US20170351760A1 - Segmentation of professional network update data - Google Patents

Abstract

Users belonging to a particular category at a networking site are monitored by a system and according to a method for their selection of articles from a networking update stream. The characteristics of the users, including the categories they belong to, are received as metadata corresponding to the each respective article. Periodically an article database is queried according to the category and a selected time period to determine the number of users that have chosen to follow the industry and that have initiated selection actions towards articles in the database. Articles from the query are ranked according to their popularity among users having interest in the same industry category and are presented to a viewing user at the networking site.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT DOCUMENTS
• This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/592,810, filed Jan. 8, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/303,812, filed Nov. 23, 2011, which claims a priority benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/416,722, filed on Nov. 23, 2010, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL HELD
• This patent document pertains generally to data processing, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a system of segmentation of professional network update data,
BACKGROUND
• A typical user may expect that with browser access to the Internet they may be able to readily access a large number of articles that will be of interest to them. This expectation is often not realized due to the large number of sources of articles and the basis for searching available to the user through a typical Internet browser. The relative few keywords the user enters as search terms have a low likelihood of matching an article with a high level of relevance to the user's interests. The direct search and match of articles based on keyword searches and content-based matching has little ability to present a good description of interests to the search, let alone lead to meaningfully matching their interests with the content of a large number of articles.
• As a result of conventional content-based browsing for articles, the user may find that even with initiating a large number of searches that return a significant number of responses, the user may still end up with results that do not contain the high level of interest expected. The user may be left with their ability to quickly scan large numbers of articles and numerous iterations of keyword entry to the search to have hope in finding a reasonable selection of articles having interest to them. The browser-initiated keyword search does not convey any in-depth understanding of the user's interest let alone have the ability to match an article's contents with a relevant assessment of content meaning. As such, the conventional browser-based Internet search may be a drawn out hit-or-miss process.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which:
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a network update news environment; according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a professional network update data segmenting system, as may be used in some example embodiments;
• FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a network update news home landing page, as may be used in some example embodiments;
• FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a shared articles pop-up window, according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a follow selection pop-up window, according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a saved article window, as may be used in some example embodiments;
• FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of a followed category window, according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method to provide a ranked listing to a client device, according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method to rank articles, according to some example embodiments;
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a machine in the example form of a computer system within which a set instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some example embodiments. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.
Environment
• The Internet provides a large number of news sources that a user may utilize in acquiring articles they may anticipate are of interest to them. Typically a user will do a broad-based search of a subject by employing an online browser or perhaps search at a particular online source for articles. A user's search may include keywords they expect will match an article title or article content. A user's match of the article content is typically based on some sort of scanning of articles by a searching agent included in the online browser or a searching mechanism hosted by the article's sourcing site.
• After conducting a broad-based online search, the user typically has a complete article title and perhaps knowledge of the associated sourcing site responding with the article to determine an initial assessment of the relevance of the article. The user may then have to rely on their scanning abilities to quickly assess the relevance of the article and determine their interest in reading further. This process may have to be repeated many times before an article with the desired relevance to the user is found.
• The user faces a significant challenge in optimizing the match of interesting and informative article content to their interests given the large number of the article sources and the nature of the search. A keyword search generally has a low likelihood of optimizing the relevance of an article content-based on a brief set of search terms and a lack of control over the searching agent.
• The user may be able to engage in online news services where they may enter keywords as search terms. Conventionally, a news service might present articles to a user based on a match between the keywords the user entered and the characteristics of the content of a given article. This process provides a straightforward correlation between a substance of a news article and characteristics entered by the user. Although direct and basic, the article content approach for correlation lacks any capability for the user to find articles known to be of interest to other users with similar backgrounds. This project is also subject to the ability of the user to formulate keywords that will accurately match articles with content of interest to them. This may be a significant drawback for an effective way of finding interesting articles. For example, a search for articles by matching article content does not even begin to allow the user to select from a collection of articles known to have been read and liked by users with similar interests.
System
• A system for the segmentation of networking update data provides considerations beyond standard conventions for presenting an article to the user. Rather than looking at an article's content for ranking the suitability of presenting the article to the user, the article may be ranked by the system according to certain properties of the persons who have acted on the article. For example, the searching user may indicate at a networking site that they want to follow a certain category of articles. To do so, the user may register their interest in a category having a particular characteristic. For instance, the user may choose to follow a category describing users which have the Internet related characteristic (e.g. they work in the Internet industry). The system may use this information to retrieve articles that have received interaction from users who have the same :Internet related characteristic.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a networkupdate news environment100 including a network update stream (NUS)105, according to some example embodiments. The NUS105 is communicatively coupled to asocial network server110 and asocial network updater115. The NUS105 is also communicatively coupled to asearch engine130. Thesearch engine130 is communicatively coupled to a news relevance service (NRS)125 and anarticle database135.
• A user may register and login to a networking site having social networking facilities such as thesocial network server110 or thesocial network updater115. During the course of terminal sessions at the networking site, the user may navigate to news articles provided by various article sources such as the NRS125, for example. The user may take an action with an article such as share the article (the sharing inherently including an associated universal resource locator [URL]), click on various links within the article, or present comments on the article. These selection actions, or equivalently activity information, are provided as selection action data in a stream to theNUS105.
• The selection action data are annotated with a summary of the article content and article metadata by the NUS105. For example, a share action may be annotated with a title of the article, a summary of the article contents, and a summary of the user making the selection action (i.e., the share action). For instance, a work related industry of the user, as well as their location, and job title may be included in the stream information and annotated by the NUS105 as metadata along with article. The annotated article data, including selection action data, may be provided by theNUS105 to thesearch engine130.
• Thesearch engine130 is also provided with search terms corresponding to categories belonged to by article selecting users and industries selected by viewing users at any of a number of social networking sites on the Internet. The search engine retrieves identifiers and pointers to the articles selected by the selecting users, and in turn retrieves the actual articles from theNRS125. The articles, along with the corresponding selection action data, are stored in thearticle database135.
• Accordingly, a user who chooses to follow a particular category may be confident that when articles are presented from the networking site, they rank high in popularity with persons belonging to the industry that the user has selected for following. For instance, the Internet category is so named because the main characteristic used to match and associate the user's interests with, is the Internet. By either selecting to follow the Internet industry or by indicating an interest in the Internet in a user's profile a user may be matched with articles having a high popularity with other users who are in the Internet industry.
• An article retrieval system may take advantage of access to a large number of articles from theNUS105, as well as, to a significant number of users at the networking site with their respective sets of user characteristics (e.g., the industry that they work in). By monitoring the articles selected by the users from theNUS105 and associating a characteristic of these selecting users with a given selected article, a further user having expressed an interest in following the same industry or characteristic may be presented with the article. For example, the common characteristic may be, as indicated above, the category of an industry the user may have chosen to follow (e.g., Internet). The selection to follow a particular industry may be indicated in a selection by the user while browsing the networking site or in the user's profile.
• Once selected by one of the other users, an article is placed in thearticle database135 along with metadata such as the associated social gesture performed by the selecting user when selecting the article. Types of social gestures may be liking, sharing, saving, commenting, and voting. For example, at numerous web pages displaying articles, a share button may be presented that links to a networking site. The share button may be displayed prominently near the title of the article or in close proximity to a banner section of the article. After reading an article, the user may decide that the article would be of interest to other users at the networking site. By click-selecting the button the article will be linked to the social networking site for distribution to other users.
• A facility for channeling, monitoring, and annotating articles and their associated events, known as theNUS105, may interact with machine-readable content associated with each article. The machine-readable content keeps track of and reports activity performed on the respective article by other users. These activities may be the social gestures mentioned above. The social gestures may he known as metadata and stored along with the article in thearticle database135. Other metadata maintained for each article may include an article ID, an article title, a source identifier, and a universal resource locator (URL) of the article's source. The source identifier may specify an indicator of where the article originated and may include the name of a publisher or the name of a website, for example.
• Further metadata associated with the article and corresponding to the user performing the social gesture, is gathered and stored along with the article into thearticle database135. For instance, a user ID, and user characteristics such as an industry, a name of a company the user works for, their skills, and a user's location may be stored along with the article.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a professional network update data segmenting system200, as may be used in some example embodiments. Amonitoring module205 may be communicatively coupled through anetwork connection210 to the social networking sites used by the user to find and read various news articles. Themonitoring module205 may also be communicatively coupled through thenetwork connection210 to the article database135 (FIG. 1). Anindexing module215 and aquery module220 may be communicatively coupled to thenetworking connection210. Additionally, ascoring module225 and aranking module230 may be communicatively coupled through thenetwork connection210 to thearticle database135.
• In some example embodiments, the professional network update data segmenting system200 may be configured as a general-purpose processing device and implemented with a single processor or multiple processors to implement any of the capabilities, methods, and modules described herein. In yet some further example embodiments, the professional network update data segmenting system200 may be implemented with a special-purpose processing device configured to implement the methods and have the capabilities described herein. Configuration of the professional network update data segmenting system200 may be accomplished by a set of instructions embodied on a. computer-readable storage medium that when executed by the general-purpose or special-purpose processing device implementing the professional network update data segmenting system200, causes the processing device to perform the operations and implement the capabilities and methods described herein. For instance, the professional network update data segmenting system200 implemented as a processing device such as the single processor, multiple processors, or the special-purpose device may be configured to execute the scoring function as part of thescoring module225.
• Once in thearticle database135, all information related to the article is indexed by theindexing module215 to aid in retrieval and ranking of the article. The database index is organized to facilitate retrieval of information by industry, time period, and user characteristics. Facets of other users selecting the article, as well as all metadata relating to the article, are included in a database indexing operation.
• Queries may be initiated by thequery module220 to the database and utilize the index to retrieve a list of articles associated with a certain set of characteristics (or facets). Queries may be initiated with query terms relating to the characteristics or facets associated with other users interacting with an article rather than with keywords, as are typically used in conventional article content queries. The characteristics associated with the article may be the same as the metadata stored with the article or may be derived quantities based on associations and extrapolations of certain characteristics of the metadata. The list of articles may in turn be applied to the scoring function performed by thescoring module225 to generate a score used by theranking module230 to rank the article within a category.
• The particular industry characteristic the associated users belong to at the time of an article's selection may be a primary characteristic used for queries of the index of articles in the database according to some example embodiments. Queries return a list of articles which may include, for each article, the users who have performed an associated social gesture and the particular gesture or Gestures they have performed on the article. A typical query performed by thequery module220 may include a time period search term which may be used in further resolving the list of articles returned.
• For instance, according to some example embodiments, a query may include a query term naming an industry and particular time period. The query may return information including a list of articles and the members who have acted on the article by selecting the article, the selection action taken by each user, and a time period within which the selection was performed on the article. The returned information may also include the type of social gesture performed and the associated industry. For instance, according to some example embodiments, a query including a query term “Internet” and query time period of “Last day” may return a list of articles in which all the users who have interacted with articles relating to the Internet have done so in the past day.
• Articles pertaining to an industry category are set up and configured in the database by a “return service,” which in some example embodiments may be theNRS125. Focus around a particular following of an industry may be referred to as a slice. Followed slices may be an industry slice, a publisher slice, and a company slice, for example. A request to theNRS125 may be thought of as a request to get and return articles for specified followed slices, where the slices are entered by name as arguments to the request.
• Requests to theNRS125 may return combined ranking and individual rankings from the activity search index (i.e., database). Since entries in the database change continuously and rapidly, a cache is maintained that incorporates the most recently transacted article entries associated with the database. For instance, when a ranking is updated, the cache, which includes a list of industries the article is popular in, is updated as well. Additionally, the article's metadata corresponding to the related industry is updated. Industry related rankings, based on popularity, are updated according to a schedule. The rankings determine whether an article continues to be presented within the associated industry category or is withdrawn. When a ranking or popularity score is not available in the cache (i.e., a cache miss), the NRS is searched directly.
• Once in the database, a scoring function may be periodically run on the article to produce a score indicating the level of popularity of the article. Scores used for ranking come from theNRS125 which may facilitate thescoring module225 and perform the scoring function. Articles are periodically retrieved from thequery module220 by a query (similar to those described above) and provided to the scoring function to have a popularity score determined. According to the popularity score the article may be prospectively ranked for presentation to the user in their next terminal session at the networking site. An article ranks among other articles of the same characteristic according to the popularity score received. Thus, articles having higher rankings but the same characteristic, may appear earlier within a presentation to the user at the networking site.
• In determining the relevance of the article for a user, consideration is given within the scoring function to how often the article is selected by other users and in what sort of Internet context the selections have occurred. For instance, if an article is being shared generally and globally across the Internet by a large number of other users, that article is not as likely to be useful to the user as compared to an article that has been selected far fewer times, yet has been selected by other users belonging to the industry that the user has chosen to follow.
• The recency with which other users have selected the article is also given a high influence on the score used in ranking. The article more recently selected by other users is likely to have a greater relevance to the user than another article which has been selected a significant amount of time in the past. Accordingly, the scoring function may place a more positive weight on the number of people who have interacted with the article in the last few days or last few hours than on an article receiving interaction by other users several weeks ago. Additionally, the scoring function may place a negative weight on a relatively high amount of global interactions of users with the article. These types of considerations may be desired in the scoring function since a relative sense of uniqueness of presented articles is desired, especially within an industry selected for following by the user.
• Determining the recency factor in selected articles may be facilitated by the notion of using time buckets for resolving the occurrences of actions taken on the article. A time bucket is a specified period of time which is selected to establish a reasonable resolution in measuring when a user interaction has occurred. For instance, a time bucket of one minute is sufficient to resolve occurrences of actions towards most articles on the Internet. Additional selection of time buckets of one hour or one day may be sufficient to resolve occurrences of actions towards most articles in resolving general trends in popularity. Once selected, the time bucket magnitude is used to resolve the occurrence, up to the magnitude of the time bucket, of a selection action on the article. In other words a selection occurring anywhere within the time bucket is sufficiently represented as occurring within the time bucket. Where in the time bucket the action occurred is not important. By chaining together multiple time buckets a baseline measurement system may be established that provides sufficient resolution for supplying a weighting function, for instance, which may be used in supplying the scoring function.
• In some example embodiments, the scoring function may be calculated according to the expression:
• 
  Score=Σ_i=1ⁿW_ilog_e(m(t_i)+c_i),
• where t_iis the i^thquery term posed to the database, in is the number of members corresponding to a particular article returned according to the i^thquery term, c_iis a smoothing constant which may vary by the associated query term, and W_iis a weighting factor set per global activity (i.e., per social gesture associated with the i^thquery term).
• The smoothing constant, c_i, may be set to a relatively high value when the i^thquery term posed to the database is a global activity. This may be done to distinguish the likelihood that small differences in the global activity are less important than small variations in an industry specific activity. This type of smoothing process ensures that novel and interesting articles are supplied to the user and that global activity among articles does not swamp out the focus on more localized industry specific articles.
• The logarithm calculation of the i^thquery term may be weighted by setting a magnitude of W_iaccording to the corresponding global activity. Global activity weighting functions may correspond to each of the social gestures described above. According to some example embodiments, the global activity of sharing would have a higher weight than a global activity of reading. The actual weighting factor may be set according to the desired importance of each corresponding social gesture. The sum of this calculation is taken across the entirety of query terms submitted to thearticle database135 corresponding to the particular selected industry. The calculation is taken this way in order to produce a corresponding score for that industry.
• According to some example embodiments, the scoring function may normalize scores based on how globally popular an article is. For instance when general and globally occurring articles with a high popularity score are desired for consideration side-by-side with selected articles from a user-selected industry, a process for normalizing the two types of articles is desired. A term in the denominator of the scoring function may be included to accommodate the large number of other users selecting articles globally which may better provide a normalized comparison with industry-specific selected articles.
• Once scored, select articles may be ranked according to their score. According to some example embodiments, the ranking is done in descending order from the highest-ranking selected article to lower ranking articles. A previously determined number of articles may be prospectively established for presentation to the user at their next terminal session at the networking website. The previously determined number of articles is established by a typical number of articles that may reasonably be displayed on a webpage and maybe the number of articles a user is generally considered likely to act upon.
• During the course of presenting articles from various sources it may become clear that certain publishers tend to produce articles that are generally preferred by users. A listing of publishers producing preferred articles may be maintained according to respective industries in a preferred publishers list or a “white list,” as the term may be known in some example embodiments. Articles may be preferentially selected from sources maintained by the preferred publishers and ranked higher in order to increase the overall quality of article coverage for any respective industry. In response to the preferential selection of articles from these sources, selected articles may be spread out within a presentation to avoid a perception of favoritism or dominance of the presentation by a single or a relative few sources. The spreading out of articles from a single source is done after the scoring function is performed on the respective articles.
• In displaying articles there may be a tendency to present articles from a list of related articles. However, this may lead to duplication in the presentation of articles, which may be annoying to the user and reflect poorly on the networking site. In order to avoid this, articles may be clustered by content. Generally this is the only time that content of the article is considered. In order to avoid the duplication of articles problem, only the top articles from each cluster are presented
Interfaces
• FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of ahome landing page300 displaying network update news, as may be used in some example embodiments. When a user logs into the segmentation system website they may be presented with anetworking site banner305 on thehome landing page300. Thenetworking site banner305 may include the current date that thehome landing page300 is being viewed on. A Take the Tour link310 may be a selectable link to a website navigation wizard that may provide website insights presented through a guided tour wizard.
• Thehome landing page300 may also feature amenu bar315 which may include menu selections320a-320e.The menu selections320a-320emay include links to aFront Page320a(e.g., the home landing page300), a selection of links to followed categories (e.g.,Law320bandSemiconductor320c), a link to a follow selections pop-upwindow320d,and a link to a savedarticle window320e,according to some example embodiments. Each of the menu selections320a-320emay be a clickable link to a respective webpage, category, or networking site resource, each of which is described in further detail below.
• The display of articles in various categories is generally synthesized from across all categories the user has chosen to follow. An upper portion of the page may be devoted to presentation of titles of trendingarticles325band325cwhich are top articles in popularity across the Internet. The trending articles category consists of articles that are popular to a general audience across the Internet. Trending data and corresponding scores for ranking come from the NRS. When an article has demonstrated a significant level of popularity in multiple industries the article is considered to be part of a trending articles category. For example, an article may be trending in both an Internet category and an IT category, e.g., the trendingindicator355band therefore may be considered to be a trending article.
• A featuredtrending article325amay include a source link330aas well as ashare link335 and asave link340. The source link330amay be a user-selectable link to a webpage of the source of the featured trendingarticle325a. Theshare link335 and thesave link340 may be user-selectable links for the viewing user to make article selections and register respective selection action data corresponding to the featured trendingarticle325a. The featuredtrending article325amay also include atext snippet345 and a lead-in graphic350a.Thetext snippet345 and the lead-in graphic350aprovide a brief indication of the content and substance of the featured trendingarticle325aand may provide an enticement for the viewing user to click-through to the article itself.
• Share and trending indicators355a-355bmay also be presented with the featured trendingarticle325ato present a perspective on recency and the categories the featured trendingarticle325ais based on. The featuredtrending article325amay be presented as a user selection from among further trendingarticles325b-325caccording to a selection gadget360a-360b.By hovering over one of the further trendingarticles325b-325cwith the selection gadget360a-360b,the user may select the next trending article to be displayed as the featured trendingarticle325a.
• To determine trending article status the article may have been returned from the database according to queries applied to more than one industry and then applied to the scoring function. The industries supplied in the query may be influenced by the industries chosen to be followed by the user. Yet, the user, may not have direct control over the trending articles displayed at the webpage. If, after application to the scoring function, the article's popularity exceeds a trending threshold in more than one industry the article may be presented in the trending articles pane.
• In the trending article category the popularity score is determined primarily on the number of users acting on the article. The trending threshold is a minimum number of users that are required to have interacted with the article to satisfy a predetermined popularity requirement. For example, the number of actions associated with an article may have to exceed the trending threshold in order for the article to be displayed in the trending article category.
• A next portion of thehome landing page300 may be devoted to presentation of articles relating to followed industries. These are industries that have been selected by the user to be followed. The followed industries presentation at the segmentation system website is a display of articles meeting a minimum popularity threshold and that have been interacted with by other users who belong to the industry that the viewing user may have selected to follow. Due to the high level of popularity for qualifying articles, their content is known to be popular with other users whose interests have caused them to choose the selected industry. A globally popular article may be presented within the selected industry section. This may be the case when the number of following indications by the other users is relatively high.
• A followedindustries indicator365 may be displayed at an initial portion of the followed industries section. A source link330band title of afollowed article325dmay be displayed in a most prominent portion of the followed industries section for a most popular article in one of the user's selected categories. The most popular article may also include a lead-in graphic350band a sharing indicator link370a.As with the featured trendingarticle325adescribed above, the lead-in graphic350bmay give a brief indication of the content of the followedarticle325dand may provide an enticement for the viewing user to click-through to the article itself. The sharing indicator link370amay be a user-selectable link that on selection, navigates the viewing user to a shared articles pop-up window discussed below.
• The user may also select to follow a particular website as a source to receive articles from. In this situation the scoring of articles and their eventual ranking is based on a count of users and their actions with articles at the website. This differs from the ranking in the selected industries where the characteristics of users who interacted with the article are considered in the ranking. With a basis in global popularity, the sheer number of users' actions towards the articles at the website constitutes the main input for determining the ranking of articles from the particular website.
• A further portion of the segmentation system website may be devoted to presentation of articles from suggested industries. The segmentation system may perform a number of algorithms and calculations that consider a user's profile, industries selected by the user to follow, and long-term article selection history to determine articles being selected by other users from the current networking update stream that are likely to be of interest to the user. These articles are ranked according to their highest correspondence to the expected interest of the user and displayed accordingly in a suggestedindustries section375 of the webpage.
• The suggestedindustries section375 may provide several suggestedindustry categories380a,380bfor the viewing user to select from. A suggestedindustry article325emay be presented along with asource link330cand asharing indicator link370b.The source link330cmay be a user-selectable link to a webpage of the source of the suggestedindustry article325e. The sharingindicator link370bmay be a further user-selectable link, that on selection, navigates the viewing user to a shared articles pop-up window discussed below.
• In yet a further portion of the home landing page300 atop sources section386 and a suggestedindustries section392 may be presented. Thetop sources section386 may include a set oftop source links388 corresponding to the most popular articles. Thetop source links388 may be presented as user-selectable links which when selected, navigate directly to a main landing page at a website corresponding to the respective source. A set of top source followlinks390 may be presented as user-selectable links to engage a corresponding source as a followed category by the viewing user.
• The suggestedindustries section392 may include a set of suggestedindustry links394 which may be displayed as user-selectable category links to the most likely industries to be of interest to the viewing user. The suggested industry links may presented as user-selectable links which when selected, navigate directly to a further webpage at the networking site corresponding to the respective industry and be displayed as a followed category. A set of suggestedindustry follow links396 may be presented as user-selectable links to engage a corresponding industry as a followed category by the viewing user. A search topics link398 may also be displayed adjacent to thetop sources section386 and the suggestedindustries section392 as an aid to the user for potentially finding further topics to follow.
• Additionally, pictures of individuals (not shown) may appear in close proximity to any of the previously described article presentations at thehome landing page300 For example, there may be pictures of other users related with the viewing user according to certain connections within the user's network. The other users shown may be in a user's first or second degree network or may be users who are connected to the user's connections. The users' pictures are of people who have publicly taken action on a related article (e.g., generally shared or liked the article for instance). The viewing user may hover their cursor over these pictures and correspondingly see a short profile about the user. The picture of the individual may also be presented as a user-selectable link that when selected, navigates directly to the profile of the picture user.
• According to some example embodiments, there may be a byline beneath the article that gives an indication of why the article is being presented. For instance, the indication may be “because three of your connections shared this.” Some further example embodiments may have comments by members of the user's network featured in a position like that of the byline. This information is intended to give a personalized context to the articles in the suggested industries presentation.
• FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a shared articles pop-upwindow400 which may be displayed after selection by a user of any of the sharing indicator links370a-370bpresented at thehome landing page300 or several other web pages (discussed below) at the networking site. A sharingheadline banner405 may be displayed in an upper portion of the shared articles pop-upwindow400. A lead-in graphic410, a title of thetrending article415 selected by the user, andtext snippet420 may be presented immediately beneath the sharingheadline banner405. In arecent comments section425 of the shared articles pop-up window400 a set of sharingusers430 may be presented along with links to their profiles. Additionally, theircomments440 about the shared article may also be displayed when provided by the respective one of the sharinguser430. Each sharinguser430 may correspondingly have apersonal picture435 displayed which may also be a user-selectable link to their profile. Each sharinguser430 may have theiruser name445 displayed as a further user-selectable link to their profile.
• A further portion of the shared articles pop-upwindow400 may present a facetfilter selection pane450 that includes category selections that may be applied to filtering the display of sharingusers430. For each category a set offacet filter selections455 may be presented. Each individualfacet filter selection460 may correspond to a particular filter facet associated with the corresponding category. By selection of a check box, a user may activate a particularfacet filter selection460 and thereby restrict the display of sharingusers430 to those users having a characteristic corresponding to the selection. For any one of the categories displayed in facet filter selection pane450 asearch pane465 may be presented. By entering a search term in thesearch pane465, a user may initiate a search for a furtherfacet filter selection460 that may be of interest to the user but not have been previously displayed.
• FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a follow selection pop-upwindow500 according to some sample embodiments. The follow selection pop-upwindow500 may be initiated by a click of the user-selectable link to a follow selections pop-upwindow320d(FIG. 3). The user may select this link to be connected to the selections pop-upwindow320d(e.g., Browse All) and have access to all the selections of industries and sources available at the network, for example. Category headings505a-550bcorresponding to the categories such as industries and sources, may be presented as headings to listings of corresponding category selections. For example, a set ofindustry selections510 may be presented along with corresponding user-selectable follow links515a-515b.Additionally, a set ofsource selections520 may also be presented along with a. set of user-selectable follow links525. By selecting thefollow link515acorresponding to the automotive industry, the user will thereafter be following the most popular articles from the automotive industry. Contrastingly, in selecting anunfollow link515bcorresponding to the semiconductor industry, the user will cease to follow the semiconductor industry for articles.
• FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a savedarticle window600 according to some example embodiments. The savedarticle window600 may be navigated to by selection of the savedarticle window320emenu selection in themenu bar315 as presented on thehome landing page300. Once at the savedarticle window600, thenetworking site banner305 and menu bar315 (FIG. 3) including menu selections320a-320emay be displayed. A savedarticles banner605, including an indication of the number of articles being saved through the web page, may appear above a set of article indicators. In a fashion similar to that used to display the featured trendingarticle325a(FIG. 3), the saved articles are displayed with the source link330a,text snippet345, and the lead-in graphic350a. Theshare link335 is displayed along with anunsave link610. In this way, saved articles may still be shared with other users as well as removed from the savedarticle window600.
• In yet a further portion of the savedarticle window600, thetop sources section386 and the suggestedindustries section392, corresponding to the sections displayed on the home landing page300 (FIG. 3) and described above, may be presented. The same sets oftop source links388, top source followlinks390, suggestedindustry links394, and suggestedindustry follow links396 may be presented as described above. The search topics link398 may also be displayed adjacent to thetop sources section386 and the suggestedindustries section392.
• FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of a followedcategory window700 according to some example embodiments. The followedcategory window700 may be navigated to by selection of the followedindustries indicator365 at thehome landing page300 or by picking the correspondingcategory menu selection320b-320c(e.g.,Semiconductor320c) from themenu bar315 as presented on thehome landing page300. Once at the followedcategory window700, thenetworking site banner305 and menu bar315 (FIG. 3) including menu selections320a-320e(and further elements described above) may be displayed as they were at thehome landing page300. A followedcategory banner705, including an indication of the date, may appear above themenu bar315.
• In a fashion similar to that used to display the featured trendingarticle325a(FIG. 3), a featuredfollowed article725a,generally representative of the set of follow articles, is displayed along with a source link730a,atext snippet745a,and a lead-in graphic750a.Ashare link735 may be displayed along with asave link740. A further followedarticle725bmay typically be displayed with asource link730b,atext snippet745b,a lead-in graphic750b,and a sharing indicator link770a.
• In a further portion of the followedcategory window700, asuggestions pane755 may he displayed and include a discover-more banner760. A further source link730ccorresponding to the discoversuggestion article765 may also be displayed under the discover-more banner760 A novel andnewsworthy banner780 may also be displayed in thesuggestions pane755 and include a novel andnewsworthy suggestion article782. Yet a further source link730dcorresponding to the novel andnewsworthy suggestion article782 may also be displayed under the novel andnewsworthy banner780. Thesuggestions pane755 may also include aconnections banner785 and include aconnections suggestion article787. A further source link730ecorresponding to theconnections suggestion article787 may also be displayed under theconnections banner785. The discover-more banner760, the novel andnewsworthy banner780, and theconnections banner785 may be presented to the user to provide further alternatives in the followed category, the news in general, and from the user's connections respectively.
• In yet a further portion of the followedcategory window700, thetop sources section386 and the suggestedindustries section392, corresponding to the sections displayed on the home landing page300 (FIG. 3) and described above, may be presented. The same sets oftop source links388, top source followlinks390, suggestedindustry links394, and suggestedindustry follow links396 may be presented as described above. The search topics link398 may also be displayed adjacent to thetop sources section386 and the suggestedindustries section392.
Methods
• FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method to provide a ranked listing ofarticles800 to a client device according to some example embodiments. The method commences with monitoring810 selections by the users of articles from thenetworking update stream105. The articles may have come from either thesocial network server110 or thesocial network update115 and may be selections the users made by liking, sharing, saving, commenting, and voting on the articles, for example. The method continues with acquiring820 article metadata corresponding to each selected article, selecting user, and respective selection action data. The method goes on with storing830 the selection of articles and corresponding article metadata into thearticle database135.
• In response to the query of thearticle database135 at a networking site, the method continues with receiving840 a selection of articles and selection action data selected from thenetworking update stream105 by the users having chosen to follow a particular category such asSemiconductor320c(FIG. 3). According to the number of users initiating each respective selection action, the method goes on with scoring850 each article to produce a popularity score. The method continues with arranging860 the selection of articles according to the popularity scores to produce a ranked listing of the articles. In response to a user accessing the networking site and also having chosen to follow the same category as the users, the method proceeds with transmitting870 the ranked listing of the articles to a client device of the user.
• FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method to rank articles according to some example embodiments. The method commences withindexing910 the articles received from sources such as theNRS125 and which reside in the article database135 (FIG. 1). The articles are indexed into category headings according to the categories themselves and corresponding article metadata. The method proceeds with initiating920 the query of thearticle database135 according to a set of query terms including an industry, a time period, and metadata values associated with the articles. The metadata is information received from thesocial network server110 and thesocial network updater115 and which relates to the selection actions taken by the users when selecting the articles. In response to the database query on the followed category and time period, the method continues with receiving930 the selection of articles including data about the number of users per article who initiated the selection action.
• The method continues with submitting940 the number of users per article following the followed category to the scoring function conducted in the scoring module225 (FIG. 2). The count of the number of users per article may come directly from the metadata returned by the query. The method concludes by receiving950 respective popularity scores corresponding to the selection of articles. The popularity scores received are in turn provided to the ranking module230 (FIG. 2) for ranking in a particular order, which may typically be in descending order, for example.
Modules, Components and Logic
• Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute either software modules (e.g., code embodied (1) on a non-transitory machine-readable medium or (2) in a transmission signal) or hardware-implemented modules. A hardware-implemented module is tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more processors may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware-implemented module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.
• In various embodiments, a hardware-implemented module may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware-implemented module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) to perform certain operations. A hardware-implemented module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware-implemented module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.
• Accordingly, the term “hardware-implemented module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarily or transitorily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner and/or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware-implemented modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware-implemented modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where the hardware-implemented modules comprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respective different hardware-implemented modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware-implemented module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware-implemented module at a different instance of time.
• Hardware-implemented modules can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware-implemented modules. Accordingly, the described hardware-implemented modules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple of such hardware-implemented modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) that connect the hardware-implemented modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware-implemented modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware-implemented modules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware-implemented modules have access. For example, one hardware-implemented module may perform an operation, and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware-implemented module may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware-implemented modules may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).
• The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in some example embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules.
• Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or processors or processor-implemented modules. The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments the processors may be distributed across a number of locations.
• The one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., Application Program Interfaces (APIs).)
Electronic Apparatus and System
• Example embodiments may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Example embodiments may be implemented using a computer program product, e.g., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers.
• A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
• In example embodiments, operations may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Method operations can also be performed by, and apparatus of example embodiments may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
• The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In embodiments deploying a programmable computing system, it will be appreciated that that both hardware and software architectures require consideration. Specifically, it will be appreciated that the choice of whether to implement certain functionality in permanently configured hardware (e.g., an ASIC), in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., a combination of software and a programmable processor), or a combination of permanently and temporarily configured hardware may be a design choice. Below are set out hardware (e.g., machine) and software architectures that may be deployed, in various example embodiments.
Machine Architecture
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of acomputer system1000 within which instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
• Theexample computer system1000 includes a processor1002 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), amain memory1004 and astatic memory1006, which communicate with each other via abus1008. Thecomputer system1000 may further include a video display unit1010 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). Thecomputer system1000 also includes an alphanumeric input device1012 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI) navigation device1014 (e.g., a mouse), adisk drive unit1016, a signal generation device1018 (e.g., a speaker) and anetwork interface device1020.
Machine-Readable Medium
• Thedisk drive unit1016 includes a machine-readable medium1022 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software)1024 embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. Theinstructions1024 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within themain memory1004 and/or within theprocessor1002 during execution thereof by thecomputer system1000, themain memory1004 and theprocessor1002 also constituting machine-readable media.
• While the machine-readable medium1022 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more instructions or data structures. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable media include non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
Transmission Medium
• Theinstructions1024 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network1026 using a transmission medium. Theinstructions1024 may be transmitted using thenetwork interface device1020 and any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), the Internet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi and WiMax networks). The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software.
• Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. The embodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may he made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
• Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept if more than one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.
• Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
• Plural instances may be provided for components, operations, or structures described herein as a single instance. Finally, boundaries between various components, operations, and data stores may be somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations may be illustrated in the context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within the scope of the invention(s). In general, structures and functionality presented as separate components in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the invention(s).
• In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one. In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. Furthermore, all publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.
• The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

Claims (21)

1. (canceled)

2. A system comprising:

one or more computer processors;

one or more computer memories;

one or more modules incorporated into the one or more computer memories, the one or more modules configuring the one or more computer processors to perform operations for ranking search results based on a popularity score representing a popularity of the content item within a plurality of content items that are associated with a characteristic pertaining to an industry, the operations comprising:

detecting that the plurality of users has selected the content item based on social gestures performed by the plurality of users with respect to the content item;

determining the characteristic based on information gathered about the plurality of users;

storing the characteristic as metadata associated with the content item in one or more databases of the social networking system;

periodically executing a scoring function to produce the popularity score for the content item based on the metadata associated with the content item;

receiving a search query from a searching user; and

based on a determination that the searching user has registered an interest in the characteristic, communicating search results for presentation to the user in a user interface, the search results including a subset of the plurality of content items that are most relevant to the search query, the content item being ranked within the plurality of search results based on the popularity score.

3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry in which at least a subset of the plurality of users works.

4. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry that at least a subset of the plurality of users have chosen to follow.

5. The system of claim wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a set of skills that at least a subset of the plurality of users have specified in their profiles.

6. The system ofclaim 2, wherein the characteristic is a category of an industry and the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a plurality of skills corresponding to the category.

7. The system ofclaim 2, the operations further comprising categorizing the content item in an industry category based on the metadata.

8. The system ofclaim 2, the operations further comprising storing the social gestures as additional metadata associated with the content item and wherein producing of the popularity score for the content item is further based on the additional metadata.

9. A system comprising:

incorporating one or more modules into one or more computer memories, the one or more modules configuring one or more computer processors to perform operations for ranking search results based on a popularity score representing a popularity of the content item within a plurality of content items that are associated with a characteristic pertaining to an industry, the operations comprising:

detecting that the plurality of users has selected the content item based on social gestures performed by the plurality of users with respect to the content item;

determining the characteristic based on information gathered about the plurality of users;

storing the characteristic as metadata associated with the content item in one or more databases of the social networking system;

periodically executing a scoring function to produce the popularity score for the content item based on the metadata associated with the content item;

receiving a search query from a searching user; and

based on a determination that the searching user has registered an interest in the characteristic, communicating search results for presentation to the user in a user interface, the search results including a subset of the plurality of content items that are most relevant to the search query, the content item being ranked within the plurality of search results based on the popularity score.

10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry in which at least a subset of the plurality of users works.

11. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry that at least a subset of the plurality of users have chosen to follow.

12. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a set of skills that at least a subset of the plurality of users have specified in their profiles.

13. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the characteristic is a category of an industry and the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a plurality of skills corresponding to the category.

14. The method ofclaim 9, the operations further comprising categorizing the content item in an industry category based on the metadata.

15. The method ofclaim 9, the operations further comprising storing the social gestures as additional metadata associated with the content item and wherein producing of the popularity score for the content item is further based on the additional metadata.

16. A non-transitory machine readable storage medium storing a set of instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform for ranking search results based on a popularity score representing a popularity of the content item within a plurality of content items that are associated with a characteristic pertaining to an industry, the operations comprising:

detecting that the plurality of users has selected the content item based on social gestures performed by the plurality of users with respect to the content item;

determining the characteristic based on information gathered about the plurality of users;

storing the characteristic as metadata associated with the content item in one or more databases of the social networking system;

periodically executing a scoring function to produce the popularity score for the content item based on the metadata associated with the content item;

receiving a search query from a searching user; and

based on a determination that the searching user has registered an interest in the characteristic, communicating search results for presentation to the user in a user interface, the search results including a subset of the plurality of content items that are most relevant to the search query, the content item being ranked within the plurality of search results based on the popularity score.

17. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry in which at least a subset of the plurality of users works.

18. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes an industry that at least a subset of the plurality of users have chosen to follow.

19. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a set of skills that at least a subset of the plurality of users have specified in their profiles.

20. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the characteristic is a category of an industry and the information gathered about the plurality of users includes a plurality of skills corresponding to the category,

21. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium ofclaim 16, the operations further comprising categorizing the content item in an industry category based on the metadata.

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