in place of the concrete roof tiles. Electrical connections to the solar roof tiles are passed through the water proof membrane of the roof, and the electrical connectors at the rear of each roof tile are connected into an electrical circuit within the loft of the roof. Alternatively, the electrical connectors can be connected together on top of the water impermeable membrane, and routed to the edge of the roof, so that a single electrical cable is fitted outside the building down to an electrical junction box at ground level.

Referring toFIG. 2 herein, there is illustrated schematically in detail, part of a solar roof tile as shown inFIG. 1 herein. The solar roof tile comprises a relatively thick sheet ofsubstrate200, for example made of a plastic sheet, of a thickness similar to the thickness of the adjacent concrete tiles. On top of the plastic substrate, are positioned a plurality of substantially square solar panels201. On top of the solar panels, is positioned a glass orplastics cover sheet202, which is held to the plastic substrate by a plurality ofexternal clips203 around the edges of the clear transparent plastics sheet.

Referring toFIG. 3 herein, there is illustrated schematically in perspective view, a pair of solar tiles as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2.

Referring toFIG. 4 herein, there is illustrated schematically in cross sectional view part of a known photovoltaic solar panel. Thesolar panel400 comprises aback sheet401; first and

second encapsulation layers

402,403; aphotovoltaic cell404; and an ultra-violet resistant glass or plasticscreen front sheet405, which protects the panel against mechanical impact and weathering.

Theback sheet portion401, of the photovoltaicsolar panel400 comprises two

surfaces

406,407, wherein thefirst surface406 may be attached to the surface of a roof tile. The second surface of theback sheet portion407 is adjacent to afirst surface408 ofencapsulation layer402; and asecond surface409 offirst encapsulation layer402 is in adjacent contact with thephotovoltaic cell404. The photovoltaic cell is also in adjacent contact with afirst surface410 ofsecond encapsulation layer403; and asecond surface411 ofsecond encapsulation layer403 is in adjacent contact with afirst surface412 of thefront sheet405.

The term “adjacent contact with” does not necessarily mean that the second surface of the encapsulation layer is in contact with a surface of the photovoltaic cell. A layer of encapsulation material may be used between the photovoltaic cell and theback sheet401 and/or thefront sheet405

Polyethylene terephthalate PET is a known encapsulation material, which is used in solar panels to bond front and back sheets of the panel together by the process of lamination.

Lamination of solar cells with polyethylene-vinyl acetate films is conducted at about 150° C. and permits molten polyethylene-vinyl acetate to flow into voids in a solar panels to encapsulate the solar cell.

The current lifespan of PET solar panels is in the region of 5 to 10 years.

Known photovoltaic panels do not integrate well into the architecture of older, traditional buildings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the current invention to increase the efficiency and lifespan of current solar panels whilst providing a photovoltaic solar panel which can be easily integrated into various architectural surroundings.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a photovoltaic solar panel for attachment to a roof tile configured with a through aperture, the panel comprising:

- a rigid back plate;
- a support sheet comprising at least one photovoltaic solar cell;
- a negative and a positive connection extending from the or each solar cell through a sealed aperture of the back plate and accessible at the rear of the panel;
- a diode connected to the positive connection;
- an ultra-violet resistant front sheet for covering a front face of the or each solar cell;
- wherein the back plate, support sheet and front sheet form a sealed laminated structure.

Other aspects of are as recited in the claims herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, there will now be described by way of example only, specific embodiments, methods and processes according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 show schematically a known solar tile in a roof Installation;

FIG. 2 shows schematically a detail of the known solar tile ofFIG. 1 herein;

FIG. 3 shows schematically two known solar tiles prior to installation in a roof;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cut away view of a known photovoltaic solar panel;

FIG. 5 illustrates schematically a first embodiment solar panel and roof tile in exploded view;

FIG 6. illustrates schematically in view from the front, a solar panel comprising the first embodiment solar tile;

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a second embodiment photovoltaic solar panel and roof tile;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a printed circuit board of the solar tile ofFIG. 7 herein;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a cross-section taken along line ‘A’ in of the circuit board ofFIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an improved solar roof tile incorporating a solar panel disclosed herein;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of the improved solar roof tile ofFIG. 10 herein;

FIG. 12 is a cross-section along plane ‘C’ ofFIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a close up view of one end ofFIG. 12 herein;

FIG. 14 is an illustration of one stage of a photovoltaic solar panel manufacturing process;

FIG. 15 is an illustration of another stage of manufacture of the photovoltaic solar panel;

FIG. 16 illustrates schematically in view from the front, a solar cell comprising a solar panel described herein;

FIG. 17 illustrates schematically the solar cell ofFIG. 16 in view from the rear; and

FIG. 18 illustrates schematically circuit diagram for connecting a plurality of solar roof tiles as described herein before in a solar roof panel installation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

There will now be described by way of example a specific mode contemplated by the inventors. In the following description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding. It will be apparent however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, well known methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the description.

There is disclosed herein a novel photovoltaic solar panel designed to be attached to the front face of proprietary concrete, clay, metal or plastic roof tile. The solar panel is capable of generating electricity and thus providing a solar tile. The solar tile may be fitted directly to a roof to form a flat roof surface. The apparatus is designed to fit to new and replacement roofs.

Referring toFIG. 5 herein, there is illustrated schematically in exploded view a first embodiment solar tile incorporating a novel solar panel.

The roof tile comprises aroof tile500, which can be a cement, plastics or metal roof tile. The solar panel comprises a silicone basedadhesive sealant layer501; a fiber glass backplate502; asheet503 comprising a one or a plurality of monocrystalline or polycrystalline solar cells each comprising one or more solar wafers; and an ultra-violet transparent plastics coversheet504.

The one or more solar cells are sandwiched between theclear cover sheet504, on the side of the wafer which is exposed to sun light, and the fiber glass backplate502 at the rear side, which is adjacent theroof tile500. The silicone basedadhesive sealant layer501 sticks a rear surface of the fiber glass backplate502 to a front surface of theroof tile500. The fibre glass back sheet gives rigidity and support to thesheet503 which contains the solar cells.

The solar panel further comprises electrical connections which are accessible at the rear of the roof tile, for connecting the solar panel to an electrical circuit. The electrical connections comprise anegative connector505; apositive connector506; a silicone basedseal507, which fits into an aperture in theroof tile500 and surrounds a pair of positive and

negative conductors

508,509 respectively such that the connectors are spaced apart, and protected from the weather and moisture; each

electrical conductor

508,509 comprising a copper wire surrounded with an insulating plastic sheath; adiode510 connected to a positive output of thesolar cells503 and topositive conductor509; and first and second aluminum strips511,512 which respectively form electrical connectors to the solar cells of thesheet503, the aluminum strips each being covered with a respective strip of insulating electrical tape, thefirst strip511 being connected to thepositive conductor509 viadiode510, and thesecond aluminum strip512 being connected to thenegative conductor508.

The clear or transparent plastics coversheet504, thesolar wafer sheet503, along with first and second

aluminum strip conductors

511,512, and the fiber glass backplate502 form a sealed laminated unit, which is sealed against the ingress of moisture.

Referring toFIG. 6 herein, there is illustrated schematically in frontal view, an individual solar wafer. The solar wafer has general characteristics as follows:

in the example shown, a Monocrystalline P type boron doped silicone sheet has dimensions 156 mm height by 156 mm width. The Monocrystalline silicon wafer is grown by the CZ method. Electrical characteristics of the solar sheet are as follows:


	Features

	General Characteristics
	Resistivity
	1~3, 3~6 Ω ·com
	Oxygen Content
	1 × 10 18 atom/cm3
	Carbon Content
	1 × 10 17 atom/cm 3
	Structural Characteristics
	Side	156.0 mm ± 0.5 mm
	Diameter	200.0 mm ± 0.5 mm
	Orientation	<100>
	Thickness	180 ± 20μm 200 ± 20 μm
	Mechanical Characteristics
	TTV	≤40 μm
	Bow	≤70 μm
	Surface	No microcrystalline structure
	Saw Mark	≤15 μm

WhilstFIG. 6 shows a best mode embodiment monocrystalline silicon solar wafer, variations to the dimensions may be applied in other embodiments.

Referring toFIG. 7 herein a second embodiment photovoltaicsolar panel700, designed to be attached to the front surface of aroof tile701, comprises a maleplug DC connector702, inserted from the front side of the tile; afemale plug703 located in a hole drilled through said tile; a printedcircuit board704; ajunction box705, permanently sealed to the back of said circuit board; which houses adiode706, which is connected to positive and

neutral wires

707,708, extending from thefemale plug703; said wires are in turn connected to the circuitry of thecircuit board704.

Asolar array709 is provided and consists of a plurality of monocrystallinesolar wafers710 which are connected together in a bank of two rows.

The junction box is rated at 1000 dcV.

Eachsolar wafer710 is situated on a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate711, which covers the surface of the printedcircuit board704.

Soldered aluminum strips712 connect individualsolar cells710; the ends of said strips are folded over the top of thepelts710 to attach them to thecircuit board704.

The aluminum strips are covered by a strip of electrical tape and a sheet of ethylene-vinyl acetate713. A layer ofethylene tetrafluoroethylene714 covers the ethylene-vinyl acetate713.

The total layered array is bound via lamination at a temperature range of 150° C. to 200° C., a vacuum pressure of 2 to 4 atmospheres for a period of 10 to 15 minutes.

Referring toFIG. 8 herein, the printedcircuit board704 comprises asubstrate board801, substantially rectangular in shape; negative and positive electrical

conductive tracks

802,803; and anaperture804 which extends through thecircuit board704.

Referring toFIG. 9 there is shown a perspective view of a cross-section taken along line ‘A’ inFIG. 8, wherein, the aperture through thecircuit board704 is visible.

Referring toFIG. 10 herein there is shown a perspective view of a third embodiment improved solar roof tile andsolar panel1000, comprising a substantially rectangular,flat roof tile1001, with first and second through

tile apertures

1002,1003, equidistant from a perimeter of the tile, and

grooves

1004,1005 on the extreme edges of the tile to enable attachment of the tile to a roof; and a substantially rectangular photovoltaicsolar panel1006, fixed to a front face of the roof tile the solar panel having area dimensions smaller than the area dimensions of a front face of the roof tile.

FIG. 11 is a plan view of an improved solar roof tile andpanel1000, shown inFIG. 10 herein, comprising a substantially rectangular,flat roof tile1001, with through the

apertures

1002,1003, equidistant from the perimeter of the tile and grooves on the extreme edges of thetile1004 to enable attachment of the tile to a roof; and a substantially rectangular photovoltaicsolar panel1004, which is smaller than the dimensions of the roof tile.

Referring toFIG. 12 herein, there is shown a cross-section along plane ‘C’ ofFIG. 11 in which the height of theroof tile1001 extends beyond the height of the photovoltaicsolar panel1006, and in which the circle annotation denotes that the degree of overlap between the tile and the photovoltaic solar panel is variable and determined by the manufacturer.

Referring toFIG. 13 herein, in close up detail part of the cross section ofFIG. 12, showing the laminate structure of the solar panel affixed to the front of the roof tile.

Referring toFIG. 14 herein, there is illustrated a view of one stage of a manufacturing process for making a solar panel and roof tile as described herein, in which a plurality of mono crystallinesolar wafers1401 are arranged on acircuit board1402, on a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate and are connected together bysoldered aluminum wires1402, in a bank of two rows. The solderedaluminum wires1402 are covered by strips of electrical tape.

Referring toFIG. 15 herein, there is illustrated another manufacturing stage for manufacture of a solar panel as described herein. Each of a plurality ofsolar wafers1500 in a row are connected together with an aluminum strip electrical connector1501. The aluminum strip connector is covered with a strip of black electrically insulating andprotective tape1502.

Referring toFIG. 16 herein, there is illustrated schematically an individual solar wafer, having first and second

electrical conductors

1601,1602.

Referring toFIG. 17 herein, there is illustrated schematically the reverse side of the solar wafer shown inFIG. 16.

Referring toFIG. 18 herein, there is illustrated schematically a wiring diagram for connection of a plurality of individual solar roof panels in a solar roof tile installation.

An array of individualsolar roof panels1800 are arranged in rows and columns on a roof. Each individual solar panel has a positive conductor and a negative conductor as shown inFIGS. 5, 7 and 8 herein, with a diode on the positive conductor, so that when a negative conductor of a first solar panel is connected to a positive conductor of a second solar panel in a serial chain, there is a single one-way D.C. electrical path flowing through a chain of solar cells in series. The plurality of semi-conductor diodes ensure that current can flow in only one director through the chain of serially linked solar panels.

InFIG. 18, there are shown individual chains of solar panels1801 to1815. A respective positive terminal of each chain of solar panels are connected together to form apositive bus1816, and similarly, a respective negative terminal of each chain of solar panels are connected together to form a negative bus1817. The positive and negative buses supply current, via a directcurrent circuit breaker1818, to an AC inverter, which converts the direct current output of the solar cells into a single phase alternating current electrical output. There is provided a surge protector1820 which connects to earth, so that in the event of a high voltage or current spike experienced on the negative buses, these are grounded to earth. This provides protection from current and/or voltage surges during for example an electrical storm.

Conventional roof tile dimensions from different manufacturers vary. The height and width of the solar panel embodiments disclosed herein may be selected to match the size of roof tile. A minimum length and width of each panel is calculated to produce a minimum of 10 Watts each at peak sunlight, and is dependent on the available area of the roof tile. Most known roof tile areas will achieve this minimum power output. Larger sized roof tiles allow the solar cell area to be increased, achieving a greater power output.

Each solar panel contains a diode on the positive circuit of its printed circuit board. Each solar tile is fitted to a roof using a known roofing method. The solar tiles are wired together in series to form a solar array. The solar array is connected through a combiner box and to an inverter.

The output of the solar array is dependent on the D.C. voltage range demanded by the inverter. The voltage is controlled by limiting the number of solar tiles wired in series. Each series or raw of solar tiles has two final contact wires which are combined together through a suitable fuse to a positive and negative bus bar to form a parallel circuit with one positive and one negative output. These outputs are wired to an inverter.

Each solar cell within the solar panel is protected by an electrical diode within the series circuitry to minimize the effect of “shadowing” for example as the incident light on the solar cells vary due to cloud movements. If one solar cell is shadowed, its performance is reduced without affecting the performance of any adjacent solar cell. Similarly, if one solar panel is shaded by for example a tree, then its performance may be reduced compared to an adjacent solar panel which is in full sunlight. Due to the serial diodes, the shading of one solar cell does not affect the performance of adjacent solar cells.

The embodiments disclosed herein can be fitted to new or replacement roofs. Any individual failed solar panel is easily replaceable by a new solar roof tile.