US20190108073A1 - Activity Interruption Management - Google Patents

Abstract

In response to determining that an activity has been postponed (e.g., interrupted or deferred), a computer system stores a record indicating that the activity is postponed. In response to determining that another activity has become active, the computer system stores a record indicating that the other activity is active. The computer system reminds a user to return to the postponed activity in response to determining that a reminder condition associated with the postponed activity has been satisfied. For example, the computer system may remind the user to return to the postponed activity in response to determining that the other activity has been completed.

Description

BACKGROUND
• Performing certain procedures, such as executing the steps in a pre-flight takeoff checklist in an airplane cockpit, require concentration to complete successfully. Interruptions, such as a request from the tower to perform a task unrelated to the procedure currently being performed, can result in errors, such as failure to return to the interrupted procedure, skipping one or more steps in the interrupted procedure, or performing one or more steps in the interrupted procedure multiple times. Such problems, which can cause significant harm, can occur even if those executing the procedure are not operating under conditions of information overload. Instead, in some circumstances even a single, simple interruption can result in a significant error even if those performing the procedure are not otherwise distracted or overwhelmed.
SUMMARY
• In response to determining that an activity has been postponed (e.g., interrupted or deferred), a computer system stores a record indicating that the activity is postponed. In response to determining that another activity has become active, the computer system stores a record indicating that the other activity is active. The computer system reminds a user to return to the postponed activity in response to determining that a reminder condition associated with the postponed activity has been satisfied. For example, the computer system may remind the user to return to the postponed activity in response to determining that the other activity has been completed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of a context controller for obtaining and synthesizing context data according to one embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2 is a dataflow diagram of a system for managing interruptions of activities performed by users according to one embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method performed by the system ofFIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a data structure for storing data representing an activity according to one embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for marking an activity as complete according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method performed by the system ofFIG. 2 for facilitating the process of enabling a user to perform tasks associated with the user that previously were interrupted or deferred according to one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Referring toFIG. 1, a dataflow diagram is shown of asystem100 for obtaining and storing context data102. Context data102 is also referred to herein as “context.” Context data102 may, for example, represent information about an activity currently engaged in by one of the users122a-bof thesystem100, information about appointments on a user's calendar, or information about messages currently being transmitted by thesystem100.
• Thesystem200 includes a plurality ofcontext sensors106a-j. Ingeneral context sensors106a-jobtainsensor inputs114a-j, respectively, and generateoutputs108a-j, respectively. Theoutputs108a-jofcontext sensors106a-jare provided to and received bycontext controller104, which generates and stores context data102 based on the receivedoutputs108a-j. Context data102 may, for example, include acontext data record110a, which includesfields112a-jcorresponding to and representingsensor outputs108a-j, respectively. More specifically, field112amay represent sensor output108a,field112bmay representsensor output108b, and so on.
• Although not shown inFIG. 1,context controller104 may be used to read the context data102. For example,context controller104 may provide output representing some or all of context data102, e.g., in response to a request from another component for such data. Furthermore,context controller104 may receive a request from another component to modify some or all of context data102 and, in response to such a request, may make the requested modification to the context data102.
• Context controller104 may sample theoutputs108a-jrepeatedly, e.g., periodically (e.g., every millisecond, every second, or every minute), or in response to detecting a change in one or more of theoutputs108a-j. Thecontext controller104 may generate and store multiple context data records110a-n, each of which represents a distinct sample of some or all of thesensor outputs108a-j. Such repeated sampling and storage may, for example, be used to store a record of the history of context data generated by thecontext controller104 within the context data102 itself. Alternatively, for example, thecontext controller104 may store only a single context data record112awithin the context data102, and overwrite the values in the context data record112abased on theoutputs108a-jreceived most recently from thesensors106a-j.
• Each of thesensors106a-jmay provide, as its output, an output that is identical to or a copy of the sensor's input, or an output that is generated based on the sensor's input but which differs from the sensor's input in any of a variety of ways, such as in its format and/or value. Furthermore,inputs114a-jare optional; they may be omitted from thesystem100 or integrated into their corresponding sensors. Any one or more of thesensors106a-jmay receive multiple inputs and derive output from such multiple inputs in any way.
• Sensor106ais a time sensor, which receivestime sensor input114a, such as data generated by a clock representing a current time. Time sensor106amay, for example, generate output108arepresenting a current time (e.g., the time at or around the time at which the sensor output108ais generated). Such a time may be any kind of time, such as a real time (e.g., Jan. 1, 2011 at 11:00 AM) or a system time (e.g., a number of clock cycles since a device was booted), represented to any degree of accuracy.
• Storing a value that is equal to or based on the time sensor output108ain the context records110a-neffectively marks such records with timestamps that may later be used to associate any particular record with the time stored in the record's time field112a, which may represent the actual or approximate time at which the record was created. Thecontext controller104 may sample all of the sensor outputs108a-jat or near the time represented by the time sensor output108aand generate a corresponding context record based on such sampled outputs, so that each of the context records110a-ngenerated by the context controller104acontains data representing context information that is valid for a single point in time or a relatively short period of time overlapping with or near the time represented by the record's time field112a, and so that the record's time field112amay subsequently be used to identify the actual or approximate time(s) for which the information represented by theother fields112b-iin the same record is valid.
• Any references below to the “current sample period” in connection with the set ofsensor outputs108a-jtherefore refers to a point in time or period of time defined by reference to the time represented by time sensor output108a, such as the exact point in time represented by time sensor output108aor a time period beginning with or otherwise including the point in time represented by time sensor output108a. Similarly, any use of the terms “current” or “currently” below should be understood to refer to a time or time period defined by reference to the time represented by the time sensor output108a. For example, in the context of a particular set ofsensor outputs108a-jwithin the current sample period, “the current user” should be understood to refer to the user represented byoutput108bofuser sensor106bat or around the time represented by time sensor output108a.
• Sensor106bis a user sensor, which receivesuser sensor input114band generates, based oninput114b,output108brepresenting a user, such as a current user of one of the devices124a-cor thesystem100 as a whole. Thesensor106bmay, for example, obtaininput114brepresenting user login credentials (e.g., username and/or password) or biometric information, and provideuser output108buniquely identifying the user specified by the input to thesensor106b. Theuser output108bis not limited to output representing the identity of the user, but more generally may represent any data relating to the user.
• Sensor106cis a device sensor, which receives device input114cand generates, based on input114c,output108crepresenting a device, such as one of the devices124a-cof thesystem100. Thedevice output108cduring a particular sample period may, for example, represent a device currently used by the user represented by theoutput108bofuser identification sensor106bduring the sample period. The device sensor106cmay, for example, obtain input114crepresenting a device serial number or other unique identifier of the device, and providedevice output108cuniquely identifying the device. Thedevice output108cis not limited to output representing the identity of the device, but more generally may represent any data relating to the device, such as data representing any aspect of the device's current configuration, such as audio volume, screen brightness, and whether any particular input or output components of the device currently are enabled or disabled.
• Sensor106dis an application sensor, which receives application input114dand generates, based on input114d,output108drepresenting the state of one or more software applications (which includes any kind of software, such as operating systems, application programs, and web-based applications). For example, theapplication sensor output108dduring a particular sample period may, for example, represent the state of one or more software applications executing on a device. Theapplication output108dduring a particular sample period may, for example, represent the state of one or more software applications executing on the device represented by theoutput108cof device sensor106c, or the state of one or more software applications being executed by or on behalf of the user represented by theoutput108bof theuser sensor106b, during the same sample period. Theapplication sensor output108dmay, for example, indicate which applications currently are executing, which application(s) is/are in the foreground, which application has the input focus, which application(s) currently is/are providing user output, and which application(s) currently is/are receiving user input. Theapplication sensor106dmay obtain input114dfrom any source, such as an operating system of the device represented bydevice sensor output108c, or from applications by using application program interface (API) calls to such applications.
• Sensor106eis a message sensor, which receives message input114eand, based on input114e, generatesoutput108erepresenting information relating to one or more messages.Output108emay, for example, represent a communication mode of the message (e.g., whether the message is an email message, a text message, or a live voice call), data from the message (such as the body of an email message, audio from a voice call, or text transcribed from a voice message), metadata of the message (such as a message header or metatag), the composition state of the message (e.g., whether the message currently is being composed or has already been composed), the manifestation state of the message (e.g., whether the message currently is being manifested), the transmission state of the message (e.g., whether the message currently is queued for transmission, attempted to be transmitted, or being transmitted), and the transmission direction of the message (e.g., whether the message currently is being sent or received by the user, device, or application represented byoutput108b,108c, or108d, respectively). The message sensor106emay obtain input114efrom any source, such as an operating system of the device represented bydevice sensor output108cor by using application program interface (API) calls to individual applications.
• Sensor106fis a location sensor, which receiveslocation input114fand, based oninput114f, generatesoutput108frepresenting information relating to a current location of either or both of the user represented byuser output108band the device represented bydevice output108c. Thelocation sensor106fmay obtaininput114ffrom any source, such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, or manual user input. Thelocation sensor output108fmay represent the current location in any of a variety of forms, such as a latitude-longitude combination, or by one or more labels representing one or more categories of location (e.g., work, home, theater, restaurant). Thelocation sensor106fmay, alternatively or additionally, obtaininput114frelating to and provideoutput108frepresenting the proximity of the user and/or device to another user and/or device. Proximity data may, for example, be received directly from another device using infrared (IR) signals, or by comparing locations of user or devices to each other.Proximity output108fmay represent, for example, any one or more of the following: the degree of proximity (e.g., distance) to another device, the identity of the proximate device, and whether the device represented bydevice output108cis proximate to another device of interest.
• Sensor106gis a velocity sensor, which generates output108grepresenting information relating to a current velocity of either or both of the user represented byuser output108band the device represented bydevice output108c. Thevelocity sensor106gmay obtain data from any source, such as any of the sources from which thelocation sensor106fmay obtain data. Thevelocity sensor106gmay, alternatively or additionally, obtain data relating to and provide output108grepresenting the current acceleration of the current user and/or the current device.
• Sensor106his an activity sensor, which receivesactivity input106hand, based oninput106h, generatesoutput108hrepresenting information relating to a current activity in which the current user and/or the current device is engaged. Examples of activities are writing a message, reading a message, writing a document, reading a document, engaging in a voice call, listening to a voice message, and providing input of any kind to the current device. Theactivity sensor106hmay obtaininput114hfrom any source, such as from any user input device (e.g., keyboard, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, or microphone) or by making API calls to software such as operating systems, application programs, and device drivers.
• Sensor106iis a calendar sensor, which receives calendar input114iand, based on input114i, generates output108irepresenting information relating to data stored in a calendar of the current user and/or a calendar of the current device. Calendar output108imay represent, for example, the presence or absence of an appointment at or near the current time, and any information relating to any appointment at or near the current time, such as the appointment's start time, end time, duration, location, priority (e.g., high or low), category, and attendee list.
• The calendar sensor106imay obtain calendar input114ifrom any source, such as a calendar application external to the system200 (e.g., Microsoft Outlook, Apple iCal, Google calendar), a calendar internal to thesystem200, or a combination of both. The calendar sensor106imay obtain calendar input114ifrom external calendar applications using application program interfaces (APIs) provided by such external calendar applications. In some embodiments, the calendar sensor106isolely obtains calendar input114ifrom one or more sources external to thesystem200, in which case thesystem200 may not create or edit data within the calendars maintained by such external sources.
• In embodiments that use both a calendar internal to the system and one or more external calendars, such internal and external calendars may interact with each other in a variety of ways. For example, the internal calendar may override the external calendars in the case of a conflict between the two, or vice versa. As another example, the internal calendar may be combined with the external calendars, such as by aggregating the appointments on the internal calendar and external calendar into a single combined calendar.
• As mentioned above, the time sensor106amay implement various functions related to timers. Such functions may be implemented, either alternatively or additionally, by the calendar sensor106i. A condition of a logic module may define a particular timer, and the condition may be satisfied when the particular timer has expired, or when the particular timer has started running but not yet expired. The condition may, for example, specify a time at which the timer is to start running (such as by defining a condition, upon satisfaction of which the timer is to start running). Alternatively, for example, the timer may be started in response to user input at a user-selected time.
• A timer is associated with a start time and either a duration or an end time. Although at least some timers may be implemented in the same way as calendar appointments, timers need not be implemented as calendar appointments. For example, a timer may be started at any time without adding an entry representing the timer to a calendar. Furthermore, a timer associated with a duration may be started and stopped any number of times. When the timer is first started (the timer's “initial start time”), the timer's “running time” may be initialized to zero and begin to accumulate in real time (i.e., to accumulate one second of running time for each second of real time). The timer's running time may stop accumulating if and in response to stopping the timer. If the timer is started again, the timer's running time may resume its real-time accumulation. The timer may only expire when its running time equals or exceeds its associated duration. Some timers may not be allowed to be stopped once they have started, in which case the timer's running time may be equal to the amount of real time that has elapsed since the timer's initial start time.
• The total running time of a timer may be reset (e.g., to zero or some other number) upon the satisfaction of a condition. For example, the total running time of a timer may be reset after some predetermined amount of real time has elapsed since the timer's initial start time, since the timer was last reset (e.g., one minute, one hour, one day, or one week), or upon the occurrence of a real time that satisfies a condition (e.g., the beginning of a new calendar minute, hour, day, or week). Such timers may only expire if their total running time equals or exceeds their associated duration before they are reset.
• Certain embodiments of the present invention include techniques for managing interruptions of activities performed by users. For example, referring toFIG. 2, a dataflow diagram is shown of asystem200 for managing interruptions of activities performed by users204a-maccording to one embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG. 3, a flowchart is shown of amethod300 performed by thesystem200 ofFIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• Thesystem200 includes anactivity repository202, which includesactivity data records202a-n, where n may be any number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or more). Each of theactivity data records202a-nrepresents an activity that has been performed, is being performed, or will be performed by one or more of users204a-m, where m may be any number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or more).
• Each of theactivity data records202a-nmay store any of a variety of data associated with the corresponding activity. For example, referring toFIG. 4, an example of data that may be stored within activity data record202ais shown. The particular data elements shown inFIG. 4 are merely examples and do not constitute limitations of the present invention. Furthermore, although activity data record202ais shown inFIG. 4 for purposes of example, the other data records202b-nmay have the same or similar data structures as that shown inFIG. 4. As a result, the description herein of data stored in activity data record202ais equally applicable to the other activity data records202b-n.
• The activity data record202amay include the following data elements (e.g., fields in a database record):
• • An activity identifier (ID)field402a, which may store an identifier of the activity data record202athat is unique among the activity identifier fields of all of theactivity data records202a-n.
  • Atype field402b, which may store data representing a type (e.g., class) of the activity represented by the activity data record202a. As one example, thetype field402bmay store data representing a communication mode associated with the activity represented by the activity data record202a(e.g., email message, text message, or voice call), whereby thetype field402bof different activity data records may have values representing different communication modes. As another example, if the activity represented by the activity data record202ais a particular procedure (such as a particular medical procedure or a particular cockpit procedure), then thetype field402bmay store data representing the type (e.g., class) of procedure, whereby thetype field402bof different activity data records may have values representing difference types of procedures.
  • A name field402c, which may store data representing one or more names of the activity represented by the activity data record202a, such as a text string representing a human-readable name of the activity (e.g., “Pre-Flight Takeoff Checklist” or “IV Checklist”). Activities represented by different activity data records may have the same or different names.
  • A description field402d, which may store data representing a human-readable description of the activity represented by the activity data record202a, such as a text string representing such a human-readable description. Different activities of the same type and having the same name may have different descriptions.
  • A user field402e, which may store data representing one or more users associated with the activity represented by the activity data record202a, such as one or more users who are assigned to perform the activity, who currently are performing the activity, who were interrupted while performing the activity, or who completed performing the activity. Although not shown inFIGS. 2-4, thesystem200 may include a data record for each of one or more of the users204a-m, in which case the user record for a particular user may include data representing the activity/activities associated with that user (such as any activities assigned to the user, activities currently being performed by the user, activities during the performance of which the user was interrupted, and activities that the user has completed performing).
  • A state field402f, which may store any of a variety of data representing a state of the activity represented by the activity data record202a. Examples of contents and uses of the state field402fwill be described in more detail below. By default, the value of the state field402fof the activity data record202amay be set to a value of “not started” upon creation of the activity data record.
• Thesystem200 includes anactivity management module206, which receivesactivity input208 and, based on theactivity input208, determines that a particular one or more users U are engaged in a particular activity (FIG. 3, operation302). For example, the user(s) U may be any one or more of the users204a-minFIG. 2. For ease of explanation, the user(s) U may be referred to herein as “the” user U, but it should be appreciated that such references may apply to any number of users. The activity A may, for example, be any of the activities represented by theactivity data records202a-n. Furthermore, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, assume that inoperation302, themethod300 determines that user204ais engaged in the activity represented by activity data record202a.
• Theactivity management module206 may determine that the user U is engaged in activity A in any of a variety of ways. For example, theactivity input208 may consist of or include the context data102 ofFIG. 1, and theactivity management module206 may determine that user U is engaged in activity A based on the context data102.
• For example, the user U may provide some or all of theactivity input208 manually to theactivity management module206 to indicate expressly that user U currently (i.e., at the present time) is engaged in activity A. For example, user U may select an identifier of activity A from a menu or drop-down list, tap or click on a graphical representation of activity A, speak an identifier of activity A, indicate that the state of activity A should be changed to “active,” or any combination thereof.
• As another example, theactivity management module206 may infer or otherwise conclude, based on the activity input208 (which may include some or all of the context data102), that user U currently is engaged in activity A. For example, if activity A represents processing of a particular electronic checklist, and user U provides input (in activity input208) to the electronic checklist (such as marking an element in the checklist as complete), then theactivity management module206 may determine that user U currently is engaged in activity A. As another example, if activity A represents responding to a particular communication (e.g., a particular email message, text message, or voice call), and theactivity input208 includes data indicating that user U is reading, listening to, or responding to the particular communication, then theactivity management module206 may determine that user U currently is engaged in activity A. More generally, if theactivity management module206 determines, based on theactivity input208, that user U is performing an action within activity A, then theactivity management module206 may determine that user U is engaged in activity A.
• In response to determining that the user U (e.g., user204a) is engaged in activity A (e.g., the activity represented by activity data record202a), the method300:
• • modifies the state field402fof the activity data record202ato indicate that the state of the corresponding activity A is “active” (FIG. 3, operation304);
  • modifies the user field402eof the activity data record202ato indicate that the user U (e.g., user204a) is associated with (e.g., currently performing) the corresponding activity A (FIG. 3, operation306).
• If the activity data record202adoes not exist at the commencement ofoperation304, thenoperation304 may include creating activity data record202a. If the state of activity A is already “active” at the commencement ofoperation304, thenoperation304 may leave the state of activity A as “active.” If user U is already associated with activity A at the commencement ofoperation306, then theoperation306 may leave user U as associated with activity A.
• Thesystem200 andmethod300 may enforce a rule which prohibits any of the users204a-mfrom being associated with more than one active activity simultaneously. Therefore,operation306 may include: (1) determining whether user U is associated with any active activity (e.g., any activity whose state field402fhas a value of “active”); (2) if user U is associated with any active activity, changing the state of that active activity to “interrupted”; and (3) associating user U with activity A.
• The active activities with which a user is associated at the current time are referred to as the user's “current activities.” If the user is restricted to only being associated with one active activity at any particular time, then at any particular time the user has at most one current activity. As this implies, a user may not have a current activity (i.e., the user may be associated with zero active activities) at any particular time.
• Theactivity management module206 receives interruption input210 (FIG. 3, operation308). Theactivity management module206 may receive theactivity input208 at a first time and receive theinterruption input210 at a second time that is later than the first time. Additionally or alternatively, each of theactivity input208 and theinterruption input210 may contain timing data (e.g., timestamps), in which case the timing data of theinterruption input210 may represent a later time than the timing data of theactivity input208.
• Theinterruption input210 may take any of a variety of forms. For example, theinterruption input210 may take any of the forms described herein for theactivity input208. Theinterruption input210 may be any data that represents an opportunity for user U to engage in an “interrupting activity” B when activity B is not user U's current activity. The term “interrupting activity” is used herein in connection with a particular user U to refer to an activity in which user U is not currently engaged, and which presents an opportunity to be engaged in by user U. For example, user U may have no current activity, and theinterruption input210 may represent an opportunity for user U to engage in interrupting activity B. As another example, user U's current activity may be activity A, and theinterruption input210 may represent an opportunity for user U to engage in interrupting activity B (i.e., to change user U's current activity to activity B). For example, theactivity management module206 may determine, based on theactivity input208 and/or theinterruption input210, that an opportunity exists for the user U to engage in activity B.
• Theinterruption input210 may take any of a variety of forms, and theactivity management module206 may interpret theinterruption input210 in any of a variety of ways. For example, theinterruption input210 may represent:
• • an incoming message (e.g., email message, text message, or voice call) addressed to user U;
  • a request by another user for user U to engage in activity B (such as a request by the other user for user U to engage in a process associated with a particular checklist);
  • manual input received from user U representing a desire to engage in activity B (such as any input selecting activity B);
  • any data indicating that user U is engaged in activity B.
• In response to receiving theinterruption input210 or otherwise concluding that theinterruption input210 represents an opportunity for user U to engage in activity B or that theinterruption input210 indicates that the user is engaged in activity B, theactivity management module206 may provide a prompt212 to the user U (e.g., user204a) for an activity selection (FIG. 3, operation310). Note thatoperation310 is optional and may be omitted frommethod300. The prompt212, when provided, may take any of a variety of forms. For example, the prompt212 may provide the user204awith two options: (1) continue performing the current activity A; or (2) switch to performing activity B. The prompt may, for example, be graphical (e.g., include buttons or other graphical user interface elements with labels such as “Continue with Activity A” and “Switch to Activity B”) or auditory (e.g., the spoken words “Say ‘A’ to continue with Activity A; say ‘B’ to switch to activity B”). The prompt212 may include data associated with each of the activities, such as any one or more of itstype402b, name402c, and description402d, to assist the user204ain selecting an activity to perform.
• The user204aprovidesactivity selection input214 to the activity management module206 (FIG. 3, operation312). In general, theactivity selection input214 indicates the user's selection of an activity to perform, e.g., activity A or activity B. Theactivity selection input214 may take any of a variety of forms, such as tapping or clicking on the graphical user interface elements in the prompt212, speaking a voice command, or performing an action that is part of the selected activity.
• Theactivity management module206 determines whether theactivity selection input214 selects the current activity A or the interrupting activity B (FIG. 3, operation314). If user U opts to continue performing activity A, then the state of activity A remains “active” and theactivity management module206 changes the value of the state field402fof interrupting activity B to “deferred” (FIG. 3, operation316). If user U opts to perform interrupting activity B, then the activity management module206: (1) changes the value of the state field402fof current activity A to “interrupted” (FIG. 3, operation318); (2) changes the value of the state field402fof interrupting activity B to “active” (FIG. 3, operation320); and (3) changes the value of the user field402eof interrupting activity B to include a reference to user U (e.g., user204a) (FIG. 3, operation322). The result is to make the interrupting activity B into user U's current activity. Note that if user U does not have any current activity upon commencement ofoperation318, thenoperation318 need not be performed.
• Although the state field402fvalues of “interrupted” and “deferred” are disclosed herein as two distinct values, this is merely an example and does not constitute a limitation of the present invention. Both such values may, for example, be implemented as a single value, such as “interrupted,” “deferred,” or “postponed,” if it is not desired or necessary to draw a distinction between interruption and deferral.
• Referring toFIG. 5, a flowchart is shown of amethod500 performed by thesystem200 to mark an activity as complete according to one embodiment of the present invention. Theactivity management module206 received completion input216 (FIG. 5, operation502). In general, thecompletion input216 indicates that a particular activity A is complete. For example, theactivity management module206 may determine, based on thecompletion input216, that activity A is complete. Thecompletion input216 may take any of a variety of forms. For example, thecompletion input216 may take any of the forms described herein for theactivity input208.
• As a particular example, if the current activity A of user U is processing of a checklist, thencompletion input216 may indicate that all required elements (e.g., all elements) of the checklist have been marked as complete. As another example, if the current activity A of user A is responding to a message, thencompletion input216 may indicate that user U has responded to the message. In the previous two examples ofcompletion input216, theactivity management module206 may, for example, determine automatically that activity A is complete, e.g., by determining based on input received from a checklist program that a checklist has been completed or based on input received from a messaging program that a message has been sent. As anotherexample completion input216 may consist of or include manual input from user U indicating that activity A is complete.
• In response to receiving thecompletion input216 or otherwise determining that activity A is complete, theactivity management module206 sets the value of the state field402fof the activity data record representing activity A to a value of “complete” (FIG. 5, operation504). As a result, activity A is no longer a current activity of user U. If activity A was user U's only current activity before the performance ofoperation504, then upon completion ofoperation504 user U has no current activity.
• As previously indicated, a current activity A of user U may become interrupted (e.g., the value of the state field402fof the current activity may change from “active” to “interrupted”), and the user U may then switch from engaging in current activity A to engaging in interrupting activity B, which may cause interrupting activity B to become a current activity of user U. Similarly, if the user U opts not to engage in the interrupting activity B immediately, then the interrupting activity B may be deferred (e.g., the value of the state field402fof the interrupting activity B may change to “deferred”). At any given time, the user U may have zero, one, or more interrupted activities (i.e., activities that are associated with the user U and that have a state of “interrupted”) and zero, one, or more deferred activities (i.e., activities that are associated with the user U and that have a state of “deferred”). It may be desirable for the user U to perform such interrupted and/or deferred activities at a later time. There is a risk, however, that the user U will not remember to perform such interrupted and/or deferred activities. Embodiments of the present invention may address this problem in a variety of ways and thereby decrease the likelihood that the user U will fail to perform interrupted and/or deferred activities. Such embodiments are particularly useful in situations in which it is desirable or necessary for the user U to perform interrupted and/or deferred activities at some point in time, even if not immediately upon the occurrence of the first opportunity for the user U to perform such activities.
• Referring toFIG. 6, a flowchart is shown of amethod600 performed by thesystem200 for facilitating the process of enabling the user U to perform tasks associated with user U that previously were interrupted or deferred according to one embodiment of the present invention. Theactivity management module206 identifies a current activity A of user U (operation602), such as by identifying an activity (e.g., the only activity) in theactivity repository202 that is associated with user U (e.g., whose user field402especifies user U) and whose state field402fhas a value of “active.”
• The term “postponed” will be used herein to mean “interrupted and/or deferred.” Theactivity management module206 identifies an activity B that previously was postponed by current activity A (FIG. 6, operation604). Theactivity management module206 may performoperation604 in any of a variety of ways. For example, theactivity repository202 may contain data that identifies, for any particular activity A: (1) for any particular postponed activity, whether that activity was postponed by activity A (i.e., whether the particular postponed activity was marked as postponed in response to marking activity A as active); and/or (2) which activities activity A has postponed (i.e., which postponed activities were marked as postponed in response to marking activity A as active). Such data may be stored, for example, in the state field402fof activity A and/or the state field402fof the activities postponed by activity A. Theactivity management module206 may store such data duringmethod300 ofFIG. 3. For example, if the user U chooses (in operation314) not to continue engaging in the current activity A, then theactivity management module206 may (in addition to operations318-322):
• • store, in the state field402fof current activity A, an identifier of interrupting activity B and optionally one or more of the following: (1) an indication that interruption (rather than deferral) was the reason for postponement of activity A; (2) the current time; and (3) a reminder condition associated with activity A; and/or
  • store, in the state field402fof interrupting activity B, an identifier of current (interrupted) activity A and optionally one or more of the following: (1) an indication that interruption (rather than deferral) was the reason for postponement of activity A; (2) the current time; and (3) a reminder condition associated with activity A.
• Similarly, if the user U chooses (in operation314) to continue engaging in the current activity A, then theactivity management module206 may (in addition to operation316):
• • store, in the state field402fof current activity A, an identifier of interrupting activity B and optionally one or more of the following: (1) an indication that deferral (rather than interruption) was the reason for postponement of activity B; (2) the current time; and (3) a reminder condition associated with activity B; and/or
  • store, in the state field402fof interrupting activity B, an identifier of current activity A and optionally one or more of the following: (1) an indication that deferral (rather than interruption) was the reason for postponement of activity B; (2) the current time; and (3) a reminder condition associated with activity B.
• A “reminder condition” for a particular activity is a condition, the satisfaction of which causes theactivity management module206 either to: (1) generate a reminder to a user to engage in the particular activity (e.g., as described below in connection with operation606); or (2) automatically make the activity a current activity of a user. A reminder condition is an example of a “condition,” as that term is used herein and may, therefore, be a simple condition (i.e., a condition which does not contain any sub-conditions) or a complex condition (e.g., a condition which contains two or more simple or complex conditions conjoined by Boolean operators). Theactivity management module206 may select the reminder condition to store in association with a particular postponed activity in any of a variety of ways, such as by: (1) receiving input from a user specifying the reminder condition and selecting the reminder condition based on the user input; (2) selecting the reminder condition as a predetermined reminder condition associated with thetype402bof the postponed activity, where different types may be associated with different reminder conditions; or (3) selecting the reminder condition as a function of the contexts102 of one or more users.
• Theactivity management module206 may performoperation604 in response to any of a variety of inputs. For example, theactivity management module206 may performoperation604 in response to:
• • input provided by the user U (e.g., user204a) requesting that theactivity management module206 inform the user U of one or more postponed activities associated with user U;
  • a determination by theactivity management module206 that a current activity A (e.g., the only current activity) of user U has been completed (e.g., that the value of the state field402fof activity A has been changed to “complete”) or postponed;
  • a determination by theactivity management module206 that an activity which is not a current activity of user U has been completed or postponed;
  • a determination by theactivity management module206 that user U has no current activity;
  • a determination that the current time (e.g., as indicated by time sensor106a) satisfies a particular condition, e.g.:
    • the current time is equal to a particular predetermined time of day (e.g., 9 am or 5 pm);
    • the current time is equal to a particular predetermined time of day on a particular calendar date (e.g., 9:00 am on Mar. 1, 2013);
    • the current time satisfies a particular periodic condition, such as a condition that is satisfied every minute, every ten minutes, every hour, every day, or every week;
    • the current time satisfies a reminder condition associated with activity B;
  • a determination that the current activity A postponed another activity (e.g., activity B) at least some predetermined amount of time earlier than the current time (e.g., one minute, ten minutes, one hour, one day, or one week);
  • a determination that activity B was postponed by activity A at least some predetermined amount of time earlier than the current time (e.g., one minute, ten minutes, one hour, one day, or one week);
  • a determination that a particular event (such as the commencement of an airplane takeoff or the commencement of a surgery) has occurred, is about to occur, or has been detected;
  • a determination that the state of an activity (e.g., a current activity of user U) has changed in any way or in some predetermined way (e.g., that the state of a particular specified checkbox has changed to “complete” from some other state);
  • a determination that a reminder condition associated with activity B has been satisfied;
  • a determination that any other condition disclosed herein is satisfied by the context102 of user U and/or the contexts102 of other users.
• Any of the determined conditions described in the above list may be used as reminder conditions associated with postponed activities.
• Theactivity management module206 may identify activities in addition to activity B inoperation604. For example, inoperation604, theactivity management module206 may identify: (1) some or all interrupted activities that were interrupted by activity A; and/or (2) some or all deferred activities that were deferred by activity A. Therefore, any reference inFIG. 6 and the description thereof to activity B should be understood to refer equally to any and all activities identified by theactivity management module206 inoperation604.
• Theactivity management module206 manifests activity B to user U, thereby providing amanifestation218 of activity B to user U (FIG. 6, operation606). For example, theactivity management module206 may display a message (e.g., in a pop-up window) to the user U, indicating that activity B previously was postponed by activity A, and optionally indicating additional information, such as the type, name, and/or description of activity B, the reason for postponement (e.g., interruption or deferral) and the time of postponement. Such a message may also prompt user U to select whether to continue engaging in activity A or to switch to activity B, and include means for enabling the user to make such a selection (such as a button labeled “Continue with Activity A” and a button labeled “Switch to Activity B”).
• In response to themanifestation218, the user U may provide input to theactivity management module206 indicating either that the user U wishes to continue engaging in activity A or that the user U wishes to switch to activity B. For purposes of example and ease of illustration, in themethod600 the user U provides input to theactivity management module206 selecting activity B (i.e., indicating that the user U wishes to engage in activity B) (FIG. 6, operation608). Such input may take any of a variety of forms, such as tapping or clicking on a graphical user interface element (e.g., the button mentioned above labeled “Switch to Activity B” or a manifestation of activity B in a manifestation of a plurality of activities postponed by activity A, such as a table or list of such postponed activities).
• In response, theactivity management module206 makes activity B a current activity of user U (FIG. 6, operation610), such as by performing operations318-322 ofFIG. 3. Themethod600 may infer that user U wishes to continuing engaging in activity A if, for example, the user U fails to provide any input in response to themanifestation218 within some predetermined amount of time after manifesting the manifestation218 (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes).
• Themethod600 need not perform operation606 (generating the manifestation218) or operation608 (receiving input from the user U). For example, theactivity management module206 may automatically cause activity B to become a current activity of user U (e.g., perform operation610), without receiving a selection or other confirmation of such a switch from the user U.
• When an activity is interrupted, theactivity management module206 may store (e.g., in the state field402fof the interrupted activity) additional data relating to the state of the interrupted activity to make it easier for the user to return to engaging in the interrupted activity later. For example, the activity management module206 (e.g., inoperations318 and610) may store, in the state field402fof the activity data record representing the interrupted activity A, data representing any one or more of the following: (1) the action in the activity currently being performed by the user U (e.g., the checkbox in an electronic checklist currently being processed by the user U but not yet marked as completed by the user U); (2) the actions in the activity that have already been performed by the user U (e.g., the checkboxes in an electronic checklist that the user U has already marked as completed).
• When the user U subsequently returns to engaging in the interrupted activity A, theactivity management module206 may provide output to the user U to assist the user U in completing the interrupted activity A (now current activity A). For example, theactivity management module206 may provide output to the user U indicating either or both of: (1) the action that the user U was in the act of performing in activity A when the user U was interrupted; (2) the actions in activity A that were already performed by the user U. Theactivity management module206 may generate such output based on the information previously saved in the state field402fof the activity A. Such output may take any of a variety of forms, such as a message reminding the user to “Continue performing the procedure beginning at step7” (where step7 is the step during which the user U previously was interrupted), or by circling or otherwise emphasizing the checkbox in a checklist that the user was processing when the user U previously was interrupted.
• When any particular activity A is a current activity of the user U, theactivity repository202 may contain data that indicates which of the postponed activities (i.e., activities having a state of “interrupted” or “deferred”) represented by theactivity data records202a-nwere postponed by activity A, whether each such activity was interrupted by activity A or deferred by activity A, and the times at which such activities were interrupted or deferred by activity A. Theactivity management module206 may use such data to identify an order of such interrupted/deferred activities relative to activity A, such as an ascending order of the times at which the postponed activities were postponed by activity A, or a descending order of the times at which the postponed activities were postponed by activity A. Theactivity management module206 may manifest such postponed activities to the user U (e.g., in operation606) in the identified order, such as by manifesting the postponed activities in a spatial order (e.g., top to bottom or left to right) or a temporal order (e.g., one at a time) corresponding to the order identified by theactivity management module206. Theactivity management module206 may enable the user U to provide manual input specifying modifications to this order, in response to which theactivity management module206 may change the order based on user U's manual input.
• When ordering postponed activities, theactivity management module206 may, for example, give priority to interrupted activities over deferred activities. For example, theactivity management module206 may sort all of the interrupted activities that were interrupted by a particular activity A to create a sorted list of such activities, and sort all of the deferred activities that were deferred by a particular activity A to create a sorted list of such activities. Theactivity management module206 may combine such lists together to create a unified list of postponed activities that were postponed by activity A by concatenating the sorted list of interrupted activities with the sorted list of deferred activities, so that the resulting concatenated list contains the sorted list of interrupted activities followed by the sorted list of deferred activities. Alternatively, for example, theactivity management module206 may give priority to deferred activities over interrupted activities, and apply the techniques just described accordingly.
• When a current activity A of a user U is marked as complete, embodiments of the present invention may detect such completion and, in response to such detection, either automatically make a postponed activity that previously was postponed by activity A into a current activity (e.g., the only current activity) of user A, or prompt the user U to select one such postponed activity to become a current activity (e.g., the only current activity) of user U. For example, theactivity management module206 may perform operation604 (and subsequent operations606-610) in response to determining that current activity A of user U has been marked as complete (e.g., that the state field402fof current activity A has changed from some value to “complete”). For example, inoperation604, theactivity management module206 may identify the activity that was postponed most recently by activity A. If only one postponed activity was postponed by activity A, then inoperation604 theactivity management module206 may identify the sole postponed activity that was postponed by activity A. Such embodiments enable the user U to postpone a first activity to perform a second activity, to perform and complete the second activity, and then to return to the first (postponed) activity quickly and easily.
• Another advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they may be used to track and respond to changes in the activities performed by users in real-time. For example, any one or more of theactivity input208, theinterruption input210, and thecompletion input216 may be provided to theactivity management module206 in any of the manners disclosed herein in connection with the context data102. In fact, one or more of theactivity input208, theinterruption input210, and thecompletion input216 may be contained within or constitute the context data102.Such inputs208,210, and216 may, therefore, be provided to theactivity management module206 periodically at any period (e.g., every second, every 5 seconds, every 10 seconds, every minute, every 10 minutes, or every hour) and/or in response to sensor output that causes a change in one or more ofsuch inputs208,210, and216. As a result, theinputs208,210, and216 may provide data to theactivity management module206 that indicates one or both of: (1) changes in the current activity or activities of users (e.g., a switch from one current activity to another current activity); and (2) changes in the states of activities (e.g., current and/or postponed activities).
• Theactivity management module206 may, therefore, determine, based on one or more of theinputs208,210, and216 that a user U is now engaged in a particular activity A or that an opportunity exists for user U to engage in activity A, in real-time or after only a nominal amount of time has passed since the user U began to engage in activity A or after the opportunity to engage in activity A arose (e.g., after 1 second, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 1 minute, or 10 minutes). In response to such a detection, theactivity management module206 may store (e.g., in the state field402fof the activity data record representing activity A) data indicating one or more of the following: (1) the nature of the detected event (e.g., actual engagement by user U in an activity or potential engagement by user U in the activity); (2) an identifier of activity A; and (3) a time of the detection (or the time of the event, if available).
• Similarly, theactivity management module206 may determine, based on one or more of theinputs208,210, and216 that the state of a current activity of user U has changed (e.g., that the user U has checked off a box in an electronic checklist or performed such other action that is part of or otherwise associated with an activity) in real-time or after only a nominal amount of time has passed since the state changed (e.g., after 1 second, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 1 minute, or 10 minutes). In response to such a detection, theactivity management module206 may store (e.g., in the state field402fof the activity data record representing activity A) data indicating one or more of the following: (1) an identifier of the state that has changed (e.g., an identifier of the checkbox that was checked); (2) the current value of the changed state (e.g., “complete”); and (3) a time of the detection (or the time of the state change, if available).
• Although certain portions of the description herein may refer to the context data102 as being associated with a particular user, it should be understood that each of any of number of users (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or more users) may have its own associated context data102. Therefore, any reference herein to context data102 should be understood to include the context data102 of a single user and the context data102 of multiple users. Furthermore, context data102 may include data obtained from any number of devices (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or more devices). For example, context data102 may include data obtained from a plurality of devices used by one or more users in connection with a particular activity, such as a plurality of devices in an airplane cockpit that are used in connection with a preflight checklist procedure or a plurality of devices in an operating room that are used in connection with a surgical procedure. In general context data102 may be any data, obtained from any device, which provides evidence that a particular user is or is not engaged in a particular activity at a particular time. Context data102 may include additional data representing, for example, a particular action in the particular activity that the particular user is engaged in at the particular time.
• The ability of embodiments of the present invention to detect changes in current activities of users and in the states of such activities provides a variety of benefits. For example, one deficiency in conventional task management software, such as software which enables users to store data records often referred to as “tasks” or “reminders” (such as Microsoft Outlook and Apple Reminders) is that such software cannot determine whether a user is engaged in performing an activity associated with a particular data record at any particular time, and also cannot determine whether the state of any such activity has changed. As a result, such software is incapable of determining whether an activity has been interrupted or whether an opportunity to interrupt an activity has been presented. Such software, therefore, is not capable of assisting in reminding the user to engage in interrupted activities. In contrast, embodiments of the present invention may be used to detect whether a user is performing a particular activity at a particular time and/or whether the state of a particular activity has changed. As a result, embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful for reducing the likelihood that an interrupted activity will not be completed, and for returning the user to the point of interruption.
• Another advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they provide an improvement over, and may be used in conjunction with, checklists and other forms of workflow process management. The value of checklists in improving processes, such as those performed by aircraft cockpit crews and surgical teams, has been well-documented, especially in connection with reducing the likelihood that critical steps are not performed. Checklists alone, however, are insufficient to protect against the full range of problems that can arise due to deficiencies in prospective memory (remembering to perform an action in the future). For example, in many real-world situations, individuals and teams must perform multiple procedures, each of which may be governed by a distinct corresponding checklist. Although such checklists may prove adequate in cases in which each checklist procedure is performed in sequence and without interruption, in many real-world scenarios a first procedure governed by a first checklist is interrupted, sometimes causing (and possibly requiring) the person or people performing the procedure to switch to performing a second procedure governed by a second checklist. In such a situation, the individual team members must remember to return to performing the first procedure. The checklists themselves are insufficient to provide the team members with a reminder to do so. Checklists, in other words, fail to address problems that can arise from the interactions among multiple checklists, especially those that arise from interruptions. Embodiments of the present invention address such problems by tracking the progress of each procedure as it is performed (e.g., by tracking which checkboxes are checked off in a checklist procedure), by providing reminders to return to interrupted procedures, and by assisting users in returning to the point of interruption when returning to an interrupted procedure.
• One advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they may be used to decrease the likelihood that a user who is interrupted while performing a particular activity, or who chooses to stop performing the particular activity midway to perform another activity, will forget to return to and complete the first (postponed) activity. In particular, embodiments of the present invention decrease this likelihood by enabling the user to obtain information about the user's postponed activities, and even to affirmatively and automatically remind the user of such postponed activities whether or not the user seeks out such information. Embodiments of the present invention are useful because all opportunities for a user to switch from one activity to another present a risk that the user will fail to return to an activity. For example, if the user is performing a current activity A and is presented with an opportunity to engage instead in current activity B, the user may either decline or accept the opportunity. In either case, however, the user's attention is diverted from performing current activity A to the activity of deciding whether to switch to engaging in activity B. In such a case, there are three risks: (1) that the user will continue to engage in activity A but will forget to engage later in activity B; (2) that the user will switch to engaging in activity B but will forget to return to engaging later in activity A; and (3) the user, distracted by the decision to engage in activity A or activity B, will fail to: (a) return from the decision to engaging in activity A; and/or (b) remember to engage later in activity B.
• Embodiments of the present invention may be used to decrease the likelihood of all three such types of failure of prospective memory. Such embodiments are particularly useful when either or both of activity A and activity B are critical to perform, especially when either or both of activity A and B are critical to perform in a timely manner and/or when the harm potentially caused by failing to perform either or both of activity A and activity B is particularly great. Examples of environments in which embodiments of the present invention may be particularly useful are aviation, healthcare, and manufacturing.
• Embodiments of the present invention may be used to protect against the risk of type (3) listed above in a variety of ways, such as the following. Theactivity management module206 may, for example, treat the process of obtaining the user's activity selection input (e.g.,inputs214 and/or220 inFIG. 2) itself as an activity, as that term is used herein. In particular, whenever theactivity management module206 prompts the user U to receive activity selection input or otherwise receives such input from the user U, theactivity management module206 may create and store, in the activity repository, an activity data record representing the activity of deciding whether to engage in an activity B (e.g., to switch to engaging in activity B from a current activity A). Such an activity is referred to herein as an “activity engagement” activity. Theactivity management module206 may, for example, create such an activity data record:
• • after and in response to receiving the interruption input308 (e.g., afteroperation308 in themethod300 ofFIG. 3);
  • before manifesting thenotification218 of activity B to user U (e.g., beforeoperation606 in themethod600 ofFIG. 6).
• Upon creating such an activity data record, theactivity management module206 may set the value of the state field402fto “active” and change the value of the state field402fof any of user U's current activities to “interrupted” to indicate that such current activities have been interrupted, even temporarily, by the activity of deciding whether to continue engaging in those current activities or to switch to activity B.
• Theactivity management module206 may store, in thetype field402bof an activity engagement activity data record, a value such as “activity engagement” that indicates that the activity data record represents an activity of deciding whether to engage in a new activity. Theactivity management module206 may store, in the state field402fof an activity engagement activity data record, data representing the current activity or activities (if any) of user U and the activity B.
• Once the user U has decided whether to switch to activity B (and, therefore, if applicable, whether to continue engaging in user A's current activities) the activity management module may perform a variety of actions. For example, if the user U chooses to continue engaging in the current activity or activities, then theactivity management module206 may (in addition to any other actions disclosed herein): (1) store a value of “completed” in the state field402fof the activity engagement activity data record; and (2) store a value of “active” in the state field402fof the activity data records of the user U's current activities.
• As another example, if the user U chooses to engage in activity B, then theactivity management module206 may (in addition to any other actions disclosed herein) store a value of “completed” in the state field402fof the activity engagement activity data record.
• Any description herein that relates to activities and their corresponding activity data records in theactivity repository202 relates equally to activity engagement activities and their corresponding activity data records in theactivity repository202. For example, activity engagement activities may be interrupted and/or deferred, theactivity management module206 may prompt users to return to engagement in activity engagement activities, and users may choose to return to engagement in activity engagement activities after such activities have been postponed.
• As described above, embodiments of the present invention may automatically remind a user to engage in a postponed activity. Providing such reminders to the user, however, poses a risk that such reminders will exacerbate the very problem that they are intended to solve, namely that of limiting the ability of interruptions to cause the user to fail to remember to engage in a task, because the reminders themselves are interruptions that may cause the user to forget to engage in the task that the user was performing when the reminder was generated, the task that is the subject of the reminder, or both. Embodiments of the present invention address this problem in a variety of ways. For example, as described above, embodiments of the present invention may treat reminders as activities, and thereby track and remind the user of the activity that was interrupted by the reminder if the user subsequently fails to engage in the interrupted activity after attending to the reminder. As another example, embodiments of the present invention may limit the conditions under which reminders are provided to the user, in ways that are designed to balance the impact of such reminders on the ability of the user to complete other activities against the harm that could result from the user's failure to attend to postponed activities. For example, embodiments of the present invention may generate certain reminders upon the user's completion of another activity, thereby eliminating the possibility that such reminders will interrupt that activity. As another example, embodiments of the present invention may generate certain reminders upon the detection of a certain event (e.g., a critical event such as the takeoff of an airplane or the commencement of a surgical procedure), based on the premise that the benefits of interrupting the user with a reminder at such a critical time outweighs the potential harm that could result from interrupting the user at that time. In both such examples, embodiments of the present invention limit the extent to which reminders are provided to the user when the benefits outweigh the harms of doing so.
• As described herein, in some circumstances theactivity management module206 may determine automatically that a user U has switched from performing a current activity A to performing some other activity B. In some circumstances, however, theactivity management module206 may not make such a determination. For example, if the current activity A is processing of an electronic checklist using a laptop computer, and the user leaves the laptop computer to engage in another activity that does not involve use of the laptop computer, theactivity management module206 may not be capable of determining that user U is now engaged in activity B. Embodiments of the present invention may, however, still provide various benefits in such situations.
• For example, if the activity data record of a particular activity A indicates that user U currently is engaged in activity A, and the context data102 of user U satisfies some predetermined condition, theactivity management module206 may determine that the context data102 satisfies the predetermined condition and, in response, theactivity management module206 may take any of a variety of actions. An example of such a condition is at least some predetermined minimum amount of time (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 1 hour) lapsing without user U providing any input in connection with activity A (e.g., checking any checkbox in a checklist), or without any change in the state of activity A (e.g., any change in the state of any checkbox in a checklist). Examples of actions that theactivity management module206 may take in response to determining that such a predetermined condition is satisfied are: (1) prompting the user U to provide input verifying that the user U is still engaged in activity A, and marking activity A as interrupted if the user fails to provide such input; and (2) automatically marking activity A as interrupted. As these examples illustrate, theactivity management module206 may use any of a variety of techniques to determine, based on the context data102, that the user U is no longer engaged in a current activity A of user U and, in response to the determination, theactivity management module206 may mark activity A as interrupted or otherwise postponed, whether or not theactivity management module206 marks another activity of user U as active. One possible outcome in such a scenario, therefore, is for theactivity management module206 to mark the activity A as postponed and for user U to have no current activity as a result.
• Another benefit of embodiments of the present invention is that they may be used to assist the user in focusing on engaging in one activity at a time. For example, in response to determining that a particular user U is associated with a particular active activity A (i.e., that activity A is a current activity of user U), theactivity management module206 may manifest to the user U a notification of activity A, such as any one or more of thetype402b, name402c, and description402dof activity A (such as a message stating that “Currently you are completing the pre-flight takeoff checklist for flight #4720M”). Furthermore, by keeping track automatically of user U's postponed tasks, embodiments of the present invention may provide user U with confidence that he or she will be able to return to such tasks later, and thereby decrease the likelihood that user U will feel the need to perform such tasks immediately in an effort to avoid forgetting to engage in them later.
• Another advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they may be used in connection with activities that are not limited to activities solely involving a single user or the use of a single computing device, software application, or communication mode. For example, embodiments of the present invention may be used in connection with activities having one or more of the following features:
• • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of a single computing device;
  • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of multiple computing devices;
  • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of a single software application;
  • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of multiple software applications;
  • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of a single communication mode;
  • activities that involve the use, by one or more users, of multiple communication modes; and
  • activities that involve actions performed, by one or more users, without the use of any computing device.
• Any particular activity represented by one of theactivity data records202a-nmay have any individual feature or combination of features listed above. Different ones of theactivity data records202a-nmay represent activities having different features or combinations of features listed above. For example, one such activity may solely involve the use of a first computing device, while another such activity may solely involve the use of a second computing device that differs from the first computing device. As another example, one such activity may solely involve the use of a first software application, while another such activity may solely involve the use of a second software application that differs from the first software application. As another example, one such activity may solely involve the use of a first communication mode, while another such activity may solely involve the use of a second communication mode that differs from the first communication mode.
• It is to be understood that although the invention has been described above in terms of particular embodiments, the foregoing embodiments are provided as illustrative only, and do not limit or define the scope of the invention. Various other embodiments, including but not limited to the following, are also within the scope of the claims. For example, elements and components described herein may be further divided into additional components or joined together to form fewer components for performing the same functions.
• Any of the functions disclosed herein may be implemented using means for performing those functions. Such means include, but are not limited to, any of the components disclosed herein, such as the computer-related components described below.
• The techniques described above may be implemented, for example, in hardware, one or more computer programs tangibly stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, firmware, or any combination thereof. The techniques described above may be implemented in one or more computer programs executing on a programmable computer including a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including, for example, volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. Program code may be applied to input entered using the input device to perform the functions described and to generate output. The output may be provided to one or more output devices.
• Terms such as “computer,” “computing device,” and “communication device,” as used herein refer, for example, to desktop computers, laptop computers, cellular telephones and smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and tablet computers.
• Each computer program within the scope of the claims below may be implemented in any programming language, such as assembly language, machine language, a high-level procedural programming language, or an object-oriented programming language. The programming language may, for example, be a compiled or interpreted programming language.
• Each such computer program may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a computer processor. Method steps of the invention may be performed by a computer processor executing a program tangibly embodied on a computer-readable medium to perform functions of the invention by operating on input and generating output. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, the processor receives instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions include, for example, all forms of non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices, including EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROMs. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, specially-designed ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) or FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). A computer can generally also receive programs and data from a storage medium such as an internal disk (not shown) or a removable disk. These elements will also be found in a conventional desktop or workstation computer as well as other computers suitable for executing computer programs implementing the methods described herein, which may be used in conjunction with any digital print engine or marking engine, display monitor, or other raster output device capable of producing color or gray scale pixels on paper, film, display screen, or other output medium.

Claims (1)

1. A method performed by at least one computer processor of a computing device executing computer program instructions stored on at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the method comprising:

(A) modifying, by an activity management module executing on the computing device, a value of at least one state field in an activity data record of a postponed activity associated with a user of the computing device to indicate that the state of the postponed activity is postponed;

(B) storing, by the activity management module, a reminder condition for the postponed activity in the at least one state field of the activity data record of the postponed activity;

(C) identifying, by the activity management module, that a current activity of the user of the computing device is being performed;

(D) identifying, by the activity management module, the postponed activity associated with the user of the computing device based on a priority of the postponed activity;

(E) manifesting, by the activity management module, a notification of the postponed activity to the user responsive to determining that the reminder condition has been satisfied, wherein determining that the reminder condition has been satisfied comprises determining that a value of at least one state field of an activity data record of the current activity of the user of the computing device has changed, and wherein the notification of the postponed activity includes information reminding the user of the computing device of the last action performed prior to the postponed activity being postponed;

(F) receiving, by the activity management module, input from the user of the computing device selecting the postponed activity;

(G) modifying, by the activity management module, the value of the at least one state field of the activity data record of the postponed activity to active indicating that the user is currently engaged in the postponed activity responsive to receiving the input from the user selecting the postponed activity.

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