US20170281845A1

Movatterモバイル変換

Info

Publication number: US20170281845A1
Application number: US15/478,562
Authority: US
Inventors: VenKatesh R. Manda; Martin T. Gerber; Christopher M. Hobot
Original assignee: Medtronic Inc
Current assignee: Mozarc Medical US LLC
Priority date: 2016-04-04
Filing date: 2017-04-04
Publication date: 2017-10-05
Also published as: CN108778363A; WO2017176695A1; JP2019509832A; EP3439711A1; US20190321536A1; CN108778363B; JP6925362B2

Abstract

Systems and methods of generating peritoneal dialysate are provided. The systems and methods use a water purification module, a sterilization module and concentrates to prepare a bolus of peritoneal dialysate from source water for use with an non-integrated cycler.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/318,169 filed Apr. 4, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for generating a peritoneal dialysate having purity and sterility characteristics suitable for Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). The peritoneal dialysate can be generated from water of variable quality using a dialysate generation flow path containing a sterilization module. The sterilization module can be any one or more of an ultrafilter, Ultraviolet (UV) light source, microbial filter, dialyzer, and combinations thereof. Peritoneal dialysate generation system and related methods are described that can automatically generate peritoneal dialysate fluid.

BACKGROUND

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD), including Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD) and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD), is a dialysis treatment that can be performed at home, either by the patient alone or with a care-giver. PD differs from Hemodialysis (HD) in that blood is not removed from the body and passed through a dialyzer, but rather a catheter is placed in the peritoneal cavity and dialysate introduced directly into the peritoneal cavity. Blood is cleaned inside the patient using the patient's own peritoneum as a type of dialysis membrane. However, because fluid is directly introduced into a human body, the fluid used for peritoneal dialysate is generally required to be free of biological and chemical contaminants. The peritoneal dialysate should also contain specified concentrations of solutes, buffer, osmotic agent and cations for biocompatibility and for performing membrane exchange.

Peritonitis is a serious and common problem in the PD population that results in abdominal pain, fever, and cloudy dialysate. Peritonitis remains a leading complication of PD with around 18% of infection-related mortality in PD patients resulting from peritonitis (Fried et al., “Peritonitis influences mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients,” J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996; 7:2176-2182). Moreover, peritonitis is a contributing factor to death in 16% of deaths on PD, and remains a major cause for patients discontinuing PD and switching to HD. Peritonitis and other peritoneal dialysis complications can oftentimes be traced to non-sterile techniques and/or contaminated starting dialysate.

The US FDA regulates pre-packaged dialysate for use in PD as a Class II drug if the pre-packaged dialysate is used in either an automatic or semi-automated PD system (e.g., cycler system). See 21 C.F.R. Sec. 876.5630. If the peritoneal dialysate is not pre-packaged, the US FDA requires the dialysate be prepared from a dialysate concentrate and “sterile purified water,” which is defined by the FDA in 21 C.F.R. Sec. 165.110(a)(2)(iv) and (vii). Some possible contaminants present in water used to prepare dialysis fluid can be (i) particles, (ii) chemicals, and (iii) microbial contaminants such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts, and microbial derivatives or fragments (e.g., endotoxins released during active growth and lysis of micro-organisms). In additional to meeting purity and sterility requirements, peritoneal dialysate must also contain specific and precise amounts of solutes, such as sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and cation infusates.

Because traditional peritoneal dialysis systems require FDA-approved, pre-packaged dialysate, the dialysate can be expensive due to high manufacturing, shipping, and storage costs. Shortages can also occur. These problems are not mitigated by on-site dialysate preparation because the source water must still meet high fluid purity and sterility characteristics. Such standards may be difficult to meet, particularly for continuous, automatic peritoneal dialysis machines designed for home use. Further, traditional systems usually require storage of hundreds of liters of dialysate bags, including 300 L or more of peritoneal dialysate and over 300 kg of fluid per month.

Known systems and methods require significant space to store peritoneal dialysate prior to use. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) traditionally uses 1-4 exchanges of peritoneal dialysate a day, with an overnight dwell. Because each exchange requires approximately 2-4 L of peritoneal dialysate, use of prepackaged dialysate requires storing about 8-16 L of dialysate per day, or 56-112 L of dialysate per week. Automated peritoneal dialysis uses a cycler to cycle peritoneal dialysis into and out of the peritoneal cavity of the patient, generally at night. APD generally uses 3-5 exchanges daily, requiring up to 20 L of dialysate per day and up to 140 L of dialysate per week. Tidal Peritoneal Dialysis (TPD) is similar to APD with the exception that a between 250 mL to 1000 mL of the peritoneal dialysate is left in the peritoneal cavity of the patient between infusions. The known systems and methods require significant storage space and can deter the adoption of CAPD, APD, or TPD.

There is a need for systems and methods that can generate peritoneal dialysate using water of varying quality. The need includes generating peritoneal dialysate on-demand, so that no extra space is required for storing peritoneal dialysate. Generating the peritoneal dialysate can be any one or more of automatic, selective, or continuous. The need includes peritoneal dialysate having purity and sterility requirements such that patients will not contract an infection due to bacteria or other pathogens in fluid used for peritoneal dialysate. The need is acute for automated fluid generation for continuous dialysis machines for use at home where a water source can be tap water or other non-sterile source. There is also a need for systems and methods that allow for automatically generating dialysate suitable for peritoneal dialysis containing proper amounts of solutes and cations.

There is further a need for a system that uses filtration, as opposed to heat, in sterilization of the dialysate, which reduces the generation of glucose degradation products. There is also a need for a system that can generate peritoneal dialysate on demand, or for direct infusion into the patient, reducing the storage time and space requirements, as well as lowering the probability of loss of sterility of the dialysate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The first aspect of the invention relates to a peritoneal dialysis system. In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system has a water source; a peritoneal dialysate generation flow path; wherein the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path is fluidly connectable to the water source; one or more water purification modules fluidly connectable to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path; a concentrate source fluidly connectable to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path; the concentrate source containing one or more solutes; and a sterilization module fluidly connectable to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system has one or more dialysate containers fluidly connectable to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path downstream of the sterilization module.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the concentrate source includes one or more of an osmotic agent and an ion concentrate.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the concentrate source includes at least an osmotic agent source and an ion concentrate source.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the concentrate source includes multiple osmotic agent sources.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the osmotic agent sources contain osmotic agents selected from the group of dextrose, icodextrin, amino acids and glucose.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the ion concentrate source includes one or more from the group of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the concentrate source includes multiple ion concentrate sources.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system includes a concentrate pump positioned between the concentrate source and the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path for controlled addition of fluid from the concentrate source to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system includes multiple dialysate containers fluidly connectable to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, a volume of the dialysate container is between any of 1 to 20 L, 1 to 2 L, 1 to 3 L, 2 to 6 L, 2 to 4 L, 6 to 10 L, 8 to 10 L, 8 to 12 L, 10 to 12 L, 10 to 15 L, or 12 to 20 L.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, each dialysate container has a volume between any of 1 to 6 L, 1 to 3 L, 1.5 to 3 L, 2 and 4 L, or 3 to 6 L.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system includes one or more valves and one or more flow meters to control addition of peritoneal dialysate to each of the dialysate containers.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the system includes a control system, wherein the control system operates one or more pumps and valves to control movement of fluid through the system.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the control system has a timer, and wherein the timer causes the control system to generate peritoneal dialysate at a predetermined time.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the control system has a user interface, wherein the user interface causes the control system to generate peritoneal dialysate at a selected time.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the sterilization module can include one or more ultrafilters; a UV light source; a heater, a flash pasteurization module, a microbial filter; or combinations thereof.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the sterilization module can include a UV light source positioned downstream of the ultrafilter.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the sterilization module can include at least two ultrafilters.

In any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the water purification module includes one or more selected from the group of a sorbent cartridge, activated carbon, a reverse osmosis module, a carbon filter, and a nanofilter.

The features disclosed as being part of the first aspect of the invention can be in the first aspect of the invention, either alone or in combination, or follow a preferred arrangement of one or more of the described elements.

The second aspect of the invention is directed to a method. In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the method includes the steps of pumping fluid from a water source to a water purification module in a peritoneal dialysate generation flow path; adding one or more concentrate solutions to the fluid; and pumping the fluid through a sterilization module.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the method includes the step of pumping the fluid into one or more dialysate containers.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step of pumping the fluid into one or more dialysate containers includes pumping the fluid into multiple dialysate containers.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, wherein the step pumping the fluid into multiple dialysate containers includes pumping between any of 1 to 6 L, 1 to 3 L, 1.5 to 3 L, 2 to 4L, or 3 L to 6 L into each dialysate container.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step of pumping the fluid into one or more dialysate containers includes pumping the fluid into a single dialysate container.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step pumping the fluid into a single dialysate container includes pumping between any of 1 to 6 L, 1 to 3 L, 1.5 to 3 L, 2 to 4L, or 3 to 6 L into the single dialysate container.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step pumping the fluid into a single dialysate container includes pumping between any of 6 to 20 L, 6 to 10 L, 8 to 10 L, 8 to 12 L, 10 to 12 L, 10 to 15 L, or 12 to 20 L into the single dialysate container.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step of adding one or more concentrate solutions to the fluid includes adding at least an osmotic agent and an ion concentrate to the fluid.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the osmotic agent and ion concentrate are added to the fluid from a single concentrate source.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the osmotic agent and ion concentrate are added from separate concentrate sources.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the osmotic agent is one or more selected from the group of glucose, dextrin, and icodextrin.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the osmotic agent includes multiple osmotic agents.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the multiple osmotic agents are added from a single source.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, each of the multiple osmotic agents are added from separate sources.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the ion concentrate is added from one or more ion concentrate sources and includes one or more from the group of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, each of the ion concentrates are added to the fluid from a single ion concentrate source.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the ion concentrate source includes multiple ion concentrate sources; and wherein each of the multiple ion concentrate sources has different solutes.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the step of adding one or more concentrate solutions to the fluid includes controlling an addition of concentrate from each of the ion concentrate sources to generate a fluid with a prescribed solute concentration.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the method is carried out by a peritoneal dialysate generation system.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the peritoneal dialysate generation system includes a timer; wherein the peritoneal dialysate generation system carries out the method at predetermined times.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the peritoneal dialysate generation system includes a user interface, and the method is carried out based on input from the user interface.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the water purification module includes one or more selected from the group of a sorbent cartridge, activated carbon, a reverse osmosis module, a carbon filter, and a nanofilter.

In any embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the sterilization module can include one or more ultrafilters; a UV light source; a microbial filter; or combinations thereof.

The features disclosed as being part of the second aspect of the invention can be in the second aspect of the invention, either alone or in combination, or follow a preferred arrangement of one or more of the described elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a flow path for generating peritoneal dialysate.

FIG. 2 shows a system for adding concentrates to a peritoneal dialysate generation flow path.

FIG. 3 shows a system for peritoneal dialysate having multiple dialysate containers.

FIG. 4 shows an overview of a system for generating and using peritoneal dialysate with a single concentrate source.

FIG. 5 shows an overview of a system for generating and using peritoneal dialysate with multiple concentrate sources.

FIG. 6 shows an alternative flow path for generating peritoneal dialysate.

FIG. 7A shows a perspective view of a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet with a bag as a dialysate container.

FIG. 7B shows a front view of a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet with a bag as a dialysate container.

FIG. 7C shows a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet with the doors shut.

FIG. 8 shows a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet with a reusable dialysate container.

FIGS. 9A-D show a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet for generation of peritoneal dialysate.

FIG. 10 shows a peritoneal dialysate generation cabinet connected to a sink and drain.

FIG. 11 shows a dialysis caddy for use in a peritoneal dialysate generation flow path.

FIG. 12 shows optional dispensing options for using peritoneal dialysate generated by the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The articles “a” and “an” are used to refer to one or to over one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. For example, “an element” means one element or over one element.

“Activated carbon” refers to a form of carbon processed to have small pores, increasing the surface area available for adsorption.

The term “amino acid,” as used herein, refers to any nitrogen containing organic acid or peptide that can be used as an osmotic agent to generate peritoneal dialysate.

The term “calcium chloride source” refers to a source of calcium chloride in solid and/or solution form. The calcium chloride source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The calcium chloride source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing the calcium chloride source.

A “carbon filter” is a bed of activated carbon.

The term “comprising” includes, but is not limited to, whatever follows the word “comprising.” Use of the term indicates the listed elements are required or mandatory but that other elements are optional and may be present.

A “concentrate pump” is a pump configured to move fluid between a concentrate source and a flow path.

A “concentrate solution” is a solution of one or more solutes in water. The concentrate solution can have a solute concentration greater than that to be used in dialysis.

A “concentrate source” is a source of one or more solutes. The concentrate source can have one or more solutes that has a solute concentration greater than the solute concentration to be used for dialysis.

A “connector” and “for connection” describe the concept of forming a fluid connection between two components wherein fluid, gas, or mixture of both gas and fluid can flow from one component, through a connector or a component for connection, to another component. The connector provides for a fluid connection in its broadest sense and can include any type of tubing, fluid or gas passageway, or conduit between any one or more components of the invention.

The term “consisting of” includes and is limited to whatever follows the phrase “consisting of.” The phrase indicates the limited elements are required or mandatory and that no other elements may be present.

The term “consisting essentially of” includes whatever follows the term “consisting essentially of” and additional elements, structures, acts or features that do not affect the basic operation of the apparatus, structure or method described.

The terms “control,” “controlling,” or “controls” refers to the ability of one component to direct the actions of a second component.

A “control system” can be a combination of components acting together to maintain a system to a desired set of performance specifications. The control system can use processors, memory and computer components configured to interoperate to maintain the desired performance specifications. The control system can also include fluid or gas control components, and solute control components as known within the art to maintain the performance specifications.

The terms “controlled addition,” to “control addition,” or “controlling addition” refer to the ability to add one or more substances or fluids to a flow path or container in an accurately controllable amount.

The phrase “controlling the movement of fluid” refers to directing fluid through a flow path, container, receptacle, or reservoir of any type.

The term “dextrose source” refers to a source of dextrose in solid and/or solution form. The dextrose source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The dextrose source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The dextrose source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing a dextrose source.

The term “dialysate” describes a fluid into or out of which solutes from a fluid to be dialyzed diffuse through a membrane. Dialysate can differ depending on the type of dialysis to be carried out. For example, dialysate for peritoneal dialysis may include different solutes or different concentrations of solutes than dialysate for hemodialysis.

A “dialysate container” is any container capable of storing or containing dialysate for dialysis. The container any be of any suitable, size, geometry, or configuration.

The term “dialysis caddy” refers to a container detachably removable from a dialysis system, the caddy configured to hold one or more other containers. In any embodiment, the caddy can include one or more connectors for fluid connection from the containers to the dialysis system.

The term “downstream” refers to a position of a first component in a flow path relative to a second component wherein fluid will pass by the second component prior to the first component during normal operation. The first component can be said to be “downstream” of the second component, while the second component is “upstream” of the first component.

A “fitting feature” is any protrusion, indentation, groove, ridge, having any shape, size, or geometry that ensures that only a corresponding fitting feature complementary to the fitting feature can form a connection or fit to the corresponding fitting feature. The fitting feature can also include non-mechanical means for ensuring complementary connection such as magnets placed at particular locations, or visual or aural indicators such as color, lettering, or sound. The fitting feature can be affixed, integral, or labeled on a component or surface to ensure a corresponding feature on a desired component or surface can mate or connect to the component or surface having the fitting feature.

A “flash pasteurization module” is a component or set of components capable of heating a fluid to a high temperature and recirculating the fluid for sterilization.

A “flow meter” is a device capable of measuring an amount or rate of fluid moving past or through a particular location.

The term “fluid” can be any substance without a fixed shape that yields easily to external pressure such as a gas or a liquid. Specifically, the fluid can be water containing any solutes at any concentration. The fluid can also be dialysate of any type including fresh, partially used, or spent.

The terms “fluid connection,” “fluidly connectable,” or “fluidly connected” refer to the ability to pass fluid or gas from one point to another point. The two points can be within or between any one or more of compartments, modules, systems, and components, all of any type.

The terms “to generate peritoneal dialysate” or “peritoneal dialysate generation” refers to creating a peritoneal dialysate solution from constituent parts.

The term “glucose source” refers to a source of glucose in solid and/or solution form. The glucose source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The glucose source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The glucose source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing a glucose source.

A “heater” is a component capable of raising the temperature of a substance, container, or fluid.

An “ion concentrate” refers to one or more ionic compounds. The ion concentrate can have one or more ionic compounds in the ion concentrate. Further, the ion concentrate can have an ion concentration greater than an ion concentration to be used in dialysis.

An “ion concentrate source” refers to a source of one or more ionic compounds. The ion concentrate source can be in water or solid form. The ion concentrate source can further have one or more ionic compounds that are at a higher ion concentration greater than generally used in dialysis.

The term “level of sterility” refers to an estimated probability of viable organisms surviving a sterilization process.

The term “magnesium chloride source” refers to a source of magnesium chloride in solid and/or solution form. The magnesium chloride source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The magnesium chloride source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The magnesium chloride source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing a magnesium chloride source.

The term “microbial filter” refers to a device inhibiting passage of microbes or fragments of microbes such as endotoxins in a fluid or solution while allowing the passage of the fluid or solution.

A “nanofilter” is a filter membrane having nanometer sized pores.

An “osmotic agent” is a substance dissolved in water capable of driving a net movement of water by osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane due to concentration differences of the osmotic agent on each side of the semi-permeable membrane.

An “osmotic agent source” refers to a source of osmotic agents in solid and/or solution form. The osmotic agent source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The osmotic agent source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The osmotic agent source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing an osmotic agent source.

“Peritoneal dialysate” is a dialysis solution to be used in peritoneal dialysis having specified parameters for purity and sterility. Peritoneal dialysate is not the same as dialysate used in hemodialysis although peritoneal dialysate may be used in hemodialysis.

“Peritoneal dialysis” is a therapy wherein a dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity, which serves as a natural dialyzer. In general, waste components diffuse from a patient's bloodstream across a peritoneal membrane into the dialysis solution via a concentration gradient. In general, excess fluid in the form of plasma water flows from a patient's bloodstream across a peritoneal membrane into the dialysis solution via an osmotic gradient. Once the infused peritoneal dialysis solution has captured sufficient amounts of the waste components the fluid is removed. This cycle can be repeated for several cycles each day or as needed.

A “peritoneal dialysate generation flow path” is a path used in generating dialysate suitable for peritoneal dialysis.

The term “prescribed solute concentration” refers to the concentration of one or more solutes in peritoneal dialysate intended for use by a patient.

A “predetermined time” is a set time for an event to occur, such as a set time of day, or a set length of time from a previous event.

The term “pump” refers to any device which causes the movement of fluids or gases by applying suction or pressure.

The terms “pumping fluid” or to “pump fluid” refer to moving a fluid through a flow path with a pump.

A “purified water source” is a water source containing purified water.

“Purified water” can be defined as water produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or other suitable processes and meets the definition of “purified water” in the United States Pharmacopeia, 23d Revision, Jan. 1, 1995, and the FDA at 21 CFR Section §165.110(a)(2)(iv). Other criteria for purified water can be determined by those of skill in the art, particularly as relating to purified water suitable for peritoneal dialysis.

A “reverse osmosis module” is a set of components to drive fluid through one or more semipermeable membranes, wherein pressure is used to move the fluid from a side of the semipermeable membrane with a higher concentration of one or more solutes to a side of the semipermeable membrane with a lower concentration of the one or more solutes.

The term “sodium chloride source” refers to a source of sodium chloride in solid and/or solution form. The sodium chloride source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The sodium chloride source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The sodium chloride source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing a sodium chloride source.

The term “sodium lactate source” refers to a source of sodium lactate in solid and/or solution form. The sodium lactate source can interface with at least one other module found in systems for dialysis. The sodium lactate source can contain at least one fluid pathway and include components such as conduits, valves, filters or fluid connection ports, any of which are fluidly connectable to each other or to a fluid flow path. The sodium lactate source can either be formed as a stand-alone enclosure or a compartment integrally formed with an apparatus for dialysis for containing a sodium lactate source.

A “solute” is a substance dissolved in a solvent, such as water.

The term “sorbent cartridge” refers to a cartridge containing one or more sorbent materials for removing specific solutes from solution. The term “sorbent cartridge” does not require the contents in the cartridge be sorbent based, and the contents of the sorbent cartridge can be any contents capable of removing solutes from a dialysate. The sorbent cartridge may include any suitable amount of one or more sorbent materials. In certain instances, the term “sorbent cartridge” refers to a cartridge which includes one or more sorbent materials besides one or more other materials capable of removing solutes from dialysate. “Sorbent cartridge” can include configurations where at least some materials in the cartridge do not act by mechanisms of adsorption or absorption.

A “sterilization module” is a component or set of components to sterilize a fluid by removing or destroying chemical or biological contaminants.

A “timer” is a device capable of determining the time of day, or the time elapsed between multiple events.

An “ultrafilter” is a semi permeable membrane through which a fluid can pass with removal of one or more solutes or particles from the fluid.

The term “upstream” refers to a position of a first component in a flow path relative to a second component wherein fluid will pass by the first component prior to the second component during normal operation. The first component can be said to be “upstream” of the second component, while the second component is “downstream” of the first component.

A “user interface” is a component that allows a user to communicate information or instructions to a processor or a memory device and to receive information or instructions from the processor or memory device.

A “UV light source” is a component which uses ultraviolet light to kill biological contaminants in a fluid.

A “valve” is a device capable of directing the flow of fluid or gas by opening, closing or obstructing one or more pathways to allow the fluid or gas to travel in a path. One or more valves configured to accomplish a desired flow can be configured into a “valve assembly.”

The term “water purification module” refers to a component or components capable of removing biological or chemical contaminants from water.

The term “water source” refers to a source from which potable water can be obtained.

“Zirconium oxide” refers to a polymer of the form ZrO₂with one or more anionic molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the zirconium oxide polymer. In any embodiment, the zirconium oxide polymer can act as an anion exchange material, removing anions from a fluid for the anions originally adsorbed onto the surface of the zirconium oxide.

“Zirconium phosphate” refers to a material of the form Zr(HPO₄)₂, with or without water molecules associated as hydrates. The zirconium phosphate material can have one or more cationic species adsorbed into the material, which can be exchanged with cations present in a fluid to which the zirconium phosphate is exposed.

Peritoneal Dialysis System

The first and second aspects of the invention relate to systems and methods for generating a peritoneal dialysate solution. The solution can be generated continuously or in a bolus. The peritoneal dialysate can be generated in advance of peritoneal dialysis and stored for later use with a non-integrated cycler. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, a system for generating peritoneal dialysate can be configured as illustrated inFIG. 1. The system includes a peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101. Fluid from awater source102 can be pumped into the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101.System pump108 can control the movement of fluid through the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101. The system pumps the fluid fromwater source102 through awater purification module103 to remove chemical contaminants in the fluid in preparation for creating peritoneal dialysate.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, thewater source102 can be a source of potable water including a purified water source. Purified water can refer to water meeting the definition of “purified water” in the United States Pharmacopeia, 23d Revision, Jan. 1, 1995. Alternatively, purified water can refer to any source of water treated to remove at least some biological or chemical contaminants, whether or not the water meets the definition of purified water in United States Pharmacopeia, 23d Revision, Jan. 1, 1995. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, thewater source102 can be a non-purified water source, such as tap water, wherein the water from thewater source102 can be purified by the system as described. The system can be directly connected to a tap or faucet to provide non-purified water that can be purified by the system. A non-purified water source can provide water without additional purification, such as tap water from a municipal water source, water that has undergone some level of purification, but does not meet the definition of “purified water” provided, such as bottled water or filtered water. In any embodiment, the water source can contain water meeting the WHO drinkable water standards provided inGuidelines for Drinking Water Quality,World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 4th edition, 2011. The peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 can also be connected to a purified or non-purified water source such as a tap or faucet line. The water source can be any source of water, whether from a tap, faucet, or a separate container or reservoir. Thewater source102 can be any size usable with the system, including between 12 and 20 L. Awater source102 of 15 L can generally generate the necessary peritoneal dialysate for multiple cycles.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, thewater purification module103 can be a sorbent cartridge. The sorbent cartridge includes an anion exchange material such as zirconium oxide. The zirconium oxide can remove anionic species from the fluid, such as phosphate or fluoride molecules, replacing the anionic species with acetate or hydroxide ions. The sorbent cartridge can have any anion exchange material known in the art capable of removing anionic species from the fluid. In any embodiment, the sorbent cartridge can include aluminum oxide for removal of fluoride and heavy metals. Alternatively, thewater purification module103 can be a combination of ion and anion exchange materials. The sorbent cartridge can be sized depending on the needs of the user, with a larger sized sorbent cartridge allowing for more exchanges before the sorbent cartridge must be replaced.

The sorbent cartridge can include a cation exchange material, such as zirconium phosphate. The zirconium phosphate can remove cationic species from the fluid, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, or other cations, replacing the cationic species with hydrogen or sodium. The sorbent cartridge can include any cation exchange material capable of removing cations from the fluid.

The sorbent cartridge can also include activated carbon. The activated carbon operates to adsorb non-ionic molecules, organic molecules, and chlorine from the water, along with some endotoxins or bacterial contaminants. The activated carbon can be present in the sorbent cartridge in the form of a carbon filter or pad, or as a material layer in the sorbent cartridge. A carbon filter or pad is a bed of activated carbon. The carbon filter can be in a self-contained packaging, or present as a layer of activated carbon within the sorbent cartridge. The sorbent cartridge can purify up to 3 L of water per exchange for a single infusion, with flow rates of up to 300 ml/min. A larger sorbent cartridge can be used when generating peritoneal dialysate for multiple infusions, including a sorbent cartridge that can purify between 3 and 20 L, between 3 and 5 L, between 3 and 10 L, between 5 and 12 L, between 10 and 15 L, or between 10 and 20 L of water, or more.

In any embodiment, the sorbent cartridge can be a single use component or a rechargeable component. Recharging can refer to the process of treating a sorbent material to restore the functional capacity of the sorbent material so as to put the sorbent material back into a condition for use or reuse in a new dialysis session. In some instances, recharging also includes treating a sorbent material so as to clean the sorbent material so that the sorbent material can be stored and used in a subsequent dialysis session. In some instances, the total mass, weight and/or amount of “rechargeable” sorbent materials remain the same. In some instances, the total mass, weight and/or amount of “rechargeable” sorbent materials change. Without being limited to any one theory of invention, the recharging process may involve exchanging ions bound to the sorbent material with different ions, which in some instances may increase or decrease the total mass of the system. However, the total amount of the sorbent material will in some instances be unchanged by the recharging process. Upon a sorbent material undergoing “recharging,” the sorbent material can then be said to be “recharged.”

The sorbent cartridge can additionally include a microbial filter and/or a particulate filter. A microbial filter can further reduce the amount of endotoxins or bacterial contaminants present in the fluid from thewater source102. A particulate filter can remove particulate matter from the fluid.

Alternatively, thewater purification module103 can be any component capable of removing contaminants from the water in thewater source102, including any one or more of a sorbent cartridge, reverse osmosis module, nanofilter, combination of ion and anion exchange materials, activated carbon, silica, or silica based columns.

Upon passing throughwater purification module103, fluid can be pumped to aconcentrate source104 where necessary components for carrying out peritoneal dialysis can be added from theconcentrate source104. The concentrates in theconcentrate source104 are utilized to create a peritoneal dialysis fluid that matches a dialysis prescription.Concentrate pump105 can control the movement of concentrates from theconcentrate source104 to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 in a controlled addition. The concentrates added from theconcentrate source104 to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 can include any component prescribed for use in peritoneal dialysate. Table 1 provides non-limiting exemplary ranges of commonly used components of peritoneal dialysate.

	TABLE 1

	Component	Concentration

Sodium chloride	132-134	mmol/L
Calcium chloride dehydrate	1.25-1.75	mmol/L
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate	0.25-0.75	mmol/L
Sodium Lactate	35-40	mmol/L
Dextrose (D-glucose) monohydrate	0.55-4.25	g/dL

pH

5-6

	Osmolality	346-485	(hypertonic)

To reduce the glucose degradation products (GDP) formed by heating conventional peritoneal dialysate, some peritoneal dialysate systems use a low GDP formulation. Exemplary peritoneal dialysate concentrations for low GDP formulations are provided in Table 2. Generally, the low GDP peritoneal dialysate is provided in two separate bags, with one bag containing calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and glucose maintained at low pH, and the second bag containing sodium chloride and the buffer components, including sodium lactate and sodium bicarbonate. The two bags are mixed prior to use to generate a peritoneal dialysate with a neutral pH. Alternatively, a two chamber bag is used, the chambers separated by a divider which is broken to mix the fluids prior to use.

TABLE 2

Low GDP peritoneal dialysate formulations

	Component	Concentration

Sodium	132-134	mEq/L
Calcium	2.5-3.5	mEq/L
Magnesium	0.5-1.0	mEq/L
Lactate	0-40	mEq/L
Bicarbonate	0-34	mEq/L

	pH	6.3-7.4
	% glucose (g/dL)	1.5-4.25

One of skill in the art will understand other components can be used in place of the components listed in Tables 1-2. For example, dextrose as listed in Table 1 is commonly used as an osmotic agent. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, other osmotic agents can be used in addition to, or in place of, the dextrose, including glucose, icodextrin or amino acids, including dialysate with multiple osmotic agents. Although the sources of sodium, calcium, and magnesium listed in Table 1 are chloride salts, other sodium, magnesium, and calcium salts can be used, such as lactate or acetate salts. Peritoneal dialysate may also contain buffers for maintaining pH of the peritoneal dialysate. Exemplary, non-limiting examples of suitable buffers include bicarbonate buffer, acetate buffer or lactate buffer. Although not generally used in peritoneal dialysis, potassium chloride can be used for hypokalemic patients who don't receive sufficient potassium through diet. Theconcentrate source104 can contain one or more osmotic agents, as well as one or more ion concentrates, such as concentrated sodium chloride, sodium lactate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and/or sodium bicarbonate. Theconcentrate source104 can be a single source of concentrates, including both osmotic agents and ion concentrates, or can include multiple sources of concentrates, with separate sources for the osmotic agents and ion concentrates. In any embodiment, the system can have a single concentrate that has all components mixed for a daytime or overnight treatment for use in a home by a single patient. Alternatively, theconcentrate source104 can include separate sources for any one or more of the solutes to be used in the peritoneal dialysate each with a separate concentrate pump to add each component needed to create the peritoneal dialysate.Concentrate pump105 pumps concentrated solutions from the concentrate source orsources104 to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 in a controlled addition. Where more than one concentrate source is used, separate concentrate pumps can move each of the concentrates into the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101, or a single concentrate pump can be used, with valves configured allow individual control over the movement of each of the concentrate solutions to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101.

After addition of solutes from theconcentrate source104, the fluid in the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 can contain all the necessary solutes for peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneal dialysate should reach a level of sterility suitable for peritoneal dialysis. The level of sterility can be any level meeting an applicable regulatory requirement, such as a sterility assurance level of 10⁻⁶required by the FDA, meaning the chance of a viable organism present after sterilization is 1 in 1,000,000. The system can pump the fluid to asterilization module106 for sterilization of the peritoneal dialysate. A sterilizationmodule recirculation line109 can convey the fluid through thesterilization module106 multiple times.Valve110 and pump111 can control the movement of fluid through the sterilizationmodule recirculation line109.

Thesterilization module106 can be any component or set of components capable of sterilizing the peritoneal dialysate. In any embodiment, the sterilization module can be one or more ultrafilters to provide redundancy of the system to protect against sterilization failure A secondary component, such as a UV light source or microbial filter, can be included in thesterilization module106 to provide additional sterilization of the peritoneal dialysate. The UV light source can be positioned at any location in the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101, including between the first and second ultrafilters, upstream of the one or more ultrafilters, or downstream of the one or more ultrafilters. The sterilization module can also include a microbial filter. The ultrafilters used in the sterilization module can be replaced as necessary. In any embodiment, the ultrafilters can have a 3-6-month lifetime before replacement. The ultrafilters can be any ultrafilter known in the art capable of sterilizing the peritoneal dialysate. A non-limiting example of an ultrafilter that can be used in the systems described is the hollow fiber ForClean ultrafilter, available from Bellco, Mirandola (MO), Italy. In certain embodiments, thesterilization module106 can use heat sterilization. Thesterilization module106 can include a heater to heat the prepared dialysate. Alternatively or additionally, thesterilization module106 can include a flash pasteurization module to sterilize the dialysate through flash pasteurization. Thesterilization module106 can include both heat-based sterilization components and filtration based sterilization components, with the user adjusting the mode of sterilization based on the mode of use. For example, a heat based sterilization can be used when the peritoneal dialysate is generated for later use, while a filtration based sterilization can be used when the peritoneal dialysate is generated for immediate use.

After sterilization of the fluid by thesterilization module106, the generated peritoneal dialysate can be pumped to adialysate container107 for storage until ready for use by a patient. Thedialysate container107 can include one or more sterilized dialysate bags. The dialysate bags, once filled with peritoneal dialysate, can be stored until needed by the patient. The filleddialysate container107 can be removed from the system and connected to a catheter or a non-integrated cycler for infusion of the peritoneal dialysate into a patient. The dialysate container can alternatively be a reusable sterilized container or bag. The reusable container or bag can be cleaned and sterilized daily, or at set time periods. Alternatively, thedialysate container107 can be any type of storage container, such as a stainless steel container. The connectors to thedialysate container107 can be any type of connector known in the art.

Thedialysate container107 can store peritoneal dialysate sufficient for a single infusion of peritoneal dialysate into the patient. By generating peritoneal dialysate for a single infusion in real-time, and then immediately using the peritoneal dialysate, the dialysate storage time can be reduced, reducing the possibility of bacterial growth. A user interface can be included on the peritoneal dialysis generation machine, allowing a patient to direct the generation of peritoneal dialysate as needed. Additionally, or alternatively, the peritoneal dialysate machine can include a timer, and the timer can cause the peritoneal dialysate machine to generate peritoneal dialysate at predetermined times according to the patient's peritoneal dialysis schedule. Alternatively, the peritoneal dialysate generation machine can be equipped with wireless communication, such as Wi-Fi, BlueTooth, Ethernet, or any other wireless communication system known in the art. The user can direct the peritoneal dialysis machine to generate peritoneal dialysate at a specified time from any location. By using a timer, user interface, or wireless communication to control the generation of peritoneal dialysate, the peritoneal dialysate storage time can be reduced, lowering the chances of generating significant amounts of degradation products or allowing bacterial growth. In the case of power failure, an optional battery back-up can be included in the system.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, thedialysate container107 can store enough peritoneal dialysate for multiple infusions into the patient, including enough peritoneal dialysate for one day or more of treatment. A timer can cause the machine to generate fresh peritoneal dialysate each day or at set times.

Thedialysate container107 can include multiple dialysate containers, each large enough to store enough peritoneal dialysate for a single infusion into the patient including between any of 1 to 6 L, 1 to 3 L, 1.5 to 3 L, 2 to 4L, or 3 L to 6 L of dialysate. Alternatively, each of the one ormore dialysate containers107 can store enough peritoneal dialysate for multiple infusions into a patient, such as an entire day's amount of peritoneal dialysate including between any of 1 to 20 L, 1 to 2 L, 1 to 3 L, 2 to 6 L, 2 to 4 L, 6 to 10 L, 8 to 10 L, 8 to 12 L, 10 to 12 L, 10 to 15 L, or 12 to 20 L of peritoneal dialysate. If thedialysate containers107 store peritoneal dialysate for multiple infusions into the patient, the same container can be used for each infusion with any suitable peritoneal dialysate cycler known in the art that can be fluidly connected to and used with the described system. Additional or alternative storage containers can be included at other locations in the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101. A storage container can be included upstream of the sterilization module, and downstream of the water purification module. Before the fluid is utilized in the cycler stage, the fluid can be pumped through the sterilization module, eliminating issues related to storage of sterile fluid. The storage containers can be either upstream or downstream of theconcentrate source104. The addition of concentrates to the fluid can happen either before storage of the fluid, or after storage of the fluid just before sterilization in the sterilization module.

As illustrated inFIG. 1, the necessary solutes can be added to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 from asingle concentrate source104. The solutes can be present in concentrated from within theconcentrate source104 in a fixed ratio for peritoneal dialysis, as shown in Table 1. Using asingle concentrate source104 for all solutes results in peritoneal dialysate having a fixed ratio of each of the solutes.

Table 3 provides exemplary non-limiting ranges of solutes for addition from a single concentrate source to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow loop, including the starting concentration of the solutes in the concentrate source, as well as exemplary final volumes of the solutes in the dialysate and the exemplary flow rates of both the solutes and the water in the dialysate generation flow loop to achieve the listed concentrations. The solutes shown in Table 3 are traditional peritoneal dialysate solutes. Table 4 shows exemplary ranges of solutes for a low GDP formulation. Table 5 shows exemplary ranges of solutes with icodextrin as the osmotic agent. Icodextrin is sometimes used as an osmotic agent for a long dwell period. If dextrose or glucose is used in a long dwell period, reabsorption of the ultrafiltrate can occur, reducing the net volume of fluid removed. Icodextrin results in a long sustained ultrafiltration, and can provide improved ultrafiltration efficiency over a long dwell period. One of skill in the art will understand the concentrations of any of the solutes shown in Tables 3-5 can be altered by altering—the flow rates of the system pump or concentrate pump. However, the ratio of the solutes included is fixed when using a single concentrate source. If the ratio of the solutes needs to be altered for any reason, a new concentrate solution may be needed.

TABLE 3

Exemplary solutes for addition from a single concentrate source

		Solution volume	Flow rate
Component	Concentration (g/l)	(ml/L)	(ml/min)

Glucose	100-850	50-400	1-18
Sodium Chloride	13-108	50-400	1-18
Sodium Lactate	11-90	50-400	1-18
MgCl₂•6H₂O	0.13-1.02	50-400	1-18
CaCl₂•2H₂O	0.6-5.1	50-400	1-18
Water		600-950	50-1000

TABLE 4

Exemplary solute ranges in a low GDP solution

		Solution volume	Flow rate
Component	Concentration (g/l)	(ml/L)	(ml/min)

Glucose	100-900	50-400	1-18
Sodium Chloride	13-108	50-400	1-18
Sodium Lactate	11-90	50-400	1-18
MgCl₂•6H₂O	0.13-1.02	50-400	1-18
CaCl₂•2H₂O	0.6-5.1	50-400	1-18
Water		600-950	50-1000

TABLE 5

Exemplary solute ranges in icodextrin solution

		Solution volume	Flow rate
Component	Concentration (g/l)	(ml/L)	(ml/min)

Icodextrin	100-850	100-400	2-37
Sodium Chloride	13-108	100-400	1-18
Sodium Lactate	11-90	100-400	2-37
MgCl₂•6H₂O	0.13-1.02	100-400	2-37
CaCl₂•2H₂O	0.6-5.1	100-400	2-37
Water		600-900	50-1000

Although using a single concentrate source in the system requires a fixed ratio of solutes in the generated peritoneal dialysate, a single concentrate source provides certain advantages. Storage requirements are decreased, as only a single concentrate solution needs to be stored for a given dialysate prescription. There is also a lower risk of patient error in adding solutes to the dialysate in the proper amounts. A single concentrate source also requires less supplies, less pumps, and less hardware. Further, because fewer containers are needed, the containers are easier to manage, clean, and disinfect. One of skill in the art will understand a higher concentration of solutes in the concentrate source will allow minimization of the container size and maximization of the source water used in PD solution preparation, lowering costs. The limiting factor is mutual solubility of the components, which is generally limited by glucose or icodextrin solubility. The flow rate for the source water can be optimized to adjust the time required to prepare the solution. In the case of on-demand dialysate preparation, a high flow rate is desired to minimize the time needed to prepare the solution. The flow rate limit will be controlled by the metering accuracy of the concentrate pump at the rate required to match the water feed. With a single concentrate source, about 150 ml/exchange can be needed, corresponding to about 600 ml/day or 4.2 L/week. The concentrate source can be sized depending on the needs of the user, with a larger concentrate source requiring less frequent refilling.

The system can also include a waste container (not shown inFIG. 1) to collect any generated waste fluid as well as used peritoneal dialysate. The waste container collects effluent generated during disinfection and/or effluent generated by the purification modules, such as a reverse osmosis system. Alternatively, the waste fluid and used peritoneal dialysate can be directed to a drain for disposal.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 can be disinfected with a disinfection solution through on-board disinfection. The peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 can be configured to form a loop by connecting the portion of the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 connecting towater source102 to the portion of the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 connecting todialysate container107. The disinfection solution can be introduced into the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101 and recirculated through the fluid lines bysystem pump108. The disinfection solution can be a peracetic acid solution, a citric acid solution, a bleach solution, or any other suitable disinfection solution known in the art. The disinfectant can be heated by a heater (not shown) to any temperature capable of disinfecting the system, including temperatures of 90° C. or greater. The disinfectant can be introduced to the flow loop and recirculated at elevated temperatures to ensure complete disinfection. The connectors and components of the system can be gamma and autoclave compatible to resist the high temperatures used during disinfection. The system can be primed by introducing a priming fluid to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path101.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, solutes can be added to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path from two or more separate concentrate sources, as shown inFIG. 2. The peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path201 can be fluidly connected to a water source and a water purification module upstream of the concentrate sources202-206, and fluidly connected to a sterilization module and dialysate container downstream of the concentrate sources202-206, as illustrated inFIG. 1.

Optional sensors

217,218,219, and220 ensure the solute concentration in the dialysate is at the correct level after each addition. The sensors217-220 can be any type of sensor appropriate to confirm delivery of the concentrate, such as conductivity sensors.Optional pH sensor221 ensures the pH is a proper level after addition of sodium lactate or other buffer. Optionalrefractive index meter222 ensures the dextrose or other osmotic agent concentration in the dialysate is at the prescribed level. An additional sensor can be included upstream ofsodium chloride source202 for sensing the conductivity of the water prior to addition of concentrates. One of skill in the art will understand that additional sensor arrangements can be used in the described system. Any number of sensors can be included to monitor the peritoneal dialysate concentration, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more sensors. The concentrate sources can contain the solutes in either solid, powdered, or solution form. A solid or powdered source of solutes can be dissolved by the system by drawing fluid from the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path201 into the concentrate source to generate a solution with a known concentration, such as a saturated solution of the solutes. The resulting solution is added to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path as explained. Optionally, a heater (not shown) can periodically disinfect peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path201 at a temperature of at least 90° C. During periodic disinfection, the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path201 can also be formed into a closed loop to circulate a disinfectant.

Although shown as arefractive index meter222 inFIG. 2, one of skill in the art will understand alternative methods of measuring the osmotic agent concentration can be used. In any embodiment, enzyme-based sensors can detect the concentration of the osmotic agent in the dialysate. Enzyme based sensors use an enzyme capable of oxidizing the osmotic agent, such as glucose or dextrose. The enzyme is immobilized on an electrode and covered in a membrane through which the osmotic agent can pass. The electrode is used to electrochemically measure the change in either the oxidant, such as oxygen, or the product of glucose oxidation, such as hydrogen peroxide. Alternatively, electron transfer between the electrode and the enzyme can be detected with mediators, such as ferrocene to facilitate electron transfer. The osmotic agents can alternatively be detected through pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). PAD can detect glucose by applying a positive potential to a sample, resulting in oxidation of the glucose. The oxidation products are adsorbed onto the electrode and then desorbed by applying a more positive potential. Applying the more positive potential results in formation of an oxide layer on the electrode leading to passivation of the electrode surface. The catalytic activity of the electrode is then restored by application of a more negative potential, resulting in dissolution of the oxide layer.

Although illustrated as a single concentrate source inFIG. 1, and five separate concentrate sources inFIG. 2, one of skill in the art will understand that any number of concentrate sources can generate the peritoneal dialysate, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more concentrate sources. Any two or more of the separate concentrate sources illustrated inFIG. 2 can be combined into a single solute source, such as by combining all or some of the ion concentrate sources into a single ion concentrate source, where the mixed contents do not cause precipitation of the mixed concentrates.

Although each concentrate source is illustrated inFIG. 2 with a separate concentrate pump and fluid line, one of skill in the art will understand that more than one concentrate source can use a single pump and fluid line, with valves arranged thereon for controlled addition to the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path201.

The concentrate sources202-206 can be single use concentrate sources or disposable concentrate sources. The disposable concentrate sources are used in a single peritoneal dialysate generation process and then disposed. Multiple use concentrate sources are used repeatedly, and refilled as necessary with the solute.

Table 6 provides exemplary, non-limiting, ranges of for addition to the peritoneal dialysate using a separate osmotic agent source, glucose in Table 6, and a separate ion concentrate source containing sodium chloride, sodium lactate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Because the glucose is added separately from the ion concentrates, the ratio of glucose to the other solutes can be varied depending on the needs of the patient.

TABLE 6

Exemplary ranges of solutes in a two-concentrate source system

	Concentration	Solution volume	Dialysate
Component	(g/l)	(ml/L)	composition

Part A
Glucose	850	6-53	0.55-4.5	g/dL
Part B
NaCl	269	20	92	mmol/L
Sodium Lactate	84	20	15	mmol/L
MgCl₂•6H₂O	5	20	0.5	mmol/L
CaCl₂•2H₂O	18	20	2.5	mmol/L
NaHCO
₃	105	20	25	mmol/L

Water	927-979	56.10

By using multiple concentrate sources, greater individualization and therapy customization can be achieved for each patient. With a single concentrate source, all solutes in the generated peritoneal dialysate must be present in a fixed ratio. By using more than one concentrate source, the ratio of solutes used in the peritoneal dialysate can be altered as the concentration of each of the osmotic agent and ion solutes can be individually controlled. For example, as illustrated by Table 6, with a single ion concentrate source and a single osmotic agent source, peritoneal dialysate with greater or less osmotic agent per concentration of ions can be generated, providing the ability to adjust the tonicity of the peritoneal dialysate solution independently of the electrolyte composition to meet the UF needs of any patient with a single set of solutions and allowing greater control over ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltration rate resulting from using the peritoneal dialysate solutions can be altered by altering the concentration of the osmotic agent independently of the ionic solutes, or by changing the osmotic agent used. For example, typical ultrafiltration volumes using dextrose as the osmotic agent vary with the dextrose concentration of the peritoneal dialysate. With a 1.5% dextrose solution, the typical ultrafiltration volume is about 150 mL. With a 2.5% dextrose solution, the typical ultrafiltration volume is about 250 mL. With a 4.25% dextrose solution, the typical ultrafiltration volume can exceed 600 mL. For a single exchange using separate concentrate sources for the ion concentrates and the osmotic agent, about 50 mL of the ion concentrate and 150 mL of the osmotic agent may be needed, corresponding to about 200 ml/day or 1.4 L/week of the ion concentrate and 600 ml/day or 4.2 L/week of the osmotic agent.

Because the system is not limited to discrete glucose or other osmotic agent concentrations like known commercial solutions; the system can customize the peritoneal dialysate solutions to meet the ultrafiltration needs of patient as determined by a healthcare provider. As illustrated in Table 6, the glucose level in the peritoneal dialysate solution can be varied from 0.55 g/dL to 4.5 g/dL, while maintaining the electrolytes and buffer components constant. Varying the glucose level while maintaining the electrolyte and buffer components constant allows the system to cover the range of glucose formulations currently offered commercially using a single Part A and Part B composition.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, two osmotic agent sources can be used, such as a dextrose source and an icodextrin source. With two osmotic agent sources one could use dextrose during the daytime exchanges for CAPD and icodextrin during the night dwell to take advantage of the higher UF removal from icodextrin. Conversely, dextrose could be used during the night dwell and icodextrin for the extended daytime dwell in APD systems.

By using separate concentrate sources for each solute, complete individualization of the concentrations and ratios of solutes in the peritoneal dialysate can be achieved. Table 7 provides exemplary ranges of solutes for peritoneal dialysate as made by a system with each solute in a separate concentrate source. With separate concentrate sources for each solute virtually any peritoneal dialysate solution composition can be prepared from a single set of component formulations. The system is useful for patients whose prescriptions change periodically due to diet or other factors. Such patients would need to store multiple formulations if using only one or two concentrate sources, and the risk of errors would be increased.

TABLE 7

Exemplary dialysate composition from a multi-source system

		Solution
	Concentration	volume	Dialysate
Component	(g/l)	(ml/L)	composition

Part A: Glucose	850	6-53	0.55-4.5	g/dL
Part B: NaCl	320	15-18	132-134	mmol/L
Part C: Na Lactate	1000	2-4	15-40	mmol/L
Part D: MgCl2•6H2O	500	0.2-0.4	0.5-1.0	mmol/L
Part E: CaCl2•2H2O	700	0.5-1.0	2.5-3.5	mmol/L
Part F: NaHCO3	85	0-34	0-34	mmol/L
Part G: Icodextrin	1000	0-75	0-7.5	g/dL
Water		820-971

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the one or more concentrate sources can be detachable from the rest of the system for sterilization. The concentrate sources can also be sterilized each time the concentrate sources are filled with new concentrate solutions. Further, the concentrate sources can be sterilized after a set number of uses, or after a set period of time. Moreover, the concentrate sources and the rest of the peritoneal dialysate generation system can be sterilized without any of the components by passing a disinfection solution, such as a citric acid, peracetic acid, or bleach solution, through all of the lines and containers of the system.

As described, in any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the system can be configured to generate enough peritoneal dialysate for multiple infusions of peritoneal dialysis into a patient in a single step, such as entire day's requirements of peritoneal dialysate. The peritoneal dialysate generated by the system can be stored in a single dialysate container, and then the patient can use the same peritoneal dialysate container for each exchange of peritoneal dialysate. As illustrated inFIG. 3, the system can be configured to separate portions of peritoneal dialysate into separate dialysate containers, and the patient can use each container only once. Peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path301 can be fluidly connected to a water source, a water purification module, a concentrate source, and a sterilization module, each upstream of dialysate containers302-307. For clarity, these components are not shown inFIG. 3.

Peritoneal dialysate can be generated through a peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path301 as described herein. The peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path301 can be fluidly connected to avalve308, which can selectively distribute peritoneal dialysate to each of the dialysate containers302-307.Valve308 can be controlled to direct peritoneal dialysate from peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path301 tovalve309.Valve309 can be controlled to direct the peritoneal dialysate into either of

dialysate containers

302 or303. Once

dialysate containers

302 and303 are filled,valve308 can be switched to direct the peritoneal dialysate tovalve310.Valve310 can be controlled to direct the peritoneal dialysate into either of

dialysate containers

304 or305. After filling

dialysate containers

304 and305,valve308 can be switched to direct peritoneal dialysate tovalve311.Valve311 can be controlled to direct the peritoneal dialysate to either

dialysate container

306 or307, allowing six separate dialysate containers to be filled with peritoneal dialysate. The patient can then store the generated dialysate in dialysate containers302-307 until needed. Although six dialysate containers are illustrated inFIG. 3, one of skill in the art will understand that any number of dialysate containers can be used with the systems described herein by modification of the lines and valves. The system can include any number of dialysate containers, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more dialysate containers. Although illustrated inFIG. 3 as including one four-way valve308 and three three-

way valves

309,310, and311, one of skill in the art will understand that several alternative arrangements of valves and fluid lines can selectively fill multiple dialysate containers with the generated peritoneal dialysate. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the dialysate containers302-307 can be sized to hold dialysate for a single infusion into the patient. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the dialysate containers302-307 can be sized to hold enough dialysate for multiple infusions of dialysate into the patient. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, each dialysate container302-307 can be between any of 1 and 4 L, 1 and 3 L, 1.5 and 3 L, or 2 and 4 L, storing enough peritoneal dialysate for a single infusion into the patient. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, larger or smaller dialysate containers can be used. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, the dialysate containers can be between any of 1 and 20 L, 1 and 2 L, 1 and 3 L, 2 and 6 L, 2 and 4 L, 6 and 10 L, 8 and 10 L, 8 and 12 L, 10 and 12 L, 10 to 15 L, or 12 to 20 L. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, one or more flow meters (not shown) can be provided for determining the amount of peritoneal dialysate pumped into each dialysate container. A single flow meter can be positioned upstream ofvalve308. Multiple flow meters can also be provided betweenvalve308 and each of valves309-311. Flow meters can be provided individually for each of the dialysate containers302-307. A control system (not shown) can be in communication with the flow meters and can be utilized to operate each of the pumps and valves and thereby control the movement of dialysate into each dialysate container.

In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, different formulations of peritoneal dialysate can be pumped to each of the dialysate containers302-307. For example, the system can generate peritoneal dialysate for 3-4 day time exchanges and pump the peritoneal dialysate to dialysate containers302-305. A different formulation of solutes, such as with a different concentration or type of osmotic agent, can be used for an overnight dwell, and the second formulation of peritoneal dialysate can be transferred to dialysate containers306-307.

FIG. 4 illustrates an overview of generating peritoneal dialysate in accordance with any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention. Water from awater source401 can be purified by awater purification module402, as explained. Concentrates from asingle concentrate source403, which can contain both ion concentrates and one or more osmotic agents, can be added to the purified water to generate a non-sterileperitoneal dialysate solution404. The non-sterileperitoneal dialysate solution404 is sterilized by asterilization module405, which may include an ultrafilter. As explained, the peritoneal dialysate can be further purified by additional components in thesterilization module406, such as by ultrafiltration with a second ultrafilter, by re circulating the peritoneal dialysate through the same ultrafilter multiple times, or by a UV light source, to generate a sterilizedperitoneal dialysate407. The sterilizedperitoneal dialysate407 can be stored or used by any method described herein, including dispensing an entire day's use of the peritoneal dialysate into asingle dialysate container408, as illustrated inFIG. 1; dispensing the peritoneal dialysate into multiple dialysate containers each large enough for asingle treatment409, as illustrated inFIG. 3, or dispensing the peritoneal dialysate into a single or multiple dialysate containers forimmediate use410.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path601. Water from awater source602 can be pumped throughfilter603 bysystem pump604. Thefilter603 can remove any particulate matter from the water prior to entering the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path601.Pressure sensor605 measures the pressure of the incoming water to ensure the pressure within the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path601 is within predetermined ranges. The water can then be pumped through a water purification module, illustrated as asorbent cartridge606 inFIG. 6. As described, the water purification module can alternatively or additionally include activated carbon, a reverse osmosis module, a carbon filter, an ion exchange resin, and/or a nanofilter. The water enters thesorbent cartridge606 throughsorbent cartridge inlet607 and exits throughsorbent cartridge outlet608.Filter609 removes any particulate matter in the fluid after exitingsorbent cartridge606. Aconductivity sensor610 determines the conductivity of the fluid exitingsorbent cartridge606 to ensure the water has been purified.Flow sensor611 determines the flow rate of the fluid exitingsorbent cartridge606. To generate peritoneal dialysate, concentrates can be added fromconcentrate source613 throughconcentrate connector614 byconcentrate pump615. Although shown as asingle concentrate source613 inFIG. 6, concentrates can be added from two or more concentrate sources wherein at least one concentrate source is a source for independently providing glucose to separately control addition of osmotic agents such as glucose.Concentrate filter612 removes any particulate matter from the concentrate before entering the peritoneal dialysategeneration flow path601. Aconductivity sensor616 determines the conductivity of the generated peritoneal dialysate after addition of the concentrates to ensure the peritoneal dialysate has the correct solute concentrations.Pressure sensor617 measures the fluid pressure prior to the fluid entering the sterilization module, shown as

ultrafilters

618 and620.pH sensor624 can determine the pH of the peritoneal dialysate to ensure the peritoneal dialysate has a proper pH.

As described, the peritoneal dialysate is sterilized by pumping the peritoneal dialysate through a sterilization module which can include afirst ultrafilter618, and optionally asecond ultrafilter620.

Valves

621 and622, as well asconnector623 are used in disinfection and backflushing of the ultrafilters. The fluid can then be pumped intodialysate container625 for storage until needed by the patient. As described, the system can include any number of dialysate containers, and is not limited to thesingle dialysate container625 illustrated inFIG. 6.

Valves

621 and622, as well as threeway valve619 allow for back flushing of the

ultrafilters

618 and620 during disinfection.

When not in use, theconcentrate source705, thesorbent cartridge704, anddialysate bag707 can be removed, and the

doors

710 and711 of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet701 can be closed to minimize the space required as shown inFIG. 7C. Additionally, thescreen709 can be folded down into the top of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet701, further minimizing the space needed. The doors can be open and closed by any method known in the art, including magnets, handles, indentations, hooks, or any other method of opening and closing the doors. The peritonealdialysate generation cabinet701 can have a small size and portability optimized for in-home or beside use. Although shown on table712, the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet701 can be used on any stable flat surface.

FIGS. 9A-D illustrate a non-limiting embodiment of the peritoneal dialysate generation system arranged as a peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901.FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901,FIG. 9B illustrates a front view of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901,FIG. 9C illustrates a side view of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901, andFIG. 9D illustrates a back view of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901.

Afluid line905 can connect awater source904 to the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901. Thefluid line905 can enter through aconnector928 in a top906 of thewater source904. Thefluid line905 connects to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path as described with reference toFIGS. 1-3 and 6, through a back of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 throughconnector932 having a fitting933 for holding thefluid line905, as illustrated inFIG. 9D. Any of the fluid lines illustrated can be disconnected and removed from the system for cleaning and replacement. A pump (not shown) can provide a driving force for the movement of fluid throughout the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path if required. Water is pumped through the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 to a water purification module, shown assorbent cartridge912 inFIGS. 9A-B. The water can enter thesorbent cartridge912 through tubing (not shown) connected to a bottom of thesorbent cartridge912 within the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901. The water exits thesorbent cartridge912 throughconnector913 andtubing914. An osmotic agent fromosmotic agent source915 and an ion concentrate from anion concentrate source917 are added to the fluid as described to generate non-sterilized peritoneal dialysate. The osmotic agent concentrate is added to the fluid through a connector shown aspaddle connector916. The ion concentrate is added to the fluid throughpaddle connector918. A concentrate pump (not shown) can provide a driving force to move fluid from the concentrate sources into the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path inside of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901. As described, the system can use a single ion concentrate source in place of the two sources shown inFIGS. 9A-B, or more than two concentrate sources. The generated peritoneal dialysate can then be pumped through a sterilization module (not shown), such as an ultrafilter. A second ultrafilter and/or a UV light source can also be included. The peritoneal dialysate can then be pumped intodialysate line919 throughconnector920 and into a dialysate container (not shown inFIGS. 9A-D), for storage until used by the patient, or into a non-integrated cycler for immediate use by the patient. Fitting925 allows thedialysate line919 to be removed from the system for cleaning or replacement. Waste fluids can be pumped out of the system throughwaste line907, which connects to the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 throughconnector930 havingfitting931. Thewaste line907 enterswaste container908 through aconnector929 in the top909 of thewaste container908.

Handles

910 and911 can be included onwater source904 andwaste container908 for easy movement and storage. Although the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 is illustrated on top of table926 inFIGS. 9A-D, the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 can be used on any stable flat surface.

As described, the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path can include various sensors for detection of conductivity, pH, refractive index, or other dialysate parameters. The sensors can be included either inside or outside of the body of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901. The fluid lines and valves connecting the components of the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path can likewise be positioned inside of the cabinet body. As described, a top of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 can have agraphical user interface902 includingscreen903. Messages from the control system to the user, or from the user to the control system, can be generated and read through the graphical user interface. The user can direct the generation of peritoneal dialysate through thegraphical user interface902, and can receive messages from the system throughscreen903. The system can generate alerts to the user, including any problems detected by any of the sensors, as well as the progress of peritoneal dialysate generation. Ahandle924 can be included for opening the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet901 to allow access to components on the inside of the cabinet.

Handles

921 and923 can be included to hold the fluid lines and power cord when not in use.

Disinfection connector

922 illustrated inFIGS. 9A and 9C can be included for disinfection of thewaste line907. During disinfection, thewaste line907 can be disconnected fromwaste container908 and connected todisinfection connector922. Disinfectant solution from a disinfectant source (not shown inFIGS. 9A-D) can then be circulated through thewaste line907 to disinfect thewaste line907.Disinfection connector927 can be included for disinfection offluid line905.Fluid line905 can be connected todisinfection connector922 and disinfection solution can be circulated through thefluid line905.Drain934 onwater source904 and drain935 onwaste container908, allow thewater source904 andwaste container908 to be drained without inverting the containers.

FIG. 10 illustrates a peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 using a non-purified water source,faucet1005 in sink1004. Although illustrated asfaucet1005 and sink1004, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any water source can be used. The ability to use municipal or other non-purified sources of water allow the peritoneal dialysate generation system to work at a patient's home without the need to store large amounts of purified water or dialysate. Fitting1006 connects the water line1007 to thefaucet1005 or other water source, allowing the water line1007 to be connected or disconnected as necessary. A pump (not shown) provides a driving force for the movement of fluid throughout the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path. The water is pumped through the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 to a water purification module, shown assorbent cartridge1011 inFIG. 10. The water enters thesorbent cartridge1011 through tubing (not shown) connected to the bottom of the sorbent cartridge within the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001. The water exits thesorbent cartridge1011 throughconnector1026 andtubing1012. An osmotic agent fromosmotic agent source1013 and an ion concentrate from anion concentrate source1014 are added to the fluid as described to generate non-sterilized peritoneal dialysate. The osmotic agent concentrate is added to the fluid through a connector shown aspaddle connector1016. The ion concentrate is added to the fluid throughpaddle connector1015. A concentrate pump (not shown) can provide a driving force to move fluid from the concentrate sources into the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path inside of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001. As described, the system can use a single ion concentrate source in place of the two sources shown inFIG. 10, or more than two concentrate sources. The generated peritoneal dialysate can then be pumped through a sterilization module (not shown), such as an ultrafilter. A second ultrafilter and/or a UV light source can also be included. The peritoneal dialysate can then be pumped into dialysate line1017 throughconnector1018 and into a dialysate container (not shown inFIG. 10), for storage until used by the patient, or into a non-integrated cycler for immediate use by the patient. Fitting1019 allows the dialysate line1017 to be removed from the system for cleaning or replacement. Waste fluids can be pumped out of the system throughwaste line1008, which can connect to adrain1009 shown inbathtub1010. Although shown as abathtub drain1009 inFIG. 10, the waste fluids can be conveyed to any type of drain, or alternatively to a waste container as illustrated inFIGS. 9A-D. Although the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 is illustrated on top of table1024 inFIG. 10, the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 can be used on any stable flat surface. In certain embodiments, the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 and dialysate container or non-integrated cycler can be used in the same room as the water source anddrain1009. Alternatively, a non-integrated cycler or dialysate container can be placed in a separate room, with tubing long enough to reach the non-integrated cycler or dialysate container. For longer distances, the tubing should be strong enough to withstand the pressures necessary in pumping fluid over longer distances.

As described, a top of the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 can have agraphical user interface1002 includingscreen1003. Messages from the control system to the user, or from the user to the control system, can be generated and read through the graphical user interface. The user can direct the generation of peritoneal dialysate through thegraphical user interface1002, and can receive messages from the system throughscreen1003. The system can generate alerts to the user, including any problems detected by any of the sensors, as well as the progress of peritoneal dialysate generation. A handle1020 can be included for opening the peritonealdialysate generation cabinet1001 to allow access to components on the inside of the cabinet.

Handles

1021 and1023 can be included to hold the fluid lines and power cord when not in use.

Disinfection connector

1022 can be included for disinfection of thewaste line1008. During disinfection, thewaste line1008 can be disconnected from thedrain1009 and connected todisinfection connector1022. Disinfectant solution from a disinfectant source (not shown inFIG. 10) can then be circulated through thewaste line1008 to disinfect thewaste line1008.Disinfection connector1025 can be included for disinfection of water line1007. The water line1007 can be disconnected fromfaucet1005 and connected todisinfection connector1025. Disinfectant solution can be circulate through the water line1007 for disinfection.

In any embodiment of the first, second, or third aspects of the invention, the solute sources included in the dialysate generation module can be provided in a dialysis caddy. A dialysis caddy is a container adapted to contain one or more other containers, each having one or more solute sources. One non-limiting example of a dialysis caddy is shown inFIG. 11. Thedialysis caddy1101 can contain some or all of the solute sources necessary for peritoneal dialysis. In any embodiment of the first or second aspects of the invention, thedialysis caddy1101 can contain anion concentrate source1103,osmotic agent source1104, andsodium chloride source1105. As explained, theion concentrate source1103 can contain any one or more of ion concentrates, such as magnesium chloride, calcium chloride or potassium chloride, or any other solutes used in peritoneal dialysis.Osmotic agent source1104 can contain one or more osmotic agents, such as glucose, dextrose, or icodextrin. One of skill in the art will understand that any of the solutes can be contained in separate sources, and that thedialysis caddy1101 can be adapted for any number of concentrate sources. In use, thedialysis caddy1101 can be placed in a receiving slot of adialysis system1102. As shown inFIG. 11, thedialysis caddy1101 can be configured so each of theion concentrate source1103,osmotic agent source1104, andsodium chloride source1105 are aligned with connectors for connection to the peritoneal dialysate generation flow path, such as the connectors on

paddle assemblies

1113 and1114. In any embodiment of the first or second aspect of the invention, thedialysis caddy1101 can also contain adisinfectant source1106, which may contain a disinfectant, such as citric acid. To disinfect the system, thedialysis caddy1101 can be turned so

container connectors

1110 and1111 on thedisinfectant source1106 can connect to the connectors on

paddle assemblies

1113 and1114.

Ifdialysis caddy1101 is configured to generate peritoneal dialysate,container connector1107 onion concentrate source1103 andcontainer connector1108 onosmotic agent source1104 can connect tocaddy connectors1115 onpaddle assembly1113 andcaddy connector1116 onpaddle assembly1114.Container connector1109 onsodium chloride source1105 can also connect to a caddy connector (not shown inFIG. 11). The paddles can form a part of apaddle assembly1112. To connect the sources to the paddles, the paddles can be rotated downward onhinge1117 and the

caddy connectors

Alternatively, any method of loading the peritoneal dialysate concentrates can be included in the described systems. For example, the peritoneal dialysate concentrates can be added using a disposable cassette. The disposable cassette can be multi-use or single-use with disposal of the cassette after therapy.

As illustrated inFIG. 12, the described systems can be used with alternative dispensing options. The sterileperitoneal dialysate1201 can be dispensed throughconnectors1202 to asterile dialysate bag1203 or other sterile dialysate container. Theconnectors1202 can be single use or disposable connectors that provide transfer of sterile fluids. A non-limiting example of connectors that can be used with the described system is the Lynx®-Millipore connectors available from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Alternatively, the system can include a direct connection throughconnectors1204 to anexternal cycler1205 for immediate use of the generated peritoneal dialysate. The direct connection to an external cycler can use any type ofconnectors1204 known in the art. Theconnectors1204 can be single-use or reusable connectors and should provide for sterile transfer of fluids. Theconnectors1204 should preferably be closed connectors, to avoid contact between the fluids and the external environment. A non-limiting example of a connector that can be used for a direct connection to an external cycler is the INTACT® connectors provided by Medinstill Development LLC Delaware, US.

The connectors can include connectors for connection to reservoirs, containers, or a tap or faucet.FIG. 11 illustrates non-limiting embodiments of connectors for connection to one or more containers. The connectors can be any type of connector that can form a seal with a container, tap, or faucet that serve as the fluid sources in the system. The connectors can be screw-type connectors that screw onto the containers, faucet or tap, snap-type connectors that snap onto the containers, faucet, or tap, or any other type of connector known in the art. O-rings or other sealing members can be included in the connectors to form a water-tight seal with the containers, faucet, or tap.

For connection to a tap or faucet, the connectors should be able to form a seal with standard at-home faucets. Further to this end, the connectors can include an adjustable bore, wherein the size of the opening of the connector for connection to the tap or faucet can be increased or decreased to adjust to different size faucets. Nuts, screws, or other tightenable components can be included on the sides of the connectors allowing a user to tighten the connector around the faucet or tap regardless of the circumference of the faucet or tap. An o-ring or other sealing member can be placed on the faucet or tap to increase the effectiveness of the seal formed with the connectors.

Alternatively, a fitting can be screwed onto, or otherwise affixed to the faucet with a male end of the fitting extending outwardly from the faucet. The male end of the fitting can be inserted into the water line, and secured with an adjustable bolt, wire, or other tightening mechanism to ensure a proper seal.

For connection to a drain as illustrated inFIG. 10, the tubing for carrying waste fluids can simply be placed into the drain, bathtub, or other receptacle containing a drain for disposal. Alternatively, the tubing can include a connector for forming a sealable connection to a drain, ensuring that all waste fluids are directed into the drain.

One skilled in the art will understand that various combinations and/or modifications and variations can be made in the described systems and methods depending upon the specific needs for operation. Moreover, features illustrated or described as being part of an aspect of the invention may be used in the aspect of the invention, either alone or in combination, or follow a preferred arrangement of one or more of the described elements.