US20160022939A1 - Cuff pressure measurement device for a tracheal tube - Google Patents

Abstract

According to various embodiments, methods and systems for determining pressure in an inflatable cuff of a tracheal tube may employ pressure transducers associated with a cuff inflation line or a pilot balloon assembly. The pressure transducers may be implemented to provide continuous or intermittent cuff pressure. Also provided are tracheal tubes with adapters or other devices that incorporate pressure transducers. The tracheal tubes may facilitate wireless cuff pressure monitoring.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/461,292 filed May 1, 2012, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
• The present disclosure relates generally to medical devices and, more particularly, to airway devices, such as tracheal tubes.
• This section is intended to introduce the reader to aspects of the art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
• In the course of treating a patient, a tube or other medical device may be used to control the flow of air, food, fluids, or other substances into the patient. For example, tracheal tubes may be used to control the flow of air or other gases through a patient's trachea and into the lungs, for example during patient ventilation. Such tracheal tubes may include endotracheal (ET) tubes, tracheotomy tubes, or transtracheal tubes. In many instances, it is desirable to provide a seal between the outside of the tube or device and the interior of the passage in which the tube or device is inserted. In this way, substances can only flow through the passage via the tube or other medical device, allowing a medical practitioner to maintain control over the type and amount of substances flowing into and out of the patient.
• To seal these types of tracheal tubes, an inflatable cuff may be associated with the tubes. When inflated, the cuff generally expands into the surrounding trachea (or, in the case of laryngeal masks, over the trachea) to seal the tracheal passage around the tube to facilitate the controlled delivery of gases via a medical device (e.g., through the tube). As many patients are intubated for several days, healthcare workers may need to balance achieving a high-quality tracheal seal with possible patient discomfort. For example, if improperly overinflated, the pressure and/or frictional force of certain types of inflated cuffs against the tracheal walls may result in some tracheal tissue damage. While a cuff may be inflated at lower pressure to avoid such damage, this may lower the quality of the cuff's seal against the trachea. Low cuff inflation pressures may also be associated with allowing folds to form in the walls of the cuff that may serve as leak paths for air as well as microbe-laden secretions.
• Additionally, the quality of a cuff's seal against the tracheal passageway may suffer over the duration of a patient's intubation time. For example, a seal may be compromised when a patient coughs, which may dislodge the cuff from a sealed position. Further, when the tracheal tube is jostled during patient transport or medical procedures, the force of the movement may shift the position of the inflatable cuff within the trachea, allowing gaps to form between the cuff and the tracheal walls. Accordingly, it may be desirable to monitor the internal pressure in the cuff to determine if the cuff is properly inflated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Advantages of the disclosure may become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
• FIG. 1 illustrates a system including a tracheal tube with a pressure transducer for monitoring cuff pressure according to embodiments of the present techniques;
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an endotracheal tube that may be used in conjunction with the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an endotracheal tube with a pilot balloon assembly including a pressure transducer that may be used in conjunction with the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a pilot balloon assembly including a proximal adapter with a pressure transducer;
• FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a pilot balloon assembly including a pressure transducer incorporated into a balloon wall;
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a pilot balloon assembly including a pressure transducer that forms a side of the pilot balloon;
• FIG. 7 is a side view of a pilot balloon assembly ofFIG. 6;
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an endotracheal tube with an inflation line and an in-line adapter including pressure transducer that may be used in conjunction with the system ofFIG. 1; and
• FIG. 9 is a side view of an example of an in-line adapter including a pressure transducer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
• One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
• A tracheal tube may be used to seal a patient's airway and provide positive pressure to the lungs when properly inserted into a patient's trachea. A high quality seal of a cuff against the tracheal walls may assist in isolating the lower airway and anchoring the tube in place. However, a conforming seal is often difficult to obtain over long-term intubation. Physicians may attempt to determine the quality of a cuff seal by monitoring inflation pressure via devices such as manometers that are temporarily attached to the exposed valve of the cuff inflation line. However, these devices are generally used intermittently for spot checks of cuff pressure and, therefore, add to the workflow of clinicians. Further, the devices include connecting tubes to transfer gas from the cuff inflation line to pressure sensors. When the devices are disconnected, the air transferred to the devices is lost to the system. Accordingly, each measurement results in an overall decrease in cuff pressure, which may influence the integrity of the cuff seal. Other techniques may involve a qualitative assessment of the stiffness of a pilot balloon associated with the exposed end of the cuff inflation line. However, the pilot balloon stiffness does not provide a quantitative measurement of cuff pressure.
• Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments provide a more accurate method and system for determining trachea pressure by obtaining a measurement of pressure with pressure transducers associated with the cuff inflation line or the pilot balloon assembly. Such pressure transducers may include wireless sensors that are capable of communicating with a patient monitor. In particular embodiments, the pressure transducer may include components that are exposed to the interior space of the inflation line system (e.g., including the fluid enclosed by the cuff, the inflation line, and any components in fluid communication the cuff and the inflation line) and components that are exposed to ambient air. In one embodiment, the pressure transducers may be associated with an adapter that is used in conjunction with an inflation line or pilot balloon assembly. For example, a pilot balloon assembly may typically terminate at a proximal end in a valve that opens to allow air to enter or leave the inflation line. As provided herein, an adapter incorporating the valve may include a pressure transducer that is in fluid communication with the pilot balloon and the inflation line. Such an embodiment may provide manufacturing advantages because the tracheal tube, inflation line, and pilot balloon are unchanged. In another embodiment, the pressure transducer may be embedded in or incorporated into a wall of the pilot balloon itself. In yet additional embodiments, a pressure transducer may be incorporated into the inflation line. For example, an in-line adapter may bridge two sections of inflation line and provide a pressure transducer surface that is in fluid communication with the inflation line.
• In certain embodiments, the disclosed tracheal tubes, systems, and methods may be used in conjunction with any appropriate medical device, including a tracheal tube, a feeding tube, an endotracheal tube, a tracheotomy tube, a double-lumen tracheal tube (e.g., an endobroncheal tube), a circuit, an airway accessory, a connector, an adapter, a filter, a humidifier, a nebulizer, nasal cannula, or a supraglottal mask/tube. The present techniques may also be used to monitor any patient benefiting from mechanical ventilation, e.g., positive pressure ventilation.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplarytracheal tube system10 that has been inserted into the trachea of a patient. Thesystem10 includes atracheal tube12, shown here as an endotracheal tube, with aninflatable balloon cuff14 that may be inflated viainflation line18 to form a seal against the tracheal walls. Thetracheal tube12 may also include apressure transducer20 that is in fluid communication with thecuff14. In certain embodiments, thepressure transducer20 may be coupled to a medical device, such as aventilator22 or amonitor30. Themonitor30 and/or theventilator22 may be configured to monitor pressure in thecuff14 and, in particular embodiments, the pressure in thetracheal space24.
• Thesystem10 may also include devices that facilitate positive pressure ventilation of a patient, such as theventilator22, which may include any ventilator, such as those available from Nellcor Puritan Bennett LLC. The system may also include amonitor30 that may be configured to implement embodiments of the present disclosure to determine pressures based upon the pressure in thecuff14 or another cuff. It should be understood that themonitor30 may be a stand-alone device or may, in embodiments, be integrated into a single device with, for example, theventilator22.
• Themonitor30 may include processing circuitry, such as amicroprocessor32 coupled to aninternal bus34 and adisplay36. In an embodiment, themonitor30 may be configured to communicate with the tube, for example via thepressure transducer20 or an associated antenna, to obtain signals from thepressure transducer20. In certain embodiments, the communication may also provide calibration information for thetube12. The information may then be stored inmass storage device40, such as RAM, PROM, optical storage devices, flash memory devices, hardware storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable computer-readable storage medium. The information may be accessed and operated upon according tomicroprocessor32 instructions and stored executable instructions. In certain embodiments, calibration information may be used in calculations for estimating of pressure in the cuff based on measurements of pressure in the inflation line or associated structures (e.g., the pilot balloon assembly). Themonitor30 may be configured to provide indications of the cuff pressure, such as an audio, visual or other indication, or may be configured to communicate the estimated cuff pressure to another device, such as theventilator22.
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplarytracheal tube12 according to certain presently contemplated embodiments. It should be understood that the embodiments discussed herein may be implemented with any suitable airway device including acuff14, such as a tracheal tube, an endotracheal tube, a tracheostomy tube, a laryngeal mask, etc. Further, the embodiments disclosed herein may be used with any medical device that includes an inflatable component that is inflated via an inflation line that may include a pilot balloon assembly. For example, thetube12 includes acuff14 inflated viainflation lumen18, which terminates in anopening46 that is located within the inflatedinterior space48 of thecuff14. Theinterior space48 is fluid communication with thepressure transducer20. Thetracheal tube14 is inserted in the patient such that thedistal end50 and thecuff14 are positioned within the trachea (seeFIG. 1) and theproximal end52 is located outside of the patient for connection viaconnector54 to a ventilator. Theinflation lumen18 includes aninterior portion60 and anexterior portion62 that extends away from thewall64 of thetube12 at anopening66.
• Thepressure transducer20 may be any suitable pressure sensor, such as a piezoelectric pressure sensor. In one embodiment, the pressure sensor may incorporate a passive or active RFID circuit that may be read wirelessly to convey pressure monitoring information and/or calibration or identification information to themonitor30. In particular embodiments, a passive RFID component without power connections or battery components may be advantageous. Themonitor30 may incorporate an RFID readout device. In one embodiment, thepressure transducer20 may be part of an assembly that includes a capacitor type pressure sensor and a tuned antenna for a resonance frequency in a medical band, such as a frequency in the 2.450 GHz center frequency or the 5.800 GHz band (or higher). The sensor may be a CMUT (capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer) sensor with a movable membrane fabricated onto a silicon chip of a size suitable for the embodiments discussed herein. In certain embodiments, a sweep of the transmission frequency measures the resonant frequency of thepressure transducer20, which is a function of the cuff pressure. Thepressure transducer20 may be capable of sensing pressures in a range of 0 to 50 cm of H₂0.
• Thepressure transducer20 may also be associated with an information element, such as a memory circuit, such as an EPROM, EEPROM, coded resistor, or flash memory device for storing calibration information for thepressure transducer20. Thepressure transducer20 may also be part of an assembly that contains certain processing circuitry for at least partially processing signals from thepressure transducer20 or for interacting with any memory circuitry provided. When thepressure transducer20 communicates with themonitor30, the information element may be accessed to provide calibration information to themonitor30. In certain embodiments, the calibration information may be provided in a barcode that may be scanned by a reader coupled to themonitor30. Alternatively, thepressure transducer20 may include a passive or active RFID circuit that may be read wirelessly to convey pressure monitoring information and cuff calibration information to themonitor30.
• Thetube12 and thecuff14 are formed from materials having suitable mechanical properties (such as puncture resistance, pin hole resistance, tensile strength), chemical properties (such as biocompatibility). In one embodiment, the walls of thecuff14 are made of a polyurethane having suitable mechanical and chemical properties. An example of a suitable polyurethane is Dow Pellethane® 2363-80A. In another embodiment, the walls of thecuff14 are made of a suitable polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In certain embodiments, thecuff14 may be generally sized and shaped as a high volume, low pressure cuff that may be designed to be inflated to pressures between about 15 cm H₂O and 30 cm H₂O. However, it should be understood that the intracuff pressure may be dynamic. Accordingly, the initial inflation pressure of thecuff14 may change over time or may change with changes in the seal quality or the position of thecuff14 within the trachea.
• Thesystem10 may also include a respiratory circuit (not shown) connected to theendotracheal tube12 that allows one-way flow of expired gases away from the patient and one-way flow of inspired gases towards the patient. The respiratory circuit, including thetube12, may include standard medical tubing made from suitable materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene teraphthalate (PETP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene, silicone, neoprene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or polyisoprene.
• FIG. 3 illustrates atracheal tube12 including apilot balloon assembly72 at theproximal end70 of theinflation line18. In particular embodiments (seeFIGS. 4-7), thepressure transducer20 may be associated with thepilot balloon assembly72, which may include apilot balloon74 configured to be in fluid communication with theinterior space48 of thecuff14. The pilot balloon is coupled to theproximal end70 of the inflation line at a distalpilot balloon end76. In the depicted embodiment, the proximalpilot balloon end78 is coupled to avalve80. Thevalve80 is configured to open to allow the transfer of fluid in or out of the inflation system to inflate or deflate thecuff14. For example, thevalve80 may be configured to accommodate an inflation syringe. In one implementation, insertion of the syringe may depress a spring-loaded plunger, which opens thevalve80. Removal of the syringe allows the plunger to return to a closed configuration of thevalve80. It should be understood that other configurations of a valve may also be incorporated into thepilot balloon assembly72.
• In certain embodiments, thepressure transducer20 may be associated with anadapter assembly90 configured to be inserted into opening formed in thepilot balloon74 as shown inFIG. 4. In such an embodiment, adistal end92 of theadapter assembly90 may be configured to couple to an opening formed in the proximalpilot balloon end78. Abarb94 or other retention feature may retain theadapter assembly90 on thepilot balloon74 through an interference fit with the proximalpilot balloon end78. Theadapter assembly90 may be removable or, in embodiments, may be adhered to thepilot balloon74. For example, in other embodiments, theadapter assembly90 may be adhered to, welded, heat bonded, or overmolded to thepilot balloon assembly72. Aproximal opening96 of theadapter assembly90 is coupled to avalve98. Thevalve98 may operate in a manner similar tovalve80, allowing inflation or deflation of thecuff14 via a syringe. Accordingly, atube12 with theadapter assembly90 includes an integral cuff pressure transducer and is capable of cuff inflation via a syringe. The depicted arrangement may provide certain advantages over Y-type connectors that have separate branches to connect to a syringe and a pressure measurement device. By providing a single connection for a syringe (and no connection for apressure transducer20, which is integral to the adapter assembly90), any confusion about which connector to use is eliminated. Further, theadapter assembly90 may be used in conjunction with astandard pilot balloon74 andinflation line18, keeping the same capability of qualitative assessment of the cuff pressure by the clinician through squeezing the pilot balloon.
• Theadapter assembly90 may define anenclosed space100 that is in fluid communication with the interior of thepilot balloon74 and may be formed from a rigid or conformable material that is substantially impermeable to ambient air. Theadapter assembly90 may be any suitable shape, such as generally spherical or elliptical. Because thecuff14 may be inflated by transferring air from an inflation syringe (or other fluid source) through the interiorenclosed space100, the adapter assembly is not dead space or does not result in an overall loss of fluid from thecuff14. Further, the inflation may be monitored via thepressure transducer20 until a desired intracuff pressure is achieved. Fluid in the inflation system (represented by arrow102) equilibrates to a constant pressure within theenclosed space100, so that the measured pressure in theadapter assembly90 represents the intracuff pressure.
• Thepressure transducer20 may be coupled to the adapter assembly so that one surface is exposed to the ambient air and one surface is exposed to theenclosed space100. Thepressure transducer20 may include a flexible membrane with an electrode surface. The interior pressure of the inflation system results in movement or deflection of the membrane and its electrode relative to a second electrode surface. The displacement generates an alternating signal that is related to the size of the gap between the electrode surface, the amount of displacement, and the thickness of the membrane. Thepressure transducer20 may be fabricated so that the displacement amount within expected cuff pressures is tuned to a particular frequency. The signal may be communicated viaantennas104. In the depicted arrangement, theantennas104 are diametrically opposed to one another on an exterior surface of theadapter assembly90. Thepressure transducer20 may be coupled to theantennas104, which are configured to communicate with the patient monitor30 in a selected band. Theantennas104 may be arranged with respect to theadapter assembly90 to facilitate wireless communication at a desired distance or at multiple angles. For example, in one embodiment, one ormore antennas104 form a spiral or curved shape about thepressure transducer20 and are disposed to increase overall surface coverage.
• In an alternate arrangement, thepressure transducer20 may be coupled directly to thepilot balloon74. As shown inFIG. 5, thepressure transducer20 may be embedded in or otherwise formed within thepilot balloon wall118. In one embodiment, thepilot balloon74 may be manufactured with openings formed to connect at the distalpilot balloon end76 to the inflation line and at the proximalpilot balloon end78 to thevalve80. An opening in theballoon wall118 may be cut to accommodate thepressure transducer20, and thepressure transducer20 may be positioned relative to thepilot balloon74 such that theinterior surface120 is within the enclosed space of the pilot balloon and theexterior surface122 is exposed to ambient air.Antennas104aand104bmay be wrapped about the exterior of thepilot balloon walls118.
• FIG. 6 depicts an implementation in which thepressure transducer20 is disposed on asubstrate130. Thesubstrate130 may be rigid or conformable. In embodiments in which the substrate is rigid, theballoon walls118 remain conformable, which allows a clinician to feel the stiffness to estimate the cuff pressure. Thesubstrate130 may provide more surface area to attach to theballoon walls118. For example, the balloon walls may be glued or otherwise adhered to anexterior surface132 of the substrate (or, in alternative implementation, to an interior surface134). In certain embodiments, thesubstrate130 may be a two-part component that clips theballoon walls118 to enclose the interior of thepilot balloon74.
• Thesubstrate130 may also provide a surface for one ormore antennas104. In the depicted arrangement, theantennas104aand104b(seeFIG. 7) are offset from one another on theexterior surface132 to avoid interference. In another embodiment, theantennas104aand104bmay be arranged in concentric spirals about thepressure transducer20.
• Thepressure transducer20 may also be associated with theinflation line18.FIG. 8 is a perspective view of thetracheal tube12 including aninflation line adapter150 that is positioned in-line with the inflation line on theexterior portion62. In such an arrangement, thepilot balloon assembly72 may be formed according to conventional techniques. Theinflation line adapter150 connects or bridges aproximal portion140 and adistal portion142 of theinflation line18. In one embodiment, theinflation line adapter150 may be coupled to theinflation line18 by cutting theinflation line18 and inserting theinflation line adapter150 between the twoportions140 and142 that were previously adjacent to one another.
• FIG. 9 is a side view of theinflation line adapter150. Theexterior surface152 is sized and shaped to fit in-line with theportions140 and142. Theexterior surface152 may be generally barrel-shaped. In one embodiment, theexterior surface152 defines a widest diameter d1 is at least wider than the outer diameter d2 of the inflation line. Such an arrangement prevents theproximal portion140 and thedistal portion142 from being pushed towards one another to cover theexterior surface120 of thepressure transducer20. Theinflation line adapter150 may be retained in place viabarbed ends154 and156 and/or adhered to theinflation line18. For example, in other embodiments, theinflation line adapter150 may be adhered to, welded, heat bonded, or overmolded to theinflation line18. The barbed ends154 and156 are hollow so that fluid, represented byarrows157, is capable of moving through an enclosed space158 and into theinflation line18.
• Theantenna wires164aand164bmay be soldered or otherwise coupled to thepressure transducer20 and may run along the length of theinflation line18 to thepressure transducer20 in any suitable manner. For example, the antenna wires164 may be embedded (e.g., via extrusion) within thewall162 of thetube inflation line18, may be run along the inside or the outside of theinflation line18, or may be printed on theinflation line18. In one embodiment, the antenna wires164 embedded within thewall162 of theinflation line18 are exposed by stripping away a portion of theinflation line wall162 to reveal the wires164, which are soldered to thepressure transducer20 and thecoupling170 may be protected by epoxy.
• In another embodiment, thepressure transducer120 may be integrated into a wall of theinflation line18 such that at least a portion of thepressure transducer120 is exposed to ambient air and a portion of thepressure transducer120 is exposed to the interior of theinflation line18. The antenna wires164 may soldered to the pressure transducer and the coupling may be protected with epoxy.
• While the disclosure may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the embodiments provided herein are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Indeed, the disclosed embodiments may not only be applied to measurements of cuff pressure, but these techniques may also be utilized for the measurement and/or analysis of the tracheal pressure based on measurements of cuff pressure. Rather, the various embodiments may cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the following appended claims.

Claims (19)

What is claimed is:

1. A tracheal tube comprising:

a conduit configured to be inserted into a trachea of a subject;

an inflatable cuff disposed on the conduit and configured to contact the trachea of the subject;

an inflation line in fluid communication with the inflatable cuff;

a pilot balloon associated with a proximal end of the inflation line; and

a pressure transducer associated with the pilot balloon and comprising an interior surface exposed to an interior space of the pilot balloon and an exterior surface exposed to ambient air.

2. The tracheal tube ofclaim 1, comprising an antenna coupled to the pressure transducer and disposed about a wall of the pilot balloon.

3. The tracheal tube ofclaim 1, wherein the pressure transducer is coupled to a wall of the pilot balloon.

4. The tracheal tube ofclaim 1, wherein the pressure transducer is disposed on a rigid substrate and wherein a wall of the pilot balloon is adhered to a surface of the rigid substrate.

5. The tracheal tube ofclaim 4, wherein the pressure transducer comprises a membrane.

6. A tracheal tube comprising:

a conduit configured to be inserted into a trachea of a subject;

an inflatable cuff disposed on the conduit and configured to contact the trachea of the subject;

an inflation line in fluid communication with the inflatable cuff;

a pilot balloon associated with a proximal end of the inflation line; and

an adapter coupled to the pilot balloon and comprising an interior surface in fluid communication with an interior space of the pilot balloon;

a pressure transducer associated with the adapter and comprising an interior surface in fluid communication with the interior space of the pilot balloon and an exterior surface exposed to ambient air; and

a valve coupled to the adapter and configured to allow fluid to flow through the adapter and into the inflation line via the pilot balloon when open and to prevent fluid from entering the inflation line when closed.

7. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, comprising antennas disposed on diametrically opposed surface of the adapter.

8. The tracheal tube ofclaim 7, wherein the antennas form a spiral or curved shape about the pressure transducer.

9. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the exterior surface of the pressure transducer forms a part of a transducer side of the adapter.

10. The tracheal tube ofclaim 9, comprising at least one antenna disposed on the transducer side of the adapter.

11. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the adapter is coupled to the pilot balloon at a distal end of the adapter and wherein the valve is oriented at a proximal end of the adapter.

12. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the adapter comprises a barbed end configured to coupled the adapter to the pilot balloon.

13. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the pressure transducer comprises a flexible membrane comprising an electrode surface.

14. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the adapter is removable.

15. The tracheal tube ofclaim 6, wherein the adapter comprises a spherical or elliptical shape.

17. A tracheal tube comprising,

a conduit configured to be inserted into a trachea of a subject;

an inflatable cuff disposed on the conduit and configured to contact the trachea of the subject;

an inflation line in fluid communication with the inflatable cuff;

a pilot balloon associated with a proximal end of the inflation line; and

a pressure transducer associated with the pilot balloon and disposed on a surface of a substrate coupled to the pilot balloon.

18. The tracheal tube ofclaim 17, wherein the pilot balloon is coupled to an exterior surface of the substrate.

19. The tracheal tube ofclaim 17, wherein the pilot balloon is coupled to an interior surface of the substrate.

20. The tracheal tube ofclaim 17, comprising antennas disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate.

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