US20150373554A1 - Methods and apparatus for spectrum coordination - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for spectrum coordination are described. A method of spectrum coordination includes a spectrum coordinator receiving a request for shared spectrum from a CRS that the spectrum coordinator supports. The request includes at least one minimum protection requirement. The spectrum coordinator determines protection criteria for the CRS based on the at least one minimum protection requirement received from the CRS. The spectrum coordinator sends the protection criteria for the CRS to a geo-location database for use in assigning shared spectrum to other CRSs that the spectrum coordinator does not support.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/757,498 filed on Jan. 28, 2013; 61/811,439 filed on Apr. 12, 2013, and 61/829,079 filed on May 30, 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND
• The growth of wireless traffic has been significant in the last decade. Wireless devices, such as smartphones and tablet personal computers (PCs), have become ubiquitous, and due to their enhanced connectivity and the wide use of applications requiring data transmission, such devices and their applications use significantly more spectrum than feature phones or standard mobile devices (as much as 122 times for some tablet PCs, for example). And the market size for mobile broadband services continues to grow. Recent studies have predicted that the market for mobile broadband services may grow from 1 billion users in 2012 to around 8 billion users in 2015. In addition, global mobile data more than doubled for the fourth year in a row in 2011, and it will likely continue to do so in the predictable future. Accordingly, more spectrum is needed for mobile broadband use.
• Traditionally, wireless devices have exclusively used dedicated bands, and if additional spectrum was needed for mobile broadband, it was created by repurposing spectrum (i.e., moving primary spectrum users to other bands). However, with time, the practice of repurposing has become more difficult and less feasible due to the nature of primary spectrum user services that would need to be moved to other bands. In particular, repurposing of existing services that are widely in use would be an extremely costly and lengthy undertaking, as confirmed by a recent report that concluded that potential repurposing of the 1755-1850 MHz band would take 10 years and cost some 18 billion dollars. As a result, regulators have begun to realize that methods other than repurposing may be needed to obtain the new spectrum that will solve the bandwidth crunch.
SUMMARY
• Methods and apparatus for spectrum coordination are described. A method of spectrum coordination includes a spectrum coordinator receiving a request for shared spectrum from a CRS that the spectrum coordinator supports. The request includes at least one minimum protection requirement. The spectrum coordinator determines protection criteria for the CRS based on the at least one minimum protection requirement received from the CRS. The spectrum coordinator sends the protection criteria for the CRS to a geo-location database for use in assigning shared spectrum to other CRSs that the spectrum coordinator does not support.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
• FIG. 1A is a system diagram of an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;
• FIG. 1B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A;
• FIG. 1C is a system diagram of an example radio access network and an example core network that may be used within the communications system illustrated inFIG. 1A;
• FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example three-tier hierarchy recommended in the President's Counsel of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) report;
• FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example three-tier spectrum sharing model;
• FIG. 4 is a diagram of a comparison between a traditional licensed approach, the licensed shared access (LSA) approach and an unlicensed approach;
• FIG. 5 is a diagram of a traditional individual licensing framework and the LSA framework;
• FIGS. 6A and 6B are a block diagram of an example architecture for a hierarchical, multi-tier, shared spectrum model;
• FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an example network registration method;
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an example network de-registration method;
• FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of an example network reconfiguration information method;
• FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an example method of aTier 1 spectrum user making spectrum available to other spectrum users for sharing;
• FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of an example method of aTier 2 spectrum user requesting spectrum;
• FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of an example method of spectrum re-assignment;
• FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of an example method of Tier-2-spectrum-user-triggered spectrum re-assignment;
• FIG. 14 is a high-level diagram of example preclusion areas;
• FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an example architecture for a shared spectrum manager (SSM);
• FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of messages that support auction mechanisms;
• FIG. 17 is a diagram of example information elements (IEs) associated with bid and ask messages;
• FIGS. 18A and 18B are a flow diagram of an example method of assigning classified spectrum;
• FIG. 19 is a diagram of an example method of de-classification by converting spectrum usage to availability;
• FIG. 20 is a diagram of another example method for allocating classified spectrum where the classified Federal spectrum manager (C-FSM) performs the spectrum assignment for the classified spectrum on behalf of the SSM;
• FIG. 21 is a diagram of an example illustration of device operation in the context of a database design with grey-zone;
• FIG. 22 is a flow diagram for use of the grey zone concept ofFIG. 21;
• FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an example architecture where the SSM is a special user of a television white space (TVWS) database;
• FIG. 24 is a flow diagram of an example message exchange for an SSM acting a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where the SSM behaves as an enhanced white space device (WSD) with protection rights of a primary spectrum user;
• FIG. 25 is a diagram of example enhancements to a TVWS database for protection ofTier 2 spectrum users that are operating in the TVWS and managed by an SSM;
• FIGS. 26A and 26B are a flow diagram of an example message exchange for an SSM acting a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where the SSM behaves as a new type of incumbent spectrum user with respect to a spectrum request from a WSD that is aTier 2 spectrum user;
• FIG. 27 is a flow diagram of an example message exchange for an SSM acting a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where the SSM behaves as a new type of incumbent spectrum user with respect to a spectrum request from a WSD that is aTier 3 spectrum user;
• FIG. 28 is a flow diagram of an example information exchange where the SSM acts as a special user of the TVWS database with pre-reserved spectrum;
• FIG. 29 is a diagram of an example system in which the SSM determines the presence of devices that access the geo-location database directly through sensing/measurements;
• FIG. 30 is a block diagram of an example architecture for an SSM receiving all spectrum requests from all WSDs;
• FIG. 31 is a block diagram of an SSM TVWS database synchronization when the SSM manages a subset area;
• FIG. 32 is a flow diagram of an information exchange forconnection type1 where a WSD accesses the TVWS database through an SSM;
• FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of an information flow forconnection type2 where aTier 2 spectrum user is accessing SSM services;
• FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of an information flow forconnection type3 for aTier 3 spectrum user accessing SSM services;
• FIG. 35 is a block diagram of a logical SSM architecture derived from the example architecture illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B;
• FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an example SSM architecture;
• FIGS. 37A and 37B are a flow diagram of a new CRS registration procedure;
• FIGS. 38A and 38B are a flow diagram of an example coexistence procedure;
• FIGS. 39A,39B and39C are a flow diagram of example SSM procedures to enable coexistence;
• FIGS. 40A and 40B are a flow diagram of a procedure for priority access to a channel;
• FIGS. 41A,41B and41C are a flow diagram of an SSM procedure for priority access; and
• FIGS. 42A,42B and42C are a flow diagram of an example negotiation procedure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• FIG. 1A is a diagram of anexample communications system100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Thecommunications system100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. Thecommunications system100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, thecommunications systems100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.
• As shown inFIG. 1A, thecommunications system100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs)102a,102b,102c,102d, a radio access network (RAN)104, acore network106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN)108, theInternet110, andother networks112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dmay be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dmay be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, a white space device (WSD) and the like.
• Thecommunications systems100 may also include abase station114aand abase station114b. Each of thebase stations114a,114bmay be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dto facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as thecore network106, theInternet110, and/or theother networks112. By way of example, thebase stations114a,114bmay be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, a white space device (WSD) and the like. While thebase stations114a,114bare each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that thebase stations114a,114bmay include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
• Thebase station114amay be part of theRAN104, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Thebase station114aand/or thebase station114bmay be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with thebase station114amay be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, thebase station114amay include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, thebase station114amay employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
• Thebase stations114a,114bmay communicate with one or more of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dover anair interface116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Theair interface116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
• More specifically, as noted above, thecommunications system100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, thebase station114ain theRAN104 and theWTRUs102a,102b,102cmay implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish theair interface116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
• In another embodiment, thebase station114aand theWTRUs102a,102b,102cmay implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish theair interface116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).
• In other embodiments, thebase station114aand theWTRUs102a,102b,102cmay implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
• Thebase station114binFIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In one embodiment, thebase station114band theWTRUs102c,102dmay implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, thebase station114band theWTRUs102c,102dmay implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, thebase station114band theWTRUs102c,102dmay utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown inFIG. 1A, thebase station114bmay have a direct connection to theInternet110. Thus, thebase station114bmay not be required to access theInternet110 via thecore network106.
• TheRAN104 may be in communication with thecore network106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102d. For example, thecore network106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown inFIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that theRAN104 and/or thecore network106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as theRAN104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to theRAN104, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, thecore network106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM radio technology.
• Thecore network106 may also serve as a gateway for theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dto access thePSTN108, theInternet110, and/orother networks112. ThePSTN108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). TheInternet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Thenetworks112 may include wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, thenetworks112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as theRAN104 or a different RAT.
• Some or all of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102din thecommunications system100 may include multi-mode capabilities, i.e., theWTRUs102a,102b,102c,102dmay include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, theWTRU102cshown inFIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with thebase station114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with thebase station114b, which may employ anIEEE 802 radio technology.
• FIG. 1B is a system diagram of anexample WTRU102. As shown inFIG. 1B, theWTRU102 may include aprocessor118, atransceiver120, a transmit/receiveelement122, a speaker/microphone124, akeypad126, a display/touchpad128,non-removable memory130,removable memory132, apower source134, a global positioning system (GPS)chipset136, andother peripherals138. It will be appreciated that theWTRU102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
• Theprocessor118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Theprocessor118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables theWTRU102 to operate in a wireless environment. Theprocessor118 may be coupled to thetransceiver120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receiveelement122. WhileFIG. 1B depicts theprocessor118 and thetransceiver120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that theprocessor118 and thetransceiver120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.
• The transmit/receiveelement122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., thebase station114a) over theair interface116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement122 may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receiveelement122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
• In addition, although the transmit/receiveelement122 is depicted inFIG. 1B as a single element, theWTRU102 may include any number of transmit/receiveelements122. More specifically, theWTRU102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, theWTRU102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over theair interface116.
• Thetransceiver120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receiveelement122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receiveelement122. As noted above, theWTRU102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling theWTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example.
• Theprocessor118 of theWTRU102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone124, thekeypad126, and/or the display/touchpad128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). Theprocessor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone124, thekeypad126, and/or the display/touchpad128. In addition, theprocessor118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as thenon-removable memory130 and/or theremovable memory132. Thenon-removable memory130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Theremovable memory132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, theprocessor118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on theWTRU102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
• Theprocessor118 may receive power from thepower source134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in theWTRU102. Thepower source134 may be any suitable device for powering theWTRU102. For example, thepower source134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
• Theprocessor118 may also be coupled to theGPS chipset136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of theWTRU102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from theGPS chipset136, theWTRU102 may receive location information over theair interface116 from a base station (e.g.,base stations114a,114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that theWTRU102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
• Theprocessor118 may further be coupled toother peripherals138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, theperipherals138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like.
• FIG. 1C is a system diagram of theRAN104 and thecore network106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, theRAN104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with theWTRUs102a,102b,102cover theair interface116. TheRAN104 may also be in communication with thecore network106.
• TheRAN104 may include eNode-Bs140a,140b,140c, though it will be appreciated that theRAN104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs140a,140b,140cmay each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs102a,102b,102cover theair interface116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs140a,140b,140cmay implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B140a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, theWTRU102a.
• Each of the eNode-Bs140a,140b,140cmay be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown inFIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs140a,140b,140cmay communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
• Thecore network106 shown inFIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity gateway (MME)142, a servinggateway144, and a packet data network (PDN)gateway146. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of thecore network106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator.
• TheMME142 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs140a,140b,140cin theRAN104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, theMME142 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c, and the like. TheMME142 may also provide a control plane function for switching between theRAN104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.
• The servinggateway144 may be connected to each of theeNode Bs140a,140b,140cin theRAN104 via the S1 interface. The servinggateway144 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from theWTRUs102a,102b,102c. The servinggateway144 may also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for theWTRUs102a,102b,102c, managing and storing contexts of theWTRUs102a,102b,102c, and the like.
• The servinggateway144 may also be connected to thePDN gateway146, which may provide the WTRUs102a,102b,102cwith access to packet-switched networks, such as theInternet110, to facilitate communications between theWTRUs102a,102b,102cand IP-enabled devices.
• Thecore network106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, thecore network106 may provide the WTRUs102a,102b,102cwith access to circuit-switched networks, such as thePSTN108, to facilitate communications between theWTRUs102a,102b,102cand traditional land-line communications devices. For example, thecore network106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between thecore network106 and thePSTN108. In addition, thecore network106 may provide the WTRUs102a,102b,102cwith access to thenetworks112, which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
• Many spectrum bands are currently not being fully utilized by their primary spectrum users, and portions of those bands may be available for other use, for example, on a geographical or timely basis. Accordingly, sharing bands may be a tool that may complement repurposing of bands in an effort to meet rapidly increasing bandwidth requirements. Examples of bands that may be available for sharing may include unused portions of the terrestrial broadcast spectrum that are no longer being used for television (TV) transmissions (commonly referred to as the TV white space (TVWS)), spectrum that is currently allocated for use by the United States Federal government, and other un-used or under-used spectrum.
• With respect to the TVWS, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has opened up these frequencies (e.g., the 470-790 MHz band) for a variety of unlicensed uses and published its initial rules for access to the TVWS database in the United States in 2010. The amount and exact frequencies of unused spectrum may vary from location to location, but they may be exploited by secondary users for any radio communication so long as such use does not interfere with other primary spectrum users. Use of such spectrum for WiFi, Long Term Evolution (LTE) and other cellular technologies is under consideration.
• With respect to spectrum that is currently allocated for use by the United States Federal government, a presidential memorandum was released in June 2010, requesting government agencies to make 500 MHz of spectrum available for commercial use within ten years. This request was intended to enable technology expansion and innovation in the mobile space in the United States while recognizing that such innovation would require the creation of new spectrum to be viable. In response to the presidential memorandum, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) released a report in July 2012 (commonly referred to as “the PCAST report”). The PCAST report recommended that the President issue a new memorandum “to make it the policy of the U.S. government to share underutilized Federal spectrum to the maximum extent possible” and to identify 1,000 MHz of spectrum to implement a new shared-use spectrum policy. The report also detailed a recommended plan for exploiting the new Federal spectrum.
• The PCAST report further concluded that providing additional spectrum may provide an opportunity for significant economic growth, but that it would not be feasible to provide such additional spectrum by clearing services and reallocating spectrum. Instead, the report recommended encouraging federal agencies to make efficient use of spectrum by, for example, sharing their spectrum during periods when it is unused or in areas where other federal or commercial services could be deployed locally without creating harmful interference. The report also recommended future adoption of a new federal spectrum architecture governed according to a three-tier hierarchy based on spectrum sharing.
• FIG. 2 is a diagram200 of an example three-tier hierarchy recommended in the PCAST report. In the example illustrated inFIG. 2, a first tier202 (or Tier 1) is for federal primary spectrum users, a second tier204 (or Tier 2) is for secondary spectrum users that may have a lower priority thanTier 1 users when accessing the spectrum, and a third tier206 (or Tier 3) is for general authorized spectrum users that may have the lowest priority when accessing the spectrum. When not fully using the spectrum,Tier 1 spectrum users may not exclude use of the spectrum by other spectrum users.Tier 2 users, for example, may need to register with a database and pay a fee to obtain an individual license for spectrum use.Tier 3 users, for example, may not be expected to pay fees for using the spectrum, but they may only use it in an opportunistic manner. Similar to requirements for the TVWS, however, lower level use may not be permitted to cause harmful interference with higher level use of the spectrum.
• FIG. 3 is a diagram300 of an example three-tier spectrum sharing model. In the example illustrated inFIG. 3,Tier 1 spectrum users, such as military users304 and public safety/government users306,Tier 2 spectrum users, such as small cell LTE orWiFi networks308, andTier 3 spectrum users, such as Ad-hoc, consumer andsmart grid users310, may all access sharedspectrum312 when it is made available to them.
• In addition to recommending future implementation of an architecture governed according to a three-tier hierarchy, the PCAST report recommended future implementation of a framework for coexistence based on technical characteristics of transmitters and receivers, stressing use of receiver performance when making spectrum allocations and the eventual improvement of receiver performance characteristics. The report also recommended that mechanisms to evaluate the use of spectrum be based not solely on the actual use of spectrum in MHz, but also how effectively these mechanisms may allow for other services to use the same spectrum and not be precluded.
• The PCAST report set out a plan to implement the recommendations provided therein over the next ten years. Spectrum in the 2700 MHz to 3700 MHz band was targeted for initial use in the three-tier approach.
• On Dec. 12, 2012, the FCC followed with a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), in which it proposed creation of a Citizens Broadband Service (CBS) in the 3550-3650 MHz band, which is currently underutilized for military and satellite operations. The proposed CBS would use small cells and spectrum sharing and would use a three-tier shared access model, whereinTier 1 is referred to as incumbent access,Tier 2 is referred to as priority access (PA) andTier 3 is referred to as general authorized access (GAA). In the proposed CBS, incumbent users inTier 1 would be protected fromTier 2 andTier 3 users, andTier 2 PA users would also be protected from harmful interference fromTier 3 GAA users. The NPRM also foresaw use of the CBS by Quality-of-Service (QoS)-dependent users (e.g., hospitals, utilities, and state and local governments) asTier 1 users and use of the shared spectrum by residential and business users (including network operators) asTier 3 users and listed a number of different proposals with respect to implementing the CBS, including potential use of allowed operational areas for each access type based on zones and fixed limits for maximum transmit power of the devices.
• On Nov. 1, 2013, the FCC released a Public Notice soliciting public comment on a Revised Framework that uses the three tier model but expands the eligibility criteria for the PA tier and elaborates licensing concepts for use of that tier. For example, potential spectrum users may apply for an exclusive license to use the PA tier, and auctioning concepts may be applied should multiple parties apply for a license.
• With respect to other un-used or under-used spectrum, regulators in Europe, including both the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration (CEPT) and the European Commission, have also realized the importance of spectrum sharing through licensed shared access (LSA) (also known as Authorized Shared Access (ASA)). The LSA model is a 2-tiered model whereTier 1 spectrum users are the incumbents (e.g., government and defense users) andTier 2 spectrum users are authorized for exclusive use on a shared and binary basis (e.g., time, location and/or frequency) with the incumbent. The LSA concept is relatively simple: while the current incumbent usage may stay, the unused portions of the band may be exclusively assigned to a secondary user, such as a mobile broadband operator, or, in some cases, two or more operators. If there are two or more LSA licensees, they may not have exclusive rights to the shared band, so there needs to be some coordinator between them in order to allow quality of service (QoS).
• FIG. 4 is a diagram400 of a comparison between a traditional licensed approach, the LSA approach and an unlicensed approach. In thetraditional approach402, auctions may be conducted with respect to access to cleared spectrum for exclusive use by spectrum users to ensure QoS. In theLSA approach404, exclusive use may be granted to other spectrum users on a shared or binary basis (e.g., time, location and/or frequency) with incumbent users to ensure QoS. In the unlicensed approach (e.g., TVWS), there is no control over other spectrum users' access to the spectrum, which may result in unpredictable QoS.
• FIG. 5 is a diagram500 of a traditionalindividual licensing framework502 and theLSA framework504. In LSA, for example, the administration/regulator applies conditions of access to LSA/ASA spectrum to enable incumbents to access the LSA/ASA spectrum while also protecting the primary incumbent user, including dynamic granting of LSA/ASA spectrum licenses when/where such spectrum is available.
• Several factors may impact how the LSA is organized and implemented in practice. These include, but are not limited to, the bands and spectrum used by the incumbent and the needs of the LSA licensee(s). For example, in a case where there will be several bands, incumbents, and LSA licensees, use of a centralized entity such as a spectrum manager may be beneficial. On the other hand, in a case where a single incumbent leaves some spectrum available for a single LSA licensee to use in a relatively static way, the sharing may be done without a centralized entity.
• Embodiments described herein provide a flexible architecture for shared spectrum access in a hierarchical multi-tier system, including, for example, procedures for a shared spectrum manager (SSM) (also referred to herein as a spectrum coordinator) and tiered access users (e.g., spectrum request or spectrum assignment/re-assignment) and spectrum usage evaluation, incentive pricing models to encourage spectrum sharing by highest tier spectrum users (also referred to as primary spectrum users or incumbent spectrum users), and approaches to de-classify the information from classified primary spectrum users. Further, embodiments are described that enable use of an SSM with other (e.g., non-tiered) unlicensed spectrum (e.g., the TVWS) where, for example, access to the unlicensed spectrum may be controlled by a database (e.g., a geo-location database/TVWS database) that is meant to protect the primary spectrum user only. More specifically, architectures are described where the SSM is a special user of the TVWS and where the SSM receives all TVWS spectrum requests. Some of the embodiments described herein are described with specific reference to a TVWS database or a geo-location database. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that these databases may serve the same function and, therefore, these terms may be used interchangeably.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B are a block diagram of an example architecture600a/600bfor a hierarchical, multi-tier, shared spectrum model. The example architecture is a general architecture and may be configured to support specific multi-tier models, such as a 3-tier PCAST model, a 2-tier LSA model or a 2-tier TVWS model. The architecture illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B includes a shared spectrum manager (SSM)628 that includes or may be in communication with a spectrum usage andavailability database630 and an incentive andbilling database632. TheSSM628 may be in communication withTier 1 users, including, for example, direct communication with non-federal (e.g., commercial)Tier 1 users604a, direct communication withnon-classified Tier 1federal users610, communication withnon-classified Tier 1federal users610 via a non-classified federal spectrum manager (NC-FSM)612, and/or communication withclassified Tier 1federal users618 via a classified federal spectrum manager (C-FSM)620. TheSSM628 may also be in communication withTier 2users604b,Tier 3users604c, an administrator or regulator (e.g., the FCC)634 and/or a neighboring sharedspectrum manager636. The NC-FSM612 may include or be in communication with a non-classified federalsystem information database614, and the C-FSM may be in communication with a classified federalsystem information database622.
• TheSSM628 may control spectrum usage, availability, billing and incentive information in such a way that primary users may offer up spectrum for use by other spectrum users in a reliable fashion, and lower tier spectrum users may use that spectrum in a transparent way. TheSSM628 may handle the details of protection, access guarantee, and actual spectrum usage, which may ensure flexible and dynamic spectrum sharing and may handle cross-border scenarios (which may potentially operate under different regulations) using inter-SSM communications. TheSSM628 may be responsible for assigning spectrum to each requesting access user in such a way that primary users may be protected and that the requested QoS of each spectrum user may be guaranteed. TheSSM628 may also manage computing an incentive associated with spectrum sharing and computing an overall cost associated with spectrum usage by a spectrum user based on the spectrum user's parameters.
• TheSSM628 illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B includes a spectrum usage andavailability database630 and an incentive andbilling database632. TheSSM628 may maintain the spectrum usage andavailability database630 either internally or through an external interface. The spectrum usage andavailability database630 may maintain information about current spectrum usage and availability and may dynamically alter the information maintained in the database when new spectrum assignments are made, spectrum usage changes, etc. The spectrum usage andavailability database630 may also maintain the current spectrum that theSSM628 has available to assign toTier 2 orTier 3 users based on what theTier 1 users have indicated is available and currently unused by theTier 1 users. In addition, the spectrum usage andavailability database630 may maintain information about spectrum that has been assigned to aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user as well as additional usage parameters associated with that spectrum usage (e.g., the maximum transmit power used by aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user or associated transmission range, time of use, etc.). The incentive andbilling database632 may be used to dynamically track the amount of money that eachTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user must pay for its spectrum usage (e.g., billing) and the amount of money that is owed to eachTier 1 spectrum user whose spectrum theSSM628 has assigned for use to another spectrum user (e.g., incentive).
• In addition to the above, theSSM628 may compute the current incentive (e.g., payment per unit of spectrum) thatTier 1 users may take advantage of and advertise this information to registeredTier 1 spectrum users. The incentive at any given time may be based on certain factors, such as demand from secondary users, amount of additional coexistence information provided by theTier 1 spectrum users, type of spectrum, or preliminary agreements. For example, fornon-classified Tier 1 users, the more coexistence information that is provided by theTier 1 users, the more incentive may be paid out. Further, theSSM628 may, at the request of aTier 1 spectrum user to share spectrum, collect spectrum availability information from theTier 1 spectrum user as well as any characteristics of theTier 1 user required for the spectrum assignment algorithm (e.g., receiver characteristics or sensing parameters) and store this information in the spectrum usage andavailability database630.
• TheSSM628 may also collect spectrum requests from each spectrum user (e.g.,Tier 2 and/orTier 3 users), interface with a classified federal spectrum manager (C-FSM)620 in order to make use of available spectrum under classified federal control (e.g. military spectrum usage), interface with a non-classified federal spectrum manager (NC-FSM)612, and/or interface directly withnon-classified Tier 1spectrum users610 as well as non-federal (or commercial)Tier 1 spectrum users604ain order to make use of federal spectrum that is not under classified federal control. While an NC-FSM612 may control all or part of the federal spectrum, theSSM628 may also interact directly withTier 1 spectrum users, as described above, that may not be under control of the NC-FSM612 (such as in the case of a non-federal spectrum user).
• TheSSM628 may also periodically perform spectrum optimization/assignment to ensure the most efficient use of spectrum while satisfying the QoS of each spectrum user. TheSSM628 may assign spectrum in such a way as to optimize the value of a metric related to spectrum effectiveness. TheSSM628 may also maintain current channel usage and relevant coexistence parameters for eachTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum user in the spectrum usage andavailability database630 in order to simplify future spectrum access requests and ensure maintenance of required QoS forTier 2 spectrum users and coexistence forTier 3 spectrum users. TheSSM628 may also maintain cost and incentive information in the billing andincentive database632 in order to keep track of the charges to each spectrum user and the incentive that may be paid toTier 1 spectrum users over time and account for changes to charges and incentives as the overall spectrum usage changes. Further, theSSM628 may communicate to the spectrum users any sensing of primary users that they may need to perform and any additional information that may be required or may help with sensing.
• A primary spectrum user is aTier 1 or incumbent spectrum user or system that shares unused portions of the bandwidth it owns. The primary spectrum user may be a logical entity capable of exchanging information with theSSM628 or may simply be a passive database with information about the usage of spectrum by the primary spectrum user (or a combination of the two). In addition, the primary spectrum user may be managed by the NC-FSM612 or the C-FSM620 (in the case of federal spectrum only) or may be an entity that is independent of either of these (e.g., a non-federal or commercial system or a non-classified federal system that is not managed by the NC-FSM612). The primary spectrum user may indicate to theSSM628 information about its willingness to share spectrum, communicate to theSSM628 the rules of use for the available spectrum, maintain and/or communicate to theSSM628 any parameters related to the primary spectrum user in order to ensure protection of the system (e.g., receiver characteristics, signal modulation or signature, signal timing information, or other information related to potential sensing algorithms or parameters needed to detect the presence of the primary spectrum user) and communicate to theSSM628 if spectrum needs to be taken back in case of emergency usage (e.g., time to evacuate, location, or duration). The rules of use for the available spectrum may include, for example, the available time period, the time of validity of any spectrum usage, location/region information, and/or the potential need and/or ability of the primary system to pre-empt the usage of a particular frequency by anotherTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user for the primary spectrum user to regain access to its spectrum.
• The federal spectrum domain includes classified (e.g., military) spectrum and non-classified (e.g., satellite communications used by the government) spectrum. Based on these two classes of spectrum, two different management systems (the NC-FSM612 and the C-FSM620) may interact with theSSM628, each having a different interface with theSSM628.
• The C-FSM620 may be responsible for managing all spectrum whose usage constitutes sensitive information (e.g., military spectrum) but which may be available for sharing under the control of theSSM628. The C-FSM620 may maintain the classified federalsystem information database622 with the spectrum usage of each spectrum user and the available spectrum for sharing in a given geographical location and communicate with theSSM628 about available spectrum in a secured manner by filtering information about the classified spectrum usage. Communication with theSSM628 may be achieved, for example, by sending limited information about the spectrum usage only or by performing a subtask of the overall work done by the SSM628 (which may otherwise require sensitive information about the spectrum usage of physical characteristics of the military spectrum). Some properties of the filtered spectrum information may include (but may depend on the primary spectrum in question) absence of any physical (PHY) layer characteristics of the primary spectrum users with which sharing will be done (e.g., modulation scheme or spectral masks) and absence of detailed geo-location information (e.g., location of base station or range), providing of general “availability” information only without provision of information about current usage in neighboring bands or areas. The C-FSM620 may have the ability to conceal exact spectrum usage in a band by not making all available spectrum usable by theSSM628. Further, the C-FSM620 may have additional flexibility to refuse certain spectrum usage based on the identity of the spectrum user (e.g.,Tier 2 or 3) proposed for usage as well as the ability to modify or set certain spectrum usage parameters initially proposed by theSSM628. In other words, when theSSM628 proposes some spectrum usage by aspecific Tier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user, the C-FSM620 may have the ability to refuse such spectrum usage if it determines that such usage would create a security risk to the classified system that is allowing its spectrum to be shared. The C-FSM620 may use the services of theSSM628 to gain additional spectrum that may be used for classified system usage in a non-sensitive fashion and may communicate to theSSM628 if spectrum needs to be taken back in case of emergency usage.
• In addition to the ability of the C-FSM620 to filter information presented to theSSM628, theSSM628 may itself be developed in conjunction with inputs from federal agencies. Since theSSM628 is an intermediate entity between the C-FSM620 and the spectrum users, the spectrum users may not have direct access to the filtered classified information within theSSM628, thus providing an additional layer of security toclassified Tier 1 spectrum users.
• Theother spectrum users604band604crepresent each of the secondary commercial systems that may request spectrum from theSSM628. This may includeTier 2 spectrum users (guaranteed QoS) and/orTier 3 spectrum users (General Access Users). A master device or entity that is responsible for spectrum management within each of these entities may communicate over the access interface with theSSM628 to negotiate and gain access to spectrum managed by theSSM628. The other spectrum users may indicate a preferred or required method of access (Tier 2,Tier 3, priority of access, etc.), requested bandwidth and spectrum availability time. Further, theother spectrum users604aand604bmay indicate a requested transmit power or maximum transmit power to be used and/or provide capability information (e.g., usable frequency range or sensing capabilities) and usage parameters (e.g., spectrum mask) for each usable frequency range. The other spectrum users may also provide device and network information (e.g., radio access technology (RAT), transmitter and receiver characteristics, usable frequency range, traffic or antenna height), provide required QoS, provide information on how much the system is willing to pay for spectrum (e.g., a range of acceptable cost), adapt spectrum usage (e.g., change frequency or tier) based on reconfiguration requests from theSSM628 at specific time periods (e.g., time to live (TTL)), stop using spectrum at the end of agreed-on usage period, or, in an emergency scenario where spectrum needs to be evacuated, perform any sensing required for use of the spectrum, return sensed information to theSSM628, and/or allow for negotiation or coexistence with other spectrum users for common spectrum.
• For LSA systems, theSSM628 may interact directly withTier 1 spectrum users (the LSA incumbent), andTier 3 access may not be allowed. Instead,Tier 2spectrum users604bmay negotiate an agreement to share spectrum through theSSM628. Here, theSSM628 may be a regulatory entity or a third party entity that facilitates such communication between theTier 1 spectrum users andpotential Tier 2spectrum users604b. Because the sharing agreement and terms may be negotiated beforehand, there may be no need for theSSM628 to maintain any incentive or billing information. For instance, payments fromTier 2spectrum users604b(the LSA licensee) to theTier 1 spectrum users (LSA incumbent) may be made prior to any spectrum usage. In this example, theonly Tier 1 spectrum users may be Non-Federal spectrum users604aorNon-Classified Tier 1 Spectrum users, and the architecture600 may be adapted for LSA so as not to include an NC-FSM612, a non-classified federalsystem information database614, a C-FSM620, a classified federalsystem information database622, an incentive andbilling database632 orTier 3spectrum users604c.
• In order to use the services of theSSM628, all entities in the spectrum sharing hierarchy may register with theSSM628. The registration may be used to provide theSSM628 with specific information about the entity that is likely to remain fixed in time. Examples of such information include location (of the network itself), general transmit/receive characteristics, RAT, antenna height, and sensing capabilities. For aTier 1 spectrum user, this information may be provided by theTier 1 spectrum user itself or by either of the C-FSM620 (appropriately filtered to obfuscate sensitive information) or the NC-FSM612.
• TheSSM628 may employ such a registration procedure in order to later broadcast or advertise spectrum availability or potential spectrum incentive, depending on the system involved. For example, aTier 1 spectrum user that registers with theSSM628 may later receive regular advertisements or broadcasts about the incentive (potential payment per unit of spectrum) that it may receive if such spectrum were to become available or if theTier 1 spectrum user would be willing to share such spectrum. For aTier 2 spectrum user, the advertisements may indicate the required price to be paid per unit of spectrum at any given time.
• FIG. 7 is a flow diagram700 of an example network registration method. In the example network registration method, aspectrum user604 is illustrated as interacting directly with theSSM628. This may be the case for a non-federal spectrum user or anon-classified Tier 1 spectrum user that interacts directly with theSSM628 as described above with respect to the architecture600. However, this may also be generalized to the case where the NC-FSM612 or the C-FSM620 communicates with theSSM628. As a result, although the information flows show the spectrum user itself, it may also be generalized to the case where the NC-FSM612 or the C-FSM620 communicates with theSSM628 on behalf of one orseveral Tier 1 spectrum users. This may be true for other flow diagrams provided herein where a spectrum user is illustrated as communicating directly with an SSM.
• In the method illustrated inFIG. 7, theTier 1,Tier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user604 (as the case may be) sends a network registration request (702) with specific network information to theSSM628. TheSSM628 may store this information in the spectrum usage and availability database630 (704) and confirm the registration process with the requesting spectrum user604 (706). Since the requestingspectrum user604 may now be registered with theSSM628, theSSM628 may send periodic or occasional broadcasts or advertisements (708).
• At some time, aspectrum user604 may decide to de-register from the services provided by theSSM628. In this case, thespectrum user604 may engage in de-registration with theSSM628.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram800 of an example network de-registration method. In the method illustrated inFIG. 8, thespectrum user604 sends a network de-registration request message to the SSM628 (802). TheSSM628 may remove the previously stored network information from the spectrum usage and availability database630 (804) and send a network de-registration confirmation to the requesting spectrum user604 (806). Such a de-registration process may, therefore, disable any further broadcasts or advertisements to be sent by theSSM628 to the requestingspectrum user604.
• In a scenario where some of the static or semi-static information provided with theregistration702 changes, aspectrum user604 may attempt to modify the information currently stored by theSSM628 related to thatspectrum user604 through network reconfiguration.
• FIG. 9 is a flow diagram900 of an example network reconfiguration information method. In the example method illustrated inFIG. 9, aspectrum user604 that previously registered with theSSM628 has network configuration changes (902) that it needs to make. Thespectrum user604 may send a network reconfiguration request to the SSM628 (904), including the changed information (e.g., new location, new RAT, new transmit/receive characteristics, new antenna height, new capabilities, new bandwidth or new sensing). TheSSM628 may update the network information associated with the requestingspectrum user604 in the spectrum usage and availability database630 (906) and send a network reconfiguration confirmation to the requesting spectrum user604 (908).
• The spectrum sharing process may be started when one ormore Tier 1 spectrum users decide that they would like to make spectrum available for sharing. The one ormore Tier 1 spectrum users may determine that they have spectrum that they will not be using in part or in full and wish to make that spectrum available for sharing with other spectrum users under control of theSSM628. TheTier 1 spectrum user may or may not have been receiving regular or occasional broadcasts from theSSM628 of the approximate incentive per unit of bandwidth.
• FIG. 10 is a flow diagram1000 of an example method of aTier 1 spectrum user making spectrum available to other spectrum users for sharing. In the example method illustrated inFIG. 10, theTier 1 spectrum user604adetermines that it has spectrum available for sharing (1002) and sends an incentive query (1004) to theSSM628 to find out the actual payment it may receive from theSSM628 by making its spectrum available for use by other spectrum users. TheTier 1 spectrum user604amay make this inquiry regardless of whether it was previously receiving broadcasts from theSSM628 regarding incentives for spectrum sharing. The incentive query may include characteristics about the bandwidth theTier 1 spectrum user604ahas available for sharing. Such characteristics may include, for example, the actual bandwidth/spectrum (e.g., starting frequency and ending frequency), the duration of the availability of the spectrum for sharing, the requirements for evacuation of the spectrum if theTier 1 spectrum user604aneeds to reclaim the spectrum prior to the indicated duration of availability, required protection information (e.g., in the form of a maximum interference level coming from other spectrum users at a given location), and any coexistence-related information that would aid in coexistence with theTier 1 spectrum user604a(e.g., coexistence methods that are supported, if any). For example, the coexistence information may allow theTier 1 spectrum user604aand aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user that may eventually use the spectrum to share the same band in a time domain duplexing (TDD) or a frequency domain duplexing (FDD) manner so that theTier 1 spectrum user604aonly gives up a portion of its spectrum. It may also include information that may allow transmission of both systems with higher power without causing interference to each other (e.g., directionality).
• In response to the incentive query, theSSM628 may calculate the expected incentive that would be paid to theTier 1 spectrum user604aif the SSM were to assign the spectrum offered by theTier 1 spectrum user604ato another spectrum user (1006). This calculation may be made immediately based on the current amount of available spectrum in the database (e.g., for a purely dynamic price setting model). In this case, the incentive may be a function of the amount of spectrum available at a given time and, potentially, other factors that are described below. Alternatively, the incentive may be based on a fixed auction procedure that occurs prior to the assignment of spectrum.
• TheSSM628 may then report the calculated incentive to the requestingTier 1 spectrum user604ain an incentive response message (1008). The incentive may be reported as a dollar amount for the proposed spectrum availability and may represent a minimum or estimated incentive that may change by a certain amount when theSSM628 makes the actual assignment to one or several spectrum users. For example, theSSM628 may guarantee a certain minimum incentive based on the information provided by theTier 1spectrum user604. TheSSM628 may then ensure that, when an assignment is made for spectrum, the pricing for the other spectrum users is designed so that this minimum incentive is collected and the promised dollar amount is provided to theTier 1 spectrum user604aproviding the shared spectrum. It may also be an estimated dollar amount, which may vary by a certain delta dollar amount that is either communicated to theTier 1 spectrum user604aor known a-priori by theTier 1 spectrum user604a.
• TheTier 1 spectrum user604amay make a final decision on whether it wishes to share its spectrum based on the incentive response it receives from theSSM628. For example, if theTier 1 spectrum user604adecides that the incentive is too low to justify the need to keep the spectrum available to theSSM628 as initially promised, theTier 1 spectrum user604amay decide to not share the spectrum or may propose a modified set of characteristics in a new incentive query. If theTier 1 spectrum user604adecides that it wishes to go ahead with the sharing, it may send a spectrum release indication to the SSM628 (1010). This indication may confirm that the spectrum initially indicated in the incentive query (and/or indicated in the spectrum release indication) is actually available to theSSM628 to provide to other spectrum users that may wish to use the spectrum. As a result, the availability of this spectrum as part of a pool of available spectrum for theSSM628 to allocate may be maintained in the spectrum usage and availability database630 (1012). In addition, theSSM628 may re-compute (e.g., if the spectrum release indication indicated a slightly different spectrum for sharing than the incentive inquiry) the actual incentive for theTier 1 spectrum user604a(1014). This incentive is may be stored in the incentive and billing database632 (1016) so that theSSM628 may later determine what it had promised theTier 1 spectrum user604ain question.
• ATier 2 spectrum user previously registered with theSSM628 may request spectrum from theSSM628 at any point in time, for example, if it needs access to new spectrum based on demand or in response to a broadcast of the approximate cost of spectrum provided by theSSM628.
• FIG. 11 is a flow diagram1100 of a method of aTier 2 spectrum user requesting spectrum. In the example method illustrated inFIG. 11, aTier 2spectrum user604bsends a spectrum request to the SSM628 (1102) (e.g., for an assignment of spectrum to use for wireless communications). The spectrum request may include information about a bandwidth required for the requested assignment of the shared spectrum (e.g., a specific bandwidth that the spectrum user is requesting or an amount of bandwidth (e.g., in a usable range) that the spectrum user is requesting) and at least one characteristic regarding a quality of access (QoA) for wireless communication on the shared spectrum that theTier 2spectrum user604brequires. The at least one characteristic regarding the QoA for wireless communication on the shared spectrum may include, for example, a duration over which the spectrum user is requesting to use the requested spectrum, a minimum level of QoS for the requested assignment, a desired maximum transmission power for wireless communications on the requested spectrum, required coverage, or required range. In addition, theTier 2spectrum user604bmay indicate an expected price or a range of acceptable prices that the spectrum user is willing to pay for the assignment of spectrum, for example, to ensure that it does not obtain spectrum for which it is not willing to pay for associated costs. In response to the spectrum request, theSSM628 may perform a spectrum assignment calculation (1103).
• To perform a spectrum assignment calculation, theSSM628 may run a spectrum assignment algorithm (1112), which may include theSSM628 assigning spectrum for the requestingspectrum user604bthat meets the spectrum and QoA needs of the requestingspectrum user604band calculating the cost for the spectrum assignment that theTier 2spectrum user604bmust pay for use of the spectrum and that will help satisfy the incentive requirements of theTier 1 spectrum user604awhose bandwidth will be used to satisfy the assignment. The spectrum assignment and cost calculating may require use of information about the currently available spectrum, its required usage characteristics or usage restrictions associated with that spectrum, and the required incentive to be paid to theTier 1 spectrum user or users that will be impacted. In addition, calculation of the actual cost for use of the spectrum may require knowledge of the current supply/demand situation (e.g., represented by the amount of available spectrum and information about preference for aspecific Tier 2spectrum user604b(e.g., based on identification of theTier 2spectrum user604bduring the registration procedure). As a result, theSSM628 may query its associated databases prior to and/or during the execution of the spectrum assignment calculation. In theexample method1100 illustrated inFIG. 11, theSSM628 sends a spectrum availability query to the spectrum usage and availability database630 (1104) and, in response, receives a spectrum availability response message from the spectrum usage and availability database630 (1106). Similarly, theSSM628 may send a billing query to the incentive and billing database632 (1108) and, in response, receive a billing response message from the incentive and billing database632 (1110).
• In response to the spectrum request, theSSM628 may send a spectrum assignment response message to the requestingTier 2spectrum user604b(1114), which may include, for example, an assignment of the shared spectrum for the WTRU to use for wireless communications that meets the bandwidth requirement and the at least one characteristic regarding the QoA included in the spectrum request. In addition, the spectrum assignment response may include any parameters associated with the assignment of the shared spectrum (e.g., maximum power for transmitting on the shared spectrum, information about a requirement for the spectrum user to sense the shared spectrum, at least one rule regarding conditions with respect to which the WTRU is required to evacuation the shared spectrum, or overall duration of the assignment of the shared spectrum) and/or the cost associated with using the assignment of the shared spectrum. TheTier 2spectrum user604bmay agree to pay the costs associated with the spectrum assignment, and it may send a spectrum usage indication to the SSM628 (1116) in response to the spectrum assignment response, which may indicate to theSSM628 that the spectrum user has begun using the assigned spectrum for communication. As a result, theSSM628 may update the databases (e.g., the spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the incentive and billing database632) to reflect that the assigned spectrum is currently being used (1012). Alternatively, theTier 2spectrum user604bmay decide that it does not wish to pay the required amount and may send a modified or altered spectrum request to the SSM628 (not shown).
• While the example illustrated in and described with respect toFIG. 11 is for aTier 2 spectrum user requesting and receiving an assignment of shared spectrum with respect to certain QoA constraints, one of ordinary skill in the art may may easily implement a similar device, system or procedure where aTier 3 spectrum user requested an assignment of shared spectrum without a request for certain QoA constraints on the assignment. In such an embodiment, theTier 3 spectrum user may simply indicate that it is aTier 3 spectrum user (e.g., that it does not require any minum level of QoS for the requested assignment).
• As described above with respect toFIG. 11, aspectrum request1102 from aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user may trigger aspectrum assignment calculation1103 in theSSM628. This same calculation may be triggered for other reasons, which may result in a spectrum reassignment or reallocation for one or more spectrum users. An SSM spectrum assignment calculation may be triggered, for example, by expiry of a sublicensing period of aTier 1 spectrum user's spectrum. In this example, when the sublicensing period expires, theSSM628 may attempt to re-assigncertain Tier 2 spectrum users to other spectrum rather than having those users stop using the shared spectrum altogether (e.g., higher priority users or higher paying users may get better treatment). In another example, an SSM spectrum assignment calculation may be triggered by a spectrum re-claim request from aTier 1 spectrum user. In this example, similar to the expiry of a lease, a re-claim request from aTier 1 spectrum user that eliminates theTier 1 spectrum user's spectrum from the spectrum available forTier 2 and/orTier 3 spectrum users may trigger theSSM628 to perform the spectrum assignment calculation. For another example, an SSM spectrum assignment calculation may be triggered by spectrum requests fromnew Tier 2 spectrum users or lease extension requests from existingTier 2 spectrum users. As with the example method illustrated inFIG. 11, these examples may require theSSM628 to perform the spectrum assignment algorithm.
• In each of the above examples, the spectrum assignments made forTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users may be validated during a specific validity period or Time-to-Live (TTL). The use of a TTL may allow the spectrum assignment calculations to be localized to specific time instances only and may also reduce the number of spectrum re-assignments to different spectrum users. As a result, in an embodiment, aTier 2 spectrum user may gain access to shared spectrum by theSSM628 for a specific contract duration (e.g., number of months), but the spectrum may be reconfigured/changed/reduced/increased at the expiry of a TTL, which may be one or several days, for example. The TTL may be determined by theSSM628 based on factors such as the needs of theTier 1 spectrum users that agreed to share spectrum (e.g., how much time they allow to reclaim spectrum under normal circumstances), QoS requirements of theTier 2 spectrum users, or the computational capabilities of theSSM628. In addition, the TTL may be common to allTier 2 spectrum users or may be specific to eachTier 2 spectrum user.
• FIG. 12 is a flow diagram1200 of an example method of spectrum re-assignment. The example illustrated inFIG. 12 shows how each of the triggers for a spectrum re-assignment may interact with the TTL. At each TTL boundary or validity time expiry, if any of the triggers occurred during the last TTL, theSSM628 may trigger a spectrum re-assignment (1202). Such triggers may include, for example, expiry of a leasing period of aTier 1 spectrum user's spectrum, a spectrum re-claim request from aTier 1 spectrum user, a spectrum request from anew Tier 2 spectrum user, or a spectrum lease and/or extension request from an existingTier 2 spectrum user, as described above. At the expiry of the TTL (1204), theTier 2spectrum user604bthat is currently using spectrum may send a spectrum continuation request (1206), which may indicate to theSSM628 that it wishes to maintain the current amount of spectrum use and QoS. Alternatively, the message may indicate to theSSM628 that the spectrum needs of theTier 2 spectrum user are larger or lesser for the next validity period. TheTier 2 spectrum user may also request a change of the TTL value itself through this mechanism. Based on the triggers and information provided in the spectrum continuation request, theSSM628 may execute the spectrum assignment algorithm (1103) and send a spectrum assignment response message to one ormore Tier 2spectrum users604b(1210) with the new (potentially modified) spectrum assignment, usage parameters (e.g., transmit power), etc. If the one ormore Tier 2spectrum users604baccept the new assignment and send a spectrum use indicator to the SSM628 (1212), theSSM628 may update its current spectrum usage and cost/incentive tracking information in the appropriate database(s) accordingly (1012).
• As another alternative, spectrum reassignment within theSSM628 may be triggered at times that do not fall on the boundaries of the TTL. Accordingly, in another embodiment, aTier 2 spectrum user may independently decide to change its spectrum usage during the lease or rental period based on its own needs (at a TTL boundary or otherwise). One example of such a change in spectrum usage may be to enable theTier 2 spectrum user to save money (e.g., reduce costs) by dynamically reducing transmit power, bandwidth, etc. TheTier 2 spectrum user may decide to make such a decision based on the cost savings expected for a reduction in bandwidth or transmit power at any given time during the usage of shared spectrum. This information may be inherent in the initial contract or spectrum request/response information, may be broadcast periodically by theSSM628, or may be explicitly requested by theTier 2spectrum user604b. In learning that there may be a significant cost savings associated with a reduction in its shared spectrum usage, as well as the fact that theTier 2spectrum user604bcan function with such a reduction in bandwidth usage for a period of time, theTier 2spectrum user604bmay effectively sell back spectrum to theSSM628.
• FIG. 13 is a flow diagram1300 of an example method of Tier-2-spectrum-user-triggered spectrum re-assignment. In the example illustrated inFIG. 13, aTier 2spectrum user604blearns of potential cost savings for reduction in shared spectrum through a costs savings inquiry with the SSM628 (1302), which may effectively obtain this information from the incentive andbilling database632 and some calculations/estimates (1304). The cost savings inquiry may be associated with effective bandwidth reduction or power reduction that is planned or may be represented as a unit bandwidth or power reduction. If theTier 2spectrum user604bdecides to reduce transmit power or bandwidth (1306), it may send a spectrum change notification indicating the new transmit power (e.g., less than the maximum transmit power initially awarded by the SSM628) and/or bandwidth (e.g., subset of the bandwidth initially awarded by the SSM628) (1308). TheSSM628 may then execute the spectrum assignment algorithm, for example, using information in its databases to determine a new set of usage characteristics for theTier 2 spectrum user, if applicable, in order to ensure overall bandwidth usage efficiency. The proposal of theTier 2spectrum user604bmay, alternatively, be taken as is without change. The new cost and incentive information may then be calculated (1103), and theSSM628 may update databases (e.g., the spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the incentive and billing database632) accordingly (1012) before confirming the new usage parameters, cost, etc. with theTier 2spectrum user604b(1314).
• In order to motivate more efficient usage of spectrum byTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users and to provide theSSM628 with a tool to evaluate the available spectrum, in an embodiment, theSSM628 may evaluate a spectrum user's spectrum usage through an extended pixel approach. The pixel-based approach was first used to define the specific geographical areas (e.g., 100 m×100 m) whereby the TVWS database would allow for transmission up to a certain maximum power. In the extended pixel-based approach, the pixel may be extended to include the bandwidth dimension as well as the dimension of out-of-band interference. It may be further generalized so that the approach may also be used not only to specify the maximum transmit power for a device but also to measure or evaluate the amount of spectrum that a spectrum user is using.
• The larger the area or the greater the bandwidth used by a spectrum user, the more that spectrum user may preclude use of spectrum by other spectrum users due to interference. Consequently, a greater use of spectrum (e.g., geographically, temporally, or in frequency range) may result in a higher cost to a spectrum user trying to use the spectrum. To effectively evaluate the amount of spectrum precluded for other users, an extended pixel may be defined in units of m²*MHz. In addition, the precluded spectrum may include not only the active channel of the system being considered but also its adjacent channels (e.g., to account for out-of-band emissions of the spectrum user). Since a wireless system may be characterized by a spectrum mask (e.g., maximum spectral density of its transmission at a given frequency), the preclusion area may depend on the channel being considered and so each channel or bandwidth portion may be separately analysed.
• FIG. 14 is a high-level diagram1400 of example preclusion areas. The example illustrated inFIG. 14 shows the high-level concept of extended pixels when calculating the preclusion area (and effectively the used spectrum) for a spectrum user. In the illustrated example, a spectrum user may be an AP or base station. On theactive channel1402, the transmission by the AP1414aoccupies bandwidth1410aand occupies the geographical area represented by1412a,1412b,1412c,1412d,1412e,1412f,1412g,1412h,1412i,1412j,1412k,1412l,1412m, and1412n. On a firstadjacent channel1404, the out-of-band emissions by thesame base station1414bmay occupy the geographical area represented by1416a,1416b,1416c, and1416dfor thebandwidth1410b. And on a secondadjacent channel1406, the out-of-band emissions by thesame base station1414cmay occupy the geographical area represented by1418a. Since base station transmission on theadjacent channels1404 and1406 is lower than that on the active channel1402 (e.g., due to out of band rejection), the precluded geographic area on the adjacent channels is smaller. Overall, a spectrum user's preclusion area may be the sum of the bandwidth*area products on each of the channels considered. The spectrum mask for aTier 2spectrum user1408 is also shown inFIG. 14. The preclusion areas for theactive channel1402, the firstadjacent channel1404 and the secondadjacent channel1406 are represented by1420o,1416eand1416f, and1418band1418c, respectively.
• Calculation of the precluded area may be made in any of several ways. The spectrum mask of an AP or base station that represents the highest power transmission may be used to define the emitted power at a specific location, and propagation models may be used to estimate the geographical area over which the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) due to this transmission may remain above a defined threshold value. Margins may then be built into the propagated signal power to account for the presence of mobile devices, which may add to the level of signal power at a given location. The threshold value (EIRP_thresh) use to define the extent of the preclusion area may depend on the neighboring spectrum user being considered. For example, for evaluating the amount of spectrum used for evaluation of cost or pricing, theSSM628 may use a fixed threshold EIRP_thresh, which may represent an average of the maximum EIRP values that would allow other systems to operate properly with the given amount of interference in that area. Alternatively, if theSSM628 would like to evaluate the ability of two neighboring systems to operate (for example, during the process of spectrum allocation), EIRP_threshmay equal the actual threshold value of the spectrum users themselves.
• A procedure for calculating spectrum preclusion based on the above example may be as follows. A master device or management entity in aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user (e.g., a BS or AP) may provide its own geographical location to theSSM628 along with its spectrum mask. Such information may be provided in the spectrum request sent to theSSM628. The management entity may, for example, reside in the operator operations, administration and management (OA&M), for example. A master device may also provide to the SSM628 (e.g., in the spectrum request) some coarse information about the mobiles stations (e.g., the maximum number of mobile stations, their own spectrum mask, or expected speed) that may be necessary in computing a margin. TheSSM628 may use the information obtained from the master device or management entity to compute the precluded spectrum. TheSSM628 may use the actual precluded area information and any information about neighboring spectrum users (e.g., including EIRP_threshfor those spectrum users) to determine the actual geographical usage of spectrum by the spectrum users. TheSSM628 may also use the computed precluded spectrum as part of the calculation of cost/price that theTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user may pay per unit of time. Other factors may affect the actual cost of spectrum and are described in more detail below.
• Another approach calculating a preclusion area may be to have the spectrum user or theSSM628 calculate or estimate the EIRP at each pixel based on the devices in each pixel and their allowable maximum transmit power. This may require the approximate geographical location of each device (or at least the pixel in which that device resides). By defining large enough pixels, the calculation or estimation procedure may not need to be repeated very frequently. In this case, preclusion area calculation may be more dynamic (rather than a static and approximate area for preclusion), and the preclusion may be monitored as the spectrum user changes and devices move.
• A procedure for calculating spectrum preclusion based on the above example may be as follows. Slave devices or mobiles may report their geographical locations to a master device and update that location each time the mobile device moves by a certain amount or moves out of a pixel. A master device may collect the slave devices' locations and, using their spectrum mask and the master's spectrum mask, compute an EIRP per pixel. The EIRP per pixel may be sent to theSSM628 that uses the result as described in the first example (e.g., for spectrum occupancy as well as cost calculations).
• The extended-pixel method for evaluation of the amount of spectrum used by a spectrum user may include use of a mechanism that is similar to that developed in OFCOM for TVWS. In the United States, the FCC defined exclusion zones that protect the primary user using contours (e.g., circular areas centered around a broadcast station that do not allow transmission by white space devices (WSDs) in order to protect the broadcast systems from WDS interference). In the context of spectrum usage required by aTier 2 spectrum user, a similar approach may be used. ATier 2 spectrum user in the 3-tier approach must be guaranteed some protection from harmful interference by theSSM628. As a result, its usage may involve the definition of a protected contour. In this case, aTier 2 spectrum user, when contacting theSSM628, may indicate the following information to the SSM628: the location of one or more APs, BSs and/or mobile stations, the center and size of one or more protection contours to be defined for the system on a specific band of frequencies and the required rules for systems transmitting on bands or channels adjacent to the spectrum used by the spectrum user. The one or more protection countours may define the geographical boundaries for neighboring systems that may operate a co-channel with theTier 2 spectrum user. With respect to required rules for systems transmitting on bands or channels adjacent to the spectrum used by the spectrum user, for example, theTier 2 spectrum user may indicate to theSSM628 that, in adjacent channels, spectrum users are to be limited to a reduced maximum transmit power and are to have a certain spectrum mask that guarantees a specific amount of rejection into the adjacent band.
• Alternatively, theTier 2 spectrum user may send the characteristics of its system (e.g., interference limits, locations of BSs and/or devices) to theSSM628, and theSSM628 may itself compute the contours and the required rules for spectrum users operating in the adjacent bands.
• In both scenarios (Tier 2 computed contours and protection criteria as well as SSM computed contours and protection criteria), theSSM628 may then evaluate the cost of the spectrum in terms of preclusion of other users. Such cost may involve attaching a quantitative value to the following factors based on the computation of the contours and the technical parameters: the actual geographical area (m²) of the one or more protection contours, the bandwidth (MHz) over which the protection contours may take effect, the relative restrictiveness of the adjacent channel rules to be imposed, and the relative time of use required by theTier 2 spectrum user (e.g., percentage and usage). With respect to actual geographical area, the larger the area, the larger the associated cost. With respect to bandwidth, the greater the bandwidth over which the protection contours apply, the larger the associated cost. With respect to relative restrictiveness of the adjacent channel rules to be imposed, for example, the transmit power limits on the adjacent channel/band may be compared to a reference power for atypical Tier 2 spectrum user, and the difference in power may be used to evaluate the cost. The larger the difference in power, and the larger the bandwidth over which the power limits are applied, the larger the associated cost.
• To facilitate spectrum sharing, an incentive structure may be used that allows spectrum owners to be compensated for renting or subleasing un-used spectrum. The incentive structure may be based on providing theTier 1 spectrum users with sufficient incentive to make spectrum available for sharing and providing operators that compriseTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users with sufficient guarantee of the availability of spectrum at a specific price such that they will invest in equipment and infrastructure to take advantage of the spectrum and create demand to support the incentives.
• FIG. 15 is a block diagram1500 of an example architecture for anSSM628. Theexample SSM628 illustrated inFIG. 15 includes anincentives engine1516 and amarket incentives toolbox1524. Theexample incentives engine1516 includes the spectrum usage andavailability database630, a fixedincentives calculator1520, and atransaction manager1522. The examplemarket incentives toolbox1524 includes anauction house1526. TheSSM628 may use these entities to enable the incentive structure. TheSSM628 illustrated inFIG. 15 may interface with a buyer radio resource management (RRM)entity1502 via abuyer interface1510 and aseller RRM entity1506 via aseller interface1512. Thebuyer RRM entity1502 illustrated inFIG. 15 includes anincentives manager1504, and theseller RRM entity1506 illustrated inFIG. 15 includes anincentives manager1508.
• Incentives paid toTier 1 spectrum users may be fixed or market based. With fixed incentives, the incentive may not depend on supply and demand and may have a value that is predetermined prior to use of the spectrum. Market based incentives may fluctuate based on a number of available buyers and sellers.
• The spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the fixedincentives calculator1520 may be needed for a fixed incentives structure, and theauction house1526 and thetransaction manager1522 may be needed for a market incentives structure (both of which are described in detail below). Thetransaction manager1522 may include both the incentive andbilling database632 ofFIGS. 6A and 6B as well as some active portion of theSSM628 that processes transactions associated with billing and incentives. Additionally, any party wishing to buy or sell spectrum may need to support an incentives manager. In an embodiment, a party may be both a buyer and seller. For market-based incentives, theSSM628 may support theauction house1526 and act as an intermediary between the buyer and seller. After the buyer and seller come to an agreement, thetransaction manager1522 may handle the account information and manage a secure transaction. In the example illustrated inFIG. 15, only the entities or subcomponents of theSSM628 that deal with the incentive structure (e.g., determination of incentive and cost) are shown. For example, in the case of theSSM628, there may be subcomponents that manage and determine what frequency spectrum may be assigned to which spectrum user. However, these subcomponents are not shown inFIG. 15 in order to focus the discussion on the incentive structure only.
• In the example architecture illustrated inFIG. 15, aTier 2 re-seller may have an incentives manager with both abuyer interface1510 and aseller interface1512. In this manner, aTier 2 spectrum user may buy spectrum for a longer term and re-sell it for a shorter term in a dynamic manner. It may also realize, during the use of its spectrum, that it may operate (e.g., on the shorter term) with a lower maximum transmit power or a lower total spectrum amount. In this case, it may act as a seller of spectrum, whereby theSSM628 may act as the buyer.
• Fixed incentives may be set by a regulator, calculated by theSSM628 or negotiated with aTier 1 spectrum user using a fixed scheme. In this case, upon receiving a spectrum request from aTier 2 spectrum user, theSSM628 may simply look up the fixed incentive value in the database and relay that value to theTier 2 spectrum user, which may then accept or decline the offer. The transaction manager may then process the payment. In an embodiment, the incentive price may be composed of multiple fixed price factors, and theSSM628 may use the fixedincentives calculator1520 to calculate the fixed incentive based on one or more of the following information about the request: time, frequency and space resources required, adjacent channel leakage ration (ACLR) quality, adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) quality, radio technology efficiency (e.g., LTE, WiFi or WiMax), impact on other users in the network, power limit and price limit.
• Some of these factors may also be combined by theSSM628 or theTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users into a mapping of the precluded spectrum. In this example, the incentive price may be a function of the precluded spectrum and, in an embodiment, one or more other factors.
• In an example, the incentive price may be calculated given regulated or negotiated prices per unit set by the regulator or the owner of the spectrum. An example calculation is given by:
• 
  Incentive Price=(price factor/Time)*(price factor/active channel bandwidth)*(price factor/active channel usage area)*Tx_Index*Interference_Index,
• where there may be a regulated or set price and units for time, active channel bandwidth, active channel usage area, etc. The Tx_Index may be defined based on some parameters of the ACLR and the ACS. The Interference_Index may be a measure of how much the spectrum user may impact other users and preclude them from using spectrum.
• In another example, the incentive price may be calculated based on the precluded spectrum described above, such as given by:
• 
  incentive price=(precluded spectrum)*(price factor/time).
• In an embodiment, discounts may be made available if the spectrum is purchased for an extended period of time, if larger frequency blocks are used, if a larger pixel area is bought, if the operator managing a second or third Tier spectrum user has priority from the regulator perspective, etc. Further, the price per pixel may vary depending on factors such as population density.
• Operators may have certain priority (and, therefore, may take advantage of discounts) based on different factors. For example, operators with a large customer base or large expenditures on the purchase of licensed spectrum may enjoy such priority. Alternatively, regulators may give priority to smaller operators that have less licensed spectrum in an attempt to create a more balanced market for wireless services. In addition, some agreements may be made by certain operators with the regulators to guarantee that they will buy in to a certain amount of spectrum on a yearly basis as long as they have such priority. This agreement may also include having the operator pay for some costs of building or maintaining theSSM628. In this case, these factors may be made available to theSSM628 through the policies provided by the administration.
• In embodiments where market factors are used to determine the incentives, the owner may trade its spectrum using theSSM628 if it supports anincentives manager1508 and theSSM628 supports anauction house1526 that uses market mechanisms. Market mechanisms may also be used to increase user quality of experience by enablingTier 2 spectrum users to re-sell spectrum in a dynamic, time-dependent fashion, which may leverage different levels of service purchases by an end user. Market incentive mechanisms may take the form of automated auctions, of which there may be many forms. Messages and signaling related to market incentives are described below.
• Under a market incentives structure, an auction may begin with at least one initial maximum bid from a buyer or one minimum ask from a seller. Buyers and sellers may post multiple offers using different combinations of the bid and ask information elements. Once a bid is accepted by a seller, or an ask is accepted by a buyer, there may be a market window whereby competing offers can be sent. If the market window expires, then the deal may closed, and the details may be sent to the transaction manager to process the accounts of both parties.
• FIG. 16 is a diagram1600 of an example of messages that support auction mechanisms. In the example illustrated inFIG. 16, a buyer'sincentives manager1504 may send an auction data query to a spectrum usage andavailability database630, including information about regions of interest and certain filters (e.g., time range, price, bandwidth, and/or quality of access) (1602). The spectrum usage andavailability database630 may respond with an auction data response, including, for example, current bid specifications for public auctions and current ask specifications for public auctions (1604). An auction may then be carried out according to any of the following. The buyer'sincentive manager1504 may send a static bid including, for example, bid specifications (1606) to anauction house1526, and, if the bid is accepted, theauction house1526 may respond with a bid accepted message (1608). If the bid is not accepted at that time, the buyer'sincentive manager1504 may send a dynamic bid to theauction house1526 including, for example, bid specifications (1610), and theauction house1526 may respond with a dynamic bid acknowledgement (1612), a dynamic bid update including, for example, a bid specification update since the last auction data query was sent (1614) and a notification that a static deal is accepted, rejected or pending (1616) depending on the status of the static deal at that point in time. Alternatively, the seller'sincentives manager1508 may send a static ask including, for example, ask specifications to the auction house1526 (1618). If the ask is accepted, the buyer'sincentives manager1504 may send an ask accepted message including, for example, an ask specification (1620) to theauction house1526. Depending on the status of the deal, theauction house1526 may send a static deal accepted, rejected or pending message to the seller's incentive manager1508 (1622).
• FIG. 17 is a diagram1700 of example information elements (IEs) associated with bid and ask messages. The example IEs illustrated inFIG. 17 include an Ask ID, Source ID,Destination ID IE1702, an expiration time IE1704, an enumeration of radio resources IE1706 (e.g., indicating time, space and/or bandwidth information), aradio capabilities IE1708, a transmit spectrummask specifications IE1710, a transmitpower limit IE1712, anACS specification IE1714, aradio technology IE1716, aprice IE1718 and anagreement model IE1720.
• The dynamic for setting the price (e.g., for long term contracts or short-term spot pricing) may need to be slightly different than in the case of traditional goods in a market environment because spectrum usage itself may not be stored. Instead, such a market may be similar, for example, to that of the wholesale and distribution of electricity. One or more models (e.g., as described below) may be used in the context of theSSM628.
• In a uniform clearing price model, the sellers (e.g.,Tier 1 spectrum users or spectrum re-sellers) that are willing to share spectrum may inquire with the auction house (e.g., for their desired incentive). TheSSM628 may service all spectrum requests from the lowest ask to the highest ask until all the demand is met, and the actual price set may be the one that satisfied the last demand. This approach may eliminate any unfair price discrimination based on the band of use because all available spectrum may be shared at the same price at a given time. It may also forceTier 1 spectrum users to keep their asks low in a high demand market, which may favor the development of more efficient ways forTier 1 spectrum users to share spectrum as well as the need to share more spectrum. However, it may be difficult using this model to giveTier 2 spectrum users an exact cost of spectrum when a request for it is made. This model may assume thatmultiple Tier 1 spectrum users are present.
• In a pay as ask price mode,Tier 1 spectrum users that are willing to share spectrum may also place asks with the SSM's auction house, but the money they receive may correspond exactly to the asks that they make. In this model, the motivation forTier 1 spectrum users to share spectrum may be higher (e.g., because they may dictate the exact incentive they will receive).
• In a combined ask and bid model,Tier 1 spectrum users may submit asks, andTier 2 spectrum users may submit bids. The bids may be made publicly available such that the involved parties may arrive at an equilibrium point of supply and demand. There may be some restriction on the bids or the asks. For example, the asks may include the technical specification of the band to be sold (e.g., space-time-frequency, ACLR, ACS, etc.), and the bids may include only a price for that resource. Since different specifications may lead to different price outcomes, the seller may post multiple asks for the same resource (e.g., in the form of Ask1 OR Ask2 OR Ask3).
• In an SSM-modified price model, any of the models described above may be modified by having theSSM628 build in some restrictions or incentive modifications based on specific factors. For example, a uniform clearing price model may be used for the bid on a long term (e.g., 1 year) contract for a spectrum user to use spectrum. However, the final incentive given to theTier 1 spectrum user may be modified based on certain policies or efficiency criteria that theSSM628 may enforce. Examples of these policies (which the SSM may receive through an interface with the administration or may be built into the SSM algorithm) may include the SSM awarding a larger incentive to Tier 1 spectrum users that provide more information about theTier 1 spectrum user that may aid in coexistence (e.g., providing PHY layer timing, modulation, or other code information that may enable transmission of theTier 1 andTier 2 spectrum users on the same band without mutual interference), the SSM awarding a larger incentive for spectrum that may have a smaller number of expected interruptions from theTier 1 spectrum user during the awarded time for that spectrum (whether that spectrum is long-term contract spectrum or short term spectrum relying on spot pricing), and the SSM (or some regulation that may govern it) may require larger incentives to certain types of spectrum. With respect to the SSM awarding a larger incentive for spectrum that may have a smaller number of expected interruptions from theTier 1 spectrum user during the awarded time for that spectrum, these larger incentives may be generated by charging a higher price toTier 2 spectrum users due to the higher QoS of that particular spectrum. Spectrum with constant interruptions may still be valuable to some operators, as long as percentage usage is guaranteed. Other operators may require predefined guarantees of usage times. With respect to the SSM requiring larger incentives to certain types of spectrum,Tier 1 spectrum users, for example, sharing sensitive spectrum such as spectrum used for military radar may be rewarded a larger incentive due to the more complex mechanisms required to safely share such spectrum. Alternatively, military spectrum may be cheaper forTier 2 spectrum users who invest more money into more complex hardware to achieve coexistence.
• AnSSM628 may make use of pricing and agreement models to enable spectrum access through one or both of LSA and PCAST models. The agreement models may include, for example, rental agreements, sublease agreements and shared ownership agreements.
• In an embodiment, theSSM628 may include a transaction manager, which may include account information for parties involved in an agreement and may serve to process funds transactions. In an embodiment, theSSM628 may have built-in security features to protect such information.
• For very dynamic interactions, frequent monetary transactions may not be feasible, in which case intermediate tokens may be exchanged instead. Tokens may have some monetary value paid out at the end of a time period (e.g., monthly). Alternatively, a token may be a regenerating value, where the regeneration rate may depend on the amount of money paid, and there may be a maximum number of tokens that a party can amass.
• When a deal is reached between the buyer and seller (e.g., through the auction house function or the fixed incentives calculator), a message with the details of the deal may be sent to the transaction manager, which may enact the transaction of funds and send an update message to the database when the transaction is complete. Regulations may also be built into this approach to further protect the interest of major spectrum users by ensuring a certain percentage of spectrum be made available to them through a long-term contract opportunity.
• In an embodiment, a rental agreement (e.g., an LSA agreement on the scale of months or years) may be made between the license owner of the spectrum and a radio network operator for a specified amount of money in exchange for a specified amount of spectrum resources. A rental agreement may be sold back to the licensee or to a third party, which may be at a different rent price than the original rental agreement.
• As a result of a negotiation, the transaction manager may transfer funds from the buyer's account to the seller's account. In an embodiment, a rental agreement may include a discounted renewal price. This may add value to the spectrum, giving further incentive for a spectrum user to buy the spectrum since aTier 2 spectrum user may invest in infrastructure knowing that it may benefit from its renewal agreement to outbid other spectrum users.
• In an embodiment, a sublease agreement may be made between the license owner (or the rental agreement owner if one exists) and a buyer where money or tokens may be transferred in exchange for a specified amount of spectrum resources. The sublease agreement would need to abide by the rules of the original rental agreement, and further conditions may be added to the sublease agreement. A sublease agreement may be used for temporary automated spectrum agreements on the order of days, minutes, seconds, etc. It may also be possible to further allow subleases since the sublease owner may be considered to own that spectrum.
• For example, an operator may enter a rental agreement, an innovator network may enter a sublease agreement, and a specific AP on the innovator network may further enter a sublease on the sublease, creating a layered network architecture. Sublease agreements may be sold back to the licensee, or sold to a third party, potentially at a different price than the original rental agreement.
• In a shared ownership agreement, multiple spectrum users may enter into an agreement to share spectrum with certain constraints involved. Such an agreement may add value to a band to allow general access to a band, but only for a specific standard, such as LTE. This may eliminate the need for coexistence procedures with WiFi and may improve overall spectrum re-use and performance while allowing competition. The multiple operators may then independently coordinate the usage of the allocated spectrum among themselves directly (if there are few operators involved) or through the use of a third party management entity (for example, in the case of general access for one specific RAT), or the shared ownership agreement may assume that no coordination is made (e.g., in the case of WiFi networks). In an embodiment, a coexistence standard may be applied to this type of spectrum ownership model.
• One way to implement a shared ownership agreement may be to prioritize access based on regenerative tokens. For example, a first spectrum user U1 may spend one dollar on some spectrum, and U1's tokens may regenerate at a rate of one token per time unit. When a second spectrum user U2 places two dollars on the spectrum, U2 may gain two tokens per time unit and may out-bid U1 on short term spectrum allocations. Alternatively, a fixed number of tokens may be generated throughout the spectrum and may be distributed to users proportional to their share of the spectrum. This may allow for a token cap to be established as part of the shared agreement model and may allow innovative users without a large capital (e.g., in the order of billions of dollars) to enter the market in target locations and obtain access to a least some portion of spectrum as needed.
• In an embodiment, theSSM628 may use federal spectrum to satisfy the spectrum needs ofTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users. In such an embodiment, information about how such spectrum is used may be classified to the federal government and, accordingly, may not be shared. In the example architecture illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B, the C-FSM620 is included in the federal spectrum domain. The C-FSM620 may interact with theSSM628 and may filter the information about the current usage of spectrum (the usage of which may be considered to be classified information) so that this information may not be visible to theSSM628 or to any of the spectrum users (e.g.,604a,604bor604c) that use the services of theSSM628. Spectrum under control of the C-FSM620 may be referred to hereafter as classified spectrum.
• FIGS. 18A and 18bis a flow diagram1800a/1800bof an example method of assigning classified spectrum. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 18A and 18B, the C-FSM620 engages in a spectrum availability indication procedure to make spectrum available to the SSM628 (1801). The SSM later engages in a spectrum assignment procedure to assign the spectrum (1803).
• In the example spectrumavailability indication procedure1801 illustrated inFIGS. 18A and 18B, the C-FSM620 determines the actual spectrum that is available for sharing (1806) and the information about that spectrum by accessing the classified system information database622 (1808). The classified system information obtained from the classified system information database622 (1810) may include, for example, knowledge of the nearby spectrum users or spectrum users in a given area, the actual bandwidth available in each area, and the sensitivity associated with each portion of information. For example, while the knowledge that one of the nearby spectrum users is a satellite system may not be sensitive (or necessary to keep classified), the knowledge that another nearby spectrum user is an important military navy training facility may need to be kept confidential. This information may be maintained in the classifiedsystem information database622 and obtained by the C-FSM620 through query.
• Prior to sending an incentive query (1814) (as would be the case with acommercial Tier 1 spectrum user or the NC-FSM612), the C-FSM620 may first filter the information to perform a process of de-classification (1812). Such a process may render the information about the available spectrum and usage requirements for that spectrum such that it does not convey enough information to infer or discover any classified information. Following de-classification, theSSM628 may calculate the incentive (1816) in response to the incentive query (1814) from the C-FSM620. The C-FSM620 may indicate its interest in making spectrum as per the procedure described above with respect toFIG. 10. For example, theSSM628 may send an incentive response to the C-FSM620 (1818), and the C-FSM620 may send a spectrum release indication to the SSM628 (1820). TheSSM628 may then update the spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the incentive and billing database632 (1822).
• The spectrum assignment algorithm that theSSM628 normally runs may take place as usual (1824/1826); however, theSSM628 may need to take special measures for spectrum that has been made available by the C-FSM620. In order to do this, a flag in the spectrum usage andavailability database630 may be used to indicate that the spectrum marked as available is actually coming from the C-FSM620. In this case, when theSSM628 is ready to make a specific assignment of spectrum where this flag is present, it may first provide details about the proposed spectrum usage to the C-FSM620, for example, through a proposedspectrum usage message1828. The proposed spectrum usage message may include, among other information, the ID of the system or devices that will make use of the spectrum as a spectrum user, the planned duration, and the usage parameters or requirements to be adhered to when using the spectrum. For example, if the device or system to which the proposed assignment has been made by theSSM628 consists of a system that may propose a security threat, the C-FSM620 has the opportunity to reject the proposed assignment or modify it. The C-FSM620 may decide on a security and protection level of spectrum usage (1830) and send a spectrum usage response to the SSM628 (1832) confirming, rejecting or modifying the spectrum usage requested in the proposedspectrum usage message1828. TheSSM628 may then update the spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the incentive and billing database632 (1834).
• Spectrum de-classification may take on multiple forms depending on the actual implementation and the primary spectrum user being considered. Some examples are given below for illustration and further indicate the implementation options for de-classification as well as for actual information exchange between theTier 1 spectrum user (regardless of whether it is a commercial user or a C-FSM) and the SSM.
• For one example, de-classification may be implemented by converting spectrum usage to spectrum availability. In this example, the interface to theSSM628 from theTier 1 spectrum user (or management entities responsible for theTier 1 spectrum users) may be such that the information sent to theSSM628 indicates the current usage of the primary spectrum users (e.g., location of primary user base stations, mobile devices, broadcast stations, transmission powers, allowable interference levels, etc). In this case, theSSM628 may use this information to determine the actual amount of usable spectrum in a given area by applying certain calculations on the information provided about the primary spectrum user in question.
• FIG. 19 is a diagram1900 illustrating an example method of de-classification by converting spectrum usage to availability. In the example illustrated inFIG. 19, for non-classified or commercial spectrum (1907), non-classified (and not filtered) information is sent directly to the SSM628 (1901), which may make spectrum availability calculations and decisions as described above. However, for classified spectrum (1908), the non-classified and not filtered information may be sent to the C-FSM620 (1903). In both cases, the non-classified and not filtered information may include, for example, used bandwidth and/or channels, geographical locations of towers, radar and/or antennas, interference limits, time usage of primary spectrum users, required range of signal and/or transmission power of transmitters. For classified spectrum (1908), the C-FSM620 may perform de-classification by making the spectrum availability calculations and sending to theSSM628 only the declassified information (1905) (e.g., available spectrum and the restrictions of use of the other systems, such as available bandwidth and/or channels, potential areas of spectrum usability, required maximum EIRP per location and/or required spectrum mask per location). In this way, a portion of the work normally performed by theSSM628 may be performed by the C-FSM620, and the C-FSM620 may not need to send any information about the current systems. In dealing both with classified and non-classified spectrum, theSSM628 may need to perform spectrum assignments using information from primary spectrum users, which may be de-classified (coming from the C-FSM620) and non-classified and not filtered (coming from the NC-FSM612 orcommercial Tier 1 spectrum user604a).
• For another example, de-classification may be implemented by de-classifying information in time, frequency or geography. For example, if a classified spectrum user is using a specific geographical location, the C-FSM620 may de-classify the availability information by indicating that other geographical areas are also unavailable (when in fact they are not), making it more difficult to determine the exact location of a specific system in geography. Alternatively, if the time availability of spectrum (e.g. spectrum is available for one hour every day at the same time) provides some sensitive information or some indication of the nature of the spectrum user which in itself constitutes sensitive information, the availability information may be reduced artificially (e.g., one hour every three days or on random days) so that the sensitivity of the information is removed.
• De-classification may also be performed by combining multiple factors. For example, a radar signal that performs frequency hopping may be de-classified by not providing the exact hopping sequence in time (or not providing the available frequency slots at each time) but rather indicating that there is a larger number of occupied time-frequency slots than there is in actuality, thus making it more difficult to determine the exact frequency hopping sequence of the radar.
• FIG. 18 shows one alternative for spectrum assignment in the context of classified spectrum whereby theSSM628 performs the actual spectrum assignment of available classified spectrum to satisfy the needs ofTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users.FIG. 20 is a diagram2000 of another example method for allocating classified spectrum where the C-FSM620 performs the spectrum assignment for the classified spectrum on behalf of theSSM628. Such a technique may also be a mechanism for providing de-classification of spectrum since the information sent by the C-FSM620 to theSSM628 during the spectrum availability indication part may be further reduced.
• For example, rather than having to send theSSM628 information about the available spectrum to allow theSSM628 to perform the spectrum allocation on such spectrum, the C-FSM620 may only need to send the amount of available spectrum. TheSSM628 may evaluate the amount of available spectrum based on certain rules or guidance or using a technique similar to that described above where the pixels are assigned as usable and unusable and the amount of unusable spectrum is quantified in terms of number of pixels. Such a quantification may be sufficient for theSSM628 to determine an approximate incentive and for the C-FSM620 to decide on whether it is willing to share spectrum for this incentive. As a result, the spectrumavailability indication part1801 illustrated inFIG. 20 may have the same messaging as in the spectrumavailability indication part1801 inFIG. 18, except that theincentive query message1814 may include less information about the bandwidth availability in the second alternative (only the amount available and general frequency range of the spectrum rather than the actual spectrum available and the required restrictions to use the spectrum).
• When spectrum assignment takes place in the second alternative (2002), theSSM628 may first determine that some spectrum to be assigned is classified spectrum (2006) in response to a spectrum assignment algorithm trigger (2004), such as a spectrum request or other event. When this is the case, theSSM628 may send a classified spectrum assignment request to the C-FSM620 (2008) to request the C-FSM620 to make the allocation of its classified spectrum. The request may include information about theTier 2/Tier 3 spectrum users that require the spectrum (e.g., their transmit power, spectrum masks, or required range) that would typically be found in the spectrum usage andavailability database630 or obtained from theTier 2/3 spectrum users at the time of the spectrum request). The C-FSM620 may perform the spectrum assignment for these spectrum users on behalf of the SSM628 (2010) and send the result to the SSM628 (2012). TheSSM628 may then continue the spectrum assignment algorithm on non-classified spectrum that remains to satisfy all spectrum needs (2014), update the spectrum usage andavailability database630 and the incentive and billing database632 (2016), and eventually notify theTier 2/3 spectrum users of their assigned spectrum (not shown).
• Similar to the database mechanism used in TVWS, theSSM628 may behave as a database to indicate to aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user whether it may transmit in a particular geographical location. In this situation, theSSM628 may act (e.g., during the spectrum assignment/decision) as a type of spectrum availability database similar to that of the TVWS database.
• FIG. 21 is a diagram2100 of an example illustration of device operation in the context of a database design with grey-zone. The example illustrated inFIG. 21 is based on an exclusion zone2102 (similar to the FCC contours in TVWS where a spectrum user may not transmit) but also on an additional grey-zone2104 that may require the use of sensing to determine the availability of spectrum. In the example illustrated inFIG. 21, theexclusion zone2102 and grey-zone2104 are centered around aspectrum user2108 that requires protection from interference. Such aspectrum user2108 may be a primary spectrum user that owns the spectrum (e.g., aTier 1 spectrum user) or aTier 2 spectrum user that requires a guarantee (from theSSM628 or the database) of protection from interference. The contour may be defined by the spectrum user that is to be protected (e.g.,Tier 1 orTier 2 spectrum user) itself or by theSSM628 through calculations made based on information provided by theTier 1 orTier 2 spectrum user. Theexclusion zone2102 may indicate the geographical area where other spectrum users cannot transmit in order to protect the protected spectrum user (e.g.,Tier 1 orTier 2 spectrum user). The grey-zone2104, on the other hand, may indicate the area where sensing may be required to determine whether other spectrum users may transmit and may provide database information on its own if not sufficient. For example, in the grey-zone2104, transmissions by other spectrum users may or may not be possible depending on factors such as the terrain, weather, or whether the spectrum users are indoor-outdoor, which the database may not have access to. In this case, the transmitting spectrum user (e.g., the spectrum user that is allowed to transmit on the same frequency as the protected spectrum user but by ensuring that it does not cause harmful interference), may be asked to perform sensing prior to determination of whether it can transmit. The grey zone may also represent the area in which the transmitting spectrum user may be asked to use some restrictions in order to protect the protected spectrum user, such as the use of lower transmit power, transmission over a restricted period of time, or other operational restrictions that would not be imposed in the safe zone. Finally, a safe zone2106 may represent an area where the transmitting spectrum user may be allowed to transmit without the need for sensing. While this technique may be applied in the context of anSSM628 that mainly manages many bands of spectrum for different types of spectrum users, it may also be applied to the design of a simple database that manages a specific band, such as the TVWS database or the LSA repository for LSA.
• Theexclusion zone2102 and grey-zone2104 may be geographical circles as shown inFIG. 21 but may also be structured otherwise (e.g., grid-like areas or non-circular areas defined by terrain, extremities of a city or country, etc.). The zones may be centered around the location of the protectedspectrum user2108, which may be either a transmitter of the protected spectrum user, such as a TV broadcast tower, the receiver of a protected spectrum user, such as an FSS Earth Station, or around the spectrum user itself (such as a cluster of LTE small cells that have protection as aTier 2 spectrum user). Theexclusion zone2102, therefore, may represent the area over which transmission on the same channel by another spectrum user would cause interference to the protected spectrum user.
• In the grey-zone2104, a potential transmitting spectrum user may first determine, through sensing, the availability of that spectrum and the ability to transmit without causing interference to the protected spectrum user. In this scenario, theSSM628 may provide information about the protectedspectrum user2108 to guide the sensing. For example, the protectedspectrum user2108 may transmit a specific pilot or synchronization sequence, which may be provided by the database/SSM to the transmitting spectrum user to configure the sensing.
• FIG. 22 is a flow diagram2200 for use of the grey zone concept illustrated inFIG. 21, which provides an information flow that may be involved in interfacing with the database in the case of the grey-zone concept.
• In the example illustrated inFIG. 22, the protectedspectrum user2202 may provide information to the database orSSM628 about its usage of spectrum (2206). This information may include, for example, geo-location information of transmitters and/or receivers of the protectedspectrum user2202, protection criteria, such as the maximum level of interference that transmitters/receivers may allow for proper operation, adjacent channel rejection of the protected spectrum user's receivers, etc. TheSSM628 may then compute the exclusions and grey-zones based on this information (2208). Alternatively, the exclusions and grey-zones may be calculated by the protected spectrum user itself, and this information may be sent to theSSM628 or database (not shown). At some point in time, a potentialtransmitting spectrum user2204 may request to use spectrum from the SSM ordatabase628 through a spectrum request message (2210). The spectrum request message may include, for example, the geo-location information for the potential transmitting spectrum user2204 (or components of that system, such as a base station and/or mobile stations) as well as characteristics of the spectrum user, such as ACS, ACLR, transmit power, or expected range. The database/SSM628 may provide a spectrum response (2212) indicating whether and where transmission by the potential transmitting spectrum user may be allowed. This determination may be made based on the location of the potential transmitting spectrum user relative to the exclusion zone, grey-zone, and safe-zone. For example, thedatabase628 may indicate that all mobile stations or base stations located in the safe-zone are allowed to transmit.
• For devices in the potential transmitting spectrum user that are located in the grey-zone, the SSM/database628 may indicate that transmission is subject to performance of sensing (2214). In this case, the spectrum response may also include the targeted information for performance of sensing, such as the RAT and characteristics of the protected spectrum user in order to drive the sensing at the sensing devices in the potential transmitting spectrum user (e.g., pilot sequence, synchronization sequence, hopping sequence, or timing of when to perform sensing). The potential transmitting spectrum user may ensure that the usage of spectrum follows the rules described above, namely that transmission in the grey-zone occurs only after sensing is performed in the grey-zone and it is determined that the protected system signal at that location is weak enough to allow use of the spectrum at that location. In addition, the sensing results may also be sent back to the SSM/database628 (2218). This information may be used by the SSM/database628 to dynamically modify the grey-zone area and location based on the sensing results. Such an optional update phase of the grey-zones may be performed by periodically sending the sensed information (2218) and recalculating the grey-zone (2220) at the SSM/database628. In this example, the database/SSM628 may also periodically send a spectrum response (2222), and the potentialtransmitting spectrum user2204 may perform sensing when located in the grey-zone and transmit normally when located in the safe-zone (2224)
• Alternatively, the grey zone may also be an area whereby the devices that are located in the grey zone must transmit with some modified transmission characteristics. In particular, the grey zone may require some modified or reduced transmit power from the device or may require use of some coexistence scheme (that may be dictated by the database). In this case,FIG. 21 may easily be adapted so that there are multiple levels of grey zones, each with varying characteristics of the transmitters. Approaching the safe zone, the transmission characteristics in the corresponding grey-zone may become less and less restrictive.
• TheSSM628 described in the embodiments above may make use of spectrum from any band, where the spectrum is licensed to a certain licensee using one or more procedures described above. In addition, theSSM628 may make use of unlicensed spectrum such as the TVWS. In certain instances of unlicensed spectrum, a database may already exist or will be deployed to manage spectrum access by devices (e.g. white space devices (WSDs) in such a way as to protect certain priority spectrum users (also referred to as incumbents). In TVWS, the incumbents may include, for example, digital TV (DTV) and/or wireless microphones. The existing database may already allow spectrum users to access the TVWS spectrum by direct communication with the database. In addition, since the spectrum is assumed to be unlicensed, use of spectrum may be on a non-interfering, non-protection basis, as defined by CEPT. In other words, the WSDs accessing the TVWS database may not get any protection when they use channels in the TVWS.
• It may be desirable to grant theSSM628 access to TVWS spectrum for allocations to spectrum users. However, some changes may need to be made to enable theSSM628 to communicate with the TVWS database. Further, changes may need to be made to enable theSSM628 to assign channels from unlicensed spectrum toTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users in a manner that preventsTier 2 spectrum users from causing harmful interference to the incumbents and that prevents uncoordinated users (e.g., WSDs that may access the TVWS database directly) from interfering withother Tier 2 spectrum users and/orTier 1 spectrum users or incumbents. In embodiments described below, the term uncoordinated users may refer to WSDs that are assumed to contact the geo-location database without any services provided by the SSM.
• Embodiments are described below that enable theSSM628 to be used in conjunction with existing unlicensed spectrum (such as TVWS) whereby access to the spectrum by spectrum users may be controlled by a geo-location database that is meant to protect the incumbent only (e.g., DTV in the case of TVWS). In particular, two architectures are described, respectively, in which theSSM628 is a special user of the TVWS and in which the SSM receives all TVWS spectrum requests.
• In an architecture where theSSM628 is a special user of the TVWS, WSDs may make TVWS requests directly to the TVWS database while other spectrum users (e.g.,Tier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users) may make their spectrum requests directly to the SSM. Here, the SSM may be assumed to be a special user of the TVWS database. An interface between the SSM and the TVWS database is described herein to allow the SSM to have more information (e.g., required to serve a larger area and potentially many users) as well as to ensure QoS ofTier 2 spectrum users of the SSM despite the presence of other WSDs that may access the TVWS database directly. Two options are described with respect to this architecture, which may depend on whether the SSM has pre-reserved specific channels by the TVWS database. A third option is also described whereby the SSM may protectTier 2 spectrum users (e.g., from devices directly accessing the geo-location database) by performing sensing to discover the presence of spectrum users that may communicate directly with the geo-location database.
• In an architecture where theSSM628 receives all TVWS spectrum requests, the SSM may receive all requests for spectrum, both from spectrum users that are using the services of the SSM and WSDs that wish to only access the traditional (or legacy) TVWS database. In this case, three types of access to the SSM are described herein (e.g.,Type1,Type2, and Type3), and the SSM may handle requests for each type of access differently. WSDs may request access to the TVWS database (e.g., Type1) indirectly through the SSM without the WSDs being aware of the presence of the SSM.
• In both architectures (i.e. where the SSM is a either special user of the TVWS database or where the SSM receives all TVWS spectrum requests), the SSM may use unlicensed spectrum and potentially derive value from it (e.g., in the form of potential payment fromTier 2 spectrum users that are being given potentially exclusive use of TVWS channels with a controlled interference environment). While the use of economic incentives for incumbents in TVWS (as described above) is not forseen, the value or payments obtained by the SSM may serve other purposes. For example, an SSM that uses TVWS for providingTier 2 spectrum may be required to pay a fee to the regulator, in which case the costs for accessingTier 2 spectrum may offset this fee. In addition, if the SSM provider and the TVWS database provider are different entities, the TVWS database provider may require a fee for providing a special service for the SSM beyond the direct access currently provided to white space devices. Again, this fee may be offset through payments collected byTier 2 spectrum users using TVWS spectrum through the SSM. While embodiments described herein may be described with respect to TVWS specifically, an actual implementation of an SSM may deal with other sources of spectrum in addition to TVWS, including spectrum whereby incentives need to be paid toTier 1 spectrum users to give up access to their spectrum for periods where that spectrum may not be used. From that point of view, the SSM may need to pool payments from different spectrum sources (including TVWS spectrum) in order to derive the incentives needed for the spectrum sources whereTier 1 spectrum users are present.
• FIG. 23 is a block diagram of anexample architecture2300 where theSSM628 is a special user of aTVWS database2304. Theexample architecture2300 includes aTVWS database2304 that is in direct communication with theSSM628, anincumbent spectrum user604dof unlicensed spectrum and at least oneWSD604e. TheWSD604emay communicate with theTVWS database2304 via a classical TVWS link (e.g., using the regulation defined by FCC or OFCOM, or the protocol defined by PAWS). Theincumbent spectrum user604dmay also be in communication with theSSM628 via a managerial orspecial TVWS link2302.Tier 2 and/orTier 3spectrum users604f,604gand604hmay access unlicensed spectrum via communication with theSSM628.
• Theexample architecture2300 illustrated inFIG. 23 is one possible architecture where theSSM628 may make use of spectrum from an unlicensed band (e.g., TVWS) that already has a database (e.g., TVWS database2304) that makes spectrum available for WSDs and ensures protection of theincumbent spectrum users604d. Theexample architecture2300 assumes that the unlicensed band is already managed by a geo-location database. In theexample architecture2300, theSSM628 may be treated as a special user from the point of view of the geo-location database. In this embodiment and embodiments described below, the unlicensed spectrum is described as the TVWS and the geo-location database (GLDB) is a database used to protect the incumbents from TVWS use. However, such embodiments may apply to any shared spectrum band, the access to which may managed by a database.
• In theexample architecture2300 illustrated inFIG. 23, one ormore WSDs604emay communicate directly with theTVWS databse2304 to obtain white space resources (e.g., TVWS channels) that are provided by the TLDB using, for example, existing mechanisms described by FCC or OFCOM and using a protocol such as PAWS. In addition, theSSM628 may use the services of theTVWS database2304 to obtain spectrum in the unlicensed band, which it may use to satisfy the requests ofTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum. In this example, aTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user (or WSD) may communicate with theSSM628 to obtain white space resources from theSSM628 that are provided by the GLDB. In an embodiment,Tier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users and WSDs may communicate with the SSM to obtain white space resources from the SSM that are provided by a GLDB in a first mode (e.g., a coordinated mode) and may communicate directly with the GLDB to obtain the white space resources that are provided by the GLDB in a second mode (e.g., an uncoordinated mode). This is also described in more detail below with respect toFIG. 35.
• TheTier 2 orTier 3spectrum users604f,604gand604hillustrated inFIG. 23 may be WTRUs, systems or base stations, such as network operators (OA&M), actual APs or base stations managed by an operator. They may also be unmanaged WSDs, such as an AP installed in a home or office. In addition, theTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users may themselves be WSDs, which may like to make use of some services of theSSM628 that are not available from straightforward access through theclassical TVWS link2306. Such services may include, for example, assignment of channels with some level of protection attached to them or some coexistence service to manage multiple devices operating using different RATs to avoid harmful interference while the systems operate on the same channel. For example, aTier 2 spectrum user or WSD may communicate with theSSM628 to receive a guarantee of protection from an agreed upon level of interference from other WTRUs that obtain white resources from the SSM, other WTRUs that obtain white space resources directly from the GLDB and other WTRUs that obtain white space resources from a neighbour SSM. For another example, aTier 3 spectrum user (e.g.,spectrum user604h) may obtain unlicensed spectrum without protection through the SSM628 (e.g., by registering to theSSM628 as aTier 3 spectrum user) or directly to theTVWS database2304.
• An advantage of using theSSM628 may be that it may obtain some coexistence service from theSSM628 that it may not obtain from theTVWS database2304. For example, theTVWS database2304 may simply indicate the channels that are available for secondary use and from the point of view of protection of theincumbent user604d. TheSSM628 may provide this information as well as some indication of the quality of the available channels, which may allow aTier 3 spectrum user (e.g.,604h) registering to theSSM628 to pick a better channel for operation. TheSSM628 may also further restrict theTier 3 spectrum user to operate on a channel or set of channels where other secondary users are operating using a similar RAT or technology that may ensure better coexistence between the different spectrum users. For example, theSSM628 may ensure that WiFi systems that are close enough to hear each other and back off to each other's transmission operate on the same channel, as this may ensure better coexistence. In this way, aTier 3 spectrum user may benefit from obtaining spectrum from theSSM628 that obtains the available channels from theTVWS database2304.
• Alternatively, theSSM628 may have adirect link2302 to incumbent spectrum users (e.g.,incumbent spectrum user604d) that may use spectrum in TVWS as aTier 1 spectrum user so that monetary compensation and negotiation procedures to that effect may be realized as part of theTier 2 reservation and usage (e.g., as described above). Realization of this option may depend on the presence of policy from the regulator that may allow it. In other words, the regulator may allow TV broadcasters to provide protection information directly to theSSM628. Incumbents may also interface with theTVWS database2304 to inform it that some spectrum may have been reserved forTier 2 spectrum users through the direct link with theSSM628. This alternative direct link is illustrated in theexample architecture2300 ofFIG. 23 as the managerial orspecial TVWS link2302.
• There are two options for the spectrum provided by theSSM628 acting as a special user of theTVWS database2304. TheSSM628 may act as a special user with non-pre-reserved spectrum, or theSSM628 may act as a special user with pre-reserved spectrum.
• Where theSSM628 acts as a special user with non-pre-reserved spectrum, theSSM628 may make use of the TVWS by registering itself as a special user of the TVWS. In this case, theTVWS database2304 may give certain controlling power to theSSM628 and provide an enhanced interface in order for it to assign spectrum toTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users (e.g., the ability to reserve a channel for exclusive use). Once theSSM628 has registered itself as a special user, it may reserve certain channels for the users it is managing (e.g.,Tier 2 users), and the geo-location database may, in turn, ensure that these channels are not shown as available to unlicensed users that are using the TVWS using only access to the geo-location database.
• In order to do so, theSSM628 may register as a special user of the TVWS. When the SSM requires TVWS spectrum, it may send a request to theTVWS database2304 for the available spectrum, along with the transmission characteristics of the devices that may use the spectrum. TheTVWS database2304 may indicate the list of all the available channels (in addition to the maximum transmit power that may be used on each of these channels).
• In an embodiment, theTVWS database2304 may decide to allow theSSM628 to access to only a subset of the available channels to ensure that some channels are still available for access by other unlicensed users that are not serviced by theSSM628. For example, theTVWS database2304 may reserve a portion of the available spectrum that could be used forTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users. Here, theTVWS database2304 may broadcast or provide theSSM628 with two lists of channels, one list that indicates the channels that may be used byTier 2 and/orTier 3 users and another list that may only be used for legacy WSD operation. TheSSM628, on behalf of itsTier 2 spectrum users, may only be able to reserve channels or spectrum from the first list. Alternatively, theTVWS database628 may provide only the first list to the SSM628 (i.e., the list of channels that are usable by the SSM628) and maintain the second list (i.e., the list of channels reserved for unlicensed systems that directly access the TVWS database2304) locally for its own use.
• Once a channel or spectrum has been reserved by anSSM628, theTVWS database2304 may exclude the channel from the list of available channels for legacy WSD operation for a given time. The amount of time may be decided by policy and/or defined by the incumbent spectrum user that is using the specific channel or channels being assigned. Alternatively, theTVWS database2304 may continue to assign spectrum from the channels set aside for theSSM628 as long as the channels are not reserved for anyTier 2 spectrum users.
• Based on the available channel list and the SSM's current needs for spectrum, theSSM628 may decide to assign some of the channels available to itsTier 2 and/orTier 3 spectrum users. TheSSM628 may make this assignment using knowledge of the TV broadcast incumbent protection criteria that may be provided with the available channel list, for example. Once this assignment is made, theSSM628 may respond to theTVWS database2304 with the selected channels that it has decided to assign to spectrum users. Alternatively, theTVWS database2304 may make the assignment itself based on the needs of the SSM's users that may have been previously provided.
• Where some TVWS channels are used by theSSM628 forTier 2 spectrum users (with some QoS facilitation), theSSM628 may indicate to theTVWS database2304 that such channels may not be used by other WSDs that may access theTVWS database2304 directly. As a result, theTVWS database2304 may consider these channels as being occupied and not include them in future responses made to a WSD that directly requests spectrum from theTVWS database2304. In addition, theTVWS database2304 may obtain the protection criteria for theTier 2 spectrum users from theSSM628.
• Based on the protection criteria and the spectrum use information obtained from theSSM628 about theTier 2 spectrum users, theTVWS database2304 may use this information to re-compute the new maximum transmit power allowable on each of the TVWS channels (either neighboring locations to theTier 2 spectrum user or in adjacent channels) or the available channels list in order to protect theTier 2spectrum user604fthat was given access to spectrum by theSSM628. When future requests from WSDs are made directly to theTVWS database2304, theTVWS database2304 may respond with the channel availability and/or potentially maximum transmit power that reflects the newly computed allowable transmit powers which take intoaccount Tier 2 protection criteria.
• Alternatively, an incumbent spectrum user may inform theTVWS database2304 that some spectrum may be available but only forTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum user operation, for example, with specific time to live (TTL), in the case where the TTL functionality may not be supported with legacy WSD devices. The incumbent spectrum user may also require that some of its channels be used by theSSM628 in order for the incumbent to receive some economic incentive or payment for making its channel usage available for secondary usage. In this scenario, the incumbent may indicate to theTVWS database2304 that its channels were occupied as though it were utilizing the spectrum. In the meantime, the incumbent spectrum user may communicate directly with theSSM628 to make the channels available to theSSM628. The incumbent may provide theSSM628 with the protection criteria of the incumbent spectrum user, and theSSM628 may then use these channels forTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users using this same protection criteria. In other words, if theSSM628 assigns channels toTier 2 spectrum users within the protection criteria and limitations of the actual incumbent spectrum usage, theTier 2 spectrum user may be provided protection from WSDs that use the TVWS through access directly with theTVWS database2304 inherently, without theSSM628 needing to communicate with theTVWS database2304. In this case, theSSM628 may achieve protection for itsTier 2 spectrum users by direct communication with the incumbent spectrum user (e.g., DTV station) and may not need communication with theTVWS database2304 for the specific channels occupied by the incumbent spectrum user. TheSSM628 may, at the same time, obtain channels from theTVWS database2304 to use from those incumbents that have not communicated directly with theSSM628. As a result, the direct link between theSSM628 and the incumbent spectrum user may be assumed with only a subset of incumbents and may not need to be relied on exclusively by theSSM628.
• The procedures described above provide a high level description of the potential interaction between a TVWS database and an SSM. A more detailed description of the information exchange may depend on how the responsibilities for protection of the incumbent and protection of theTier 2 spectrum users are split between the two entities. Numerous possible splits for these responsibilities are described below and may describe how the information is exchanged in each case.
• In one example split, anSSM628 may behave as an enhanced WSD with protection rights or a primary spectrum user, and theTVWS database2304 may provide channels to theSSM628. In other words, theSSM628 may protect theTier 2 spectrum user by ensuring that other users of theSSM628 may not be assigned channels that may interfere withTier 2 spectrum users that are already in use. In addition, theTVWS database2304 may also provide protection to theTier 2 spectrum users from the point of view of WSDs that may access theTVWS database2304 directly. TheTVWS database2304 may obtain the protection criteria for theTier 2 spectrum users from theSSM628, and theTVWS database2304 may then ensure that additional channel assignments may not cause interference to theTier 2 spectrum users.
• FIG. 24 is a flow diagram2400 of an example message exchange for anSSM628 acting as a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where the SSM behaves as an enhanced WSD with protection rights of a primary system. In the example illustrated inFIG. 24,WSD2604erequests TVWS channels from the TVWS database using one of the existing methods specified either by the FCC, PAWS and/or OFCOM (2402). In addition, anSSM628 may register to theTVWS database2304 as a special user of theTVWS database2304. This may allow theSSM628 to have more controlled access to the TVWS channels and to support use of channels with additional protection that may simplify assuring some level of QoS.
• When registering with theTVWS database2304, theSSM628 may first provide some basic information about the location and technology of the users that it supports via a special user registration request (2404). TheTVWS database2304 may use such information to supply channels in response to SSM requests that may be more appropriate to theSSM628 from a TV broadcast protection point of view. For example, theTVWS database2304 may later reserve or issue channels to theSSM628 that are less likely to be in areas where there are frequent uses by TV broadcast systems. For example, theSSM628 may be serving an area that is a subset of the area served by theTVWS database2304, and in the SSM service area,channels1,2 and10 may always be available due to the lack of any broadcast stations in that area. In this case,channels1,2, and10 may be ideal candidates for theTVWS database2304 to reserve for theSSM628. In addition, the TVWS database algorithm may decide to reserve spectrum for theSSM628 internally to satisfy potential requests made eventually by theSSM628. Such reserved channels may not be made available to the WSDs that communicate directly with theTVWS database2304. In this case, the rough information about the location of users supported by theSSM628 may be useful for theTVWS database2304.
• In response to the registration request, theTVWS database2304 may provide to theSSM628 some rough availability information in the area being operated by theSSM628 via a special user registration response (2406). This information may be used in the SSM's decision process when deciding to use TVWS (or to use other bands instead) to satisfy the requests fromTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users using the services of theSSM628.
• WSD1604fmay be, for example, aTier 2 spectrum user. At some point,WSD1604fmay decide that its needs more spectrum with certain QoS requirements (2408). Accordingly, it may make a request to theSSM628 for spectrum with certain protection requirements (2410). For example,WSD1604fmay indicate minimum bandwidth requirements, signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) requirements, availability time requirements, or maximum allowable interference level.WSD1604fmay also provide network usage information, which may include, for example, the RAT, spectral masks and desired transmit powers, location of base station(s) and desired range, or receiver sensitivity characteristics.
• TheSSM628 may decide to satisfy this request using TVWS spectrum (2412) and, accordingly, may make a special TVWS request to the TVWS database (2414). The special TVWS request may be enhanced compared to the requests made by WSD2. For example, the request may include the network usage information ofWSD1604f, which may include, for example, the technology characteristics of the devices (e.g., masks, locations, RAT, or maximum transmit power). The request may also include the protection criteria forWSD1604f. The request may also have some timing-related requirements (e.g., a minimum amount of time for which the channel should be available) as part of the protection criteria. The protection criteria forWSD1604fmay be represented in the form of the location of transmitters and/or receivers of theTier 2 spectrum user and the required maximum EIRP of the interference that each of these transmitters/receivers may accept. Alternatively, theSSM628 may provide a spectrum map of the geographical usage of theTier 2 spectrum users. This may include the expected power transmitted by each of theTier 2 spectrum user transmitters at a given geographical location. Alternatively, theSSM628 may provide a map of required SINR level for a given set of locations, which theTVWS database2304 may then need to respect for other WSDs that may be allowed to use the same channel (but in a neighboring location) or be allowed to use an adjacent channel in such a way that the interference protects theTier 2 spectrum user. In this alternative, theTVWS database2304 may not need to perform complex calculations to protect theTier 2 spectrum users but simply ensure some maximum interference from other WSDs that theSSM628 may not be aware of at the locations specified by theSSM628. The maximum interference or SINR may be calculated by theSSM628 from the QoS requirements of theTier 2 spectrum user that is received by theSSM628. In other words, the required SINR at each geographical location may first be computed by theSSM628 based on the QoS requirements from theTier 2 spectrum user that is made during the initial spectrum request by theTier 2 spectrum user.
• The algorithm performed by theTVWS database2304 may be enhanced to ensure that the assignment takes into account the protection criteria of theTier 2 spectrum user that was provided. In the example where the protection criteria is in the form of some maximum interference guarantee, theTVWS database2304 may first compute the expected maximum interference on the channels that may be used without providing interference to the DTV incumbent and provide only those channels that meet the maximum interference level needed by theTier 2 spectrum users. Such functionality may be added to theTVWS database2304 as a functional layer of SW, for example, to enhance the current functionality of theTVWS database2304.
• TheTVWS database2304 may use the protection criteria to select potential channels to assign to theSSM628 that may meet the protection criteria (2416) and communicate these potential channels to the SSM (through usable channels and restrictions) (2418). The restrictions associated with the usable channels may include, for example, maximum transmit power, time availability (e.g., TTL), spectral mask requirements, or out-of-band emissions, which may ensure protection of the incumbent spectrum user and, in an embodiment,other Tier 2 spectrum users being protected by other SSMs. Based on the available channels and restrictions, theSSM628 may decide to use these channels or a subset of channels (or use more restricted conditions on these channels) (2420) and may communicate its selection to theTVWS database2304 through a selected channels and conditions message (2422). It may also send the spectrum response back to theWSD1604fto indicate the spectrum that has been granted. Alternatively, the selection of the channel to be used may be made by theWSD1604f. In other words, the options provided by theTVWS database2304 may be forwarded by theSSM628 to WSD1604fvia a spectrum response message (2424), andWSD1604fmay select the channel to be used and indicate this to theSSM628.
• In turn, theTVWS database2304 may store the protection criteria forWSD1604f(2426) based on the selected channels and conditions communicated by the SSM628 (or byWSD1604f, depending on the aforementioned alternative). These protection criteria may be used for future calculations made when other WSDs (e.g. WSD2604e) make requests for TVWS channels. In other words, the available channels in a given area, the maximum transmit power allowable on these channels, the time availability of these channels, etc., may be altered by the information stored by theTVWS database2304 as protection criteria. Following this, theSSM628 may periodically check with the TVWS database2304 (e.g., at the expiry of a validity time associated with channels allocated by the SSM628) whether the channels may continue to be used by the devices orTier 2/Tier 3 spectrum users managed by theSSM628.
• As an alternative, theSSM628 may make a generic request to theTVWS database2304 for a range of locations that may be usable. Some assumed technology or potential technologies may be specified in the request, or theTVWS database2304 may assume the request applies to a worst case technology that may be applied in the requested locations so that theTVWS database2304 has the information required to provide a set of channels that may ensure protection of the incumbent spectrum users. These locations may include a combination of the needs of multiple pendingTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users that require spectrum.
• When theSSM628 makes a request to theTVWS database2304 for channels, it may first determine whether the channels provided by theTVWS database2304 may be employed for one ormore Tier 2 spectrum users based on the allowable power levels that may be used on these channels (e.g., obtained from the response from the TVWS database2304). If the allowable power levels, as reported by theTVWS database2304, satisfy the needs of theTier 2 spectrum users, theSSM628 may decide to reserve these channels with theTVWS database2304 using the selected channels and conditions message. To facilitate the QoS of theTier 2 spectrum users, theSSM628 may indicate to theTVWS database2304 the expected power of theTier 2 spectrum user (which may be lower than or equal to the maximum power indicated by the TVWS database2304) at each location and the SNR that may need to be maintained at each of these locations in order to maintain the previously guaranteed QoS. The SNR requirements may be communicated to restrict further use by WSDs contacting theTVWS database2304 directly in order to protect theTier 2 spectrum users. With this information, theTVWS database2304 may then be able to compute the transmit powers for other WSDs that may request a TVWS channel directly from theTVWS database2304 as shown inFIG. 24 in the case of WSD2 (604e).
• FIG. 25 is a diagram2500 of example enhancements to a TVWS database for protection ofTier 2 spectrum users that are operating in the TVWS and managed by an SSM. In the example illustrated inFIG. 25, theTVWS database2304 includes an incumbent protection information (DTV)database2502, aTier 2protection information database2504, and a WSDusage information database2506. When aWSD604ethat communicates directly with theTVWS database2304 requests channels for use in the TVWS, thealgorithm2508 in theTVWS database2304 may not only consider the incumbent protection information (e.g., maintained in the incumbent protection information database2502) but also theTier 2 protection information (e.g., maintained in theTier 2 protection information database2504) and the WSD usage information (e.g., maintained in the WSD usage information database2506) to ensure that the channel assignment options given to theWSD604edo not violate the protection requirements of theTier 2 spectrum users that are currently using the spectrum. TheSSM628 may have provided the protection information to theTVWS database2304 when theSSM628 made a request for spectrum as a special user, and the protection information may be updated each time theSSM628 indicates that the use of spectrum by theTier 2 spectrum user changes. The actual channel usage by theWSD604emay also be stored in the WSDusage information database2506 so that future requests may also take this usage into consideration.
• The example information flow illustrated inFIG. 24 and alternative embodiments may assume that theTVWS database2304 has knowledge of the usage of channels by WSDs that do not use the SSM628 (e.g., WSDs that use the classical TVWS link). This may be provided if the regulation or standards require the devices to provide their spectrum usage to theTVWS database2304. Protection ofTier 2 spectrum users by theSSM628 may be provided through the validity time given by theTVWS database2304. For example,Tier 2 spectrum users may only be allowed to start using the TVWS channels at specific time instances that correspond to when the validity time for TVWS channels given by theTVWS database2304 to a WSD that does not use theSSM628 has expired. This lag time in the usage of the TVWS channels by theTier 2 spectrum user may guarantee that there are no other devices (that have accessed the TVWS database directly) that may compromise the QoS provision of theTier 2 spectrum users.
• For example, aTier 2 WSD1 may make a request for spectrum, and theSSM628 may send this request to theTVWS database2304. TheTVWS database2304 may respond to theSSM628 with a list of channels and when they will become available. When theSSM628 determines the potentially available channels, it may indicate the time in which these channels will become free of any devices (such as WSD2) that requested spectrum directly from theTVWS database2304. This validity time may have been provided by theTVWS database2304 to theSSM628 and may depend on the validity time that was provided with the availability information provided to WSD2. When the WSD2 tries to renew its channel usage, it may find out from theTVWS database2304 that the channel is no longer available. When the validity time(s) expires, the spectrum assigned by theSSM628 to WSD1 may be used by WSD1. Any future accesses to theTVWS database2304 by WSD2, on the other hand, may indicate a change in the availability of the channels to indicate the usage by WSD1 (e.g., fewer channels available or more restrictive power limitations).
• In another example split, anSSM628 may behave as a new type of incumbent spectrum user. In this case, theTVWS database2304 may perform the task of protecting not just the incumbent spectrum users such as DTV incumbents but also theTier 2 spectrum users that theSSM628 is managing. In this case, theSSM628 may behave more as an incumbent to theTVWS database2304 than a WSD. In addition, the assignment of the actual channel for theTier 2 spectrum user may be made by theTVWS database2304 itself, which may decide the technical parameters for the usage of the TVWS by theTier 2 spectrum user (e.g., maximum transmit power and usage time). In this case, theTVWS database2304 may be equipped with an additional layer of providing protection toTier 2 spectrum users from interference from other WSDs (and so a portion of the spectrum management functionality may be integrated into the TVWS database2304). TheSSM628 may then request spectrum forTier 3 spectrum users from theTVWS database2304 as a regular WSD and, in an embodiment, provide additional coexistence or sensing information related to these channels to theTier 3 spectrum users.
• An advantage of this case compared to the case where the SSM behaves as an enhanced WSD with protection rights of a primary system is that the protection ofTier 2 spectrum usage in the TVWS may be ensured only in a single location (e.g., the TVWS database2304) rather than having this functionality in both theSSM628 and a stripped down or simplified portion within theTVWS database2304. A disadvantage may be that the enhancements made to the TVWS database may need to be greater in this specific case.
• FIGS. 26A and 26B are a flow diagram2600a/2600bof an example message exchange for anSSM628 acting a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where the SSM behaves as a new type of incumbent spectrum user with respect to a spectrum request from a WSD that is aTier 2 spectrum user. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 26A and 26B, as with the case where the SSM behaves as an enhanced WSD with protection rights of a primary system,WSD2604erequests TVWS channels from the TVWS database using one of the existing methods specified either by the FCC, PAWS and/or OFCOM (2602). Further, theSSM628 may register as a special user of TVWS with the TVWS database2304 (2604/2606), which may allow theSSM628 to exchange certain information that may allow theSSM628 to decide to use TVWS to assign spectrum in specific areas over others. For example, the information may include the service location of theSSM628 and the relative locations of broadcast stations that may be present in that area. In this way, if theSSM628 receives a request fromWSD1604fthat would make TVWS a good candidate to satisfy this request, theSSM628 may make this decision appropriately.
• In the example illustrated inFIGS. 26A and 26B,WSD1604fis aTier 2 spectrum user. WhenWSD1604frequires spectrum with certain QoS requirements (2608) and, accordingly, makes a request to the SSM628 (2610), theSSM628 may decide to satisfy the request using TVWS (2612). TheSSM628 may translate the QoS requirements into protection criteria (2614) and then hand over the spectrum assignment to theTVWS database2304 by making a TVWS request (2616). The TVWS request may include, for example, the transmission characteristics ofWSD1604fand the protection criteria that may be derived by the QoS requirements. The transmission characteristics ofWSD1604fmay include any information that may allow theTVWS database2304 to select channels for that requestingWSD1604fthat will ensure protection of the incumbent spectrum user (e.g., DTV orTier 1 spectrum users). Such transmission characteristics may include, for example, parameters such as the RAT, location of BSs and potentially WTRUs, antenna height, or antenna angle. This information may be similar to the information that may be traditionally sent by a WSD to a TVWS database, except that here, this information may be relayed by theSSM628 and may include information about a set of transmitting devices rather than only a single device (e.g., a BS and its connected WTRUs or potentially a set of BSs using a single request). In addition to the transmission characteristics, theSSM628 may also send the protection criteria. The protection criteria may include, for example, information required by the geo-location database to be able to protect theTier 2spectrum user604fwhen it eventually starts using an available channel in the TVWS. This may include, for example the required availability time of the channel or the time without any interruption that is needed or the maximum interference level allowable in a given area (or at the location of certain receivers such as the BS). Alternatively, theSSM628 may send all of the QoS requirements, in which case theTVWS database2304 itself may perform this translation.
• TheTVWS database2304 may perform the spectrum assignment for the requesting spectrum user (e.g.,WSD1604f) by taking into account protection criteria for the incumbent spectrum user, the current usage of other WSDs that have communicated directly with the TVWS database, and the protection criteria forother Tier 2 spectrum users that are also using the TVWS (which the SSM may have made requests for) (2618). As a result, a main difference with the previous case is that in this case, theTVWS database2304 may ensure protection ofTier 2 spectrum users fromother Tier 2 spectrum users also operating in the TVWS (which was done by theSSM628 in the previous case). TheTVWS database2304 may then provide a listing of available channels to theSSM628 along with other parameters, such as maximum power and/or usage time (2620).
• TheSSM628 may modify usage parameters or provide further parameters for usage and coexistence withother Tier 2 and/orTier 3 spectrum users (2622) and then send the modified allowable channel(s) and other parameters to theWSD1604f(2624). The modification may involve selection of a subset of the channels proposed by the TVWS database2304 (e.g., downselecting the channels) or reduction of the maximum power proposed by theTVWS database2304. However, it may not involve including additional channels in TVWS or increasing the power indicated by the TVWS database.
• TheWSD1604fmay respond with its selected channels and other criteria (e.g., selected power) (2626), which theSSM628 may store for use in later coexistence decisions (2628). TheSSM628 may also forward the selected channels and other criteria to the TVWS database2304 (2630). Depending on whether theSSM628 is providing a management or information service to theTier 2 spectrum user in question (e.g.,WSD604f), the final decision for the maximum power and the actual channel usage may be made at theSSM628 or at theTier 2 spectrum user, respectively.FIGS. 26A and 26B show the case where the decision is made at theTier 2spectrum user604f, in which case, the allowable channels and maximum transmit powers are relayed to theWSD1604f, and theWSD1604fsends the selected channels and powers to theSSM628, which stores this information and relays it to theTVWS database2304. Alternatively, the decision could be made at theSSM628, and theSSM628 may provide the selected channels and powers (as well as additional usage information such as the availability time) both to theTier 2spectrum user604fas well as to theTVWS database2304. The TVWS database may then store this information as the actual usage of theTier 2 system. Combined with the protection criteria, this may ensure the protection of theTier 2 spectrum user from other WSDs that may contact theTVWS database2304 directly (e.g., without the SSM628).
• In the example illustrated inFIGS. 26A and 26B, theTVWS database2304 may store the usage of theTier 2 spectrum users (channels, etc.) at the time in which the TVWS request is made (the assumption being that the TVWS response or allowable channels and maximum powers will reflect the actual usage of theTier 2 spectrum users) (not shown). Alternatively, theTVWS database2304 may store this information when it receives the actual usage parameters that theTier 2 spectrum user will use (2632).
• TheTier 2 protection criteria may be maintained by theTVWS database2304 in a way that is similar to the incumbent (e.g., DTV) protection criteria, and so theTier 2 spectrum users may simply become a new type of incumbent. This may include the location of theTier 2 spectrum user transmitter and receivers, their technology, the maximum allowable level of interference that may be accepted by theTier 2 spectrum user to allow its QoS to be met, etc. As a result, theTier 2 spectrum users may in fact look like incumbents from the point of view of theTVWS database2304, except for the fact thatTier 2 spectrum users may need to leave the spectrum when the incumbent spectrum user (e.g., DTV) may request access to the system again. As a result, in this case,Tier 2 spectrum users may be handled by having theSSM628 enter them into theTVWS database2304 as information similar to incumbent information.
• FIG. 27 is a flow diagram2700 of an example message exchange for anSSM628 acting a special user of the TVWS with non-pre-reserved spectrum where theSSM628 behaves as a new type of incumbent spectrum user with respect to a spectrum request from aWSD604hthat is aTier 3 spectrum user. In the example illustrated inFIG. 27,WSD1604hdecides that it requires spectrum with no protection criteria (2702) and, accordingly, sends a spectrum request to theSSM628 including any transmit characteristics (2704).
• Since there may be no protection criteria forTier 3 spectrum users, theSSM628 may behave like a WSD that accesses theTVWS database2304 directly. Since theTVWS database2304 may have the full responsibility for ensuring protection ofTier 2 spectrum users in this case, the messaging and operation for aTier 3 spectrum user is almost identical to that of a WSD contacting theTVWS database2304 directly. TheSSM628 may decide to use TVWS spectrum to address the spectrum request fromWSD1604h(2706). Then, on behalf of theWSD1604h, theSSM628 may send a spectrum request to the TVWS database2304 (2708), including, for example, RAT and device parameters forWSD1604h. TheTVWS database2304 may determine the allowable channels and transmission powers from both the incumbent protection criteria and theTier 2 spectrum user protection criteria (2710) since theSSM628 may have access to all of these. The example illustrated inFIG. 27 shows the case of theSSM628 acting through the management service since theSSM628 decides on the device usage parameters (channels and transmit power) to be used by theTier 3 spectrum user (2714) based on allowable channels and maximum power information provided by the TVWS database2304 (2712). The information service may be extended similarly to the previous information flow where the decision may be made at the WSD itself. In the example illustrated inFIG. 27, theSSM628 sends the selected channels and transmit powers to the TVWS database2304 (2716).
• When making the spectrum request, theSSM628 may send only the WSD1 network usage information to theTVWS database2304 since, in this case, theTVWS database2304 is not being asked to protect theTier 3 spectrum user from other WSDs (such as those that request spectrum directly from the TVWS database without the SSM628).
• Where theSSM628 acts as a special user with pre-reserved spectrum, theSSM628 may be assigned a set of channels in a given geographical location by theTVWS database2304. TheTVWS database2304 may then allow theSSM628 to manage these channels independently for the period of time where the channels are known to be free of an incumbent spectrum user (e.g., a DTV). In addition, theTVWS database2304 may continue to be used by theSSM628 to determine the time availability of the channels. In other words, theSSM628 may consult with theTVWS database2304 at the expiry of the availability time or database check time to determine whether the channels may continue to be used by theSSM628.
• The channels to be reserved for theSSM628 may be decided statically at the time in which theSSM628 registers with theTVWS database2304 as a special user. For example, theSSM628 may be statically assigned a set of x contiguous channels in the TVWS that may be used forTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users managed by theSSM628. The decision for the allocation of these channels may not necessarily be based on availability (from the point of view of which channels are reserved for incumbent spectrum users and which are not) but may be arbitrarily chosen by theTVWS database2304. Alternatively, theTVWS database2304 may make this reservation based on the approximate location to be serviced by theSSM628 and, in an embodiment, the technical characteristics of theeventual Tier 2 spectrum users using the channel. In order to use the concept of reserved channels while ensuring protection toTier 2 spectrum users, some guaranteed protection criteria may be assumed, and this protection criteria may be respected by theTVWS database2304 following the reservation of the channels. For example, a set of channels may become unusable by any WSD that requests channels from theTVWS database2304 directly, and, also, some minimum requirements on adjacent channel interference may be guaranteed by theTVWS database2304 on channels reserved to theSSM628. Such protection criteria may be negotiated and/or agreed upon between theSSM628 and theTVWS database2304 prior to reservation of the channels. The SSM may then assign channels toTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users based on the minimum guaranteed protection criteria that are provided by theTVWS database2304.
• In addition, the channels may only become usable at some lag time following the actual registration by theSSM628 in order to ensure that no other spectrum users are using the same channels. This lag time may be related to the validity time that was provided by theTVWS database2304 to WSDs that are not serviced by theSSM628.
• To ensure protection of incumbent spectrum users whenTier 2 spectrum users use channels managed by theSSM628, theSSM628 may only manage its channels independently for a period of time specified by theTVWS database2304. This time may include the expected usage time of a channel by an incumbent (which may be known by the TVWS database2304). When that time expires, theSSM628 may need to re-synchronize its information with theTVWS database2304. In addition, when theTVWS database2304 reserves certain channels for theSSM628, theSSM628 must respect the usage characteristics of these channels (e.g., maximum transmit power, and/or allowable location) for the entire period until the next re-synchronization of information between theTVWS database2304 and the SSM628 (in which case the reserved channels themselves or the restrictions on the reserved channels may change).
• To ensure protection of theTier 2 spectrum users, theTVWS database2304 must adhere to protection criteria on the channels adjacent to the reserved channels. For example, theTVWS database2304 must assign channels to WSDs in such a way that the interference to a reserved channel at a specific location (coming from adjacent channel usage by WSDs) is limited to some maximum value.
• One of the main differences with respect to the case where the SSM acts as a special user of theTVWS database2304 without pre-reserved spectrum is that here, theTVWS database2304 may set aside a set of channels to be used by theSSM628 at registration. This set of channels may then be managed entirely by the SSM628 (with some minimal help by the TVWS database2304) until theSSM628 de-registers or gives back the channels to theTVWS database2304. Certain channels may become unusable by WSDs that access theTVWS database2304 directly as long as theSSM628 is registered to theTVWS database2304. The reservation of these channels by theSSM628, however, may be subject to the following restrictions: if a primary spectrum user (e.g., a DTV) needs to use a channel reserved for use by theSSM628, theSSM628 may not use that channel in the area of the primary spectrum user transmission or reception (or area where no WSDs are allowed); and any transmit powers used on those channels and adjacent channels that are required to protect nearby DTV broadcast spectrum users need to be respected by allocations made by theSSM628.
• In an embodiment for the case where TVWS spectrum is reserved by theSSM628, theSSM628 may register with theTVWS database2304 as a special user. During the registration process, theSSM628 may indicate the preferred zone or general area that it would like to service. This general area may be based on pending requests fromTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users that theSSM628 may have. It may also be based on recent history of spectrum usage byTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users at that location or some long term contracts that aTier 2 spectrum user has set up with theSSM628.
• Based on information about the general area to be serviced and some potential knowledge of active broadcasting stations, theTVWS database2304 may reserve a set of channels for theSSM628 for its own usage of spectrum later on. These channels may potentially be reserved by theSSM628, for example, until it later de-registers. TheTVWS database2304 may indicate the channels reserved for theSSM628 and any power restrictions for the usage of these channels per pixel (e.g., adjacent channel leakage, maximum transmit power on each channel or on the collection of channels), and the allowable usage time for each of the available channels. Channels that are unavailable at the time of registration or static assignment by theTVWS database2304 may be indicated as such by theTVWS database2304 to theSSM628.
• TheSSM628 may use the available channels as needed to try to satisfy the needs of theTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users that request spectrum from theSSM628. In that case, certain channels may be assigned toTier 2 spectrum users while other channels may be assigned toTier 3 spectrum users. The assignment toTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users may be made for a maximum of time of the availability of the channels as specified by theTVWS database2304. The assignments use conditions and protection criteria may be communicated to theTVWS database2304, which may then take care of the protection of the newly assignedTier 2 use.
• Periodically, theSSM628 may check with theTVWS database2304 to determine whether any of the occupied channels become available. If, at any given time during the periodic checks of the unavailable channels, theTVWS database2304 indicates to theSSM628 that one or more channels has become available, theSSM628 may then start to use the channel to satisfy bandwidth needs ofTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users as needed.
• For a given TVWS channel that is being used by theSSM628 for allocation toTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum users, when the availability time of that channel as indicated by theTVWS database2304 is expired, theSSM628 may again check the availability of the channel from theTVWS database2304. TheTVWS database2304 may indicate whether that channel is used or available, and in the case it is available, indicate to theSSM628 the usage restrictions for the channel. The use of the channel by theSSM628 may then be continued. If the channel is unavailable, theSSM628 may periodically check the availability of the channel.
• FIG. 28 is a flow diagram2800 of an example information exchange where theSSM628 acts as a special user of theTVWS database2304 with pre-reserved spectrum. In the example illustrated inFIG. 28, theSSM628 may send a special user registration request to the TVWS database2304 (2802). This message may include, for example, the area of interest that is being served by theSSM628 as well as any possible information about the technologies that may be used in this area. TheTVWS database2304 may select the channels that will be reserved for the SSM628 (2804) and send a special user registration response message to the SSM628 (2806). This response may include information about the channels that are reserved for use by theSSM628. For these channels, it may also include specific information about the use of these channels in order to protect the incumbent spectrum user. For example, the information associated with each channel may include the geographical area where transmission is allowed, the allowable transmit power at each of these locations, and, in an embodiment, any out of band restrictions on these channels/locations. Alternatively, the information may be in the form of the location of the incumbent spectrum users (e.g., DTV transmit stations), their current activity (using the channel or not) and their required protection criteria. In the latter case, it may be assumed that theSSM628 will perform a similar calculation to that performed by theTVWS database2304 in order to determine the availability of channels in TVWS and the allowable transmit powers based on the incumbent spectrum user locations and activity.
• Following registration, theSSM628 may add the set of channels obtained from theTVWS database2304 to the channels in its spectrum pool (e.g., for later assignment to potential WSDs orTier 2/3 spectrum users that may request it) (2808). In addition, theSSM628 may periodically query theTVWS database2304 in order to obtain updated information associated with each of these channels (2810). For example, in the case where the information provided by theTVWS database2304 to theSSM628 is in the form of available channels and allowable transmit power, theSSM628 may need to update this information at the expiry of each channel validity timer. On the other hand, if the information is in the form of incumbent user location and activity, the information may be updated much less frequently.
• When WSD1 (e.g.,604f) requires spectrum with a certain level of protection (2812), it may send a request to the SSM628 (2814), which may make use of the available TVWS channels in order to satisfy this request (2816). When an assignment is made to a user or WSD that requires maintaining certain QoS via a spectrum response message (2818), theSSM628 may need to send protection information to theTVWS database2304 to inform it of the restrictions of transmission by other WSDs (e.g. WSD2604e, which may get its operating parameters directly from the TVWS database) (2820). TheTVWS database2304 may store this protection criteria and use it in the future calculations of available channels and allowable transmit powers for the WSDs (2822).
• Alternatively, the need for sending the protection information from theSSM628 to theTVWS database2304 each time an assignment is made by theSSM628 may be avoided by having theTVWS database2304 assume (at the onset of registration) that all channels assigned to theSSM628 are in use with some assumed or worst case technical characteristics. As a result, the requirements of theTVWS database2304 calculation may be set immediately, for example, based on the negotiated or exchanged information during the registration. This option may be overly restrictive in terms of spectrum efficiency, as it assumes the worst case usage of channels by systems managed by theSSM628; however, it may avoid the signalling of new protection information each time theSSM628 changes the assignment of channels in in its spectrum pool.
• In an embodiment, the option where theSSM628 acts as a special user of theTVWS database2304 with pre-reserved spectrum may also be realized using an SSM behaving as an enhanced WSD with protection rights of a primary system or an SSM behaving as a new type of incumbent (as described above) in terms of the functional split between theTVWS database2304 and theSSM628. The details applicable for this option may be easily derived by a person skilled in the art.
• In an embodiment, anSSM628 may determine the presence of devices that access the geo-location database directly through sensing/measurements. Here, theSSM628 may not communicate any protection criteria ofTier 2 spectrum users to the geo-location database. In order to ensure protection ofTier 2 WSDs from WSDs accessing the geo-location database directly, the SSM may use sensing/measurements to detect the presence of WSDs accessing the geo-location database directly.
• FIG. 29 is a diagram2900 of an example system in which the SSM determines the presence of devices that access the geo-location device directly through sensing/measurements. The example system illustrated inFIG. 29 includes aWSD1604fthat is in direct communication with a geo-location database2902 and aWSD2604ethat may communicate with the geo-location database2902 via theSSM628.
• With reference toFIG. 29,WSD1604fandWSD2604emay cause some conflict in coexistence if they use the same channel (or the protection criteria ofWSD2604emay be violated ifWSD1604foperates on the same channel).WSD1604fmay request TVWS spectrum from the geo-location database2902 and receive channel x (or may be given a list of potential channels from which it chooses channel x).WSD1604fmay then start to use channel x.WSD2604emay then request a set of channels from theSSM628 with certain protection criteria. TheSSM628 may request the channels to be used from the geo-location database2902, and the geo-location database2902 may provide a list of available channels of which x is one of the channels. Prior to making a decision on the channel to be assigned to WSD2604e, theSSM628 may make use of stored sensing or measurement information. Such information may be obtained from the collection of WSDs that are using the services of theSSM628 or the set of WSDs that are registered to theSSM628. It may also be obtained by immediately instructingWSD2604e(or some other WSDs that are registered to the SSM628) to perform sensing to determine the presence ofWSD1604fon that channel. Sensing in each of the previous cases may include energy measurements on a specific channel (e.g., to quantify the amount of interference) or more sophisticated signature detection algorithms or correlation-based algorithms. It may also include RAT-specific information, such as inter-frequency measurements in LTE for detection of a sync channel or beacon or the result of performance of CSMA algorithm in the case of WiFi.
• In this scenario, it may be possible that the interface between theSSM628 and the geo-location database2902 is the same as the interface betweenWSD1604fand the geo-location database2902. In other words, theSSM628 may communicate with the geo-location database2902 as follows.WSD2604emay request spectrum from theSSM628 and provide its operation characteristics. Alternatively, its operation characteristics may be known by theSSM628 through some pre-registration performed byWSD2604e. TheSSM628 may request spectrum from the geo-location database2902 forWSD2604eand provide the operating characteristics ofWSD2604e. The geo-location database2902 may provide a list of channels and maximum transmit powers allowable forWSD2604eto theSSM628. TheSSM628 may use measurements or sensing information to further reduce the allowable channels provided by the geo-location database by ruling out any channels that may be occupied byWSD1604f(which may communicate directly with the geo-location database2902).
• TheSSM628 may provide the list of reduced allowable channels to WSD2604e, which may respond with the actual selected channels and their actual operating parameters (e.g., power). Alternatively, theSSM628 may make the selection of the channels to operate on and the operation parameters on behalf of theWSD2604e, where such operation parameters may be selected based on information that may be provided by the request byWSD2604e. TheSSM628 may indicate the selected channel(s) and operating parameters to the geo-location database2902. This signalling may be extended by a person skilled in the art to further include any potential slave devices that are under the control of the master device.
• In addition, when spectrum is assigned to WSD2604e(e.g., asTier 2 spectrum or under the assumption of some protection criteria), theSSM628 may continually monitor measurements or sensing to determine whether the assigned spectrum is potentially being occupied by a WSD that theSSM628 is not aware of (e.g., the case whereWSD1604frequests a channel from the geo-location database2902 and selects a channel that causes coexistence issues or that violates WSD2's protection requirements). In this case, such measurements may be obtained directly fromWSD2604esince it is currently utilizing the same spectrum that needs to be sensed. In the case where theSSM628 detects the presence ofWSD1604f, it may take one of the following actions. TheSSM628 may informWSD2604eof the fact that its protection requirements may no longer be met on the assigned channel.WSD2604emay then decide to not use the TVWS (or to not use the SSM's services) and may use other spectrum it may obtain (e.g., from another SSM or if it has licensed spectrum available to it). TheWSD2604emay also agree to use the spectrum at the same time asWSD1604f(e.g., it may no longer assume any protection criteria is respected). Alternatively, theSSM628 may try repeating the procedure described above to find an alternative channel forWSD2604eto use. In this case, the procedure may also include additional sensing or measurements collected by theSSM628 on channels that were already requested in the past by theSSM628 and indicated as available by theTVWS database2304. TheSSM628 may remember such available channels from the first request byWSD2604e, and, whenWSD1604fstarts to use the channel that causes a conflict withWSD2604e, theSSM628 may already have some sensing information available to select the alternate channel.
• FIG. 30 is a block diagram3000 of an example architecture for anSSM628 receiving all spectrum requests from all WSDs. In the example illustrated inFIG. 30, queries from uncoordinated WSDs (e.g.,WSD604e) to theTVWS database2304 are all made through an information processing andmodification unit3002 of theSSM628 and forwarded (if need be) directly to theTVWS database2304. On the other hand, requests to theSSM628 that are made byTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users (e.g.,Tier 2spectrum user604fandTier 3spectrum user604g) may first be processed by theSSM628 and then, in an embodiment, sent to theTVWS database2304. The requests may be sent in the same form, or they may be sent in a modified or processed form, depending on the embodiment being considered. In the architecture illustrated inFIG. 30, theSSM628 may be assumed to be an entity separate and independent of theTVWS database2304. Alternatively, theSSM628 may be a management layer that may be incorporated within theTVWS database2304 itself or may be a separate entity that may be, however, tightly coupled with the TVWS database2304 (e.g., both may be implemented or managed by the regulator). For example, one very simplified implementation of the architecture illustrated inFIG. 30 may be where theSSM628 is integrated into thecurrent TVWS database2304 itself. For the purposes of generality in the description that follows, it may be assumed that theSSM628 is a separate entity from theTVWS database2304. However, these embodiments may also be applicable to the aforementioned case where theSSM628 is implemented within theTVWS database2304 itself.
• The architecture illustrated inFIG. 30 assumes three different types of connections between users and the SSM628 (Type1,2, and 3). Here, a spectrum user may be a master WSD (such as an AP or base station) or it may be an operator that manages multiple WSDs. Each type of connection may include an actual physical link and a logical link. For each of the three types of connections, the physical link may include a component between the WSD orTier 2/3 spectrum user and theSSM628 and another component between theSSM628 and theTVWS database2304. Each connection may have a physical link, which may be modified by theSSM628 through some processing and modification functionality. The actual modifications of the information may be specific to the type of connection. In addition, the logical link in the case of the three types of connections may also be different. InType1, theWSD604emay directly access the information in theTVWS database2304 and, therefore, may have a logical link directly with theTVWS database2304. On the other hand,Tier 2 andtier 3spectrum users604fand604hmay actually be using the services of theSSM628, and, therefore, their logical link may be directly with theSSM628. TheSSM628 may then use theTVWS database2304 to provide the services to the spectrum user that has logically linked to it.
• TheSSM628, by servicingTier 2 andTier 3spectrum users604fand604h, and by receiving TVWS requests from WSDs (e.g.,604e), may handle all three interfaces (which may differ significantly in the type of information carried and the expected response). In particular, theSSM628 may be able to handle spectrum requests and also accesses by WSDs that intend to query theTVWS database2304 directly. Each link type is further described in detail below to fully elaborate how theSSM628, and theTVWS database2304 may operate in this particular architecture.
• Connection type1 may consist of the connection by aWSD604ethat requests use of the TVWS on a non-interfering, non-protecting basis. Because theWSD604eis unaware of the presence of theSSM628, it may be considered that the logical link for this connection is directly with theTVWS database2304. For this connection type, theWSD604emay use a protocol to access the TVWS database (e.g., FCC or OFCOM as applicable). In other words, theWSD604emay provide its geo-location and other parameters such as antenna height, technology, unique identifier, etc, and would expect a list of available channels from theTVWS database2304. This information may be provided to theSSM628, which may then forward it to theTVWS database2304.
• In the OFCOM/PAWS interface, communication may occur via a TVWS channel request, a TVWS channel response and selected TVWS channel and transmit power. With respect to the TVWS channel request, a WSD may make a request to theTVWS database2304 for a list of available channels by providing its device characteristics (e.g., location and/or transmitter characteristics). With respect to the TVWS channel response, the geo-location database may respond to the WSD by indicating the available channels and the maximum transmit power that may be used on each channel. With respect to selected TVWS channel and transmit power, after selecting one or more channels and an associated transmit power that may respect the limits specified by the TVWS channel response, the WSD may send this information to the geo-location database2902.
• In an embodiment where theSSM628 is implemented within theTVWS database2304 itself as a management layer within the database, it may be assumed that the requests by the WSD are always being made to theSSM628 since this management layer may be made to receive all requests. In an embodiment where theSSM628 is a separate physical entity from the geo-location database2902, a method may be needed to ensure that theSSM628 receives all requests from the WSDs.
• In order to have theSSM628 behave as a catch all entity that receives messages from theWSD604e, theWSD604emay be given the coordinates or information about theSSM628 as the approved database for this location. For example, prior to accessing theTVWS database2304, theWSD604emay need to access a list of approved databases in the area. The list of approved databases may be altered by the regulator or the TVWS database provider for areas that are served by anSSM628 to include the contact information/coordinates/access mechanism of theSSM628 that services that area (rather than the TVWS database2304). For example, the regulator of the TVWS database provider may have an agreement with anSSM628 that requests to serve a specific area and may, therefore, ensure that TVWS database requests are sent to this specific SSM in that area. As a result, all accesses made by aWSD604eintended for theTVWS database2304 may be sent directly to theSSM628 instead.
• In an embodiment where there are multiple approved geo-location databases2902 for the area, asingle SSM628 may handle the attempts to access all of these databases. In an embodiment wheremultiple SSMs628 may be present to provide services in the same area, theSSMs628 may communicate with each other to ensure protection ofTier 2 spectrum users under their respective management. TheWSD604emay or may not be aware of the fact that the request is being sent to theSSM628 instead of directly to the geo-location database2902. Also, if there is noSSM628 servicing a specific area, the information/coordinates of theTVWS database2304 itself may be provided, and the messages may be sent directly to theTVWS database2304. In an embodiment where SSMs may service only specific areas (or a subset of the geography that is handled by the TVWS database), there may need to be a mechanism for theSSM628 and theTVWS database2304 to synchronize their information in order to ensure protection ofTier 2 spectrum users.
• FIG. 31 is a block diagram3100 of an SSM TVWS database synchronization when the SSM manages a subset area. In the example illustrated inFIG. 31, theSSM628 manages thearea3108, and theWSD2604emay adversely affect the operation of WSD1604i, which may be aTier 2 spectrum user.
• In an embodiment, thearea3108 managed by theSSM628 may have a built-in protection zone. WSDs that reside within the protection zone but close to the border may not be offeredTier 2 services since they reside too close to the border of the managedarea3108 and may, therefore, be subject to interference from WSDs that connect directly to theTVWS database2304.
• In an embodiment, a second area B may be defined around the SSM managingarea A3104 that is managed by the SSM. In the second area B, theTVWS database2304 may not be allowed to assign spectrum to a WSD, or the assignment to WSDs located in the area B may need to be made with certain restrictions (e.g., significantly lower power). In this case, theTVWS database2304 may be aware of the area managed by theSSM628 and may define the second area B according to information provided by the SSM628 (e.g., maximum EIRP leakage into area A). The information may be provided statically when theSSM628 is first provisioned, or it may be provided and changed dynamically (e.g., through messaging) by theSSM628 as it learns ofnew Tier 2 WSDs that join the area A.
• Forconnection type1, theSSM628 may forward an initial channel query message by the WSD directly to theTVWS database2304 without modification. However, the response that includes the allowable channels and potentially their maximum transmit power may either be sent by theSSM628 directly to the WSD or may be modified by theSSM628 prior to sending it to the WSD.
• FIG. 32 is a flow diagram3200 of an information exchange forconnection type1 where a WSD accesses the TVWS database through an SSM. In the example illustrated inFIG. 32, theWSD604gsends a TVWS channel request intended for theTVWS database2304 but that is received by the SSM628 (3202). The channel request may include the information required in the current TVWS rules for the associated regulatory framework (e.g., FCC and Europe). TheSSM628 may receive the TVWSchannel request message3202 and, in recognizing it to be a message of connection type1 (3204), forward it to theTVWS database2304 unchanged (3206). TheTVWS database2304 may use the geo-location information of theWSD604gto determine the available channels and maximum transmit power for each of the channels (3208). This information may be returned to theSSM628 through a TVWS channel response (3210) (the contents and format of which may be the same as the current requirements for a given regulatory domain).
• TheSSM628 may then modify the information in the TVWS channel response (3212) prior to forwarding the response to theWSD604g(3214) with the intention of protecting aTier 2 spectrum user that theSSM628 is currently managing but that that theTVWS database2304 is unaware of. In modifying the information in the TVWS channel response, theSSM628 may remove certain channels from the list of available channels based on the geo-location of theWSD604gthat is requesting access. For example, if theSSM628 determines that the WSD may harm anearby Tier 2 spectrum user or that aTier 2 spectrum user is already employing one of the channels in the response, then theSSM628 may remove the channel from the list of available channels in the TVWS channel response. Alternatively (and also to protectpotential Tier 2 spectrum users in the nearby area), theSSM628 may decrease the maximum allowable transmit power associated with one or more of the channels in the TVWS channel response. The validity time provided by theTVWS database2304 may also be shortened by theSSM628 prior to transmission of the response to allow for more granularity for the access time byTier 2 spectrum users later on. For example, if regular WSDs are not required to provide their selected TVWS channels and transmit power, theSSM628 may depend on the validity time that is provided to the WSDs to ensure thatTier 2 spectrum users are not interfered with by regular WSDs (which may not beTier 2 or Tier 3). In this case, access by theTier 2 spectrum user may be in accordance with the validity time provided to WSDs that are competing for the same channels in the same area.
• TheSSM628 may then send the altered TVWS channel response to theWSD604g(3214), which may select one or more channels to use (3216). In an embodiment (which may depend on the regulation), theWSD604gmay respond with the actual usage of the channel(s) and transmit power (3218). In this case, theSSM628 may store this information (3220) for use in assigning channels in the future to Tier 2 spectrum users. For example, a channel may be assigned in the future to aTier 2 spectrum user depending on whether there are WSDs in the area using a transmit power that is not expected to cause a degradation of the QoS to these spectrum users. As a result, the decision by theSSM628 to assign TVWS channels toTier 2 spectrum users may depend on the QoS requirements of thatTier 2 spectrum user as well as specific knowledge of WSDs that may be using the same or adjacent channels in the same area (where this knowledge was stored from theType1 connection messaging). TheSSM628 may also forward the selected TVWS channel and transmit power information to theTVWS database2304.
• In order to avoid scenarios where theSSM628 may monopolize the TVWS to serviceonly Tier 2 spectrum users (for example, by removing most or all of the available channels in the TVWS channel response from the TVWS database in the example illustrated inFIG. 32), some fairness policies or regulations may be enforced by the NRA in the decision algorithm of theSSM628. For example, theSSM628 may only be able to reduce the number of available channels or the maximum transmit power by a certain amount determined by regulation, thus ensuring that unlicensed spectrum users that do not use the services of theSSM628 may still obtain TVWS resources. TheSSM628 may then determine, based on the number of requests forTier 2 spectrum and the amount of available TVWS resources, whether to use TVWS spectrum or potentially other spectrum for itsTier 2 spectrum users.
• Connection type2 consists of aTier 2 spectrum user requesting spectrum from theSSM628 and theSSM628 potentially fulfilling the request using spectrum from the TVWS band.Connection type2 may be implemented differently depending on the assumptions made regarding the interface between theSSM628 and theTVWS database2304.
• FIG. 33 is a flow diagram3300 of an information flow forconnection type2 where aTier 2 spectrum user is accessing SSM services. In the example illustrated inFIG. 33, aTier 2spectrum user604bmay send aTier 2 spectrum request to the SSM628 (3302), and theSSM628 may determine (e.g., based on information is has stored) if TVWS channels may potentially satisfy QoS of the request (3304). TheSSM628 may then communicate with theTVWS database2304 using an interface such as PAWS.
• Using an interface such as PAWS, theSSM628 may send a TVWS channel request to the TVWS database for a list of available channels and provide device characteristics of the requestingTier 2 spectrum user (e.g., location or transmitter characteristics) (3306). TheTVWS database2304 may use geo-location information of theTier 2spectrum user604bto determine available channels and associated transmit powers (3308). TheTVWS database2304 may respond to the TVWS channel request by indicating the available channels and the maximum transmit power that may be used on each channel (3310). TheSSM628 may then determine whether actual TVWS usage may satisfy the QoS request from theTier 2spectrum user604band, if so, determine the actual assignment of TVWS spectrum for the requestingTier 2spectrum user604b(3312). After selecting one or more channels and an associated transmit power, theSSM628 may send the selected TVWS channel and transmit power to the TVWS database2304 (3314). TheSSM628 may also send that information to theTier 2spectrum user604bvia aTier 2 spectrum response message (3316).
• In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 33, requests from aTier 2 spectrum user to theSSM628 need to be repackaged prior to forwarding to the geolocation database so that they meet the information flow and include the required information. In this case, from the point of view of the geo-location database, theSSM628 may appear as an actual WSD. Upon reception of the spectrum request from theTier 2 spectrum user, theSSM628 may determine whether TVWS is an appropriate frequency band to obtain spectrum from. This decision may be based on the QoS requirements of theTier 2 spectrum user and the location of theTier 2 spectrum user in relation to other WSDs that theSSM628 is aware of (e.g., through knowledge obtained from the messaging ofconnection type1 and connection type3). Since all messaging related toconnection type1 may be received by theSSM628, theSSM628 may store the usage of the WSDs that are not employing the services of the SSM. In addition, the SSM may be aware of the available TVWS channels in a given area based on the history of requests made by WSDs. As a result, the currently stored information may include one or a more of a list of available channels for a sample of locations based on requests from WSDs not using the SSM's services and TVWS database responses (along with the timing of their availability), a rough spectrum mask of the channel availability or the incumbent location based on information built over time from requests and responses, or a list of WSDs that are currently using the available TVWS channels as well as their maximum transmit power and device characteristics (e.g., spectrum masks). This information may be obtained from storing the information from the selected TVWS channel and transmit power message, for example, the assumed PAWS interface.
• If TVWS may present itself as an alternative to satisfy the spectrum request, theSSM628 may create a TVWS spectrum request message (with the existing regulatory format) using the information from theTier 2 spectrum user. The response from the TVWS database may then be examined to confirm whether the available channels in TVWS may be utilized to satisfy the spectrum request. If so, theSSM628 may complete the spectrum assignment and send the selected channels and powers to theTier 2 spectrum user as well as to theTVWS database2304. The final spectrum assignment to theTier 2 spectrum user may be sent in theTier 2spectrum response3316. Depending on whether theSSM628 is aware of the exact usage of TVWS spectrum from regular WSDs, theTier 2 spectrum response may also include the start time when theTier 2 spectrum user may start to use the system without risk of harmful interference or degradation of QoS as well as the validity time of the spectrum assignment.
• Connection type3 may be used byTier 3 spectrum users that request access from theSSM628. Here, theSSM628 may decide to use the TVWS as a source ofTier 3 spectrum.
• FIG. 34 is a flow diagram3400 of an information flow forconnection type3 for aTier 3 spectrum user accessing SSM services. In the example illustrated inFIG. 34, aTier 3spectrum user604cmay send aTier 3 spectrum request to the SSM628 (3402). TheSSM628 may simply translate aTier 3spectrum request3402 into a TVWS channel request (3404) and assign itsTier 3 spectrum users onto TVWS. In order to do this, theSSM628 may send a TVWS channel request to the TVWS database2304 (3406), which may use geo-location information of theTier 3spectrum user604cto determine available channels and associated transmit power (3408). TheTVWS database2304 may then respond to the TVWS channel request with a TVWS channel response (3410). Since theSSM628 may want to specifically select the TVWS channels on which itsTier 3 spectrum users operate, the TVWS channel response from theTVWS database2304 may be further altered so that theSSM628 has control over which channels itsTier 3 spectrum users utilize.
• TheSSM628 may select one or more of the available channels indicated in the TVWS channel response to be used by theTier 3spectrum user604c(3412) and send the information corresponding to the selected channels to theTier 3spectrum user604c(3414). TheTier 3spectrum user604cmay confirm the spectrum usage with the SSM628 (3416), and theSSM628 may forward the selected TVWS channel and transmit power to the TVWS database2304 (3418). The implementations for the interface between the SSM and the geo-location database are similar to the options described with respect to thetype2 connection and are not repeated here.
• TheSSM628 may manage the channels obtained from the geo-location database in terms ofTier 2 orTier 3 spectrum. ForTier 2 spectrum, the spectrum may be assigned to users that have some guarantee of protection or allow for some predictability of the QoS for these users.Tier 3 spectrum may be entirely un-protected (e.g., theSSM628 does not provide any additional services than what is provided by the geo-location database for incumbent protection). TheSSM628 may, therefore, provide two types of services, whereby these services may be provided from the TVWS spectrum (or potentially other spectrum outside of TVWS that theSSM628 is managing). The two types of services may include a coexistence service via an interface with the WSD or system that requests this service and a priority service where theSSM628 may assign spectrum in response to specific QoS requirements or protection criteria that is requested by a spectrum user.
• A coexistence service may be an information service or a management service (e.g., as defined in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.19). In an information service, theSSM628 may provide a list of channels and operational parameters as well as additional information that may help the WSD coexist with other WSDs. In a management service, theSSM628 may itself select the channel to be used. In the case of both the management and information service, coexistence may assume that the WSD is only guaranteed that there are no conflicts that may severely impact its ability to operate, but there may be no attempt to satisfy any requirements or operation requests made by the WSD. The coexistence service may be provided forTier 3 users of theSSM628. A priority service may be provided forTier 2 users of theSSM628.
• These different services may also cause differentiation of the interface betweenTier 2 andTier 3 spectrum users. For example, aTier 2 WSD may attach certain characteristics or requirements that the spectrum should ensure (e.g., maximum guaranteed interference level or minimum guaranteed availability time), and the SSM must adhere to these requirements when it satisfies the spectrum request. ATier 3 WSD (which may receive only the coexistence service) may request spectrum with only the guarantee that it be able to operate without harmful interference from other spectrum users. TheSSM628 may provide information about neighboring systems or channel quality and leave it to theTier 3 WSD to decide the channel to be used. In addition, theTier 3 spectrum user obtaining the coexistence service may not be guaranteed priority usage of the spectrum in the case where there is a shortage of spectrum.
• FIG. 35 is a block diagram3500 of a logical SSM architecture derived from the example architecture illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B. In the example architecture illustrated inFIG. 35, the interface A corresponds to the classical TVWS link inFIGS. 6A and 6B. The interface D illustrated inFIG. 35 corresponds to the TVWS managerial link illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B. Further, the interface B illustrated inFIG. 35 corresponds to the link between WSDs and the SSM illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B, and the interface C is included in the architecture ofFIG. 35 to account for potential communication links between different SSMs that may operate in a specific area.
• The architecture illustrated inFIG. 35 includesmultiple SSMs628aand628b. The illustratedSSM628bincludes acoexistence function3608, asensing function3606 and a priority use andnegotiation function3501. Each of thecoexistence function3608, thesensing function3606 and the priority use andnegotiation function3501 is in communication with acoordinated WSD604rvia a B interface. The coexistence function is further in communication with aTVWS database2304 via a D interface, with thesensing function3606 via a C-S interface and with the priority use and negotiation function via a C-P interface. The priority use andnegotiation function3501 is also in communication with theTVWS database2304 via a D interface and may also be in communication with aregulator policies database3602. TheTVWS database2304 is also in communication with anuncoordinated WSD604q. TheSSMs628aand628bare in communication with each other via a C interface.
• Theuncoordinated WSD604qmay be a WSD as defined in FCC/PAWS/OFCOM (e.g., a master WSD that may contact the TVWS database2304). Thecoordinated WSD604rmay be an enhanced WSD that is able to communicate with theSSM628 through the interface B. In an embodiment, theWSD604rmay communicate with theSSM628 to obtain white space resources from theSSM628 that are provided by the GLDB via the interface B. TheWSD604rmay also communicate with theSSM628 via the interface B to obtain from the GLDB guaranteed protection for the WSD from other WTRUs that obtain white space resources directly from the GLDB.
• Depending on the physical implementation and physical location of theSSM628, the coordinatedWSD604rmay may simply correspond to a WSD (e.g., an AP), the RRM portion of a WSD (which may contact the SSM that may be co-located with the spectrum user), or an operator's OA&M (e.g., in the case of an operator using theSSM628 to make use of TVWS where theSSM628 may be within the operator's network or outside of the operator's network). In an embodiment, a WSD or other spectrum user may be operable as a coordinated and an uncoordinated WSD or spectrum user in different modes (e.g., a coordinated mode and an uncoordinated mode, respectively. Such a WSD may have circuitry configured to establish both the A interface (or link) and the B interface (or link).
• In the example illustrated inFIG. 35, theSSM628 includes three logical functions: thecoexistence function3608, thesensing function3606 and the priority use andnegotiation function3501. Thecoexistence function3608 may be the main engine that assures proper operation between different WSDs that use the TVWS. To do so, it may use the best-case operation parameters obtained from the TVWS database2304 (e.g., available channels and maximum power) and modify these parameters to further allow different WSDs connected to theSSM628 to operate properly (e.g., either on the same channel or adjacent channels). Thecoexistence function3608 may provide an information service (e.g., where the WSD is given a list of available channels and information about other WSDs operating in the area) and a management service.
• Thesensing function3606 may be responsible for configuring sensing and/or measurements in the coordinatedWSD604rand collecting and processing these measurements. The measurements may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to further define the allowable channels to be used by the coordinatedWSD604r. Such measurements may be used for determining the presence of other WSDs (which may or may not be managed by the SSM628) or interference fromTier 1 spectrum users such as DTV.
• The priority usage andnegotiation function3501 may allow acoordinated WSD604rto reserve channels for priority (Tier 2) access and provide all functionality related to negotiation between different WSDs that may request priority access for periods of time. Such negotiation may include auctions managed by theSSM628 for TVWS channels, pricing set through administration, or assignment of priority use channels by specific WSDs that may also be allowed to do so based on regulator policies. The priority usage andnegotiation function3501 may, therefore, have inputs from regulator policies, as shown. Although not shown inFIG. 35, the priority usage and negotiation function may also be part of thecoexistence function3608.
• The B1 interface may be used by theWSD604rto request operating channels on the TVWS. TheWSD604rmay provide its device parameters (e.g., RAT, operating range, or antenna height) through this interface. It may also provide supplemental information related to the RAT (e.g., BS cell ID, scrambling code, or AP channel) that allows theSSM628 to ensure coexistence between different WSDs. TheWSD604rmay then be provided with a potential set of channels and coexistence information (e.g., information about neighboring systems that may result in coexistence issues) in the case of the information service or a specific selection for the channel and operating parameters to use in the case of the management service. This may allow theWSD604rto be properly configured/reconfigured by theSSM628 in order to operate in such a way so as to coexist with other users.
• The B2 interface may be used by thesensing function3606 in theSSM628bto configure appropriate sensing to detect the presence of other WSDs or DTV systems and their operating power levels. Such information may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to provide further coexistence functionality (e.g., avoidance of interference from a DTV).
• The B3 interface may be used by theWSD604rto obtain priority usage channels from theSSM628band to interact with the priority usage andnegotiation function3501 to perform all signaling related to auctions, pricing, authentication of users that are allowed to apply for priority usage, etc.
• The D1 interface may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to obtain the available TVWS channels and allowable transmit power for a spectrum user from theTVWS database2304. This interface may be similar or identical to interface A. The D2 interface may be used to provide the protection criteria of spectrum users using priority usage channels (e.g., theTier 2 spectrum users) to theTVWS database2304 so that theTVWS database2304 may ensure protection of such spectrum users from devices that access the TVWS through the interface A.
• The C interface may be used to allow communication between different SSMs (e.g., SSMs628A and628B) that may be managing the TVWS in the same or neighboring areas. A related interface between the functions may also exist across this interface. In other words, the coexistence functions in neighboring SSMs may exchange coexistence information to ensure that WSDs managed by one SSM do not create coexistence problems with WSDs managed by the other SSM. The sensing functions may also exchange information to obtain knowledge of interference obtained through sensing devices that are registered to another SSM. The priority usage and negotiation functions may exchange information to coordinate or agree on the channels that may be reserved by each neighboring SSM as priority usage channels for WSDs under the control of each SSM.
• The C-S interface may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to obtain additional information through sensing that may help the coexistence function in making decisions for the channels to be assigned or provided to the different WSDs. Based on the current usage of channels by the different WSDs, thecoexistence function3608 may request additional information to be obtained via sensing from thesensing function3606.
• The C-P interface may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to ensure that WSDs that operate using the SSM638bwithout the use of priority channels respect the protection criteria of theTier 2 spectrum users. In the case where such protection is offered simply by interface D2, this interface may have reduced functionality or may not exist at all. Alternatively, the priority usage andnegotiation function3501 may reside within thecoexistence function3608 itself.
• The logical architecture illustrated inFIG. 35 may be used to define a physical architecture tailored to different applications, depending on the location of each of the functions. For example, in the case of a deployment such as LSA or similar, where an operator wishes to reserve spectrum for its network, the priority use andnegotiation function3501 may be physically located at theTVWS database2304 and may be responsible for reserving a set of channels for each operator. Each operator may then have itsown coexistence function3608 andsensing function3606 that may be co-located with the logicalcoordinated WSD604r(which, in an embodiment, may be located at a BS or at the OA&M) to provide coexistence within each operator's network. Depending on how the spectrum was split between the operators by the priority usage andnegotiation function3501, the interface C may not be used in this scenario. Alternatively, theentire SSM628 may be co-located with the operator OA&M, in which case the interface C may be used to exchange coexistence information between the operator OA&Ms as well as to allow negotiation between the operators that may have access to priority usage channels.
• In embodiments described herein, theSSM628 is a central entity responsible for spectrum coordination among multiple cognitive radio systems (CRSs) using multi-tiered shared spectrum in a neighborhood. These CRSs may be operated by a single operator or by multiple operators. TheSSM628 may interface directly with aTier 1 spectrum user database to access information such as channels that are occupied by the incumbent spectrum users, channels that are available forTier 2 andTier 3 use and any regulatory restrictions that may apply. In an embodiment, theTier 1 database may be theTVWS database2304 or any other database that may store usage and protection information regarding a primary spectrum user that has priority access to the spectrum. TheSSM628 may also directly interface with the CRSs (e.g., master WSDs within the CRSs) to receive requests regarding channels available for use, respond to the CRS with a list of available channels, receive sensing related measurements on channels from CRSs that support sensing, etc. Each CRS may be a WiFi AP, a cellular eNb, or an operator's OA&M. TheSSM628 may be an independent entity residing outside the geo-location database or may reside inside the geo-location database.
• TheSSM628 may provide one or more of the following services to a CRS: a coexistence management service, a coexistence information service, a priority use service, a spectrum brokerage service or no service (e.g., just incumbent protection).
• FIG. 36 is a block diagram3600 of an example SSM architecture. In the example illustrated inFIG. 36, theSSM628 includes anSSM controller3610 that may act as the controlling function for theSSM628. A responsibility of theSSM controller3610 may be to externally interface with the CRSs (e.g., one or more CRSs3604), the geo-location database2902 and the regulator'spolicy database3602 and internally interface with the different functions within theSSM628, such as thesensing function3606, thecoexistence function3608, thepriority access function3616, thenegotiation function3618, the neighborSSM interaction function3612, the security/authentication function3614, and radioaccess management function3622. In an embodiment, the regulator'spolicy database3602 may reside within theSSM628 and include information about the regulator's policies.
• Thecoexistence function3608 may be responsible for ensuring coexistence amongCRSs3604 using the same channel and adjacent channels. In other words, thecoexistence function3608 may ensure coexistence amongTier 2 andTier 3CRSs3604 by minimizing or avoiding co-channel and adjacent channel interference. It may ensure that eachCRS3604 cooperates with its neighbours and causes minimum or no interference to the others in the neighborhood. Thecoexistence function3608 may determine the availability of the channels using information obtained from the geo-location database2902 and supplemental information obtained from thesensing function3606 or collected from the spectrum users (e.g., measurements from master WSDs, interdependencies of nodes such as APs, expected or measured interference between nodes, or RATs used). An example of coexistence amongCRSs3604 in a neighborhood using the same channel may be time multiplexing the usage of channels by theCRSs3604. In such a case, thecoexistence function3608 may provide the time schedule of operation to eachCRS3604 to avoid co-channel interference.
• Thepriority access function3616 may be responsible for reserving a set of channels in a shared spectrum band for exclusive or priority use by aCRS3604. The assignment of each channel for priority use may be done on a short-term basis, such as a few seconds/minutes in a day, or on a medium-term basis, such as a few days or hours in a week, where a continuous block of time of a specified duration is reserved for exclusive access by aspecific CRS3604. When any channel is assigned for priority use to aCRS3604, thatCRS3604 may expect a clean, interference-free channel that may be as good as having a licensed channel. Thepriority access function3616 may need to know the QoS requirements of theCRS3604 that requests priority access.
• Thenegotiation function3618 may be responsible for negotiating between theSSM628 and anyCRS3604. The master WSD may be expected to negotiate on behalf of theCRS3604, but slave WSDs may also be negotiators where each slave WSD negotiates with theSSM628 to acquire channel(s) for itself. As an example, the negotiation function in theSSM628 may auction a specific channel reserved for priority/exclusive access toCRSs3604 in a neighborhood.Multiple CRSs3604 in the neighborhood may simultaneously negotiate with theSSM628 for a specific channel reserved for priority/exclusive access.
• The neighborSSM interaction function3612 may be responsible for interacting with otherthird party SSMs628 responsible for spectrum coordination within a CRS neighborhood in order to ensure coexistence. This may be especially useful when certain channels are allocated for priority use by oneSSM628 in a neighborhood while those channels are not allocated for priority use by theneighbor SSM628 in the same CRS neighborhood.
• Thesensing function3606 may control the sensing operation to be performed by spectrum users under the control of theSSM628 and may collect this information from each of the spectrum users. This information may include relevant information related to the primary spectrum user(s) and/or other secondary CRSs detected by sensing or measurements in each shared spectrum band, its operating channels/frequencies, operating bandwidths, time and duration when the incumbent/other secondary CRS is ON (or OFF), maximum transmit power limit for any CRS operating on a secondary basis in this band, minimum sensitivity requirement for sensing only devices, evacuation time for CRSs when the incumbent/secondary CRS comes back to access the channel, etc. Information from thesensing function3606 may be used by thecoexistence function3608 to further select channels for operation by WSDs.
• The security/authentication function3614 may be responsible for performing the security and authentication procedures between theSSM628 and eachCRS3604 when anew CRS3604 registers with theSSM628 and stores all security keys/passwords specific to theCRS3604. It may also perform security/authentication procedures when aCRS3604 that is already registered with theSSM628 returns to use services of theSSM628. In such a case, the security/authentication function3614 may access the stored keys/passwords associated with that CRS's ID and perform an authentication procedure before authorizing access toSSM628.
• The radioaccess management function3622 may be responsible for managing radio access types used by the CRS3604 (e.g., LTE, WiFi, or HSPA). It may also be responsible for allocating direction of communication between master and slave WSDs (e.g., uplink only, downlink only, TDD, or FDD).
• The registeredCRS database3620 may store the information regarding allCRSs3604 that are registered with theSSM628. The information stored in the registeredCRS database3620 may be the device ID of the master WSD only, device IDs of all WSDs (master or slave), or the CRS ID (which may in turn identify all WSDs within the CRS3604). The registeredCRS database3620 may also store device capabilities (e.g., RF capability, number of antennas, or RAT capability).
• FIGS. 37A and B are a flow diagram3700a/3700bof a new CRS registration procedure. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 37A and 37B, a new coordinated CRS (C-CRS)3702 (e.g., a CRS or WSD that uses the services of theSSM628 when operating in the TVWS) wants to register with anSSM628 and initiates a Registration_Req signal to theSSM628 to request registration (3702). The Registration_Req signal may include information such as a C-CRS ID (in some cases, this may be the same as the master WSD ID), geo-location information and capabilities information (e.g., spectrum bands supported or number of antennas, RATs supported).
• TheSSM controller3610 within theSSM628 may act as the interface between any external entity and the entities withinSSM628. TheSSM controller3610 may receive theRegistration_Req signal3702 and check to see if the requesting C-CRS3702 is already registered with the SSM628 (3704). To do so, it may send a CRS_Registration_Info_Req signal to a registeredCRS database3620 withinSSM628 to request existing registration information about the C-CRS3702 (3706). The CRS_Registration_Info_Req signal may include, at a minimum, the C-CRS ID and may also include some or all of the information included in the Registration_Req signal.
• The registeredCRS database3620 may check to determine if CRS registration information exists for the requesting C-CRS3702 (3708) and send a CRS_Registration_Information signal to theSSM controller3610 informing it of its determination (3710).
• If a registration for the C-CRS3702 does not exist in the registeredCRS database3620, theSSM controller3610 may initiate authentication with the CRS3702 (3712) by sending an Authentication_Req signal to the C-CRS3702 (3714). The C-CRS3702 may respond with an Authentication_Info signal including the information required to authenticate itself, such as public/private keys (3716). TheSSM controller3610 may then initiate CRS authentication with the security/authentication function3614 within the SSM628 (3718) by forwarding this information to the security/authentication function3614 using the Authenticate_New_CRS signal (3720). The security/authentication function3614 may perform the necessary procedures to authenticate the C-CRS3702 using any pre-stored information (e.g., keys) that it may have to authenticate the C-CRS3702 (3722) and respond to theSSM controller3610 using the New_CRS_Authentication_Confirm signal (3724). If the CRS authentication is confirmed, theSSM controller3610 may store the registration information of the new CRS in the registered CRS database3620 (3726) using the Registration_Storage signal (3728). After the registeredCRS database3620 confirms storage of the information using Confirm_Registration_Storage signal (3730), theSSM controller3610 may confirm registration of the new CRS (3732) by forwarding the registration confirmation to the C-CRS3702 using the Confirm_CRS_Registration_signal (3734).
• FIGS. 38A and 38B are a flow diagram3800a/3800bof an example coexistence procedure. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 38A and 38B, a C-CRS3702 requests aTier 3 channel from theSSM628 using a TierIII_Chan_Req signal (3802). In response to receiving the TierII_Chan_Req signal, theSSM controller3610 in theSSM628 may query thecoexistence function3608 in theSSM628 for channels reserved forTier 3 spectrum users using a TierIII_Access_Req signal (3804). Thecoexistence function3608 may check to see if it has any channels reserved forTier 3 access (3806) and respond to theSSM controller3610 with a list of such channels using the TierIII_Channel_List signal or report that no channels are available (3808).
• If thecoexistence function3608 reports that no channels are available, theSSM controller3610 may query the geo-location database (GLDB)2902 for available channels based on the CRS's geo-location (3810) using a GLDB_Channel_Request signal (3812). The GLDB may check available channels for the CRS (3814) and report a list of available channels to theSSM controller3610 using a GLDB_Channel_Response signal (3816). The channels reported by theGLDB2902 may be channels that are available for secondary use with no primary spectrum user occupying it at any time (e.g., secondary usage channels) or may be channels occupied by a primary spectrum user but available for secondary use when a primary spectrum user is not operating (e.g., primary user assigned channels). The channels may be expected to be identified by a binary tag to indicate which of the two categories it corresponds to.
• TheSSM controller3610 may then initiate a coexistence evaluation for each available channel (e.g., provided by the GLDB) (3818) by contacting thecoexistence function3608 using a Coex_Eval_Req signal (3820). Thecoexistence function3608 may evaluate each channel based on primary spectrum user protection and uncoordinated CRS (U-CRS) detection using a sensing function, priority access channel protection using a priority access function, and/or other C-CRS protection using a neighbor SSM interaction function (3822). It may then determine a new list of channels and corresponding transmit parameters to ensure coexistence among CRSs in the requesting CRS's neighborhood (3822) and report it back to theSSM controller3610 using a Coex_Eval_Resp signal (3824).
• TheSSM controller3610 may query theregulatory policy database3602 to check polices for each channel (3826) using a Check_Regulatory_Policy signal (3828). The policy may be, for example, regarding a transmit power limit or an adjacent channel leakage. Theregulatory policy database3602 may check the regulatory policy for each channel (3830) and respond to theSSM controller3610 with policies for each channel using a Regulatory_Policy_Response signal (3832). TheSSM controller3610 may then provide a list of usable channels and their corresponding transmit parameters to the C-CRS3702 (3834) to ensure coexistence and regulatory policy adherence using a TierIII_Chan_Resp signal (3836).
• The secondary usage channels reported by theGLDB2902 may be channels that are shared with other CRSs. The sensing function may be expected to provide information regarding the usage pattern of other CRSs using the channel. Similarly, primary spectrum user assigned channels may be channels shared with incumbent users, and the sensing function may be expected to provide a usage pattern of the incumbent on the channel. The primary user assigned channels may or may not be shared with other CRSs.
• FIGS. 39A,39B and39C are a flow diagram3900a/3900b/3900cof example SSM procedures to enable coexistence. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 39A,39B and39C, anSSM controller3610 requests a coexistence evaluation from thecoexistence function3608 via a Coex_Eval signal (3902). In response to the Coex_Eval signal, thecoexistence function3608 may request primary user occupancy information based on sensing (3904) by sending a PU_Sensing_Req signal to the sensing function3608 (3906). Thesensing function3608 may retrieve sensing information on each primary spectrum user occupied channel and report a usage pattern to the coexistence function3608 (3910) via a PU_Sensing_Resp message (3912).
• Thecoexistence function3608 may evaluate the primary spectrum user occupancy pattern on the channels to be shared with an incumbent spectrum user and forward this information to the CRS using a Coex_Resp message (3914). Thecoexistence function3608 may also request secondary spectrum user occupancy information based on sensing (3916) by sending an SU_Sensing_Req message to the sensing function3606 (3920). Thesensing function3606 may retrieve sensing information regarding each secondary use channel and report a user type and usage pattern to the coexistence function3608 (3924) via an SU_Sensing_Resp message (3926).
• Thecoexistence function3608 may evaluate the secondary spectrum user occupancy pattern on the channels available for secondary use (3928) and request channels with priority access (3930) by sensing a Priority_Access_Chan_Req signal to the priority access function3616 (3934). In response to the Priority_Access_Chan_Req signal, thepriority access function3616 may retrieve a list of channels assigned for priority use (3936) and send the list to thecoexistence function3608 via a Priority_Access_Chan_Resp signal (3938).
• Thecoexistence function3608 may evaluate the channels reserved for priority access to avoid assigning them and adjacent channels to neighbor CRSs (3940). It may also request channel assignment by neighbor SSMs (3942) by sending a Neighbor_SSM_Chan_Alloc_Req signal to the neighbor SSM interaction function3612 (3946). In response to the Neighbor_SSM_Chan_Alloc_Req signal, the neighborSSM interaction function3612 may retrieve pre-stored channel assignment information and/or request new channel assignment information from neighbor SSMs (3948) and send information about the channel assignments to thecoexistence function3608 via a Neighbor_SSM_Chan_Alloc_Resp signal (3950).
• Thecoexistence function3608 may evaluate channel assignment and transmission parameters for a requesting CRS based on minimizing or avoiding co-channel and/or adjacent channel interference (3952) and send a Coex_Resp signal to the SSM controller3610 (3954) with the results of the evaluation.
• FIGS. 40A and 40B are a flow diagram4000a/4000bof a procedure for priority access to a channel. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 40A and 40B, a C-CRS3708 requests aTier 2 channel from theSSM628 using a TierII_Channel_Request signal (4002). In response to the TierII_Channel_Request signal, theSSM controller3610 in theSSM628 may query thepriority access function3616 in theSSM628 for channels reserved forTier 2 spectrum users using a Priority_Access_Req signal (4004). Thepriority access function3616 may check to see if it has any channels reserved forTier 2 access (4006) and respond to theSSM controller3610 with a list of such channels using a Priority_Access_List signal or report that no channels are available (4008).
• If the priority access function reports that no channels are available, theSSM controller3610 may query theGLDB2902 for available channels based on the CRS's geo-location (4010) using a GLDB_Channel_Request signal (4012). TheGLDB2902 may check available channels for the CRS (4014) and report a list of available channels to theSSM controller3610 using a GLDB_Channel_Response signal (4015). The channels reported by theGLDB2902 may be channels that are available for secondary use with no primary user occupying them at any time (e.g., secondary usage channels) or may be channels occupied by a primary spectrum user but available for secondary use when a primary spectrum user is not operating (e.g., primary user assigned channels). The channels may be expected to be identified by a binary tag to indicate which of the two categories they each correspond to.
• TheSSM controller3610 may then initiate a priority access evaluation for each available channel (e.g., provided by the GLDB) (4016) by contacting thepriority access function3616 using a Priority_Access_Eval signal (4018). Thepriority access function3616 may evaluate each channel based on, for example, device class and capability, primary spectrum user protection and uncoordinated CRS (U-CRS) detection using the sensing function, priority access channel protection using the priority access function, negotiation outcome, and/or other C-CRS protection using the neighbor SSM interaction function (4020). It may then determine a new list of channels and corresponding transmit parameters to ensure coexistence among CRSs in the requesting CRS's neighborhood (4020) and report it back to theSSM controller3610 using a Priority_Access_Resp signal (4022).
• TheSSM controller3610 may query theregulatory policy database3602 to check polices for each channel (4024) using a Check_Regulatory_Policy signal (4026). The policy may be, for example, with regard to the transmit power limit, usage time, or adjacent channel leakage. Theregulatory policy database3602 may check for a regulatory policy for each channel (4028) and respond to theSSM controller3610 with policies for each channel using a Regulatory_Policy_Response signal (4030). TheSSM controller3610 may then provide a list of usable channels and their corresponding transmit parameters, usage time, etc. to the C-CRS3708 to ensure priority usage and regulatory policy adherence (4032) using a TierII_Chan_Resp signal (4034).
• FIGS. 41A,41B and41C are a flow diagram4100a/4100b/4100cof an SSM procedure for priority access. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 41A,41B and41C, anSSM controller3610 makes a request forTier 2 channels to thepriority access function3616 using a TierII_Chan_Req signal (4102). In response to theTierII_Chan_Req signal4102, thepriority access function3616 may request priority access authorization for a WSD (4104) by sending a Check_Priority_Access Authorization message to the registered CRS database3620 (4108). The registeredCRS database3620 may check for priority access authorization for the WSD (4110) and respond to thepriority access function3616 with a Priority_Access_Authorization Confirm signal (4112).
• Thepriority access function3616 may then request an outcome of a negotiation for channels by WSDs (4114) by sending a Negotiation_Outcome_Request signal to the negotiation function3618 (4118). Thenegotiation function3618 may retrieve the outcome of negotiations for channels by WSDs (4120) and send the requested negotiation outcomes to thepriority access function3616 via a Negotiation_Outcome signal (4122). Thepriority access function3616 may then store any priority access information for the CRS in the registeredCRS database3620 via a Store_Priority_Access_Info signal (4124).
• Thepriority access function3616 may request priority spectrum user occupancy information based on sensing (4126) by sending a PU_Sensing_Req signal to the sensing function3606 (4130). Thesensing function3606 may retrieve sensing information on each priority-spectrum-user-occupied-channel and report a usage pattern to the priority access function3616 (4132) via a PU_Sensing_Resp signal (4134).
• Thepriority access function3616 may evaluate the priority spectrum user occupancy pattern on channels to be shared with an incumbent spectrum user (4136) and request secondary spectrum user occupancy information based on sensing (4138) by sending an SU_Sensing_Req signal to the sensing function3606 (4142). Thesensing function3606 may retrieve sensing information for each secondary use channel and report a user type and usage pattern to the priority access function3616 (4144) via an SU_Sensing_Resp signal (4146).
• Thepriority access function3616 may evaluate the secondary spectrum user occupancy pattern on channels available for secondary use (4148) and request channel assignments by neighbor SSMs (4150) by sending a neighbor_SSM_Chan_Alloc_Req signal to the neighbor SSM interaction function3612 (4154). The neighborSSM interaction function3612 may retrieve pre-stored channel assignment information and/or request new channel assignment information from neighbor SSMs (4156) and report it to thepriority access function3616 via a Neighbor_SSM_Chan_Alloc_Resp signal (4158).
• Thepriority access function3616 may evaluate priority access channel assignments and transmission parameters (4160) and provide an assignment ofTier 2 channels to theSSM controller3610 via a TierII_Chan_Resp signal (4162).
• In order to assign priority channels, theSSM628 may use thenegotiation function3618 to make channel assignments that adhere to the requirement from each C-CRS3702 requiring priority access.
• FIGS. 42A,42B and42C are a flow diagram4200a/4200b/4200cof an example negotiation procedure. In the example illustrated inFIGS. 42A,42B and42C, the negotiation starts by the SSM collecting minimum requirements from each C-CRS3702.
• The C-CRS3702 may first send a TierII_Channel_Request signal to the SSM628 (4202). TheSSM controller3610 in theSSM628 may forward the request to the priority access function2616 (4204) via a Forward_TierII_Request (4206). On a condition that thepriority access function3616 determines that no priority access channels are available (4208), it may send a Request Negotiation signal to the negotiation function3618 (4210).
• Thenegotiation function3618 may access the minimum requirements for priority access (4212) and send a Minimum_Requirement_Query to the C-CRS3702 (4214). The C-CRS3702 may provide its minimum requirements to the negotiation function3618 (4216) via a Minimum_Requirement_Response signal (4218). The minimum requirements may include, for example, percentage time availability of channel and/or price range.
• The negotiation function may then request a channel sharing offer by neighbor CRSs (4220) by sending a Channel_Share_Query to at least one neighbor C-CRS4201 (4222). Eachneighbor CRS4201 may provide a channel sharing offer (e.g., percentage time share of channel and/or asking price) (4224) via a Channel_Share_Response signal (4226).
• Thenegotiation function3618 may assess offers from all CRSs, select the best offer and report it to the requesting C-CRS3701 (4228) via a Report_Best_Offer signal (4230). The C-CRS3702 may determine whether the offer is acceptable (4232) and respond to the offer by sending an Offer_Response signal to the negotiation function3618 (4234). If the offer is rejected, thenegotiation function3618 may inform all C-CRSs that sharing is canceled (4236) by sending a Cancel_Channel_Share message to all of the C-CRSs (4238). If the offer is accepted, thenegotiation function3618 may inform the offering C-CRS (4240) via Forward_Offer_Response signal (4242). The C-CRS that made the offer may provide a confirmation of sharing (4244) and send an Offer_Status signal to the negotiation function3618 (4246).
• Thenegotiation function3618 may update thepriority access function3616 with the negotiation outcome (4248) via a Negotiation_Outcome signal (4250). Thepriority access function3616 may update the C-CRS3702 with aTier 2 channel assignment (4252) via a TierII_Channel_Response signal (4254).
Embodiments
• 1. A method of spectrum coordination comprising a spectrum coordinator receiving a request for shared spectrum from a cognitive radio system (CRS) that the spectrum coordinator supports, the request including at least one minimum protection requirement
• 2. The method ofembodiment 1, further comprising the spectrum coordinator determining protection criteria for the CRS based on the at least one minimum protection requirement received from the CRS; and
• 3. The method ofembodiment 2, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending the protection criteria for the CRS to a geo-location database (GLDB) for use in assigning shared spectrum to other CRSs that the spectrum coordinator does not support.
• 4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending a registration request to the GLDB including information about the geographic location of cognitive radio systems (CRSs) that the spectrum coordinator supports.
• 5. The method any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the at least one minimum protection requirement is at least one of a minimum bandwidth, a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SINR), or a maximum allowable interference level.
• 6. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, further comprising the spectrum coordinator allocating shared spectrum to the CRS that the spectrum coordinator supports with a specific quality of service (QoS) guarantee based at least on the at least one minimum protection requirement.
• 7. The method of embodiment 6, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending information about the allocated shared spectrum to the CRS along with a validity time at which the allocated spectrum will become available for use by the CRS.
• 8. The method of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the request for shared spectrum further includes at least one specific performance requirement, the at least one specific performance requirement including at least one of a required availability time, a maximum interference level or a quality of service (QoS) during the required availability time.
• 9. The method ofembodiment 8, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending usage parameters to the GLDB based on the at least one specific performance requirement.
• 10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, further comprising the spectrum coordinator communicating actual spectrum usage of the allocated spectrum to the GLDB, indicating to the GLDB to store and use the protection criteria.
• 11. The method of any one of embodiments 2-10, wherein the protection criteria are for use by the GLDB, along with the protection criteria for incumbent users, to allocate spectrum for requests by other CRSs that obtain spectrum directly from the GLDB in a manner that protects the CRSs supported by the SC from interference.
• 12. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising a processing unit configured to communicate with a spectrum coordinator (SC) to obtain white space resources from the SC that are provided by a geo-location database (GLDB) in a first mode.
• 13. The WTRU of embodiment 12, wherein the processing unit is further configured to communicate directly with the GLDB to obtain the white space resources that are provided by the GLDB in a second mode.
• 14. The WTRU of embodiments 12 or 13, further comprising a transceiver configured to perform wireless communication using the white space resources obtained from the SC in the first mode or directly from the GLDB in the second mode.
• 15. The WTRU of any one of embodiments 12-14, wherein the processing unit is further configured to, in the first mode, communicate with the SC to receive a guarantee of protection from an agreed upon level of interference from other WTRUs that obtain white space resources from the SC, other WTRUs that obtain white space resources directly from the GLDB and other WTRUs that obtain white space resources from a neighbour SC.
• 16. The WTRU of embodiment 15, wherein the guaranteed protection for the WTRU from the agreed upon level of interference from the other WTRUs that obtain the white spaces resources from the neighbour SCis obtained via a link between the SC and the neighbour SC.
• 17. The WTRU of embodiment 15, wherein the processing unit is configured to communicate with the SC to obtain the white space resources from the SC that are provided by the GLDB via a television white space (TVWS) managerial link between the SC and the GLDB.
• 18. The method of embodiments 16 or 17, wherein the processing unit is configured to communicate with the SC to obtain, from the GLDB via the TVWS managerial link, the guaranteed protection for the WTRU from the agreed upon level of interference from the other WTRUs that obtain the white space resources directly from the GLDB.
• 19. The WTRU of any one of embodiments 12-18, further comprising circuitry configured to establish a first link with the geo-location database for communication with the geo-location database in the first mode, the first link being a link that uses one of regulation defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), regulation defined by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) or a protocol defined by Protocol to Access White Space Database (PAWS).
• 20. The WTRU of any one of embodiments 13-19, further comprising circuitry configured to establish a second link to communicate with the SC in the second mode.
• 21. The WTRU of any one of embodiments 12-20, wherein the WTRU is a white space device (WSD).
• 22. A method for a requesting system to obtain shared spectrum for use by one or more WTRUs, the method comprising transmitting, to a shared spectrum manager (SSM), a spectrum request for an assignment of shared spectrum to use for wireless communications.
• 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the spectrum request includes information about a bandwidth requirement for the requested assignment of the shared spectrum and at least one characteristic regarding a quality of access for wireless communications on the shared spectrum.
• 24. The method of embodiments 22 or 23, further comprising receiving, in response to the spectrum request, a spectrum assignment response that includes an assignment of the shared spectrum for one or more WTRUs to use for wireless communications that meets the bandwidth requirement and the at least one characteristic regarding the quality of access included in the spectrum request.
• 25. The method of any one of embodiments 23 or 24, wherein the bandwidth requirement includes one of a specific bandwidth that the one or more WTRUs will utilize or an amount of spectrum that the one or more WTRUs will utilize.
• 26. The method of any one of embodiments 23-25, wherein the at least one characteristic regarding the quality of access includes at least one of a minimum level of quality of service for the requested assignment or an indication that the one or more WTRUs do not require any minimum level of quality of access for the requested assignment, a range of acceptable prices that the requesting system is willing to pay for the assignment of spectrum, a desired maximum transmission power for wireless communications on the requested spectrum, a duration of time over which requesting system is requesting to use the requested spectrum, or a required coverage or a required geographical range of operation.
• 27. The method of any one of embodiments 24-26, wherein the spectrum assignment response includes a cost associated with using the assignment of the shared spectrum.
• 28. The method of any one of embodiments 24-27, wherein the spectrum assignment response further includes at least one parameter associated with the assignment of the shared spectrum, the at least one parameter including at least one of a maximum power for transmitting on the shared spectrum, information about a requirement for the one or more WTRUs to sense the shared spectrum, at least one rule regarding conditions with respect to which the one or more WTRUs are required to evacuate the shared spectrum, or overall duration of the assignment of the shared spectrum.
• 29. The method of any one of embodiments 24-27, wherein the requesting system is further configured to transmit to the SSM, in response to the spectrum assignment response, a spectrum use indicator that indicates to the SSM that the one or more WTRUs have begun using the allocated shared spectrum for communications.
• Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims (22)

What is claimed is:

1. A method of spectrum coordination comprising:

a spectrum coordinator receiving a request for shared spectrum from a cognitive radio system (CRS) that the spectrum coordinator supports, the request including at least one minimum protection requirement;

the spectrum coordinator determining protection criteria for the CRS based on the at least one minimum protection requirement received from the CRS; and

the spectrum coordinator sending the protection criteria for the CRS to a geo-location database (GLDB) for use in assigning shared spectrum to other CRSs that the spectrum coordinator does not support.

2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending a registration request to the GLDB including information about the geographic location of CRSs that the spectrum coordinator supports.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one minimum protection requirement is at least one of a minimum bandwidth, a minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SINR), or a maximum allowable interference level.

4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the spectrum coordinator allocating shared spectrum to the CRS that the spectrum coordinator supports with a specific quality of service (QoS) guarantee based at least on the at least one minimum protection requirement.

5. The method ofclaim 4, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending information about the allocated shared spectrum to the CRS along with a validity time at which the allocated spectrum will become available for use by the CRS.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the request for shared spectrum further includes at least one specific performance requirement, the at least one specific performance requirement including at least one of a required availability time, a maximum interference level or a QoS during the required availability time.

7. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising the spectrum coordinator sending usage parameters to the GLDB based on the at least one specific performance requirement.

8. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the spectrum coordinator communicating actual spectrum usage of the allocated shared spectrum to the GLDB, indicating to the GLDB to store and use the protection criteria.

9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the protection criteria are for use by the GLDB, along with protection criteria for incumbent users of the shared spectrum, to allocate spectrum for requests by other CRSs that obtain spectrum directly from the GLDB in a manner that protects the CRSs supported by the SC from interference.

10. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising:

a processing unit configured to:

communicate with a spectrum coordinator (SC) to obtain white space resources from the SC that are provided by a geo-location database (GLDB) in a first mode, and

communicate directly with the GLDB to obtain the white space resources that are provided by the GLDB in a second mode; and

a transceiver configured to perform wireless communication using the white space resources obtained from the SC in the first mode or directly from the GLDB in the second mode.

11. The WTRU ofclaim 10, wherein the processing unit is further configured to, in the first mode, communicate with the SC to receive a guarantee of protection from an agreed upon level of interference from other WTRUs that obtain white space resources from the SC, other WTRUs that obtain white space resources directly from the GLDB and other WTRUs that obtain white space resources from a neighbour SC.

12. The WTRU ofclaim 11, wherein the guaranteed protection for the WTRU from the agreed upon level of interference from the other WTRUs that obtain the white space resources from the neighbour SCis obtained via a link between the SC and the neighbour SC.

13. The WTRU ofclaim 11, wherein the processing unit is further configured to:

communicate with the SC to obtain the white space resources from the SC that are provided by the GLDB via a television white space (TVWS) managerial link between the SC and the GLDB; and

communicate with the SC to obtain, from the GLDB via the TVWS managerial link, the guaranteed protection for the WTRU from the agreed upon level of interference from the other WTRUs that obtain the white space resources directly from the GLDB.

14. The WTRU ofclaim 10, further comprising circuitry configured to establish a first link with the geo-location database for communication with the geo-location database in the first mode, the first link being a link that uses one of regulation defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), regulation defined by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) or a protocol defined by Protocol to Access White Space Database (PAWS).

15. The WTRU ofclaim 10, further comprising circuitry configured to establish a second link to communicate with the SC in the second mode.

16. The WTRU ofclaim 10, wherein the WTRU is a white space device (WSD).

17. A method for a requesting system to obtain shared spectrum for use by one or more WTRUs, the method comprising:

transmitting, to a shared spectrum manager (SSM), a spectrum request for an assignment of shared spectrum to use for wireless communications, the spectrum request including information about a bandwidth requirement for the requested assignment of the shared spectrum and at least one characteristic regarding a quality of access for wireless communications on the shared spectrum; and

receiving, in response to the spectrum request, a spectrum assignment response that includes an assignment of the shared spectrum for one or more WTRUs to use for wireless communications that meets the bandwidth requirement and the at least one characteristic regarding the quality of access included in the spectrum request.

18. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the bandwidth requirement includes one of a specific bandwidth that the one or more WTRUs will utilize or an amount of spectrum that the one or more WTRUs will utilize.

19. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the at least one characteristic regarding the quality of access includes at least one of:

a minimum level of quality of service for the requested assignment or an indication that the one or more WTRUs do not require any minimum level of quality of access for the requested assignment,

a range of acceptable prices that the requesting system is willing to pay for the assignment of spectrum,

a desired maximum transmission power for wireless communications on the requested spectrum,

a duration of time over which requesting system is requesting to use the requested spectrum, or

a required coverage or a required geographical range of operation.

20. The method ofclaim 19, wherein the spectrum assignment response includes a cost associated with using the assignment of the shared spectrum.

21. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the spectrum assignment response further includes at least one parameter associated with the assignment of the shared spectrum, the at least one parameter including at least one of a maximum power for transmitting on the shared spectrum, information about a requirement for the one or more WTRUs to sense the shared spectrum, at least one rule regarding conditions with respect to which the one or more WTRUs are required to evacuate the shared spectrum, or overall duration of the assignment of the shared spectrum.

22. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the requesting system is further configured to transmit to the SSM, in response to the spectrum assignment response, a spectrum use indicator that indicates to the SSM that the one or more WTRUs have begun using the allocated shared spectrum for communications.

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