US20170079797A1 - Tricuspid valve repair using tension - Google Patents

Abstract

A system is provided for repairing a cardiac valve of a patient. The system includes a tissue-engaging stent, which is configured to be implanted in a portion of a blood vessel that is in contact with an atrium of a heart of the patient; and a tissue-engaging element, which is configured for implantation at least in part in cardiac tissue at a cardiac implantation site. The system further includes a flexible longitudinal member, which has (a) a first portion that is coupled to the tissue-engaging element, and (b) a second portion that comprises one or more engaging elements, which are configured to be coupled to a strut of the tissue-engaging stent following the implantation of the tissue-engaging element, thereby maintaining tension between the tissue-engaging element and the tissue-engaging stent.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/574,088, filed Oct. 19, 2012, which is the U.S. national stage of International Application PCT/IL2011/000064, filed Jan. 20, 2011, which claims priority from and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/692,061, filed Jan. 22, 2010, entitled, “Tricuspid valve repair using tension,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,475,525, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE APPLICATION
• Some applications of the present invention relate in general to valve repair. More specifically, some applications of the present invention relate to repair of a tricuspid valve of a patient.
BACKGROUND OF THE APPLICATION
• Functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) is governed by several pathophysiologic abnormalities such as tricuspid valve annular dilatation, annular shape, pulmonary hypertension, left or right ventricle dysfunction, right ventricle geometry, and leaflet tethering. Treatment options for FTR are primarily surgical. The current prevalence of moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation is estimated to be 1.6 million in the United States. Of these, only 8,000 patients undergo tricuspid valve surgeries annually, most of them in conjunction with left heart valve surgeries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In some applications of the present invention, apparatus and methods are provided for repairing a tricuspid valve of a patient using tension. Typically, the apparatus and methods for repairing the tricuspid valve facilitate reducing of tricuspid valve regurgitation by altering the geometry of the tricuspid valve and/or by altering the geometry of the wall of the right atrium of the heart of the patient. In some applications of the present invention, a first tissue-engaging element is implanted in a first portion of tissue that is upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient. A second tissue-engaging element is then implanted in a second portion of tissue that is upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient. Typically, following implantation of both the first and second tissue-engaging elements, a distance between the leaflets of the tricuspid valve is adjusted by pulling a longitudinal member that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements or by pulling at least one of the tissue-engaging elements. Alternatively or additionally, the longitudinal member is adjusted prior to implanting the second tissue-engaging element. For some applications, the longitudinal member is coupled at least in part to an adjusting mechanism, and the longitudinal member is pulled or relaxed responsively to actuation of the adjusting mechanism.
• In some applications of the present invention, apparatus and method are provided to achieve bicuspidization of the tricuspid valve. For such applications, typically, the anterior leaflet and the septal leaflet are drawn together to enhance coaptation.
• For some applications, the first tissue-engaging element comprises a first stent which is expanded in a portion of an inferior vena cava. The second tissue engaging element comprises a second stent which is expanded in a portion of a superior vena cava. The distance between the first and second stents is then adjusted by pulling the longitudinal member, optionally while monitoring regurgitation of the tricuspid valve. Responsively to the pulling of the longitudinal element, the geometry of the right atrium is altered, thereby drawing together the leaflets of the tricuspid valve.
• For other applications, the first tissue-engaging element comprises a stent that is implanted in either the inferior or superior vena cava, and the second tissue-engaging element comprises a tissue anchor which punctures a portion of cardiac tissue of the patient and is implanted at least in part in the portion of cardiac tissue. For some applications, a plurality of second tissue-engaging elements are provided (such as two or three), which are implanted in respective portions of cardiac tissue in a vicinity of the heart valve. For some applications, a longitudinal member is (a) directly coupled to the first tissue-engaging element, (b) directly coupled to one of the second tissue-engaging elements, and (c) indirectly coupled to two others of the second tissue-engaging elements by a longitudinal sub-member.
• For still other applications of the present invention, both the first and second tissue-engaging elements comprise respective first and second tissue anchors. Each tissue anchor punctures a respective portion of cardiac tissue of the patient and is implanted at least in part in the respective portion of cardiac tissue. The tensioning element couples the first and second tissue anchors and is adjusted following implantation of the first and second tissue anchors by pulling or relaxing the tensioning element.
• For some applications of the present invention, a rotation tool is provided for rotating a tissue anchor, so as to drive the anchor into tissue. The rotation tool comprises a rotation tube, a distal end of which is configured to removably engage a proximal coupling head of the anchor, such that rotation of the rotation tube rotates the anchor. For some applications, the tool further comprises an elongated coupling element, which may comprise, for example, a string, a cable, or a wire. The anchor, such as the proximal coupling head thereof, is shaped so as to define a passage therethrough. The elongated coupling element is initially disposed so as to pass through the passage, such that both ends of the elongated coupling element extend in a proximal direction. When thus positioned, the elongated coupling element couples the tool to the anchor. To decouple the tool from the anchor, one of the ends of the elongated coupling element is pulled until the elongated coupling element no longer passes through the passage.
• For some applications of the present invention, a system for repairing a tricuspid valve comprises a tensioning device and a deployment tube. The tensioning device comprises a tissue anchor, a radially-expandable anchor, and at least one flexible longitudinal member that connects the tissue and radially-expandable anchors. The radially-expandable anchor, when in a radially-expanded state, is configured to rest against a wall of a cardiac chamber and to not pass through a hole in the cardiac wall. For example, when in its radially-expanded state, the radially-expandable anchor may be shaped like a flower or butterfly, and thus may be shaped so as to define a plurality of petals or wings. Typically, the radially-expandable anchor is configured to generally fall within exactly one plane when in its radially-expanded state.
• The radially-expandable anchor defines an opening, through which the longitudinal member passes, such that the radially-expanded anchor is slidably coupled to the longitudinal member. The radially-expandable anchor and the longitudinal member are configured such that the radially-expandable member is lockable to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member at least in a proximal direction toward the proximal end of the longitudinal member. For example, at least a portion of the longitudinal member may be shaped so as to define ratchet teeth, which engage the radially-expandable anchor, thereby preventing the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member in the proximal direction. Alternatively or additionally, the radially-expandable anchor may be configured to be crimped to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member.
• During a tricuspid valve repair procedure, the deployment tube is advanced into the left atrium. A hole is made in the interatrial septum. The deployment tube is advanced from the left atrium through the hole, until a distal end of the deployment tube is positioned within the right atrium. The tissue anchor is deployed from the distal end of the deployment tube, and anchored to a portion of cardiac tissue in a vicinity of the tricuspid valve. The deployment tube is withdrawn into the left atrium, thereby releasing the radially-expandable anchor in the left atrium near the septum. The longitudinal member is pulled in a proximal direction, while holding the radially-expandable anchor against a left-atrial side of the septum. The radially-expandable anchor is locked to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member at least in the proximal direction. Responsively, a distance between the leaflets of the tricuspid valve is adjusted to reduce and eliminate regurgitation through the valve, and thereby, the valve is repaired. For some applications, a level of regurgitation of the tricuspid valve is monitored in conjunction with pulling the longitudinal member to adjust the distance between the anchors.
• For some applications, the stents described hereinabove comprise a plurality of interconnected superelastic metallic struts. Alternatively or additionally, for some applications, one or more of the stents may comprises one or more elongated members and two or more rings. The rings are typically coupled together by the one or more elongated members and by no other elements of the stent. Typically, the rings define respective planes that are generally perpendicular to the elongated members when the stent is in its expanded state. The longitudinal member connects the stent to the tissue anchor(s).
• For some applications, at least one of the tissue anchors described hereinabove is configured to radially contract and expand in a manner generally similar to that of an umbrella. The anchor is inserted into the tissue in a radially-contracted state, and is transitioned to a radially-expanded state in order to fix the anchor within the tissue. The anchor comprises a distal tissue-piercing tip, which is fixed at a distal end of a post. The anchor further comprises a plurality of ribs, which are coupled to the anchor near the distal tip, such that the ribs can articulate with the post. The anchor further comprises a runner, which is slidably coupled to the post, such that the runner can slide along the post. A plurality of stretchers are coupled to the runner and respective ones of the ribs, such that the stretchers can articulate with the runner and the respective ribs.
• There is therefore provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method, including:
• implanting at least a first tissue-engaging element in a first portion of tissue in a vicinity of a heart valve of a patient;
• implanting at least a second tissue-engaging element in a portion of a blood vessel that is in contact with an atrium of a heart of the patient; and
• drawing at least a first leaflet of the valve toward at least a second leaflet of the valve by adjusting a distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes pulling a longitudinal member that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements.
• In some applications of the present invention, implanting the first tissue-engaging element includes implanting the first tissue-engaging element in the first portion of tissue of an annulus of the valve, and the method further includes: implanting, in a second portion of tissue of the annulus, a third tissue-engaging element that is connected to a fourth tissue-engaging element by a longitudinal sub-member; and implanting, in a third portion of tissue of the annulus, the fourth tissue-engaging element such that the longitudinal sub-member engages the longitudinal member at a junction therebetween.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes applying tension to one or more elements selected from the group consisting of the first tissue-engaging element and the second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method includes monitoring a level of regurgitation of the heart valve in conjunction with the adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes pulling the first tissue-engaging element toward the portion of the blood vessel.
• In some applications of the present invention, the heart valve includes a tricuspid valve, and adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes achieving bicuspidization of the tricuspid valve of the heart.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the portion of the blood vessel and the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes actuating an adjusting mechanism that is coupled to a portion of a longitudinal member that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements.
• In some applications of the present invention, implanting the second tissue-engaging element in the portion of the blood vessel includes expanding a stent in the portion of the blood vessel.
• In some applications of the present invention, the stent includes two or more rings coupled together by one or more elongated members and by no other elements of the stent, and implanting the second tissue-engaging element includes expanding the rings such that the rings anchor the stent to a wall of the blood vessel.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method includes:
• implanting a third tissue-engaging element in a second portion of tissue of the heart, the third tissue-engaging element being connected at a proximal end thereof to a distal end of a longitudinal member; and
• engaging a proximal end portion of the longitudinal member with the stent.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method includes applying tension to the third tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, the blood vessel is selected from the group of blood vessels consisting of: a superior vena cava, and an inferior vena cava.
• In some applications of the present invention, implanting the first tissue-engaging element in the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve of the patient includes engaging the first portion of tissue by performing one or more actions selected from the group consisting of: puncturing and squeezing the first portion of tissue and advancing at least a portion of the first tissue-engaging element into the first portion of tissue.
• In some applications of the present invention:
• the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve includes a portion of tissue of that is opposite the portion of the blood vessel of the patient,
• engaging the first portion of tissue includes engaging the portion of tissue that is opposite the portion of the blood vessel of the patient, and
• drawing the first leaflet of the valve toward the second leaflet of the valve includes adjusting a distance between the portion of the blood vessel of the patient and the portion of tissue that is opposite the portion of the blood vessel of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve includes a portion of tissue of an annulus of the valve, and engaging the first portion of tissue includes engaging the portion of tissue of the annulus of the valve.
• In some applications of the present invention, the portion of tissue of the annulus of the valve includes a portion of tissue that is between a middle portion of an anterior leaflet of the valve and a middle portion of a posterior leaflet of the valve.
• In some applications of the present invention, the first portion of tissue in the vicinity of the heart valve includes a portion of tissue of a wall of the atrium of the heart above an annulus of the valve, and engaging the first portion of tissue includes engaging the portion of tissue of the wall of the atrium.
• There is additionally provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method, including:
• implanting at least a first tissue-engaging element in a first portion of tissue upstream of a tricuspid valve of a patient;
• implanting at least a second tissue-engaging element in a second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient; and
• altering a geometry of a wall of a right atrium of a heart of the patient by adjusting a distance between the first portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient and the second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes implanting at least a third tissue-engaging element in a third portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient, and altering the geometry of the wall of the right atrium includes altering the geometry of the wall by adjusting respective distances between the first, the second, and the third portions of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the first portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient and the second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient includes adjusting a distance between the first tissue-engaging element and the second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, the first portion of tissue includes a first portion of the wall of the right atrium, and implanting the first tissue-engaging element in the first portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient includes implanting the first tissue-engaging element in the first portion of the wall of the right atrium.
• In some applications of the present invention, the second portion of tissue includes a second portion of the wall of the right atrium, and implanting the second tissue-engaging element in the second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient includes implanting the second tissue-engaging element in the second portion of the wall of the right atrium.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes implanting at least a third tissue-engaging element in a third portion of the wall of the right atrium, and altering the geometry of the wall of the right atrium includes altering the geometry of the wall by adjusting respective distances between the first, the second, and the third portions of the wall of the right atrium.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method includes monitoring a level of regurgitation of the tricuspid valve in conjunction with the altering the geometry of the wall of the right atrium.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the first portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient and the second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient includes pulling a longitudinal element that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the first portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient and the second portion of tissue upstream of the tricuspid valve of the patient includes actuating an adjusting mechanism that is coupled to a portion of a longitudinal element that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements.
• In some applications of the present invention, altering the geometry of the wall of the right atrium of the heart of the patient includes drawing together at least a first leaflet of the tricuspid valve of the patient and at least a second leaflet of the tricuspid valve of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, implanting the first tissue-engaging element includes implanting the first tissue-engaging element with a longitudinal member coupled to the first tissue-engaging element,
• the second tissue-engaging element is shaped so as to define a passage, and implanting the second tissue-engaging element includes implanting the second tissue-engaging element with the longitudinal member passing through the passage, and
• adjusting the distance includes pulling the longitudinal member in a proximal direction, so as to approximate the first and second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, pulling the longitudinal member including pulling the longitudinal member until the first and second tissue-engaging elements become coupled together.
• There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method, including:
• engaging at least a portion of at least a first tissue-engaging element in a portion of tissue of a wall of an inferior vena cava of a patient;
• engaging at least a portion of at least a second tissue-engaging element in a portion of tissue of a wall of a superior vena cava of the patient;
• drawing at least a first leaflet of a heart valve toward at least a second leaflet of the valve by applying tension to one or more portions of tissue selected from the group consisting of: the portion of tissue of the wall of the inferior vena cava of the patient and the portion of tissue of the wall of the superior vena cava of the patient; and
• monitoring a level of regurgitation of a heart valve of the patient in conjunction with the applying of the tension.
• In some applications of the present invention, applying the tension includes applying the tension following the engaging of the at least first tissue-engaging element and the engaging of the at least second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, applying the tension includes adjusting a distance between the portion of tissue of the wall of the inferior vena cava of the patient and the portion of tissue of the wall of the superior vena cava of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, adjusting the distance between the portion of tissue of the wall of the inferior vena cava of the patient and the portion of tissue of the wall of the superior vena cava of the patient includes, by the applying of the tension, adjusting a distance between the first tissue-engaging element and the second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, engaging the portion of the at least first tissue-engaging element in the portion of tissue of the wall of the inferior vena cava of the patient includes expanding a first stent in the inferior vena cava and contacting at least a portion of the first stent with the portion of the wall of the inferior vena cava.
• In some applications of the present invention, engaging the portion of the at least second tissue-engaging element in the portion of tissue of the wall of the superior vena cava of the patient includes expanding a second stent in the inferior vena cava and contacting at least a portion of the first stent with the portion of the wall of the inferior vena cava.
• In some applications of the present invention, applying the tension includes altering a geometry of a wall of an atrium of a heart of the patient.
• In some applications of the present invention, applying the tension includes pulling a longitudinal member that connects the at least first tissue-engaging element and the at least second tissue-engaging element.
• In some applications of the present invention, applying the tension includes actuating an adjusting mechanism that is coupled to a portion of a tensioning element that connects the first and second tissue-engaging elements.
• There is still further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus including:
• a stent;
• a longitudinal member, which has a distal end that includes an annular loop that extends laterally from the longitudinal member; and
• a tissue anchor, which is coupled to the annular loop, such that the anchor can rotate with respect to the annular loop, the longitudinal member, and the stent.
• In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes a tube, which is sized to pass through a lumen defined by the stent, and which is configured to be removably coupled to the tissue anchor, such that rotation of the tube rotates the tissue anchor. In some applications of the present invention, the tissue anchor is shaped so as to define a passage therethrough, and the tube includes an elongated coupling element, which is initially disposed so as to pass through the passage, thereby coupling the tube to the anchor. In some applications of the present invention, when the tube is removably coupled to the tissue anchor, a longitudinal portion of the tube is positioned alongside the longitudinal member, and no portion of the tube is positioned around the longitudinal member. In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes an adapter holder, which is coupled to the tube, and which is shaped so as to define arms, which have a tendency to expand radially, and which couple the tube to the anchor when the arms are radially compressed. In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes a delivery tool overtube, which is sized to pass through the lumen defined by the stent, the tube is configured to pass through the delivery tool overtube, and the overtube is configured to radially compress the arms when positioned surrounding the arms. In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes an adapter, which is shaped so as to define a cylindrical portion that passes through the annular loop, and which has a distal end that is fixedly coupled to a proximal portion of the tissue anchor, and the tube is configured to be removably coupled to the adapter via the adapter holder when the arms are radially compressed, so as to be removably coupled to the tissue anchor.
• In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes an adapter, which is shaped so as to define a cylindrical portion that passes through the annular loop, and which has a distal end that is fixedly coupled to a proximal portion of the tissue anchor, and the tube is configured to be removably coupled to the adapter, so as to be removably coupled to the tissue anchor.
• In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes a delivery tool overtube, which is sized to pass through the lumen defined by the stent, and the tube is configured to pass through the delivery tool overtube.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the apparatus may further include an adapter, which is shaped so as to define a cylindrical portion that passes through the annular loop, and which has a distal end that is fixedly coupled to a proximal portion of the tissue anchor.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the stent may include a plurality of interconnected superelastic metallic struts.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the stent may include one or more elongated members, and two or more rings coupled together by the one or more elongated members and by no other elements of the stent.
• There is additionally provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method including:
• providing (a) a stent, (b) a longitudinal member, which has a distal end that includes an annular loop that extends laterally from the longitudinal member, and (c) a tissue anchor, which is coupled to the annular loop;
• positioning the stent in a blood vessel of a patient;
• coupling the tissue anchor to tissue in a vicinity of a heart valve of the patient by rotating the anchor with respect to the annular loop, the longitudinal member, and the stent; and
• after coupling the tissue anchor to the tissue, deploying the stent such that the stent expands and is implanted in the blood vessel at an implantation site.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes, after coupling the tissue anchor to the tissue and before deploying the stent, pulling the anchor toward the implantation site.
• In some applications of the present invention, the blood vessel is selected from the group of blood vessels consisting of: a superior vena cava, and an inferior vena cava.
• In some applications of the present invention, rotating includes rotating the anchor using a tube, which passes through a lumen defined by the stent, and which is removably coupled to the tissue anchor. In some applications of the present invention, rotating the anchor using a tube includes positioning a longitudinal portion of the tube alongside the longitudinal member, such that no portion of the tube is positioned around the longitudinal member. In some applications of the present invention, rotating includes rotating the anchor using the tube that is coupled to an adapter holder, which is shaped so as to define arms, which have a tendency to expand radially, and which couple the tube to the anchor when the arms are radially compressed. In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes providing a delivery tool overtube, which is sized to pass through the lumen defined by the stent, the tube is configured to pass through the delivery tool overtube, and the overtube is configured to radially compress the arms when positioned surrounding the arms.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes providing a delivery tool overtube, which is sized to pass through the lumen defined by the stent, and the tube is configured to pass through the delivery tool overtube.
• There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus including:
• a stent, which is configured to assume compressed and expanded states, and which includes:
• • one or more elongated members; and
  • two or more rings, which are coupled together by the one or more elongated members and by no other elements of the stent, and which define respective planes that are generally perpendicular to the elongated members when the stent is in its expanded state;
• a longitudinal member, having a proximal end and a distal end, which proximal end is coupled to the stent; and
• a tissue anchor, which is coupled to the distal end of the longitudinal member.
• In some applications of the present invention, the stent includes exactly two rings.
• In some applications of the present invention, the stent includes exactly one elongated member.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the elongated member may include two or more wires coupled to one another.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, one of the elongated members may be at least partially a continuation of the longitudinal member.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, each of the rings may have an outer diameter of between 10 and 35 mm, when the stent is in its expanded state.
• There is also provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method including:
• providing a (a) stent, which includes (i) one or more elongated members; and (ii) two or more rings, which are coupled together by the one or more elongated members and by no other elements of the stent, (b) a longitudinal member, having a proximal end and a distal end, which proximal end is coupled to the stent, and (c) a tissue anchor, which is coupled to the distal end of the longitudinal member;
• positioning the stent in a blood vessel of a patient while the stent is in a compressed state;
• coupling the tissue anchor to tissue in a vicinity of a heart valve of the patient; and
• transitioning the stent to an expanded state, such that the rings define respective planes that are generally perpendicular to the elongated members, and anchor the stent to a wall of the blood vessel.
• In some applications of the present invention, providing the stent includes providing the stent which includes exactly two rings.
• In some applications of the present invention, providing the stent includes providing the stent which includes exactly one elongated member.
• In some applications of the present invention, providing the stent includes providing the stent in which one of the elongated members is at least partially a continuation of the longitudinal member.
• In some applications of the present invention, positioning the stent in the blood vessel includes positioning the stent in a blood vessel selected from the group of blood vessels consisting of: a superior vena cava, and an inferior vena cava.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes monitoring a level of regurgitation of the heart valve in conjunction with the positioning of the stent in the blood vessel.
• There is further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus including a tensioning device, which includes:
• a radially-expandable anchor, which defines an opening;
• a longitudinal member, having proximal and distal ends, which longitudinal member passes through the opening of the radially-expanded anchor, such that the radially-expanded anchor is slidably coupled to the longitudinal member; and
• a tissue anchor, which is coupled to the distal end of the longitudinal member,
• wherein the radially-expandable anchor and the longitudinal member are configured such that the radially-expandable member is lockable to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member at least in a proximal direction toward the proximal end of the longitudinal member.
• In some applications of the present invention, at least a portion of the longitudinal member is shaped so as to define ratchet teeth, which engage the radially-expandable anchor, thereby preventing the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member in the proximal direction.
• In some applications of the present invention, the radially-expandable anchor is configured to be crimped to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member.
• In some applications of the present invention, the radially-expandable anchor is configured to generally fall within exactly one plane when radially expanded.
• In some applications of the present invention, the radially-expandable anchor, when radially expanded, is shaped so as to define at least one shape selected from the group consisting of: a petal and a wing.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the apparatus may further include a deployment tube, in which the tensioning device is initially positioned, with the radially-expandable anchor in a radially-compressed state.
• There is still further provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method including:
• providing a tensioning device initially positioned in a deployment tube, which tension device includes (a) a longitudinal member, (b) a radially-expanded anchor, which is slidably coupled to the longitudinal member, and (c) a tissue anchor, which is coupled to a distal end of the longitudinal member;
• advancing the deployment tube into a left atrium of a patient;
• making a hole in an interatrial septum;
• advancing the deployment tube from the left atrium through the hole, until a distal end of the deployment tube is positioned within a right atrium;
• deploying the tissue anchor from the distal end of the deployment tube, and anchoring the tissue anchor to a portion of cardiac tissue in a vicinity of a tricuspid valve;
• withdrawing the deployment tube into the left atrium, thereby releasing the radially-expandable anchor in the left atrium near the septum; and
• pulling the longitudinal member in a proximal direction, while holding the radially-expandable anchor against a left-atrial side of the septum, and locking the radially-expandable anchor to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member at least in the proximal direction.
• In some applications of the present invention, at least a portion of the longitudinal member is shaped so as to define ratchet teeth, which engage the radially-expandable anchor, and locking the radially-expandable anchor to the longitudinal member includes using the ratchet teeth to prevent the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member in the proximal direction.
• In some applications of the present invention, locking the radially-expandable anchor to the longitudinal member includes crimping the radially-expandable anchor to the longitudinal member, so as to prevent the movement of the radially-expandable anchor with respect to the longitudinal member.
• In some applications of the present invention, the radially-expandable anchor is configured to generally fall within exactly one plane when radially expanded.
• In some applications of the present invention, the radially-expandable anchor, when radially expanded, is shaped so as to define at least one shape selected from the group consisting of: a petal and a wing.
• In some applications of the present invention, the method further includes monitoring a level of regurgitation of the tricuspid valve in conjunction with the pulling the longitudinal member.
• There is additionally provided, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, apparatus including a tissue anchor, which is configured to assume radially-contracted and radially-expanded states, and which includes:
• a post, having a distal tissue-piercing tip, and a greatest diameter of no more than 1.8 mm;
• a plurality of ribs, which are coupled to the anchor near the distal tip, such that the ribs can articulate with the post;
• a runner, which is slidably coupled to the post, such that the runner can slide along the post; and
• a plurality of stretchers, which are coupled to the runner and respective ones of the ribs, such that the stretchers can articulate with the runner and the respective ribs.
• In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes a catheter, in which the tissue anchor is initially positioned in the radially-contracted state. In some applications of the present invention, the apparatus further includes an inner tube positioned within the catheter, and a proximal end of the runner is initially removably coupled to the inner tube.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, an outer surface of a proximal end of the runner may be threaded.
• For any of the applications of the present invention described above, the anchor may at least partially include a shape-memory alloy.
• The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of applications thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1A-G are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of a heart valve which comprises a stent, a tissue anchor, and a tensioning element that couples the stent and the tissue anchor, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 2A-B are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of the heart valve which comprises first and second stents, first and second tissue anchor, and first and second tensioning elements, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 3A-C are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of the heart valve which comprises a single stent, first and second tissue anchor, and first and second tensioning elements, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 4A-C are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of a tricuspid valve which comprises first and second stents and first and a tensioning element that couples the first and second stents, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 5A-C are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of the heart valve which comprises two or three tissue anchors and a tensioning element that couples the tissue anchors, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of the heart valve which comprises a first anchoring system in the inferior vena cava, a first tissue anchor implanted at the valve, and a second tissue anchor implanted in the papillary muscle;
• FIGS. 7A-D are schematic illustrations of a delivery system for a helical tissue anchor, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 8A-E and9A-E are schematic illustrations of a system for repairing a tricuspid valve, using a superior vena cava approach and an inferior vena cava approach, respectively, in accordance with respective applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 10A-B are schematic illustrations of a rotation tool, in accordance with an application of the present invention;
• FIGS. 11A-B are schematic illustration of another system for repairing a tricuspid valve, in accordance with some applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 12A-D are schematic illustrations showing an exemplary procedure for deploying a tensioning device of the system ofFIGS. 11A-B, in accordance with respective applications of the present invention;
• FIGS. 13A-E are schematic illustration of tissue anchors, in accordance with respective applications of the present invention; and
• FIGS. 14A-D are schematic illustrations of apparatus for reducing regurgitation of a heart valve which comprises two tissue anchors configured to be directly coupled to each other, and an exemplary deployment procedure, in accordance with some applications of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF APPLICATIONS
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 1A-G, which are schematic illustrations of asystem20 comprising a first tissue-engagingelement60aand a second tissue-engagingelement60bfor repairing atricuspid valve4 of aheart2 of a patient, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. First tissue-engagingelement60acomprises atissue anchor40 which is designated for implantation at least in part in cardiac tissue at afirst implantation site30. It is to be noted thattissue anchor40 comprises a helical tissue anchor by way of illustration and not limitation and thattissue anchor40 may comprise any tissue anchor for puncturing or clamping cardiac tissue, including, but not limited to, the tissue anchors described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 13A-E. Second tissue-engagingelement60bcomprises astent50 which is designated for implantation in a portion of a blood vessel, e.g., a superior vena cava10 (such as shown inFIGS. 1E-G) or an inferior vena cava8 (such as shown inFIGS. 1A-D), at asecond implantation site52. First and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bare coupled together by a flexiblelongitudinal member42. Typically, a distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52 is adjusted by pulling to apply tension to or relaxinglongitudinal member42 and/or by applying tension to at least one of first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. Responsively, a distance between the leaflets oftricuspid valve4 is adjusted to reduce and eliminate regurgitation throughvalve4, and thereby,valve4 is repaired. For some applications,longitudinal member42 is pulled or relaxed by manipulating second tissue-engagingelement60b, as is described hereinbelow.
• For some applications, first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bandlongitudinal member42 are fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. That is, first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bandlongitudinal member42 define a single continuous implant unit. For some applications, at least second tissue-engagingelement60bandlongitudinal member42 are fabricated from a single piece.
• For other applications,longitudinal member42 comprises a flexible and/or superelastic material, e.g., nitinol, polyester, stainless steel, cobalt chrome, PTFE, or ePTFE. In some applications of the present invention,longitudinal member42 comprises a braided polyester suture (e.g., Ticron). In other applications of the present invention,longitudinal member42 is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In some applications of the present invention,longitudinal member42 comprises a plurality of wires that are intertwined to form a rope structure. For some applications, at least a part oflongitudinal member42 comprises a tension spring and/or a plurality of coils.
• For some applications, second tissue-engagingelement60bcomprises astent50 which is advanced toward and expandable in a portion of inferior vena cava8 (such as shown inFIGS. 1A-D) or superior vena cava10 (such as shown inFIGS. 1E-G), i.e., a blood vessel that is in direct contact with aright atrium6 ofheart2 of the patient. Second tissue-engagingelement60bis implanted atsecond implantation site52. As shown,first implantation site30 comprises a portion of an annulus oftricuspid valve4.Implantation site30 typically comprises a portion of the annulus ofvalve4 that is between (1) the middle of the junction between the annulus andanterior leaflet14, and (2) the middle of the junction between the annulus andposterior leaflet16, e.g., between the middle of the junction between the annulus andanterior leaflet14 and the commissure between the anterior and posterior leaflets. That is,anchor40 is coupled to, e.g., screwed into, the fibrous tissue of the tricuspid annulus close to the commissure in betweenanterior leaflet14 andposterior leaflet16.Implantation site30 is typically close to the mural side ofvalve4. For such applications, the drawing together of first andsecond implantation sites30 and52cinches valve4 and may create a bicuspidization oftricuspid valve4, and thereby achieve stronger coaptation betweenanterior leaflet14 andseptal leaflet12.
• For some applications,first implantation site30 may include a portion of tissue of a wall definingright atrium6 ofheart2, typically in a vicinity of the annulus ofvalve4. For other applications,first implantation site30 may include a portion of a wall of a right ventricle ofheart2, a ventricular portion of the annulus ofvalve4, or a portion of a papillary muscle of the right ventricle ofheart2, as is shown hereinbelow inFIG. 6.First implantation site30 is typically a distance away from, e.g., generally opposite,second implantation site52 so that, following adjusting oflongitudinal member42, first andsecond implantation sites30 and52 are drawn together, and thereby at least first and second leaflets, e.g., all three leaflets, ofvalve4 are drawn toward each other. For applications in whichfirst implantation site30 includes a portion of tissue of the annulus, the adjusting of the distance betweenimplantation sites30 and52 alters the geometry of (i.e., changes the configuration of) the annulus ofvalve4 and thereby draws together the leaflets ofvalve4. For applications in whichfirst implantation site30 includes tissue of a portion of a wall that definesatrium6, the adjusting of the distance betweenimplantation sites30 and52 alters the geometry of (i.e., changes the configuration of) the wall ofatrium6 and thereby draws together the leaflets ofvalve4.
• FIGS. 1A and 1E show the advancement of acatheter22 towardatrium6 of the patient until adistal end23 of the catheter is disposed withinatrium6, as shown. The procedure is typically performed with the aid of imaging, such as fluoroscopy, transesophageal echo, and/or echocardiography. For some applications, the procedure begins by advancing a semi-rigid guidewire intoright atrium6 of the patient. The guidewire provides a guide for the subsequent advancement of acatheter22 therealong and into the right atrium. Oncedistal end23 ofcatheter22 has enteredright atrium6, the guidewire is retracted from the patient's body.Catheter22 typically comprises a 14-20 F sheath, although the size may be selected as appropriate for a given patient.Catheter22 is advanced through vasculature intoright atrium6 using a suitable point of origin typically determined for a given patient. For example:
• • catheter22 may be introduced into the femoral vein of the patient, throughinferior vena cava8, and intoright atrium6;
  • catheter22 may be introduced into the basilic vein, through the subclavian vein throughsuperior vena cava10, and intoright atrium6; or
  • catheter22 may be introduced into the external jugular vein, through the subclavian vein throughsuperior vena cava10, and intoright atrium6.
• As shown inFIG. 1A,catheter22 is advanced throughinferior vena cava8 of the patient and intoright atrium6 using a suitable point of origin typically determined for a given patient. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 1E,catheter22 is advanced throughsuperior vena cava10 of the patient and intoright atrium6 using a suitable point of origin typically determined for a given patient.
• Oncedistal end23 ofcatheter22 is disposed withinatrium6, an anchor-deployment tube24 is extended from withincatheter22 beyonddistal end23 thereof and towardfirst implantation site30. Anchor-deployment tube24 holdstissue anchor40 and a distal portion oflongitudinal member42. For some applications,tube24 is steerable, as is known in the catheter art, while for other applications, a separate steerable element may be coupled to anchor-deployment tube24. Under the aid of imaging guidance, anchor-deployment tube24 is advanced towardfirst implantation site30 until a distal end thereof contacts cardiac tissue ofheart2 atfirst implantation site30. Anchor-deployment tube24 facilitates atraumatic advancement of first tissue-engagingelement60atowardfirst implantation site30. For such applications in which anchor-deployment tube24 is used,stent50 is compressed within a portion oftube24.
• An anchor-manipulating tool (not shown for clarity of illustration), which is slidably disposed within anchor-deployment tube24, is slid distally withintube24 so as to pushdistally tissue anchor40 of first tissue-engagingelement60aand exposetissue anchor40 from withintube24, as shown inFIGS. 1B and 1E. For some applications of the present invention, the anchor-manipulating tool is reversibly coupled to anchor40 and facilitates implantation ofanchor40 in the cardiac tissue. For applications in which anchor40 comprises a helical tissue anchor, as shown, the operating physician rotates the anchor-manipulating tool from a site outside the body of the patient in order to rotateanchor40 and thereby screw at least a portion ofanchor40 in the cardiac tissue.
• Alternatively,system20 is provided independently of the anchor-manipulating tool, and anchor-deployment tube24 facilitates implantation ofanchor40 in the cardiac tissue. For applications in which anchor40 comprises a helical tissue anchor, as shown, the operating physician rotates anchor-deployment tube24 from a site outside the body of the patient in order to rotateanchor40 and thereby screw at least a portion ofanchor40 in the cardiac tissue.
• It is to be noted that for some applications of the present invention,anchor40 comprises a clip, jaws, or a clamp which grips and squeezes a portion of cardiac tissue and does not puncture the cardiac tissue.
• Following the implantation ofanchor40 atfirst implantation site30, anchor-deployment tube24 is retracted withincatheter22 in order to exposelongitudinal member42, as shown inFIGS. 1C and 1F. Subsequently,longitudinal member42 is pulled taut in order to repairtricuspid valve4, as described hereinbelow.
• For some applications, prior to pulling the portion oflongitudinal member42 that is disposed betweenanchor40 anddistal end23 ofcatheter22, a mechanism that facilitates the application of a pulling force tolongitudinal member42 is fixed in place, as will be described hereinbelow. This fixing in place provides a reference force tosystem20 while applying tension tolongitudinal member42 so as to ensure that during the pulling oflongitudinal member42,stent50 is not pulled from withincatheter22. For some applications,distal end23 ofcatheter22 is fixed in place with respect tolongitudinal member42. Fixing inplace catheter22 stabilizescatheter22 aslongitudinal member42 is pulled. This enablesdistal end23 to remain in place and not slide distally towardimplantation site30 during the adjusting oflongitudinal member42. For some applications of the present invention, a proximal portion ofcatheter22 and/or a proximal handle portion coupled tocatheter22 is anchored or otherwise fixed in place at its access location, e.g., by taping or plastering. Alternatively or additionally, a distal portion ofcatheter22 comprises an inflatable element coupled to an inflation conduit which runs the length ofcatheter22 from the distal portion thereof to a site outside the body of the patient. Prior to the adjusting oflongitudinal member42, the inflatable element is inflated such that it contacts tissue of the vasculature through whichcatheter22 is advanced, and therebycatheter22 is fixed in place. Typically, the inflatable element comprises an annular inflatable element, such that when inflated, the annular inflatable element functions as a seal to hold in place the distal portion ofcatheter22.
• Following the fixation of the mechanism that facilitates pulling oflongitudinal member42, the physician then pullslongitudinal member42 and thereby draws together first andsecond implantation sites30 and52.
• For some applications,catheter22 is reversibly coupled to a proximal portion oflongitudinal member42 by being directly coupled to the proximal portion ofmember42 and/orcatheter22 is reversibly coupled to second tissue-engagingelement60b. For example,catheter22 may be reversibly coupled tostent50 by the stent's application of a radial force against the inner wall ofcatheter22 because of the tendency ofstent50 to expand radially. Following implantation of first tissue-engagingelement60a, catheter22 (or an element disposed therein) is then pulled proximally to apply tension tolongitudinal member42, which, in such an application, functions as a tensioning element. For some applications,catheter22 pulls on second tissue-engagingelement60bin order to pulllongitudinal member42. For other applications,catheter22 pulls directly onlongitudinal member42. For yet other applications, a pulling mechanism pulls onlongitudinal member42, as is described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 7A-D.
• Pullinglongitudinal member42 pulls taut the portion oflongitudinal member42 that is disposed betweenanchor40 anddistal end23 ofcatheter22. Additionally,longitudinal member42 may be pulled or relaxed in order to adjust the distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52. Responsively to the pulling oflongitudinal member42, at least the anterior and septal leaflets oftricuspid valve4 are drawn together because the geometry of the annulus and/or of the wall ofatrium6 is altered in accordance with the pulling oflongitudinal member42 and depending on the positioning of first tissue-engagingelement60a. For some applications, during the pulling oflongitudinal member42 bycatheter22, a level of regurgitation oftricuspid valve4 is monitored.Longitudinal member42 is pulled until the regurgitation is reduced or ceases.
• Once the physician determines that the regurgitation ofvalve4 is reduced or ceases, andvalve4 has been repaired, the physician decouplescatheter22 from second tissue-engagingelement60bdisposed therein and/or fromlongitudinal member42, and then retractscatheter22 in order to expose second tissue-engagingelement60b, i.e.,stent50. During the advancement ofcatheter22 towardatrium6,stent50 is disposed within a distal portion ofcatheter22 in a compressed state. Following initial retracting ofcatheter22,stent50 is exposed and is allowed to expand and contact a wall ofinferior vena cava8.FIG. 1F showsstent50 partially exposed and partially expanded, andFIGS. 1D and 1G show the stent fully exposed and fully expanded. Responsively to the expanding,stent50 is implanted insecond implantation site52 and maintains the tension oflongitudinal member42 onanchor40 and thereby on the portion of cardiac tissue to whichanchor40 is coupled.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 1E-G. It is to be noted thatcatheter22 may enter viasuperior vena cava10, as described hereinabove. For such applications,first implantation site30 may comprise an area of the annulus ofvalve4, or a portion of thewall defining atrium6 that is oppositesuperior vena cava10.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 1A-G. For some applications, following the implantation of first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b, a distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bis adjusted by an adjustable mechanism, as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. In such applications, a length oflongitudinal member42 between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bmay be adjusted by anadjusting mechanism150, as shown inFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a distance oflongitudinal member42 between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. For some applications,adjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled to longitudinal member42 (not shown) and comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping portions oflongitudinal member42 therearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only anadjusting tool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bby adjustingmechanism150.
• For some applications, such as shown inFIG. 1D,stent50 comprises a plurality of interconnected superelastic metallic struts, arranged so as to allow crimping the stent into a relatively small diameter (typically less than 8 mm) catheter, while allowing deployment to a much larger diameter (typically more than 20 mm) in the vena cava, while still maintaining radial force against the vena cava tissue, in order to anchorstent50 to the wall of the vena cava by friction. Alternatively or additionally, for some applications, such as shown inFIGS. 1F-G,stent50 comprises two ormore rings62, which are configured to expand in the superior or inferior vena cava, in order to anchorstent50 to the wall of the vena cava by friction. Typically, the rings are sized to push against and make small indentions in the wall of the vena cava. The rings may also reduce the risk of stent fatigue and stent fracture. Typically, the rings are configured to self-expand upon being released fromcatheter22, and may, for example, comprise a shape-memory alloy, such as nitinol. For some applications, the rings are elliptical, such as circular, or have other shapes.
• Rings62 are coupled together by one or moreelongated members64, such as exactly one elongated member64 (as shown), or between two and four elongated members64 (configurations not shown). Typically, no elements ofstent50, other thanelongated members64, couple the rings together. Typically, each ofelongated members64 comprises one or more wires; for applications in which a plurality of wires is provided, the wires are typically tightly coupled to one another, such as by twisting (as shown), so as to define a singleelongated member64. Optionally, one ofelongated members64 is at least partially a continuation of longitudinal member42 (e.g., one of the wires ofelongated member64 is a continuation of longitudinal member42). For some applications, rings62 andelongated members64, and, optionally,longitudinal member42, are fabricated from a single piece, such as shown inFIG. 1G. For some applications,stent50 comprises exactly two rings (as shown), while for other applications,stent50 comprises more than tworings62, for example, between three and five rings (configuration not shown).
• Typically, whenstent50 is in its expanded state, respective planes defined byrings62 are generally perpendicular toelongated members64, such that the rings, when positioned in the superior or inferior vena cava, are generally perpendicular to an axis of the vena cava, and thus make good contact with the wall of the vena cava.
• Typically, rings62 are sized in accordance with the patient's particular anatomy, so that when expanded, the rings are 10-25% larger than the nominal vena cava diameter. For example, for a patient who has a 20 mm vena cava, the surgeon may use rings with an outer diameter of 22-25 mm. For some applications, each ofrings62 has an outer diameter of at least 10 mm, no more than 35 mm, and/or between 10 and 35 mm, whenstent50 is in its expanded state. Typically, when the stent is in its expanded state, a distance between two ofrings62 that are longitudinally farthest from each other is at least 10 mm, no more than 40 mm, and/or between 10 and 40 mm (for applications in whichstent50 comprises exactly two rings, this distance is the distance between the two rings). For applications in whichstent50 comprises exactly two rings, a length ofelongated members64 equals the above-mentioned distance.
• For some applications, such as those described with reference toFIGS. 1A-D and1E-F,longitudinal member42 has a length of at least 10 mm, no more than 40 mm, and/or between 10 and 40 mm.
• The configuration ofstent50 that is shown inFIG. 1D deployed ininferior vena cava8 may instead be deployed in superior vena cava10 (deployment not shown), and the configuration ofstent50 shown inFIGS. 1F-G deployed insuperior vena cava10 may instead be deployed in inferior vena cava8 (deployment not shown). The configuration ofstent50 shown inFIGS. 1F-G may be used in any of the stent configurations described herein, including those described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 2A-B,3A-B,4A-C,6, and/or7A-D.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 7A-D, which are schematic illustrations of adelivery tool system200 for implantinganchor40, in accordance with some applications of the present invention.Delivery tool system200 may be used, for example, to rotate and implant an anchor in combination with the applications described herein with reference toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,5A-C,6,8A-E,9A-E,11A-B,12A-E, and/or14A-D. Although longitudinal member is shown inFIGS. 7A-D as being fixed tostent50, this is not necessarily the case, andtool system200 thus may also be used in combination with the applications that do not utilizestent50, such as those described herein with reference toFIGS. 3C, 5A-C,11A-B,12A-E, and/or14A-D.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 1A-G and7A-D. It is to be noted thatanchor40 may be implanted usingdelivery tool system200.FIG. 7A shows an exploded view of the components ofdelivery tool system200 and its spatial orientation relative tostent50,longitudinal member42, andanchor40. In such an application, a distal end oflongitudinal member42 comprises anannular loop216, through which a portion ofanchor40 is coupled to the distal end oflongitudinal member42. For some such applications,stent50,longitudinal member42, andanchor40 are not fabricated from the same piece, as described hereinabove; rather, onlystent50,longitudinal member42, andannular loop216 are typically fabricated from a single piece, andanchor40 is coupled tolongitudinal member42 viaannular loop216. Alternatively, as mentioned above,longitudinal member42 is not coupled tostent50, such as for applications in whichstent50 is not provided.
• System200 typically comprises anadapter218, which, for some applications, is shaped so as to define an annular proximal portion and a distal cylindrical portion having adistal end220. During the manufacture ofsystem200,distal end220 of the cylindrical portion ofadapter218 is slid throughannular loop216 at the distal end oflongitudinal member42, thereby couplingadapter218 to the distal end oflongitudinal member42.Distal end220 ofadapter218 is then welded or otherwise fixedly coupled to a proximal portion of an inner lumen ofanchor40, as shown inFIG. 7B. This coupling arrangement ofanchor40 toannular loop216 andadapter218 enablesanchor40 to rotate about a central longitudinal axis ofdelivery system200, freely withinannular loop216. That is,delivery tool system200 rotatesanchor40 without rotatinglongitudinal member42 and stent50 (if provided), as described hereinbelow.
• Delivery tool system200 comprises adelivery tool overtube202 having a distal end thereof. For application in whichstent50 is provided,delivery tool overtube202 is housed withincatheter22 such that a distal portion thereof passes in part through the lumen ofstent50 and adistal end204 thereof extends towardtissue anchor40. During delivery oftissue anchor40 andstent50 toward their respective implantation sites, delivertool system200 assumes the configuration shown inFIG. 7B. It is to be noted, however, thatstent50 is compressed around the portion ofovertube202 that extends through the lumen of stent50 (not shown for clarity of illustration), and that catheter22 (not shown for clarity of illustration) surrounds system200 (and thereby compresses stent50).
• Reference is again made toFIG. 7A.Overtube202 houses a torque-delivering and an anchor-pullingtube208 and facilitates slidable coupling oftube208 to overtube202. A distal end of torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 is coupled to amanipulator206 which is shaped so as to define acoupling210 which couplesmanipulator206 toadapter218, and thereby, to anchor40. In order to rotateanchor40, torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 is rotated. As torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 is rotated,manipulator206 is rotated in order to screwanchor40 into the cardiac tissue of the patient. Asadapter218 rotates, the cylindrical portion thereof rotates freely withinannular loop216. This coupling arrangement of adapter218 (and thereby anchor40) to loop216 (and thereby longitudinal member42) enables the physician to rotate andimplant anchor40 without rotatinglongitudinal member42 and stent50 (if provided).
• Following rotation ofanchor40, torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 is pulled by the physician in order to pull onanchor40 and thereby on the portion of cardiac tissue to whichanchor40 is implanted atfirst implantation site30.Tube208 is typically coupled at a proximal end thereof to a mechanical element, e.g., a knob, at the handle portion outside the body of the patient. The physician pulls ontube208 by actuating the mechanical element that is coupled to the proximal end oftube208. This pulling oftube208, and thereby ofanchor40 and of cardiac tissue atfirst implantation site30, draws first implantation site towardsecond implantation site52 and thereby draws at leastanterior leaflet14 towardseptal leaflet12 in order to achieve coaptation of the leaflets and reduce regurgitation throughvalve4.
• For some applications in whichstent50 is provided, following the pulling ofanchor40,stent50 is positioned atsecond implantation site52.Catheter22 is then retracted slightly alongovertube202 so as to pull tautlongitudinal member42 and to ensure that tension is maintained atfirst implantation site30 and alonglongitudinal member42.Stent50 is then deployed when the physician holds torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 and then retracts proximally either (1)catheter22 or (2) a sheath (i.e., that is disposed withincatheter22 and surrounds stent50), aroundstent50 so as to deploystent50 from within either (1)catheter22 or (2) the sheath disposed withincatheter22.
• It is to be noted thatstent50 is retrievable following at least partial deployment thereof, e.g., following deployment of up to ½ or up to ⅓ ofstent50. In such an application, following the initial retraction proximally ofcatheter22 from aroundstent50 in order to deploy at least a distal portion ofstent50,catheter22 is advanceable distally so as to compress and retrieve the at least partially-deployed stent back into the distal end portion ofcatheter22. Alternatively,catheter22 houses a sheath which compressesstent50 during delivery of stent tosecond implantation site52. During the initial retracting ofcatheter22 proximally, thesheath surrounding stent50 is also retracted in conjunction with the retracting ofcatheter22. Following the at least partial deployment ofstent50 in order to deploy at least a distal portion ofstent50, the sheath is advanceable distally (whilecatheter22 remains in place) so as to compress and retrieve the at least partially-deployed stent back into the distal end portion of the sheath. The sheath is then retracted intocatheter22. For such applications of the present invention in whichstent50 is retrievable following at least partial deployment thereof,anchor40 can then be unscrewed fromfirst implantation site30 and the entire implant system may be extracted from the body, or repositioned in the heart, depending on the need of a given patient.
• For applications in whichstent50 is retrievable, in order to retrieve stent50 (i.e., prior to the decoupling ofmanipulator206 fromadapter218 and thereby from anchor40), the physician holds torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 and then advances distally either (1)catheter22 or (2) the sheath disposed withincatheter22, aroundstent50 so as to compressstent50 within either (1)catheter22 or (2) the sheath disposed withincatheter22. Torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 may then be rotated in order to unscrewanchor40 from the tissue, and the entire system may be extracted from the body, or repositioned in the heart, depending on the need of a given patient.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 7A-D.FIGS. 7C-D show the decoupling and release of torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208 andmanipulator206 fromadapter218 andanchor40. This release occurs typically following the deployment of stent50 (if provided), as described hereinabove. As shown inFIG. 7A,system200 comprises areleasable adapter holder212 which is shaped so as to definearms214 which have a tendency to expand radially.Holder212 surroundsmanipulator206, as shown inFIG. 7C. During the delivery ofanchor40 towardimplantation site30 and the subsequent rotation ofanchor40 to screwanchor40 into tissue atsite30, adistal end204 ofovertube202 is disposed adjacently toloop216 such that a distal end portion ofovertube202 surrounds and compressesarms214 of holder212 (as shown inFIG. 7B). Following the pulling ofanchor40 by torque-delivering and anchor-pullingtube208, overtube202 is retracted slightly in order to exposearms214 ofholder212. Responsively,arms214 expand radially (FIG. 7C) and release adapter218 (and thereby anchor40) fromholder212.
• As shown inFIG. 7D, overtube202 is held in place while the physician retractstube208 so as to collapse and drawarms214 into the distal end portion ofovertube202.Overtube202 is then slid proximally withincatheter22 leaving behindanchor40,adapter218 coupled to anchor40,loop216,longitudinal member42, and stent50 (if provided).Catheter22, that houses overtube202 and the components disposed therein, is extracted from the body of the patient.
• For some applications, such as those described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 7A-D,longitudinal member42 has a length of at least 10 mm, no more than 40 mm, and/or between 10 and 40 mm.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 1A-G. It is to be noted that tissue-engagingelements60aand60bmay be implanted at theirrespective implantation sites30 and50, as described hereinabove, by advancingcatheter22 and tissue-engagingelements60aand60bthroughsuperior vena cava10, mutatis mutandis.
• FIGS. 2A-B show asystem100 for repairingtricuspid valve4 comprising first andsecond stents50aand50b, first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42b, and first and second tissue anchors40aand40b.First tissue anchor40adefines first tissue-engagingelement60a.First stent50adefines second tissue-engagingelement60b.Second tissue anchor40bdefines a third tissue-engagingelement60c.Second stent50bdefines a fourth tissue-engagingelement60d. For some applications of the present invention, following the implantation of first tissue-engagingelement60aand second tissue-engagingelement60b, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1A-G, third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60dare then implanted. As described hereinabove,first implantation site30, as shown, comprises a portion of tissue that is in a vicinity of the commissure betweenanterior leaflet14 andposterior leaflet16.First implantation site30 may comprise a portion of tissue that is between (1) the middle of the junction between the annulus andanterior leaflet14, and (2) the middle of the junction between the annulus andposterior leaflet16.
• Following the implantation of first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b,catheter22 is retracted from the body of the patient. Outside the body of the patient,catheter22 is reloaded with third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60d.Catheter22 is then reintroduced within the body of the patient and is advanced towardright atrium6, as shown inFIG. 2A, such thatdistal end23 thereof passes throughfirst stent50aand towardatrium6. It is to be noted that a proximal end portion oflongitudinal member42ais coupled to second tissue-engagingelement60band is not disposed withincatheter22.
• Subsequently, asecond tissue anchor40b(i.e., an anchor that is similar totissue anchor40a, as described hereinabove) is implanted at a second portion of cardiac tissue at athird implantation site32.Third implantation site32 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a second portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown).Third implantation site32, as shown, comprises a portion of tissue that is between (1) the middle of the junction between the annulus andanterior leaflet14, and (2) the middle of the junction between the annulus andposterior leaflet16. For some applications,third implantation site32 may comprise a second portion of the wall that definesright atrium6. For other applications,third implantation site32 may comprise a portion of cardiac tissue in the right ventricle, e.g., a portion of the wall that defines the right ventricle, a ventricular portion of the annulus ofvalve4, or a portion of a papillary muscle of the right ventricle.
• Following implantation of third tissue-engagingelement60c,catheter22 is retracted and tension is applied to third tissue-engagingelement60cin a manner as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1C-D with regard to the application of tension toimplantation site30. Additionally, tension is applied to a secondlongitudinal member42bwhich couples third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60d, e.g., in a manner as described hereinabove with regard to the pulling of firstlongitudinal member42a, with reference toFIG. 1C. As described herein, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the pulling tissue ofthird implantation site32 towardsecond implantation site52 and of secondlongitudinal member42b.
• Additionally, responsively to the pulling of tissue at first andthird implantation sites30 and32 towardsecond implantation site52,anterior leaflet14 is drawn towardseptal leaflet12, and bicuspidization is achieved. Also, responsively to the pulling, a portion of tissue that is between first andthird implantation sites30 and32 is cinched.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 2B. Once the physician determines that the regurgitation ofvalve4 is reduced or ceases, andvalve4 has been repaired,catheter22 is decoupled from fourth tissue-engagingelement60dand/or from secondlongitudinal member42b, and the physician retractscatheter22 in order to expose fourth tissue-engagingelement60d, i.e.,second stent50b, as shown. During the advancement ofcatheter22 towardatrium6,second stent50bis disposed within a distal portion ofcatheter22 in a compressed state. Following initial retracting ofcatheter22,second stent50bis exposed and is allowed to expand within a lumen offirst stent50a, as shown, in order to contact a wall ofinferior vena cava8. Responsively to the expanding,second stent50bis implanted insecond implantation site52 and maintains the tension of secondlongitudinal member42bonsecond tissue anchor40band thereby on the portion of cardiac tissue to whichanchor40bis coupled.
• It is to be noted thatsecond stent50bis implanted within the lumen offirst stent50aby way of illustration and not limitation, and that for some applications of the present invention, first andsecond stents50aand50bmay be implanted coaxially atsecond implantation site52.
• It is to be noted that third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60dand secondlongitudinal member42bare typically fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. That is, third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60dand secondlongitudinal member42btypically define a single continuous implant unit.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 3A-C, which are schematic illustrations of asystem110 for repairingtricuspid valve4, which comprises first, second, and third tissue-engagingelements60a,60b, and60c, and first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42b, in accordance with some applications of the present invention.System110 is similar tosystem100 described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 2A-B, with the exception thatsystem110 does not comprisesecond stent50b; rather, as shown inFIGS. 3B-C, aproximal end portion112 of secondlongitudinal member42bis shaped so as to define one or more engaging elements114 (e.g., hooks or barbs, as shown). Following the implanting of third tissue-engagingelement60cand the subsequent pulling of secondlongitudinal member42b,catheter22 facilitates coupling ofengaging elements114 with the struts of stent50 (as shown inFIG. 3C which is an enlarged image ofstent50 and the proximal portion of secondlongitudinal member42bofFIG. 3B). The coupling ofengaging elements114 tostent50 maintains the tension applied tolongitudinal member42, and thereby maintains the tension on third tissue-engagingelement60cin order to maintain the remodeled state oftricuspid valve4.
• It is to be noted that third tissue-engagingelement60c, secondlongitudinal member42b, and engagingelements114 andproximal end portion112 of secondlongitudinal member42bare typically fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. That is, third tissue-engagingelement60c, secondlongitudinal member42b, and engagingelements114 andproximal end portion112 of secondlongitudinal member42btypically define a single continuous implant unit.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 2A-B and3A-C. For some applications, following the implantation the tissue-engaging elements at their respective implantation sites, as described hereinabove, a length of each one of first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42bis adjusted by an adjustable mechanism, as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a length of each one of first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42b. For some applications, a respectiveadjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled to each one of first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42b(not shown); eachmechanism150 comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42btherearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b. For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b, or a deforming element which deforms respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b. In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the respective lengths of first and secondlongitudinal members42aand42b.
• FIGS. 4A-C show asystem120 for repairingtricuspid valve4 comprising first andsecond stents130 and132 implanted insuperior vena cava10 and inferior vena cava, respectively, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. Acatheter122 is advanced through vasculature of the patient such that adistal end124 ofcatheter122 towardsuperior vena cava10, as shown inFIG. 4A.Catheter122 is advanced from a suitable access location, e.g.,catheter122 may be introduced into the femoral vein of the patient, throughinferior vena cava8, and towardsuperior vena cava10. During the advancement ofcatheter122 towardsuperior vena cava10 andinferior vena cava8,stents130 and132 are disposed within a distal portion ofcatheter122 in a compressed state.
• InFIG. 4B,first stent130 is deployed from withincatheter122 and expands to contact tissue of a wall ofsuperior vena cava10. This portion of the wall of the superior vena cava definesfirst implantation site30 in such applications of the present invention. Additionally,first stent130 defines first tissue-engagingelement60ain such applications of the present invention. It is to be noted that the portion ofsuperior vena cava10 in whichstent130 is implanted defines a portion of tissue that is in the vicinity ofvalve4.
• Catheter122 is then retracted so as to pull and apply tension tolongitudinal member42.Longitudinal member42 is pulled directly bycatheter122 and/or indirectly by pullingstent132 disposed withincatheter122. For some applications, during the pulling, a level of regurgitation oftricuspid valve4 may be monitored, because responsively to the pulling, the geometry of the wall ofatrium6 is altered and the leaflets oftricuspid valve4 are drawn together so as to reduce and eliminate regurgitation ofvalve4.
• Once the physician determines that the regurgitation ofvalve4 is reduced or ceases, andvalve4 has been repaired, the physician decouplescatheter122 fromsecond stent132 disposed therein and/or fromlongitudinal member42, and then retractscatheter122 in order to expose second tissue-engagingelement60b, i.e.,second stent132, as shown. Following initial retracting ofcatheter122,second stent132 is exposed and is allowed to expand and contact a wall ofinferior vena cava8, as shown inFIG. 4C. Responsively to the expanding,second stent132 is implanted insecond implantation site52 and maintains the tension oflongitudinal member42 onfirst stent130 and thereby maintains the altered geometry of the wall ofatrium6 and of the leaflets oftricuspid valve4.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 4A-C. For some applications, following the deploying of first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b(i.e., first andsecond stents130 and132, respectively), a distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bis adjusted by an adjustable mechanism, as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. In such applications, a length oflongitudinal member42 between first andsecond stents130 and132 may be adjusted by anadjusting mechanism150, as shown inFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a distance oflongitudinal member42 between first andsecond stents130 and132. For some applications,adjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled to longitudinal member42 (not shown) and comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping portions oflongitudinal member42 therearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first andsecond stents130 and132. For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first andsecond stents130 and132. In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bby adjustingmechanism150.
• It is to be noted that first andsecond stents130 and132 andlongitudinal member42 are typically fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. That is, first andsecond stents130 and132 andlongitudinal member42 typically define a single continuous implant unit.
• Reference is yet again made toFIGS. 4A-C. It is to be noted thatdistal end124 ofcatheter122 may first be advanced toward inferior vena cava, and not first toward superior vena cava, as shown inFIG. 4A. In such an embodiment,catheter122 may be introduced into the external jugular vein, through the subclavian vein, throughsuperior vena cava10, and towardinferior vena cava8. Alternatively,catheter122 may be introduced into the basilic vein, through the subclavian vein, throughsuperior vena cava10 and towardinferior vena cava8. It is to be noted that any suitable access location may be used to introducecatheter122 into the vasculature of the patient.
• Reference is still made toFIGS. 4A-C. For some applications, one or both ofstents130 and/or132 comprise a plurality of interconnected superelastic metallic struts, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIG. 1D. Alternatively or additionally, for some applications, one or both ofstents130 and/or132 comprise two ormore rings62, configured as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1E-G.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 5A-B, which are schematic illustrations of asystem140 for repairingtricuspid valve4 comprising first and second tissue anchors40aand40bcoupled together bylongitudinal member42, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. In such applications,first tissue anchor40adefines first tissue-engagingelement60a, andsecond tissue anchor40bdefines second tissue-engagingelement60b. Tissue anchors40aand40bmay comprise any suitable anchor for puncturing, squeezing, or otherwise engaging cardiac tissue of the patient. As shown by way of illustration and not limitation, tissue anchors40aand40bcomprise helical tissue anchors which puncture and screw into the cardiac tissue. It is to be noted that first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b(i.e., first and second tissue anchors40aand40b) andlongitudinal member42 are fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. That is, first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bandlongitudinal member42 define a single continuous implant unit.
• Catheter142 is advanced through vasculature of the patient, in manner as described hereinabove with regard tocatheter22 with reference toFIG. 1A.Catheter142 is advanced towardfirst implantation site30 and facilitates implantation offirst tissue anchor40ain the cardiac tissue. As shown,first implantation site30 includes a first portion of tissue of the annulus ofvalve4 at the mural side ofvalve4, by way of illustration and not limitation. For some applications,first implantation site30 may include a first portion of the wall ofatrium6 ofheart2. As shown by way of illustration and not limitation,first implantation site30 includes a portion of tissue of the annulus at the commissure betweenanterior leaflet14 andposterior leaflet16. It is to be noted thatfirst implantation site30 may be implanted at any suitable location along and in the vicinity of the annulus ofvalve4.
• Catheter142 is then advanced towardsecond implantation site52 and facilitates implantation ofsecond tissue anchor40bin the cardiac tissue. For some applications, ascatheter142 is advanced toward second implantation site,longitudinal member42 is pulled to draw together the leaflets ofvalve4, while a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 is monitored. As shown,second implantation site52 includes a second portion of tissue of the annulus ofvalve4 at the septal side ofvalve4, by way of illustration and not limitation. For some applications,second implantation site52 may include a second portion of the wall ofatrium6 ofheart2. As shown by way of illustration and not limitation,second implantation site52 includes a portion of tissue of the annulus inferior of the middle ofseptal leaflet12. It is to be noted thatfirst implantation site30 may be implanted at any suitable location along and in the vicinity of the annulus ofvalve4, e.g., at the commissure betweenposterior leaflet16 andseptal leaflet12.
• For such an application, by applying tension tolongitudinal member42,anterior leaflet14 andseptal leaflet12 are drawn together, and bicuspidization ofvalve4 is achieved. For some applications, during the adjusting ofmechanism150, a retrievable stent may be deployed ininferior vena cava8 so as to stabilizesystem140 during the adjusting of adjustingmechanism150. It is to be further noted that tissue-engagingelements60aand60bandcatheter142 may be advanced towardatrium6 through superior vena cava, mutatis mutandis.
• For some applications of the present invention,system140 comprises one or more anchor-manipulating tools (not shown for clarity of illustration), that is slidably disposed withincatheter142. The anchor-manipulating tool is slid distally with withincatheter142 so as to push distally tissue anchors40aand40band expose tissue anchors40aand40bfrom withincatheter142. For some applications of the present invention, the anchor-manipulating tool(s) is(/are) reversibly couplable toanchors40aand40b, and facilitate(s) implantation ofanchors40aand40bin the cardiac tissue. For applications in which anchors40aand40bcomprises respective helical tissue anchor, as shown, the operating physician rotates the anchor-manipulating tool(s) from a site outside the body of the patient in order to rotateanchors40aand40b, and thereby screw at least respective distal portions ofanchors40aand40bin the cardiac tissue.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 5A-B. It is to be noted that first andsecond implantation sites30 and52 include cardiac tissue that is upstream ofvalve4 by way of illustration and not limitation, and that either or both first and second implantation sites may include cardiac tissue that is downstream ofvalve4.
• Typically, following implantation of first and second tissue anchors40aand40b, a length oflongitudinal member42, that is disposed between first and second tissue anchors40aand40b, is adjusted by adjustingmechanism150. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a distance oflongitudinal member42 between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. For some applications,adjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled to longitudinal member42 (as shown inFIG. 5B) and comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping portions oflongitudinal member42 therearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b.
• For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening a portion oflongitudinal member42, or a deforming element which deforms a portion oflongitudinal member42 in order to shorten its length between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b.
• In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bby adjustingmechanism150.
• Following the adjusting of the distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52, adjustingtool144 andcatheter142 are decoupled fromlongitudinal member42 and are extracted from the body of the patient.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 5C, which is a schematic illustration of another configuration ofsystem140, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. This configuration ofsystem140 is generally similar to the configuration described above with reference toFIGS. 5A-B, except that the system comprises a third tissue-engagingelement60c(i.e., a third tissue anchor), in addition to first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b. Third tissue-engagingelement60cis implanted atthird implantation site32, such as using the techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 5A-B. For some applications,third implantation site32 may include a third portion of the wall ofatrium6. By way of illustration and not limitation, the three implantation sites may include portions of tissue of the annulus of the three leaflets of the valve, such as at the middle of the leaflets.
• Tissue-engagingelements60a,60b, and60care coupled tolongitudinal members42a,42b, and42c, respectively. The longitudinal members are coupled together by adjustingmechanism150. For some applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises a spool for looping portions of the longitudinal members therearound, and a ratchet element which allows the spool to rotate in only one direction. Rotation of the spool loops the longitudinal member therearound, thereby shortening the effective lengths of the members and applying tension thereto, to draw the leaflets toward one another, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 5A-B. As a result, a geometry of the wall of the right atrium may be altered.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 6 which is a schematic illustration of asystem700 for repairingtricuspid valve4 comprising first tissue-engagingelement60aimplanted at a portion of the annuls ofvalve4 and a third tissue-engagingelement60cimplanted at a portion of apapillary muscle72 in the right ventricle of the patient, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. It is to be noted thatthird implantation site32 comprisespapillary muscle72 by way of illustration and not limitation, and thatthird implantation site32 may comprise any portion of a wall of the right ventricle (e.g., a portion of tissue of the annulus at the ventricular surface ofvalve4, a portion of the wall of the ventricle in the vicinity ofvalve4, a portion of tissue in the vicinity of the apex ofheart2, or any other suitable portion of the wall of the ventricle).
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 2A-B and6. First, second, and third tissue-engaging elements60a-cofFIG. 6 are implanted in cardiac tissue in a manner as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 2A-B, with the exception that, in order to implant third tissue-engagingelement60c,catheter22 passes through the leaflets ofvalve4 into the right ventricle and implants third tissue-engagingelement60cin tissue of the ventricle. Following coupled of third tissue-engagingelement60cinFIG. 6,second stent50bis deployed insecond implantation site52 ininferior vena cava8, as described hereinabove with reference toFIG. 2B.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 3A-C and6. It is to be noted, that for some applications, secondlongitudinal member42bis coupled at a proximal end thereof to one or more barbs114 (i.e., and is not connected tosecond stent50, as shown).Barbs114 enable secondlongitudinal member42bto be coupled tostent50 that is in connection with firstlongitudinal member42a, and thereby maintain tension onthird implantation site32 and maintain coaptation of at leastanterior leaflet14 andseptal leaflet12.
• Reference is again made toFIG. 6. Such an application of at least one tissue-engaging element60 in a portion of tissue of the ventricle ofheart2, in some applications, facilitates independent adjustment ofvalve4 and a portion of the ventricle wall ofheart2. That is, for some application, geometric adjustment of the right ventricle to improve its function is achieved.
• For some applications, following the deploying of first, second, third, and fourth tissue-engaging elements60a-d(i.e., first andsecond anchors40aand40b, and first andsecond stents50aand50b), (1) a distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bis adjustable by first adjustable mechanism, and (2) a distance between third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60dis adjustable by a second adjustable mechanism, as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. In such applications, (1) a length of firstlongitudinal member42abetween first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bmay be adjusted by afirst adjusting mechanism150, as shown inFIGS. 5A-B or5C, and (2) a length of secondlongitudinal member42bbetween third and fourth tissue-engagingelements60cand60dmay be adjusted by asecond adjusting mechanism150, as shown inFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanisms150 typically each comprise a mechanical element which shortens a distance of respectivelongitudinal members42aand42b. For some applications,adjustable mechanisms150 may be permanently coupled to respectivelongitudinal members42aand42b(not shown) and each comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping portions oflongitudinal members42aand42btherearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42bin order to shorten its length between the respective tissue-engaging elements60. For other applications, adjustingmechanisms150 each comprise only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b, or a deforming element which deforms respective portions oflongitudinal members42aand42b. In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored and the adjustment of the geometry of the right ventricle is monitored during (1) the adjusting of the distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52, and (2) the adjusting of the distance between third andsecond implantation sites32 and52, respectively.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 8A-E and9A-E, which are schematic illustrations of asystem800 for repairingtricuspid valve4, in accordance with respective applications of the present invention. As perhaps best seen inFIGS. 8E and 9E,system800 comprises first, second, third, and fourth tissue-engagingelements60a,60b,60c, and60d.System800 is similar in some respects tosystem110 described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 3A-B, with the exception thatsystem800 typically comprises only exactly onelongitudinal member42. Typically,longitudinal member42 is directly coupled to first tissue-engagingelement60a, and indirectly coupled to tissue-engagingelements60cand60dby alongitudinal sub-member802. Typically, one end oflongitudinal sub-member802 is coupled to tissue-engagingelement60c, and the other end of the sub-member is coupled to tissue-engagingelement60d. For some applications, as shown,longitudinal member42 is not fixed tolongitudinal sub-member802; instead,longitudinal sub-member802 engages, e.g., is hooked on or looped over,longitudinal member42, at ajunction804 during deployment of the longitudinal sub-member, as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 8C-E and9C-E. Alternatively, a ring is provided that couples the longitudinal sub-member to the longitudinal member (configuration not shown).
• FIGS. 8A-E illustrate a superior vena cava approach, in which tissue-engagingelements60a,60c, and60dare advanced intoatrium6 viasuperior vena cava10, and tissue-engagingelement60bis deployed in the superior vena cava.FIGS. 9A-E illustrate an inferior vena cava approach, in which tissue-engagingelements60a,60c, and60dare advanced intoatrium6 viainferior vena cava8, and tissue-engagingelement60bis deployed in the inferior vena cava. Typically, one of tissue-engagingelements60a,60c, and60dis deployed at the septal side oftricuspid valve4 in the caudal part of the base of the septal leaflet, and the other two of tissue-engagingelements60a,60c, and60dare deployed at the mural side of the valve, dividing the entire mural side in three equal spaces, generally at the middle of anterior leaflet and the commissure between the anterior and posterior leaflets. For some applications, yet another tissue-engaging element is deployed at the mural side of the valve (configuration not shown).
• As shown inFIGS. 8A and 9A, anchor-deployment tube24 is deployed intoatrium6, for example, using techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIG. 1A. First tissue-engagingelement60ais deployed atfirst implantation site30, such as using anchoring techniques described herein.First implantation site30 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a first portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown). For example, in the approach shown inFIG. 8A,first implantation site30 may be on the mural side of the annulus of the valve (e.g., at anterior leaflet14), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. In the approach shown inFIG. 9A,first implantation site30 may be on the mural side of the annulus (e.g., at posterior leaflet16), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. Alternatively, although typically less desirable,first implantation site30 may be approximately at a commissure of the valve.
• As shown inFIGS. 8B and 9B, the distal end of anchor-deployment tube24 is advanced tothird implantation site32. Third tissue-engagingelement60cis deployed atthird implantation site32, such as using anchoring techniques described herein.Third implantation site32 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a second portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown). For example, in the approach shown inFIG. 8B,third implantation site32 may be on the mural side of the annulus of the valve (e.g., at posterior leaflet16), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. In the approach shown inFIG. 9B,third implantation site32 may be on the mural side of the annulus of the valve (e.g., at anterior leaflet14), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. Alternatively, although typically less desirable,third implantation site32 may be approximately at a commissure of the valve.
• As shown inFIGS. 8C and 9C, the distal end of anchor-deployment tube24 is advanced to afourth implantation site34. As mentioned above,longitudinal sub-member802 extends between tissue-engagingelements60cand60d. As fourth tissue-engagingelement60dis brought tofourth implantation site34,longitudinal sub-member802 engages, e.g., becomes hooked on or looped over,longitudinal member42 atjunction804. Fourth tissue-engagingelement60dis deployed atfourth implantation site34, such as using anchoring techniques described herein.Fourth implantation site34 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a second portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown). For example, in the approaches shown inFIGS. 8C and 9C,fourth implantation site34 may be on septal side of the annulus of the valve (e.g., at the caudal part of the base ofseptal leaflet12, approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. Alternatively, although typically less desirable,fourth implantation site34 may be approximately at a commissure of the valve.
• As shown inFIGS. 8D and 9D, anchor-deployment tube24 is withdrawn into the vena cava. Second tissue-engagingelement60b(stent50) pulls onlongitudinal member42, which directly pulls on first tissue-engagingelement60a, and indirectly pulls on tissue-engagingelements60cand60dvialongitudinal sub-member802. Responsively, a distance between the leaflets oftricuspid valve4 is adjusted to reduce and eliminate regurgitation throughvalve4, and thereby,valve4 is repaired. For some applications, during the pulling oflongitudinal member42, a level of regurgitation oftricuspid valve4 is monitored.Longitudinal member42 is pulled until the regurgitation is reduced or ceases. Once the physician determines that the regurgitation ofvalve4 is reduced or ceases, andvalve4 has been repaired, second tissue-engagingelement60b(e.g., stent50) is deployed from anchor-deployment tube24 in the vena cava, such as described hereinabove, thereby implanting the tissue-engaging element atsecond implantation site52, as shown inFIGS. 8E and 9E.
• For some applications,stent50 comprises a plurality of interconnected superelastic metallic struts, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIG. 1D. Alternatively or additionally, for some applications,stent50 comprise two ormore rings62, configured as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1E-G.
• For some applications, following the implantation the tissue-engaging elements at their respective implantation sites, as described hereinabove, a length oflongitudinal member42 is adjusted by an adjustable mechanism, as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a length oflongitudinal member42. For some applications,adjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled tolongitudinal member42;mechanism150 comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping a portion oflongitudinal member42 therearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening the portion oflongitudinal member42, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms the portion oflongitudinal member42. For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening the portion oflongitudinal member42, or a deforming element which deforms the portion oflongitudinal member42. In either application, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the length oflongitudinal member42.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 10A-B, which are schematic illustrations of arotation tool900, in accordance with an application of the present invention.Tool900 may be used to rotate a tissue anchor for driving the anchor into tissue.Tool900 may be used, for example, to rotate and implant an anchor in combination with the applications described herein with reference toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,5A-C,6,8A-E,9A-E,11A-B,12A-D, and/or14A-D. Tool900 is similar is some respect todelivery tool system200, described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 7A-D, and may optionally implement various features ofsystem200, and/or be utilized in a manner similar tosystem200.
• Tool900 comprises arotation tube902, adistal end904 of which is configured to removably engage aproximal coupling head906 ofanchor40. Rotation ofrotation tube902 rotates the anchor. For example,distal end904 may be shaped so as to define a female coupling member (which may, for example, be hexagonal or square), andproximal coupling head906 may be shaped so as to define a male coupling element (which may, for example, be hexagonal or square). For some applications,rotation tube902 comprises a braided or woven material, which may comprise, for example, a metal, such as stainless steel.
• For some applications, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 7A-D, a distal end oflongitudinal member42 comprisesannular loop216, through which a portion ofanchor40 is coupled to the distal end oflongitudinal member42. This coupling arrangement ofanchor40 toannular loop216 enablesanchor40 to rotate about a central longitudinal axis ofrotation tool900, freely withinannular loop216. That is,rotation tool900 rotatesanchor40 without rotatinglongitudinal member42 and stent50 (if provided, such as described with reference toFIGS. 7A-D).
• For some applications,tool900 further comprises anelongated coupling element910, which may comprise, for example, a string, cable, or wire.Anchor40, such asproximal coupling head906 thereof, is shaped so as to define apassage912 therethrough.Elongated coupling element910 is initially disposed so as to pass throughpassage912, such that both ends914 of the elongated coupling element extend in a proximal direction. When thus positioned, the elongated coupling element couples the tool to the anchor. To decouple the tool from the anchor, one ofends914 is pulled until the elongated coupling element no longer passes throughpassage912.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 11A-B and12A-D, which are schematic illustrations of asystem950 for repairingtricuspid valve4, in accordance with some applications of the present invention.System950 typically comprises atensioning device952 and adeployment tube954. For some applications,tube954 is steerable, as is known in the catheter art, while for other applications, a separate steerable element may be coupled totube954.FIGS. 11A-B show system950 withtensioning device952 partially and fully deployed from deployment ofdeployment tube954, respectively, andFIGS. 12A-B and12C-D show two exemplary procedures for deployingtensioning device952.
• As shown inFIGS. 11A-B,tensioning device952 comprises a first distal tissue-engagingelement60aand a second proximal tissue-engagingelement60b, and at least one flexiblelongitudinal member42 that connects the tissue-engaging elements. First tissue-engaging element comprisestissue anchor40, which is shown, by way of illustration, as comprising a helical tissue anchor.Anchor40 may comprise any tissue anchor for puncturing or clamping cardiac tissue, including, but not limited to, the tissue anchors described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 13A-E. Second tissue-engagingelement60bcomprises a radially-expandable anchor956 that is configured to assume radially-compressed and radially-expanded state. When in its radially-expanded state, such as shown inFIG. 11B,anchor956 is configured to rest against a wall of a cardiac chamber and to not pass through a hole in the cardiac wall. For example, when in its radially-expanded state,anchor956 may be shaped like a flower or butterfly, and thus may be shaped so as to define a plurality of petals or wings. Typically,anchor956 is configured to generally fall within exactly one plane when in its radially-expanded state.
• Longitudinal member42 passes through an opening defined byanchor956, such thatanchor956 is slidably coupled tolongitudinal member42. Typically, a distance between first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60bis adjusted by pullinglongitudinal member42 through the opening ofanchor956, which opening is typically positioned at a radial center of the anchor.
• Once a desired distance has been obtained, the distance is maintained by lockinganchor956 tolongitudinal member42, so as to prevent movement ofanchor956 with respect tolongitudinal member42 at least in a proximal direction (away from distal tissue-engagingelement60a). For some applications, such as for deployment as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 12C-D, at least a portion oflongitudinal member42 is shaped so as to define ratchetteeth958, which engageanchor956 so as to allow movement ofanchor956 with respect tolongitudinal member42 in a distal direction (toward first distal tissue-engagingelement60a), while preventing movement ofanchor956 with respect tolongitudinal member42 in a proximal direction (away from distal tissue-engagingelement60a). For other applications, such as for deployment as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 12C-D,longitudinal member42 is configured to move bidirectionally throughanchor956, andanchor956 is configured to crimplongitudinal member42 in place after the desired distance has been obtained, in order to lockanchor956 tolongitudinal member42. For still other applications, such as for deployment as described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 12A-B,longitudinal member42 is fixed to anchor956, such as shown inFIG. 12B.
• For some applications, first tissue-engagingelement60aandlongitudinal member42 are fabricated from the same material, e.g., nitinol, from a single piece. Typically, second tissue-engagingelement60bis fabricated from a second piece, and may comprise a shape-memory alloy, such as nitinol.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 12A-B, which illustrate a procedure for deploying tensioning device via a vena cava, such as superior vena cava10 (as shown), or inferior vena cava8 (approach not shown).Tensioning device952 is initially positioned withindeployment tube954. For some applications, as shown inFIG. 12A, during an implantation procedure,deployment tube954 is advanced intoright atrium6.
• As shown inFIG. 12A, first distal tissue-engagingelement60ais deployed atfirst implantation site30, such as using anchoring techniques described herein.First implantation site30 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a first portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown). For example,first implantation site30 may be on the mural side of the annulus (e.g., at posterior leaflet16), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. Alternatively,first implantation site30 may be approximately at a commissure of the valve.
• Prior to introducing the device, a hole is made ininteratrial septum362, typically using a separate perforation tool, such as a standard transeptal needle and kit.Deployment tube954 is advanced to the right-atrial side of the hole (or, optionally, slightly through the hole), and second proximal tissue-engagingelement60bin the left atrium nearseptum362, as shown inFIG. 12B. Typically,anchor956 of second tissue-engagingelement60bself-expands upon being released from the deployment tube.
• A distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52 is adjusted, such as by pullinglongitudinal member42 in a proximal direction (toward the vena cava). The decreased distance, and resulting increased tension, is maintained, such as using alocking mechanism962. (For example,longitudinal member42 may be tensioned by depressing a button of the locking mechanism and pulling the longitudinal member from the side ofanchor40; a spring may hold the button in a locked position when the button is not depressed.) Responsively, a distance between the leaflets oftricuspid valve4 is adjusted to reduce and eliminate regurgitation throughvalve4, and thereby,valve4 is repaired. Optionally, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the distance.Deployment tube954 is withdrawn from the left atrium and the patient's body.
• Alternatively, for some applications, a length oflongitudinal member42 is adjusted by an adjustable mechanism, as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 5A-B or5C. Adjustingmechanism150 typically comprises a mechanical element which shortens a length oflongitudinal member42. For some applications,adjustable mechanism150 may be permanently coupled tolongitudinal member42;mechanism150 comprises an adjusting element, e.g., a spool for looping a portion oflongitudinal member42 therearound, a crimping bead for crimping and shortening the portion oflongitudinal member42, a ratchet element, or a deforming element which deforms the portion oflongitudinal member42. For other applications, adjustingmechanism150 comprises only adjustingtool144, as shown inFIG. 5A. In such applications, adjustingtool144 may comprise an adjusting element, e.g., a crimping bead for crimping and shortening the portion oflongitudinal member42, or a deforming element which deforms the portion oflongitudinal member42.
• Alternatively, second proximal tissue-engagingelement60bis deployed before first distal tissue-engagingelement60a.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 12C-D, which illustrate a procedure for deploying tensioning device via a left atrium960.Tensioning device952 is initially positioned withindeployment tube954, such that first distal tissue-engagingelement60ais positioned near adistal end959 oftube954 and second proximal tissue-engagingelement60bis positioned more proximally within the tube, farther from the distal end thereof. For some applications, as shown inFIG. 12C, during an implantation procedure,deployment tube954 is advanced into a left atrium960. For example, the tube may be advanced to the left atrium via the aorta and left ventricle, as shown in the figure (the aorta may be accessed from the femoral artery or subclavian artery, for example). Alternatively, the tube may be advanced to the left atrium using a transapical approach through the left ventricle, as is known in the art.
• Prior to introducing the device, a hole is made ininteratrial septum362, typically using a separate perforation tool, such as a standard transeptal needle and kit.Deployment tube954 is advanced through the hole, untildistal end959 of the tube is positioned withinright atrium6, as shown inFIG. 12C.
• As also shown inFIG. 12C, first distal tissue-engagingelement60ais deployed atfirst implantation site30, such as using anchoring techniques described herein.First implantation site30 includes a portion of cardiac tissue in the vicinity of tricuspid valve4 (e.g., a first portion of tissue of the annulus oftricuspid valve4, as shown). For example,first implantation site30 may be on the mural side of the annulus (e.g., at posterior leaflet16), approximately centered between two of the commissures of the valve. Alternatively,first implantation site30 may be approximately at a commissure of the valve.
• Deployment tube954 is withdrawn proximally into left atrium960, thereby releasing second proximal tissue-engagingelement60bin the left atrium nearseptum362, as shown inFIG. 12D. Typically,anchor956 of second tissue-engagingelement60bself-expands upon being released from the deployment tube.Anchor956 of second tissue-engagingelement60bis held, such as usingdistal end959 ofdeployment tube954, atsecond implantation site52 against the left-atrial side ofseptum362 around the hole previously made in the septum. A distance between first andsecond implantation sites30 and52 is adjusted by pullinglongitudinal member42 in a proximal direction (toward left atrium960), while holdinganchor956 against the left-atrial side of the septum, such as usingdistal end959 ofdeployment tube954. The decreased distance, and resulting increased tension, is maintained, such as described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 11A-B. Responsively, a distance between the leaflets oftricuspid valve4 is adjusted to reduce and eliminate regurgitation throughvalve4, and thereby,valve4 is repaired. Optionally, a level of regurgitation ofvalve4 may be monitored during the adjusting of the distance.Deployment tube954 is withdrawn from the left atrium and the patient's body.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 13A-E, which are schematic illustration of tissue anchors40, in accordance with respective applications of the present invention. One or more of these anchors may be used asanchors40 in the applications described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,5A-C,6,8A-E,9A-E,10A-B,11A-B,12A-D, and/or14A-D.
• In the configuration shown inFIG. 13A,anchor40 comprises a helical tissue-coupling element970 fixed tocoupling head906. Optionally,anchor40, such ascoupling head906, is shaped so as to definepassage912, such as for use with the techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 10A-B. For some applications, a length L1 of tissue-coupling element970 is at least 5 mm, no more than 30 mm, and/or between 5 and 30 mm, such as 10 mm.
• In the configuration shown inFIG. 13B,anchor40 comprises a distal tissue-piercingtip972 fixed to a plurality ofarms974, which extend fromtip972 in respective generally distal and radially-outward directions. The arms are inserted entirely into the tissue, thereby helping to couple the anchor to the tissue. For some applications, a greatest width W1 ofanchor40 is at least 6.5 mm, no more than 39 mm, and/or between 6.5 and 39 mm, such as 13 mm. For some applications, a length L2 ofanchor40, measured along an axis of the anchor from tips ofarms974 to the end oftip972 of the anchor, is at least 5 mm, no more than 30 mm, and/or between 5 and 30 mm, such as 10 mm. For some applications, a greatest diameter D1 oftip972 is at least 1 mm, no more than 6 mm, and/or between 1 and 6 mm, such as 2 mm.
• In the configurations shown inFIGS. 13C and 13D,anchor40 is configured to radially contract and expand in a manner generally similar to that of an umbrella (but without the umbrella cloth). The anchor is inserted into the tissue in a radially-contracted (closed) state, and is transitioned to a radially-expanded (open) state, either automatically or by the surgeon, in order to fix the anchor within the tissue. For some applications, such as shown inFIG. 13C, the anchor is configured to assume the radially-expanded state when resting; the anchor is held in a radially-contracted state during deployment, and transitions to the radially-expanded state upon being released. For other applications, such as shown inFIG. 13D, the anchor is configured to assume the radially-contracted state when resting; the anchor is deployed in the radially-contracted state, and is actively transitioned to the radially-expanded state by the surgeon after being inserted into the tissue.
• Anchor40 comprises distal tissue-piercingtip972, which is fixed at a distal end of a post976 (which typically comprises a tube). The anchor further comprises a plurality of ribs978 (e.g., three or four).Ribs978 are coupled to the anchor neardistal tip972, such that the ribs can articulate with post796, thereby changing respective angles between the ribs and the post. The anchor further comprises a runner980 (which typically comprises a tube), which is slidably coupled to post976, such that the runner can slide along the post. A plurality ofstretchers982 are coupled torunner980 and respective ones of the ribs, such that stretchers can articulate with the runner and the respective ribs. Each of the stretchers may comprise one or more elongated elements; by way of example, each of the stretchers is shown comprising two elongated elements. Typically,tips984 of ribs978 (i.e., at the ends not coupled to the anchor) are blunt.
• For some applications, such as the configuration shown inFIG. 13C, the anchor at least partially comprises a shape-memory alloy (e.g., nitinol), and the anchor's natural, resting state is the radially-expanded (open) state. The anchor is crimped inside a catheter so that it remains radially-contracted (closed) until deployed. Once deployed into the tissue, the catheter is pulled back and the anchor is allowed to open (i.e., automatically transition to the radially-expanded state).
• For some applications, in order to allow retraction of the anchor (such as if the anchor has been improperly positioned, or needs to be removed for another reason), the proximal end of runner980 (i.e., the end farther from tip972) is removably coupled to an inner tube positioned within the catheter. For example, an outer surface of the proximal end ofrunner980 and an inner surface of the inner tube near a distal end thereof may be threaded, to enable the removable coupling.Runner980 thus remains coupled to the inner tube until released, such as by rotating the inner tube with respect to the runner (the tissue prevents the runner from also rotating). In order to retract the anchor, post976 is pushed in a distal direction while the runner is still coupled to the inner tube, thereby movingpost976 with respect torunner980 and transitioning the anchor back to its radially-contracted (closed) state. The anchor can thus be withdrawn into the catheter, repositioned, and deployed again at a different location. The surgeon rotates the inner tube to decouple the anchor once the location of the anchor has been finalized.
• For some applications, in the configuration shown inFIG. 13D,anchor40 further comprises a tube positioned aroundpost976, proximal to runner980 (i.e., farther from tip972). The tube is used to pushrunner980 in a distal direction (toward the tip), in order to open the umbrella.
• For some applications, a greatest width W2 ofanchor40, when radially expanded, is at least 6.5 mm, no more than 39 mm, and/or between 6.5 and 39 mm, such as 13 mm.
• For some applications, a length L3 ofanchor40, measured along an axis of the anchor fromtips984 ofribs978 to the end oftip972 of the anchor when the anchor is radially expanded, is at least 5 mm, no more than 30 mm, and/or between 5 and 30 mm, such as 10 mm. For some applications, a greatest diameter D2 oftip972 is at least 0.4 mm, no more than 2.4 mm, and/or between 0.4 and 2.4 mm, such as 0.8 mm. For some applications, a greatest diameter D3 ofpost976 is at least 0.3 mm, no more than 1.8 mm, and/or between 0.3 and 1.8 mm, such as 0.6 mm. For some applications, each ofribs978 has a length of at least 6 mm, no more than 20 mm, and/or between 6 and 20 mm, such as 10 mm.
• In the configuration shown inFIG. 13E,anchor40 is barbed. For example, the anchor may be generally flat, and is shaped so as to define one ormore barbs990, which typically extend from both sides of the anchor. The barbs help couple the anchor to the tissue. For some applications, a greatest width W3 ofanchor40, excludingbarbs990, is at least 0.85 mm, no more than 5.1 mm, and/or between 0.85 and 5.1 mm, such as 1.7 mm. For some applications, a greatest width W4 ofanchor40, includingbarbs990, is at least 1.25 mm, no more than 7.5 mm, and/or between 1.25 and 7.5 mm, such as 2.5 mm. For some applications, a length L4 ofanchor40, measured along an axis of the anchor from a distal end of the barbed portion to the proximal tip of the anchor, is at least 5 mm, no more than 30 mm, and/or between 5 and 30 mm, such as 9.5 mm. For some applications, a greatest thickness T ofanchor40 is at least 0.1 mm, no more than 0.6 mm, and/or between 0.1 and 0.6 mm, such as 0.2 mm.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 14A-D, which are schematic illustrations of asystem1000 for reducing regurgitation of a heart valve, such astricuspid valve4, and an exemplary deployment procedure, in accordance with some applications of the present invention.System1000 comprises first and second tissue-engagingelements60aand60b, which comprise first and second tissue anchors40aand40b, respectively. It is to be noted that tissue anchors40aand40bcomprise a helical tissue anchors by way of illustration and not limitation and that tissue anchors40aand40bmay comprise any tissue anchor for puncturing or clamping cardiac tissue, including, but not limited to, the tissue anchors described hereinbelow with reference toFIGS. 13A-E, modified as described hereinbelow. First and second tissue anchors40aand40bare configured to be directly coupled to each other during an implantation procedure. For example, one of the tissue anchors (e.g.,first tissue anchor40a) may comprise amale coupling element1002, and the other (e.g.,second tissue anchor40b) may comprise a female coupling element1004 (shown inFIG. 14D).
• FIG. 14A shows the advancement ofcatheter22 towardatrium6 until distal end of the catheter is disposed withinatrium6. This portion of the procedure may be performed using techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1A and 1E. Although the catheter is shown advanced throughsuperior vena cava10, the catheter may also be introduced throughinferior vena cava8. Once the distal end ofcatheter22 is disposed withinatrium6, anchor-deployment tube24 is extended from withincatheter22 towardfirst implantation site30. Anchor-deployment tube24 holdsfirst tissue anchor40aand at least a portion of alongitudinal member1010, such as a wire, which is coupled to the anchor, typically removably. For some applications,tube24 is steerable, as is known in the catheter art, while for other applications, a separate steerable element may be coupled to anchor-deployment tube24. Under the aid of imaging guidance, anchor-deployment tube24 is advanced towardfirst implantation site30 until a distal end thereof contacts cardiac tissue ofheart2 atfirst implantation site30. Anchor-deployment tube24 facilitates atraumatic advancement of first tissue-engagingelement60atowardfirst implantation site30.
• First implantation site30 is typically on the annulus of the valve. For example,first implantation site30 may be on the annulus in the area between the coronary sinus and the base ofseptal leaflet12, as shown. Alternatively, for example,first implantation site30 may be on the annulus in the area of the antero-posterior commissure.Anchor40ais fixed to the cardiac tissue, such as using techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1B and 1E.Longitudinal member1010 is typically removably coupled to anchor40a, typically extending frommale coupling element1002, as shown inFIG. 14A.
• Anchor-deployment tube24 is withdrawn from the atrium, as shown inFIG. 14B, leavingfirst tissue anchor40aimplanted in the annulus.
• Second tissue anchor40bis threaded ontolongitudinal member1010, by passing a proximal end of the longitudinal member (not shown) through apassage1012 defined byanchor40b. For some applications, a portion ofpassage1012 is shaped so as to definefemale coupling element1004.Second anchor40bis loaded in anchor-deployment tube24, or another anchor-deployment tube similar to anchor-deployment tube24, which is advanced towardsecond implantation site52 until a distal end thereof contacts cardiac tissue ofheart2 atfirst implantation site52.
• Second implantation site52 is typically on the annulus of the valve. For example,second implantation site52 may be on the annulus in the area of the antero-posterior commissure, as shown. Alternatively, for example,second implantation site52 may be on the annulus in the area between the coronary sinus and the base ofseptal leaflet12. As shown inFIG. 14C,second anchor40bis fixed to the cardiac tissue, such as using techniques described hereinabove with reference toFIGS. 1B and 1E.
• Tension is applied tolongitudinal member1010, by pulling the longitudinal member in a proximal direction, as schematically indicated byarrows1014 in the blow-up inFIG. 14C. The resulting tension approximates first andsecond anchors40aand40b, as shown in blow-ups “A” inFIG. 14D, until the anchors are brought together, as shown in blow-ups “B” inFIG. 14D. Bringing the anchors together causesmale coupling element1002 offirst anchor40ato engagefemale coupling element1004 ofsecond anchor40b, thereby directly coupling (i.e., locking) the anchors to each other. Drawing the anchors together draws the portions of the annulus to which they are coupled together, thereby achieving bicuspidization. For example, as shown inFIG. 14D,septal leaflet12 andposterior leaflet16 are drawn together. Typically, as shown in blow-ups “B” inFIG. 14D,longitudinal member1010 is decoupled fromfirst anchor40a, such as by unscrewing the longitudinal member from the anchor, or using another decoupling technique. Alternatively, the longitudinal member is left coupled to the first anchor, and is cut off in the atrium.
• Reference is now made toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,4A-C,5A-C,6,7A-D,8A-E,9A-E,10A-B,11A-B,12A-D,13A-E, and14A-D. It is to be noted that apparatus and methods described herein for repairingtricuspid valve4 may also be applied to repair any other heart valve of the patient, e.g., a mitral valve, a pulmonary valve, or an aortic valve. For such applications,second implantation site52 may include a portion of a blood vessel that is in contact with the left atrium of the patient, e.g., a pulmonary vein, a portion of the wall of the left atrium, a portion of the annulus of the mitral valve, or a portion of the left ventricle of the heart of the patient, andfirst implantation site30 may include a portion of the wall of the left atrium, a portion of the annulus of the mitral valve, or a portion of the left ventricle of the heart of the patient.
• Reference is again made toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,4A-C,5A-C,6,7A-D,8A-E,9A-E,10A-B,11A-B,12A-D,13A-E, and14A-D. It is to be noted that any suitable number of tissue-engaging elements60 may be implanted in and/or grasp cardiac tissue, depending on the needs of a given patient. Typically, one or more tissue-engaging elements60 is/are implanted in cardiac tissue (e.g., tissue of the annulus, tissue of the wall of the atrium adjacent the valve, or tissue of the wall of the ventricle adjacent the valve) in a vicinity of the valve that is between the middle of the anterior leaflet and the middle of the posterior leaflet, e.g., at the commissure between the middle of the anterior leaflet and the middle of the posterior leaflet. For such an application, pulling togetherimplantation sites30 and52 pullsanterior leaflet14 towardseptal leaflet12 and thereby achieves bicuspidization oftricuspid valve4. It is to be noted, however, that tissue engaging elements60 may be implanted in portions of tissue in the vicinity of any portion of the annulus ofvalve4.
• Reference is yet again made toFIGS. 1A-G,2A-B,3A-C,4A-C, and5A-C,6,7A-D,8A-E,9A-E,10A-B,11A-B,12A-D,13A-E, and14A-D. It is to be noted that the adjustment of the distance between the respective implantation sites of the tissue-engaging elements60 is facilitated by adjustingmechanism150 following initial implantation of the tissue-engaging elements60 and the repair of the valve and/or the adjustment of the heart wall geometry.
• For some applications, techniques described herein are practiced in combination with techniques described in one or more of the references cited in the Background section of the present patent application.
• It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.

Claims (10)

1.-88. (canceled)

89. A system for repairing a cardiac valve of a patient, the system comprising:

a tissue-engaging stent, which is configured to be implanted in a portion of a blood vessel that is in contact with an atrium of a heart of the patient;

a tissue-engaging element, which is configured for implantation at least in part in cardiac tissue at a cardiac implantation site; and

a flexible longitudinal member, which has (a) a first portion that is coupled to the tissue-engaging element, and (b) a second portion that comprises one or more engaging elements, which are configured to be coupled to a strut of the tissue-engaging stent following the implantation of the tissue-engaging element, thereby maintaining tension between the tissue-engaging element and the tissue-engaging stent.

90. The system according toclaim 89, wherein the one or more engaging elements comprise one or more hooks.

91. The system according toclaim 89, wherein the flexible longitudinal member comprises an element selected from the group consisting of: a braided polyester suture, and a plurality of wires that are intertwined to form a rope structure.

92. A method for repairing a cardiac valve of a patient, the method comprising:

implanting a tissue-engaging stent in a portion of a blood vessel that is in contact with an atrium of a heart of the patient;

implanting a tissue-engaging element at least in part in cardiac tissue at a cardiac implantation site;

pulling, toward the tissue-engaging stent, a flexible longitudinal member, which has a first portion that is coupled to the tissue-engaging element; and

thereafter, coupling, to a strut of the tissue-engaging stent, one or more engaging elements of a second portion of the flexible longitudinal member, thereby maintaining tension between the tissue-engaging element and the tissue-engaging stent.

93. The method according toclaim 92, wherein coupling comprises disposing a portion of a catheter within the tissue-engaging stent, and using the catheter to couple the one or more engaging elements to the strut of the tissue-engaging stent.

94. The method according toclaim 92, wherein the one or more engaging elements comprise one or more hooks.

95. The method according toclaim 92, wherein the blood vessel is selected from the group consisting of: a superior vena cava and an inferior vena cava.

96. The method according toclaim 92, wherein the cardiac implantation site is selected from the group consisting of: an annulus of the cardiac valve, and a wall of the atrium above the annulus.

97. The method according toclaim 92, wherein the flexible longitudinal member comprises an element selected from the group consisting of: a braided polyester suture, and a plurality of wires that are intertwined to form a rope structure.

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