US20150370928A1 - Concurrent display systems and methods for aerial roof estimation - Google Patents

Abstract

User interface systems and methods for roof estimation are described. Example embodiments include a roof estimation system that provides a user interface configured to facilitate roof model generation based on one or more aerial images of a building roof. In one embodiment, roof model generation includes image registration, image lean correction, roof section pitch determination, wire frame model construction, and/or roof model review. The described user interface provides user interface controls that may be manipulated by an operator to perform at least some of the functions of roof model generation. The user interface is further configured to concurrently display roof features onto multiple images of a roof. This abstract is provided to comply with rules requiring an abstract, and it is submitted with the intention that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/467,250, entitled “CONCURRENT DISPLAY SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AERIAL ROOF ESTIMATION”, filed May 15, 2009 and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/197,904, entitled “USER INTERFACE TECHNIQUES FOR ROOF ESTIMATION,” filed Oct. 31, 2008, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
• 1. Field of the Invention
• This invention relates to systems and methods for estimating construction projects, and more particularly, to such systems and methods for determining roof measurement information based on one or more aerial images of a roof of a building.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• The information provided below is not admitted to be part of the present invention, but is provided solely to assist the understanding of the reader.
• Homeowners typically ask several roofing contractors to provide written estimates to repair or replace a roof on a house. Heretofore, the homeowners would make an appointment with each roofing contractor to visit the house to determine the style of roof, take measurements, and to inspect the area around the house for access and cleanup. Using this information, the roofing contractor then prepares a written estimate and then timely delivers it to the homeowner. After receiving several estimates from different rooting contractors, the homeowner then selects one.
• There are factors that impact a roofing contractor's ability to provide a timely written estimate. One factor is the size of the roof contractor's company and the location of the roofing jobs currently underway. Most roof contractors provide roofing services and estimates to building owners over a large geographical area. Larger roof contractor companies hire one or more trained individuals who travel throughout the entire area providing written estimates. With smaller roofing contractors, the owner or a key trained person is appointed to provide estimates. With both types of companies, roofing estimates are normally scheduled for buildings located in the same area on a particular day. If an estimate is needed suddenly at a distant location, the time for travel and the cost of commuting can be prohibitive. If the roofing contractor is a small company, the removal of the owner or key person on a current job site can be time prohibitive.
• Another factor that may impact the roofing contractor's ability to provide a written estimate is weather and traffic.
• Recently, solar panels have become popular. In order to install solar panels, the roof's slope, geometrical shape, and size as well as its orientation with respect to the sun all must be determined in order to provide an estimate of the number and type of solar panels required. Unfortunately, not all roofs on a building are proper size, geometrical shape, or orientation for use with solar panels.
SUMMARY
• These and other objects are met by the systems and methods disclosed herein that determine and provide roof measurement information about the sizes, dimensions, slopes and orientations of the roof sections of a building roof. Roof measurement information may be used to generate a roof estimate report that provides and graphically shows this information. A roof estimation system that practices at least some of the techniques described herein may include an image acquisition engine, a roof modeling engine, and a report generation engine. The roof estimation system is configured to generate a model of a roof of a building, based on one or more aerial images. In addition, the roof estimation system is configured to determine roof measurement information and generate a roof estimate report based on the generated model and/or the determined roof measurement information.
• In some embodiments, the roof estimation system includes a user interface engine which provides access to at least some of the functions of the roof estimation system. In one embodiment, the user interface engine provides interactive user interface components operable by an operator to perform various functions related to generating a model of a roof of a building, including image registration, lean correction, pitch determination, feature identification, and model review and/or correction.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating example functional elements of one embodiment of a roof estimation system.
• FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate aerial images of a building at a particular address.
• FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate individual pages of an example roof estimate report generated by an example embodiment of a roof estimation system.
• FIGS. 4A-4F are screen displays illustrating image registration and image lean correction in an example embodiment. (Also shows lean correction.)
• FIGS. 5A-5D are screen displays illustrating pitch determination in an example embodiment.
• FIGS. 6A-6D are screen displays illustrating model construction and concurrent display of operator specified roof features in an example embodiment.
• FIGS. 7A-7C are screen displays illustrating roof model review in an example embodiment.
• FIG. 8 is an example block diagram of a computing system for practicing embodiments of a roof estimation system.
• FIG. 9 is an example flow diagram of an image registration routine provided by an example embodiment.
• FIG. 10 is an example flow diagram of a pitch determination routine provided by an example embodiment.
• FIG. 11 is an example flow diagram of concurrent feature display routine provided by an example embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Embodiments described herein provide enhanced computer- and network-based methods, techniques, and systems for estimating construction projects based on one or more images of a structure. Example embodiments provide a Roof Estimation System (“RES”) that is operable to provide a roof estimate report for a specified building, based on one or more aerial images of the building. In one embodiment, a customer of the RES specifies the building by providing an address of the building. The RES then obtains one or more aerial images showing at least portions of the roof of the building. Next, the RES generates a model of the roof of the building, which is then utilized to determine roof measurement information. The roof measurement information may include measurements such as lengths of the edges of sections of the roof, pitches of sections of the roof, areas of sections of the roof, etc. The model of the roof and/or the roof measurement information is then used to generate a roof estimate report. The roof estimate report includes one or more line drawings of the roof of the building, which are annotated with information about the roof, such as lengths of the edges of sections of the roof, pitches of sections of the roof, areas of sections of the roof, etc.
• Some embodiments of the roof estimation system include an interactive user interface configured to provide access to one or more of the functions of the roof estimation system. In one embodiment, the roof estimation system includes user interface controls that facilitate image registration, image lean correction, roof model generation, pitch determination, and roof model review. Image registration includes aligning, based at least in part on operator inputs, one or more images of a building roof to a set of reference points within a single three-dimensional (“3D”) grid that is shared between the one or more images. Roof model generation includes generating a 3D model of a roof, based at least in part on operator inputs specifying various features and/or dimensional attributes of the roof. Roof model generation may further include the determination of the pitches of various planar sections of a roof. Roof model review includes display of a model of a roof, possibly in conjunction with one or more images of the roof, so that an operator may review the model for accuracy and possibly make adjustments and/or corrections to the roof model. In other embodiments, all or some of the functions of the roof estimation system may be performed automatically. For example, image registration may include automatically identifying building features for the placement of reference markers. Further, roof model generation may include automatically recognizing features, dimensional attributes, and/or pitches of various planar roof sections of the roof.
• The described user interface is also configured to concurrently display roof features onto multiple images of a roof. For example, in the context of roof model generation, an operator may indicate a roof feature, such as an edge or a corner of a section of the roof, in a first image of the roof. As the roof estimation system receives the indication of the roof feature, the user interface concurrently displays that feature in one or more other images of the roof, so that the operator may obtain feedback regarding the accuracy of the roof model, the image registration, etc.
• In the following,FIGS. 1-3 provide an overview of the operation of an example roof estimation system.FIGS. 4-7 provide additional details related an example interactive user interface provided by one embodiment of the roof estimation system.FIGS. 8-11 provide details related to roof estimation system implementation techniques.
1. Roof Estimation System Overview
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating example functional elements of one embodiment of a roof estimation system. In particular,FIG. 1 shows an example Roof Estimation System (“RES”)100 comprising animage acquisition engine101, aroof modeling engine102, areport generation engine103,image data105,model data106, andreport data107. TheRES100 is communicatively coupled to animage source110, acustomer115, and optionally anoperator120. TheRES100 and its components may be implemented as part of a computing system, as will be further described with reference toFIG. 8.
• More specifically, in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG. 1, theRES100 is configured to generate aroof estimate report132 for a specified building, based onaerial images131 of the building received from theimage source110. Theimage source110 may be any provider of images of the building for which a roof estimate is being generated. In one embodiment, theimage source110 includes a computing system that provides access to a repository of aerial images of one or more buildings. In addition, theaerial images131 may include images obtained via manned or unmanned aircraft (e.g., airplane, helicopter, blimp, drone, etc.), satellite, etc. Furthermore, theaerial images131 may include images obtain via one or more ground-based platforms, such as a vehicle-mounted camera that obtains street-level images of buildings, a nearby building, a hilltop, etc. In some cases, a vehicle-mounted camera may be mounted in an elevated position, such as a boom. Example aerial images are described further with reference toFIGS. 2A-2B.
• Theimage acquisition engine101 obtains one or more aerial images of the specified building by, for example, providing an indicator of the location of the specified building (e.g., street address, GPS coordinates, lot number, etc.) to theimage source110. In response, theimage source110 provides to theimage acquisition engine101 the one or more aerial images of the building. Theimage acquisition engine101 then stores the received aerial images asimage data105, for further processing by other components of theRES100. Obtaining aerial images of a specified building may include various forms of geo-coding, performed by theimage acquisition engine101 and/or theimage source110. In one embodiment, the image source geo-codes a provided street address into latitude and longitude coordinates, which are then used to look up (e.g., query a database) aerial images of the provided street address.
• Next, theroof modeling engine102 generates a model of the roof of the specified building. In the illustrated embodiment, theroof modeling engine102 generates a three-dimensional (“3D”) model, although in other embodiments, a two-dimensional (e.g., top-down roof plan) may be generated instead or in addition. Generating a model of the roof may generally include image calibration, in which the distance between two pixels on a given image is converted into a physical length. Image calibration may be performed automatically, such as based on meta-information provided along with theaerial images131.
• A variety of automatic and semi-automatic techniques may be employed to generate a model of the roof of the building. In one embodiment, generating such a model is based at least in part on a correlation between at least two of the aerial images of the building. For example, theroof modeling engine102 receives an indication of a corresponding feature that is shown in each of the two aerial images. In one embodiment, anoperator120, viewing two or more images of the building, inputs an indication in at least some of the images, the indications identifying which points of the images correspond to each other for model generation purposes.
• The corresponding feature may be, for example, a vertex of the roof of the building, the corner of one of the roof planes of the roof, a point of a gable or hip of the roof, etc. The corresponding feature may also be a linear feature, such as a ridge or valley line between two roof planes of the roof. In one embodiment, the indication of a corresponding feature on the building includes “registration” of a first point in a first aerial image, and a second point in a second aerial image, the first and second points corresponding the substantially the same point on the roof of the building. Generally, point registration may include the identification of any feature shown in both aerial images. Thus, the feature need not be a point on the roof of the building. Instead, it may be, for example, any point that is visible on both aerial images, such as on a nearby building (e.g., a garage, neighbor's building, etc.), on a nearby structure (e.g., swimming pool, tennis court, etc.), on a nearby natural feature (e.g., a tree, boulder, etc.), etc.
• In some embodiments, theroof modeling engine102 determines the corresponding feature automatically, such as by employing on one or more image processing techniques used to identify vertexes, edges, or other features of the roof. In other embodiments, theroof modeling engine102 determines the corresponding feature by receiving, from thehuman operator120 asoperator input133, indications of the feature shown in multiple images of the building.
• In one example embodiment, theRES100 generates a model of the roof of the building in the following manner. First, a set of reference points are be identified in each of the images. These reference points are identified by theoperator120 utilizing a suitable input device, such as a mouse or joystick. Theroof modeling engine102 then uses these reference points and any acceptable algorithm to co-register the images and reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of the object identified by the reference points. There are a variety of photogrammetric algorithms that can be utilized to perform this reconstruction. One such algorithm used by theRES100 uses photographs taken from two or more view points to “triangulate” points of interest on the object in three-dimensional (“3D”) space. This triangulation can be visualized as a process of projecting a line originating from the location of the photograph's observation point that passes through a particular reference point in the image. The intersection of these projected lines from the set of observation points to a particular reference point identifies the location of that point in 3D space. Repeating the process for all such reference points allows the software to determine a 3D volume suitable for building a 3D model of the structure. The choice of reconstruction algorithm depends on a number of factors such as the spatial relationships between the photographs, the number and locations of the reference points, and any assumptions that are made about the geometry and symmetry of the object being reconstructed. Several such algorithms are described in detail in textbooks, trade journals, and academic publications.
• In addition, generating a model of the roof of a building may include correcting one or more of the aerial images for various imperfections. For example, the vertical axis of a particular aerial image sometimes will not substantially match the actual vertical axis of its scene. This will happen, for example, if the aerial images were taken at different distances from the building, or at a different pitch, roll, or yaw angles of the aircraft from which the images were produced. In such cases, an aerial image may be corrected by providing theoperator120 with a user interface control operable to adjust the scale and/or relative angle of the aerial image to correct for such errors. The correction may be either applied directly to the aerial image, or instead be stored (e.g., as an offset) for use in model generation or other functions of theRES100.
• Generating a model of the roof of a building further includes the automatic or semi-automatic identification of features of the roof of the building. In one embodiment, one or more user interface controls may be provided, such that theoperator120 may indicate (e.g., draw, paint, etc.) various features of the roof, such as valleys, ridges, hips, vertexes, planes, edges, etc. As these features are indicated by theoperator120, a corresponding three-dimensional (“3D”) model may be updated accordingly to include those features. These features are identified by the operator based on a visual inspection of the images and by providing inputs that identify various features as valleys, ridges, hips, etc. In some cases, a first and a second image view of the roof (e.g., a north and east view) are simultaneously presented to theoperator120, such that when theoperator120 indicates a feature in the first image view, a projection of that feature is automatically presented in the second image view. By presenting a view of the 3D model, simultaneously projected into multiple image views, theoperator120 is provided with useful visual cues as to the correctness of the 3D model and/or the correspondence between the aerial images.
• In addition, generating a model of the roof of a building may include determining the pitch of one or more of the sections of the roof. In some embodiments, one or more user interface controls are provided, such that theoperator120 may accurately determine the pitch of each of the one or more roof sections. An accurate determination of the roof pitch may be employed (by a human or the RES100) to better determine an accurate cost estimate, as roof sections having a low pitch are typically less costly surfaces to repair and/or replace.
• The generated model typically includes a plurality of planar roof sections that each correspond to one of the planar sections of the roof of the building. Each of the planar roof sections in the model has a number of associated dimensions and/or attributes, among them slope, area, and length of each edge of the roof section. Other information may include any information relevant to a roof builder or other entity having an interest in construction of, or installation upon, the roof. For example, the other information may include identification of valleys, ridges, rakes, eaves, or hip ridges of the roof and/or its sections; roof and/or roof section perimeter dimensions and/or outlines; measurements of step heights between different roof levels (e.g., terraces); bearing and/or orientation of each roof section; light exposure and/or shadowing patterns due to chimneys, other structures, trees, latitude, etc.; roofing material; etc? Once a 3D model has been generated to the satisfaction of theroof modeling engine102 and/or theoperator120, the generated 3D model is stored asmodel data106 for further processing by theRES100. In one embodiment, the generated 3D model is then stored in a quality assurance queue, from which it is reviewed and possibly corrected by a quality control operator.
• Thereport generation engine103 generates a final roof estimate report based on a model stored asmodel data106, and then stores the generated report asreport data107. Such a report typically includes one or more plan (top-down) views of the model, annotated with numerical values for the slope, area, and/or lengths of the edges of at least some of the plurality of planar roof sections of the model of the roof. The report may also include information about total area of the roof, identification and measurement of ridges and/or valleys of the roof, and/or different elevation views rendered from the 3D model (top, side, front, etc). An example report is illustrated and discussed with respect toFIGS. 3A-3E, below.
• In some embodiments, generating a report includes labeling one or more views of the model with annotations that are readable to a human user. Some models include a large number of small roof details, such as dormers or other sections, such that applying uniformly sized, oriented, and positioned labels to roof section views results in a visually cluttered diagram. Accordingly, various techniques may be employed to generate a readable report, including automatically determining an optimal or near-optimal label font size, label position, and/or label orientation, such that the resulting report may be easily read and understood by thecustomer115.
• In addition, in some embodiments, generating a report includes automatically determining a cost estimate, based on specified costs, such as those of materials, labor, transportation, etc. For example, thecustomer115 provides indications of material and labor costs to theRES100. In response, thereport generation engine103 generates a roof estimate report that includes a cost estimate, based on the costs provided by thecustomer115 and the attributes of the particular roof, such as area, pitch, etc.
• In one embodiment, the generated report is then provided to a customer. The generated report can be represented, for example, as an electronic file (e.g., a PDF file) or a paper document. In the illustrated example,roof estimate report132 is transmitted to thecustomer115. Thecustomer115 may be or include any human, organization, or computing system that is the recipient of theroof estimate report132. For example, thecustomer115 may be a property owner, a property manager, a roof construction/repair company, a general contractor, an insurance company, a solar power panel installer, a climate control (e.g., heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning) system installer, a roof gutter installer, an awning installer, etc. Reports may be transmitted electronically, such as via a network (e.g., as an email, Web page, etc.) or by some shipping mechanism, such as the postal service, a courier service, etc.
• In some embodiments, one or more of the models stored asmodel data106 are provided directly to the customer or other computing system, without first being transformed into a report. For example, a model and/or roof measurement information based thereon may be exported and/or transmitted as a data file, in any suitable format, that may be consumed or otherwise utilized by some other computing system, such as a computer-aided design (“CAD”) tool, a drawing program, a labor and material estimation software, a project management/estimation software, etc.
• TheRES100 may be operated by various types of entities. In one embodiment, theRES100 is operated by a roof estimation service that provides roof estimate reports to customers, such as roofing contractors, in exchange for payment. In another embodiment, theRES100 is operated by a roof construction/repair company, to generate roof estimate reports that are used internally and/or provided to customers, such as property owners.
• In addition, theRES100 may be operated in various ways. In one embodiment, theRES100 executes as a desktop computer application that is operated by theoperator120. In another embodiment, theRES100 executes as a network-accessible service, such as by a Web server, that may be operated remotely by theoperator120 and/or thecustomer115. Additional details regarding the implementation of an example roof estimation system are provided with respect toFIG. 8, below.
• FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate aerial images of a building at a particular address. In the illustrated example, the aerial images are represented as stylized line drawings for clarity of explanation. As noted above, such aerial images may be acquired in various ways. In one embodiment, an aircraft, such as an airplane or helicopter is utilized to take photographs while flying over one or more properties. Such aircraft may be manned or unmanned. In another embodiment, a ground-based vehicle, such as a car or truck, is utilized to take photographs (e.g., “street view” photographs) while driving past one or more properties. In such an embodiment, a camera may be mounted on a boom or other elevating member, such that images of building roofs may be obtained. In another embodiment, photographs may be taken from a fixed position, such as a tall building, hilltop, tower, etc.
• In particular,FIG. 2A shows a top plan (top-down)aerial image210 of abuilding200. The roof of thebuilding200 includes multipleplanar roof sections200a-200d.FIG. 2A also shows a secondaerial image211 providing a perspective (oblique) view of thebuilding200. Theroof sections200aand200care also visible inimage211.
• FIG. 2B shows a top-down,wide angle image212 of thebuilding200. Theimage212 includes details of the surroundingareas220 of thebuilding220. Information about the surroundingareas220 of thebuilding220 are in some embodiments used to determine additional cost factors related to a roof estimate. For example, the cleanup of, or access to, a worksite at building220 may be complicated by various factors, including a substantial amount of landscaping; steeply sloped building sites; proximity to environmentally sensitive areas; etc. In such cases, the roof estimation system may automatically increase a cost factor in a corresponding roof estimate report.
• In some embodiments, an aerial image has corresponding meta-information. Such meta-information may include details about the type of camera used (e.g., focal length, exposure, etc.), the position of the camera (e.g., GPS coordinates of the aircraft at the time the image was captured), the orientation of the camera (e.g., the angle of the camera), the time and/or date the image was captured, etc.
• FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate individual pages of an example roof estimate report generated by an example embodiment of a roof estimation system. As discussed with respect toFIG. 1, a roof estimate report is generated by the roof estimation system based on one or more aerial images of a building. The roof estimate report may be based on a computer model (e.g., a 3D model) of the roof, and includes one or more views of the model. In this example, the various views of the model are presented as annotated line drawings, which provide information about the roof, such as the roof section areas, roof section edge lengths, roof section pitches, etc. The roof estimate report may be in an electronic format (e.g., a PDF file) and/or paper format (e.g., a printed report). In some embodiments, the roof estimate report may be in a format that may be consumed by a computer-aided design program.
• FIG. 3A shows acover page301 of the report and includes theaddress301aof abuilding301cand an overheadaerial image301bof thebuilding301c.
• FIG. 3B shows asecond page302 of the report and includes two wide perspective (oblique) views302aand302bof thebuilding301cat the address with the surrounding areas more clearly shown.
• FIG. 3C shows athird page303 of the report and includes a line drawing303aof the building roof showingridge lines303band303c, and acompass indicator303d. In addition, a building roof having valleys would result in a line drawing including one or more valley lines. The ridge and/or valley lines may be called out in particular colors. For example,ridge lines303band303cmay be illustrated in red, while valley lines may be illustrated in blue. The line drawing303ais also annotated with the dimensions of the planar sections of the building roof. In this case, the dimensions are the lengths of the edges of the planar roof sections.
• FIG. 3D shows afourth page304 of the report and includes a line drawing304aof the building roof showing the pitch of each roof section along with a compass indicator. The pitch in this example is given in inches, and it represents the number of vertical inches that the labeled planar roof section drops over 12 inches of horizontal run. The slope can be easily calculated from such a representation using basic trigonometry. The use of a numerical value of inches of rise per foot of run is a well known measure of slope in the roofing industry. A roof builder typically uses this information to assist in the repair and/or construction of a roof. Of course, other measures and/or units of slope may be utilized as well, including percent grade, angle in degrees, etc.
• FIG. 3E shows afifth page305 of the report and includes a line drawing305aof the building roof showing the square footage of each roof section along with the total square foot area value. Of course, other units of area may be used as well, such as square meters or the number of “squares” of roofing material required for covering each roof section.
• FIG. 3F shows afifth page306 of the report and includes a line drawing306aof the building roof where notes or comments may be written. The line drawing306aincludes a label for each roof section (shown here as “A”, “B”, “C”), such that comments may be conveniently related to specific roof sections.
• In other embodiments, more or less information may be provided, or the illustrated information may be arranged in different ways. For example, the report may be provided in electronic form, such as a PDF file or a computer aided design software format. In some embodiments, the report may be “active” or editable, such that the user of the report may make changes to the report, based on on-site observations.
2. Roof Estimation System User Interface
• FIGS. 4A-4F,5A-5D,6A-6D, and7A-7C describe an example interactive user interface provided by one embodiment of the roof estimation system. As noted, theRES100 described with reference toFIG. 1 includes auser interface engine104 that is configured to provide access to one or more functions of theRES100, including image registration (described with respect toFIGS. 4A-4F), roof pitch determination (described with respect toFIGS. 5A-5D), roof model construction (described with reference toFIGS. 6A-6D), and roof model review (described with respect toFIGS. 7A-7C).
• A. Image Registration
• FIGS. 4A-4F are screen displays illustrating image registration and image lean correction in an example embodiment. In particular,FIG. 4A shows auser interface screen400 that is utilized by an operator to generate a three dimensional model of a roof of a building. Theuser interface screen400 shows a roof modeling project in an initial state, after the operator has specified an address of a building and after images of the building have been obtained and loaded into the roof estimation system.
• Theuser interface screen400 includes acontrol panel401 and five images402-406 of abuilding roof407. Thecontrol panel401 includes user selectable controls (e.g., buttons, check boxes, menus, etc.) for various roof modeling tasks, such as setting reference points for the images, setting the vertical (Z) axis for the images, switching between different images, saving the model, and the like. Each of the images402-406 provides a different view of thebuilding roof407. In particular, images402-406 respectively provide substantially top-down, south, north, west, and east views of thebuilding roof407. Each image402-406 includes four marker controls (also called “reference points” or “registration markers”) that are used by the operator to set reference points in the image for purposes of image registration. The registration markers will be described further with respect to an enlargement ofimage portion408 described with respect toFIGS. 4B-4C, below.
• FIGS. 4B-4C show an enlarged view ofimage portion408 during the process of image registration forimage402, which provides a top-down view of thebuilding roof407. As shown inFIG. 4B,image portion408 includes thebuilding roof407 and registration markers410-413. The markers410-413 are interactive user interface controls that can be directly manipulated (e.g., moved, rotated, etc.) by the operator in order to specify points to use for purposes of image registration. In particular, image registration includes determining a transformation between each of one or more images and a uniform 3D reference grid. The uniform 3D reference grid is used as a coordinate system for a 3D model of the roof. By registering multiple images to the reference grid, an operator may indicate a roof feature on an image (such as a roof edge), which may then be translated from the coordinate system of the image to the coordinate system of the reference grid, for purposes of including of the indicated feature in the 3D model.
• Marker410 is an origin marker control, and includesarms410a-410c.Arms410aand410bare horizontal arms that are utilized to specify the X and Y axes (e.g., the horizontal plane) of the reference grid.Arm410cis a vertical arm that may be utilized to specify the Z axis (e.g., the vertical axis) of the reference grid. The use of the vertical arm to specify the Z axis will be further described with respect toFIG. 4E, below.
• Typically, markers410-413 are color coded, such that they may be distinguished from one another. For example, marker411-413 may be respectively colored red, blue, and green.Origin marker410 has a different appearance than markers411-413, so may be of any color. In other embodiments, markers411-413 may be distinguished in other ways, such as by utilizing different sized dashed lines, different line thicknesses, etc. In still other embodiments, markers are not distinguished any way from each other, such as by being of uniform shape, color, etc.
• FIG. 4C showsimage portion408 with markers410-413 after they have been placed by an operator. Typically, registration markers are placed at four spatially distributed corners of the roof. As shown inFIG. 4C, the operator has placed markers410-413 at four different corners of thebuilding roof407. In particular, the operator first placed theorigin marker410 at the lower left corner of thebuilding roof407, and has adjusted (e.g., rotated) thearms410aand410bto align with the major horizontal axes of the roof. By adjusting thearms410aand410bof theorigin marker410, the rotational orientation of markers411-413 is automatically adjusted by the roof estimation system. Next, the operator places markers411-413 on some other corners of the roof. In general, the operator can place registration marker over any roof feature, but roof corners are typically utilized because they are more easily identified by the operator. After the operator is satisfied with the placement of markers410-413, the operator typically registers a next image of thebuilding roof407, as will be described next.
• FIGS. 4D-4F illustrate image registration forimage404, which provides a north view of thebuilding roof407. In particular,FIG. 4D shows theuser interface screen400 described with reference toFIG. 4A. Here,image402 has been minimized, whileimage404 has been enlarged so that the operator may register that image by placing markers onimage404, as will be described below with respect to an enlarged view ofimage portion418.
• FIG. 4E shows an enlarged view ofimage portion418 during the process of image registration forimage404.Image portion418 includes thebuilding roof407 and registration markers420-423. Markers420-423 respectively correspond to markers410-413 described above. In particular,marker420 is an origin marker control that includesarms420a-420c.Arms420aand420bare horizontal arms that are utilized to specify the X and Y axes of the reference grid.Arm420cis a vertical arm that may be utilized to specify the Z axis of the reference grid.
• In the example ofFIG. 4E, the operator has moved each of markers420-423 to a corner of theroof407. Note that the markers420-423 are moved to roof corners that correspond to those selected by the operator with markers410-413, as described with reference toFIG. 4C. In particular,origin marker420 has been moved to the corner of theroof407 selected withorigin marker410 inimage408;marker421 has been moved to the corner selected withmarker411 inimage408;marker422 has been moved to the corner selected withmarker412 inimage408; andmarker423 has been moved to the corner selected withmarker413 inimage408. In addition, markers420-423 have been rotated, by operator rotation of theorigin marker420, to align with the major axes of theroof407.
• As noted, the operator can utilize theorigin marker420 to specify the vertical axis of the reference grid. In particular, the operator can adjust (e.g., by dragging with a mouse or other pointing device)arm420cofmarker420 to specify the vertical (Z) axis of the image. In some cases, aerial images may include some amount of lean, due to the orientation of the aircraft during image capture. For example, pitch, yaw, or roll of an aircraft during the course of image capture may result in images that are misaligned with respect to the vertical axis of the building and its roof. Typically, an operator may adjustarm420cto line up with a feature of a building or roof that is known to be substantially vertical, such as a wall of a house or a chimney. Then, based on the angle ofarm420cwith respect to the vertical axis of the image, the roof estimation system can determine a correction between the reference grid and the image.
• FIG. 4F shows an enlarged view ofimage portion418 after registration ofimage404. Once the operator has placed and adjusted markers420-423, the operator may direct (e.g., by clicking a button) the roof estimation system to register the image to the reference grid, based on the positions and orientations of markers420-423. Once the roof estimation system registers the image, it provides the operator with feedback so that the operator may determine the correctness or accuracy of the registration.
• In the example ofFIG. 4F, the operator has directed the roof estimation system to registerimage404, and the roof estimation system has updatedimage portion418 with registration indicators430-433. Registration indicators430-433 provide the operator with feedback so that the operator may judge the accuracy of the registration ofimage404.
• Registration indicator430 is an origin registration indicator that includes twoarms430a-430band threereference grid indicators430c-430e, shown as dashed lines. Thereference grid indicators430c-430eshow the vertical axis (430c) and the two horizontal axes (430dand430e) of the reference grid determined based on the placement and orientation of the markers420-423.Arms430aand430bcorrespond to the placement ofarms420a-420coforigin marker420. If thearms430aand430bdo not substantially align with the correspondingreference grid indicators430eand430d, then the determined reference grid is out of alignment with the specified axes of the house. Typically, an operator will return to the view ofFIG. 4E to make adjustments to origin marker, such as adjusting one or more of the vertical or horizontal axes, in order to refine the registration of the image. Although thearms430a-430band thereference grid indicators430c-430eare here illustrated as solid and dashed lines, in other embodiments they may be color coded. For example,arms430a-430bmay be red, whilereference grid indicators430c-430emay be blue.
• Registration indicators431-433 provide the operator with information regarding the accuracy of the placement of markers421-423. In particular, each registration indicator431-433 includes a solid crosshairs and a reference indicator, shown for example as a dashedline432a. The crosshair of a registration indicator corresponds to the placement of a marker. For example, the crosshairs ofregistration indicator431 corresponds to the placement ofmarker421 inFIG. 4E. If the reference indicator intersects the center (or substantially near the center) of the crosshairs of a registration indicator, then the operator knows that the placement of the corresponding marker is accurate. On the other hand, if the reference indicator does not intersect the center of the crosshairs of a registration indicator, then the operator knows that the placement of the corresponding marker is inaccurate. Typically, such an inaccuracy arises when the placement of markers in the top view of the roof does not agree with (correspond to) the placement of corresponding markers in another view of the roof. In such cases, the operator can return to the view ofFIG. 4C or4E to adjust the position of one or more markers.
• After registeringimage404, the operator will proceed to register additional images of thebuilding roof407 utilizing a process similar to that described above. In this example, the operator will registerimages403,405, and406. Although the operator is here described as registering a total of five images, in other cases more or fewer images may be registered.
• B. Roof Model Construction
• FIGS. 5A-5D and6A-6C generally illustrate aspects of the process of roof model generation based on multiple registered images. In particular, these figures illustrate the construction of a roof model by an operator. Model generation/construction may include identification of roof features shown in various images of the roof, such as edges, planar sections, vertexes, and the like, as well as determination of roof pitch and other dimensional attributes of the roof. Each identified roof feature is incorporated by the roof estimation system into a 3D model of the roof, based on a translation between an image in which the feature is identified and the reference grid, as determined by the process described with reference toFIGS. 4A-4F, above.
• FIGS. 5A-5D are screen displays illustrating pitch determination in an example embodiment. In particular,FIG. 5A shows theuser interface screen400 after images402-406 have been registered. In this example, the operator is using a pitch determination control (also called a “pitch determination marker” or “pitch determination tool”) to specify the pitch of a planar roof section of thebuilding roof407 visible inimage406. The pitch determination control will be further described inFIG. 5B, below, with respect to an enlargement ofimage portion508.
• FIG. 5B shows an enlarged view ofimage portion508 during the process of pitch determination forimage406, which provides an east perspective view of thebuilding roof407. As shown inFIG. 5B, theimage portion508 includes thebuilding roof407 and a pitch determination marker510 (also called a “protractor tool”). Thepitch determination marker510 is an interactive user interface control that can be directly manipulated by the operator in order to specify the pitch of a section of thebuilding roof407.
• Thepitch determination marker510 includesarms510a-510d.Arms510a-510care axes, which are automatically aligned, based on the registration ofimage406, with the major (X, Y, and Z) axes of the building roof.Arm510dis a “protractor” arm that is adjustable by the operator to specify roof pitch.
• Themarker510 is typically first moved by the operator to a convenient location on thebuilding roof407, usually corner of a planar section of theroof407. Next, the operator adjustsarm510dso that is substantially aligns with the sloped edge of the planar roof section. Then, the roof estimation system determines the pitch of the roof section, based on the configuration of themarker510 with respect to the image and the reference grid.
• After specifying the pitch of a planar roof section, the operator will typically specify other information about the planar roof section, such as its outline, as will be described with reference toFIGS. 6A-6D. Note that as the operator provides additional information about the geometry of theroof407, the roof estimation system may automatically determine the pitch and/or other features of at least some of the other planar roof sections, based on the provided geometric information and/or assumptions about roof symmetry or other standard architectural practices.
• FIG. 5C shows a second type of pitch determination marker being used in the context ofimage403 which provides a south perspective view of thebuilding roof407. The illustrated pitch determination marker may be used in addition to, or instead of, thepitch determination marker510 described with respect toFIGS. 5A-5B, above. In particular,FIG. 5C shows a pitch determination marker520 (also called an “envelope tool”) that includessurfaces520aand520b. Thepitch determination marker520 is an interactive user interface control that can be directly manipulated by the operator in order to specify the pitch of a section of thebuilding roof407. In particular, thepitch determination marker520 may be moved and/or adjusted so that it appears to lie substantially atop two adjacent planar sections ofroof407.
• FIG. 5D shows thepitch determination marker520 after the operator has used it to specify the pitch of two sections ofroof407. Here, the operator has moved themarker520 to a position in which the spine of themarker520 is substantially aligned with the ridge line ofroof407. Then, the operator has adjusted the angle of thesurfaces520aand520bso that they appear to lie substantially atop corresponding sections ofroof407. Then, the roof estimation system determines the pitch of the roof sections, based on the configuration of themarker520 with respect to the image and the reference grid. Also illustrated arepitch indicators521 and522. Pitch indicator521 corresponds to the measured pitch ofsurface520a, andpitch indicator522 corresponds to the measured pitch ofsurface520b. As the operator adjusts the angle ofsurfaces520aand/or520b, the corresponding pitch indicators521-522 are automatically updated to reflect the determined pitch. In this example, the pitch of both surfaces is given as 4 inches of rise per foot of run.
• The envelopepitch determination marker520 may be adjusted in other ways, to specify pitches for types of roofs other than the gabled roof shown inimage403. For example, when measuring pitch of roof sections that form a roof hip,point520cmay be manipulated by the operator, such as by dragging it to the left or right, to adjust the shape of thesurfaces520aand520b, so that the surfaces align with the edges formed by the intersection of the sections that form the roof hip.
• FIGS. 6A-6D are screen displays illustrating model construction and concurrent display of operator specified roof features in an example embodiment. In particular,FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate the construction of a three dimensional wire frame model of a building roof, based on the specification of roof features by an operator. In addition,FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate the concurrent display of operator specified roof features in multiple views of a building roof.
• FIG. 6A shows theuser interface screen400 after images402-406 have been registered, and after roof pitches have been determined. In this example, the operator is specifying sections ofroof407, visible inimage406, that are to be added to a 3D wire frame model of theroof407 maintained by the roof estimation system. The specification of roof sections will be further described with reference toenlarged portion608 ofimage406 inFIG. 6B, below. In addition, as the operator specifies roof sections inimage406, the roof estimation system concurrently displays the specified roof sections in each of the other images402-405. The concurrent display of operator specified roof features will be further described with reference toenlarged portion609 ofimage402 inFIG. 6C, below.
• FIG. 6B is an enlarged view ofimage portion608 during the process of wire frame model construction in the context ofimage406, which provides an east perspective view of thebuilding roof407. As shown inFIG. 6B, theimage portion608 includes thebuilding roof407,drawing tool610, andwire frame611. The drawing tool610 (also called a “drawing marker” or a “drawing control”) is an interactive user interface control that can be directly manipulated by the operator in order to specify roof features, such as edges, ridges, valleys, corners, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, the operator uses thedrawing tool610 to trace or outline planar sections of theroof407, leading to the generation ofwire frame611. Thedrawing tool610 may be used to establish a series of connected line segments that result in a closed polygon representing a planar roof section. As the operator specifies a planar roof section in this manner, the roof estimation system determines, based on the image and the reference grid, the geometry of the planar roof section, and includes (adds) the specified planar roof section in a 3D model that corresponds toroof407.
• FIG. 6C is an enlarged view ofimage portion609 illustrating the concurrent display of operator specified roof features, in the context ofimage402, which provides a top plan view of thebuilding roof407. As the operator specifies roof sections as described with respect toFIG. 6B, the roof estimation system concurrently displays the specified roof features in one or more of the other images displayed by theuser interface screen400. More specifically,image portion609 includesbuilding roof407 andwire frame612.Wire frame612 corresponds to wireframe611 constructed by the operator with reference toFIG. 6B, except thatwire frame612 is automatically displayed as a projection from the 3D model into the top-down view ofimage402. Changes that the operator makes to wireframe611 are concurrently displayed by the roof estimation system aswire frame612 inimage portion609. For example, if a new planar roof section is added by the operator to wireframe611, the new planar roof section is automatically displayed inwire frame612. By concurrently displaying operator identified features in multiple views of buildingroof407, the operator obtains feedback regarding the correctness and/or accuracy of the 3D model or other aspects of the model generation process, such as image registration and pitch determination.
• Generally, the roof estimation system can be configured to concurrently display any operator-identified features, such as corners, ridges, valleys, planar sections, and the like, in multiple views of a building.
• Furthermore, the concurrently displayedwire frame612 is an interactive user interface element, in that the operator can make changes to thewire frame612, which are then concurrently displayed inwire frame611. Wire frames similar to those described above are also projected by the roof estimation system intoimages403,404, and405 displayed by theuser interface screen400. In this manner, the operator can switch between various images of thebuilding roof407, making refinements to the 3D model by adjusting the wire frame in whichever image is more convenient and/or provides a more suitable perspective/view of the model.
• FIG. 6D shows theuser interface screen400 during construction of a 3D model of thebuilding roof407. In particular, theuser interface400 includes a shadedwire frame613 representation of the 3D model constructed as described above. In this view, the operator can review thewire frame613 in isolation from any images to determine whether thewire frame613 accurately represents thebuilding roof407. Thewire frame613 is an interactive user interface component, in that it can be directly manipulated (e.g., moved, rotated, resized, etc.). In some embodiments, manipulating thewire frame613, such as by changing its shape, results in corresponding changes in the underlying 3D model.
• C. Roof Model Review
• FIGS. 7A-7C are screen displays illustrating roof model review in an example embodiment. In particular,FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate various techniques to facilitate the review of a roof model by an operator. Reviewing the roof model may include reviewing roof section pitches (e.g., to determine whether they conform to the building roof and/or standard construction practices), reviewing the shape and/or location of the roof model (e.g., to determine whether it substantially conforms to the building roof), etc.
• FIG. 7A shows theuser interface screen400 after the operator has constructed a model of theroof407 using one or more of the images402-406. In this example, a wire frame has been projected onto (superimposed upon)image402 and annotated with roof section pitches, as will be described further with respect toenlarged portion708 ofimage402 inFIG. 7B, below.
• FIG. 7B is an enlarged view ofimage portion708 during the process of roof model review in the context ofimage402, which provides a substantially top plan view of thebuilding roof407. As shown inFIG. 7B, theimage portion708 includes awire frame710 andlabels711a-711cthat indicate pitches of corresponding sections ofroof407. Thewire frame710 and the illustrated pitches are determined by the roof estimation system based on the pitch determination described with respect toFIGS. 5A-5D, above, and the operator's specification of the wire frame model described with respect toFIGS. 6A-6D, above.
• Thewire frame710 includes multiple vertexes connected by line segments. Each vertex includes a handle, such ashandle710a. The handles may be directly manipulated (individually or in groups) by the operator to make adjustments/modifications to thewire frame710. For example, when an operator drags handle710ato a new location, the ends of the two line segments connected to handle710awill also move to the new location.
• FIG. 7C is an alternative view of the 3D model ofroof407 during the process of roof model review. InFIG. 7C, theuser interface screen400 includes awire frame720 representation of the 3D model of theroof407. Thewire frame720 consists of multiple line segments corresponding to edges of planar roof sections. Each line segment is annotated with a label, such aslabel723, indicating the determined length of the corresponding roof section edge. Furthermore, some of the line segments indicate that they correspond to a particular roof feature. For example,line segments721 and722 may be colored (e.g., red) so as to indicate that they correspond to roof ridges. Other line segments may be differently colored (e.g., blue) so as to indicate a correspondence to roof valleys or other features. In addition, thewire frame720 may be directly manipulated by the operator in order to make adjustments to the underlying model of theroof407. For example, the operator could increase or decrease the length ofline segment721, resulting in a change in the corresponding feature of the 3D model ofroof407.
• Note that although the operator is shown, inFIGS. 5-7 above, operating upon a total of five images, in other cases, fewer images may be used. For example, in some cases fewer images may be available, or some images may provide obstructed views of the building roof, such as due to tree cover, neighboring buildings, etc.
3. Implementation Techniques
• FIG. 8 is an example block diagram of a computing system for practicing embodiments of a roof estimation system.FIG. 8 shows acomputing system800 that may be utilized to implement a Roof Estimation System (“RES”)810. One or more general purpose or special purpose computing systems may be used to implement theRES810. More specifically, thecomputing system800 may comprise one or more distinct computing systems present at distributed locations. In addition, each block shown may represent one or more such blocks as appropriate to a specific embodiment or may be combined with other blocks. Moreover, the various blocks of theRES810 may physically reside on one or more machines, which use standard inter-process communication mechanisms (e.g., TCP/IP) to communicate with each other. Further, theRES810 may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or in some combination to achieve the capabilities described herein.
• In the embodiment shown,computing system800 comprises a computer memory (“memory”)801, a display802, one or more Central Processing Units (“CPU”)803, Input/Output devices804 (e.g., keyboard, mouse, joystick, track pad, CRT or LCD display, and the like), other computer-readable media805, and network connections806. TheRES810 is shown residing inmemory801. In other embodiments, some portion of the contents, some of, or all of the components of theRES810 may be stored on and/or transmitted over the other computer-readable media805. The components of theRES810 preferably execute on one ormore CPUs803 and generate roof estimate reports, as described herein. Other code or programs830 (e.g., a Web server, a database management system, and the like) and potentially other data repositories, such asdata repository820, also reside in thememory801, and preferably execute on one ormore CPUs803. Not all of the components inFIG. 8 are required for each implementation. For example, some embodiments embedded in other software do not provide means for user input, for display, for a customer computing system, or other components.
• In a typical embodiment, theRES810 includes animage acquisition engine811, aroof modeling engine812, areport generation engine813, aninterface engine814, and a roof estimationsystem data repository816. Other and/or different modules may be implemented. In addition, theRES810 interacts via anetwork850 with an imagesource computing system855, anoperator computing system865, and/or acustomer computing system860.
• Theimage acquisition engine811 performs at least some of the functions of theimage acquisition engine101 described with reference toFIG. 1. In particular, theimage acquisition engine811 interacts with the imagesource computing system855 to obtain one or more images of a building, and stores those images in theRES data repository816 for processing by other components of theRES810. In some embodiments, theimage acquisition engine811 may act as an image cache manager, such that it preferentially provides images to other components of theRES810 from theRES data repository816, while obtaining images from the imagesource computing system855 when they are not already present in theRES data repository816. In other embodiments, images may be obtained in an “on demand” manner, such that they are provided, either by theimage acquisition engine811 or the imagesource computing system855, directly to modules of theRES810 and/or theoperator computing system865, without intervening storage in theRES data repository816.
• Theroof modeling engine812 performs at least some of the functions of theroof modeling engine102 described with reference toFIG. 1. In particular, theroof modeling engine812 generates a model based on one or more images of a building that are obtained from theRES data repository816 or directly from the imagesource computing system855. As noted, model generation may be performed semi-automatically, based on at least some inputs received from thecomputing system865. In addition, at least some aspects of the model generation may be performed automatically, based on image processing and/or image understanding techniques. After theroof modeling engine812 generates a model, it stores the generated model in theRES data repository816 for further processing by other components of theRES810.
• Thereport generation engine813 performs at least some of the functions of thereport generation engine103 described with reference toFIG. 1. In particular, thereport generation engine813 generates roof reports based on models stored in theRES data repository816. Generating a roof report may include preparing one or more views of a given 3D model of a roof, annotating those views with indications of various characteristics of the model, such as dimensions of sections or other features (e.g., ridges, valleys, etc.) of the roof, slopes of sections of the roof, areas of sections of the roof, etc. In some embodiments, thereport generation engine813 facilitates transmission of roof measurement information that may or may not be incorporated into a roof estimate report. For example, theroof generation engine813 may transmit roof measurement information based on, or derived from, models stored in theRES data repository816. Such roof measurement information may be provided to, for example, third-party systems that generate roof estimate reports based on the provided information.
• Theinterface engine814 provides a view and a controller that facilitate user interaction with theRES810 and its various components. For example, theinterface engine814 implements auser interface engine104 described with reference toFIG. 1. Thus, theinterface engine814 provides an interactive graphical user interface that can be used by a human user operating theoperator computing system865 to interact with, for example, theroof modeling engine812, to perform functions related to the generation of models, such as point registration, feature indication, pitch estimation, etc. In other embodiments, theinterface engine814 provides access directly to a customer operating thecustomer computing system860, such that the customer may place an order for a roof estimate report for an indicated building location. In at least some embodiments, access to the functionality of theinterface engine814 is provided via a Web server, possibly executing as one of theother programs830.
• In some embodiments, theinterface engine814 provides programmatic access to one or more functions of theRES810. For example, theinterface engine814 provides a programmatic interface (e.g., as a Web service, static or dynamic library, etc.) to one or more roof estimation functions of theRES810 that may be invoked by one of theother programs830 or some other module. In this manner, theinterface engine814 facilitates the development of third-party software, such as user interfaces, plug-ins, adapters (e.g., for integrating functions of theRES810 into desktop applications, Web-based applications, embedded applications, etc.), and the like. In addition, theinterface engine814 may be in at least some embodiments invoked or otherwise accessed via remote entities, such as theoperator computing system865, the imagesource computing system855, and/or thecustomer computing system860, to access various roof estimation functionality of theRES810.
• TheRES data repository816 stores information related the roof estimation functions performed by theRES810. Such information may includeimage data105,model data106, and/or reportdata107 described with reference toFIG. 1. In addition, theRES data repository816 may include information about customers, operators, or other individuals or entities associated with theRES810.
• In an example embodiment, components/modules of theRES810 are implemented using standard programming techniques. For example, theRES810 may be implemented as a “native” executable running on theCPU803, along with one or more static or dynamic libraries. In other embodiments, theRES810 is implemented as instructions processed by virtual machine that executes as one of theother programs830. In general, a range of programming languages known in the art may be employed for implementing such example embodiments, including representative implementations of various programming language paradigms, including but not limited to, object-oriented (e.g., Java, C++, C#, Matlab, Visual Basic.NET, Smalltalk, and the like), functional (e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, and the like), procedural (e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, and the like), scripting (e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, and the like), declarative (e.g., SQL, Prolog, and the like).
• The embodiments described above may also use well-known synchronous or asynchronous client-server computing techniques. However, the various components may be implemented using more monolithic programming techniques as well, for example, as an executable running on a single CPU computer system, or alternatively decomposed using a variety of structuring techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, multiprogramming, multithreading, client-server, or peer-to-peer, running on one or more computer systems each having one or more CPUs. Some embodiments execute concurrently and asynchronously, and communicate using message passing techniques. Equivalent synchronous embodiments are also supported by an RES implementation. Also, other functions could be implemented and/or performed by each component/module, and in different orders, and by different components/modules, yet still achieve the functions of the RES.
• In addition, programming interfaces to the data stored as part of theRES810, such as in theRES data repository816, can be available by standard mechanisms such as through C, C++, C#, and Java APIs; libraries for accessing files, databases, or other data repositories; through scripting languages such as XML; or through Web servers, FTP servers, or other types of servers providing access to stored data. For example, theRES data repository816 may be implemented as one or more database systems, file systems, memory buffers, or any other technique for storing such information, or any combination of the above, including implementations using distributed computing techniques.
• Also, theexample RES810 can be implemented in a distributed environment comprising multiple, even heterogeneous, computer systems and networks. For example, in one embodiment, theimage acquisition engine811, theroof modeling engine812, thereport generation engine813, theinterface engine814, and thedata repository816 are all located in physically different computer systems. In another embodiment, various modules of theRES810 are hosted each on a separate server machine and are remotely located from the tables which are stored in thedata repository816. Also, one or more of the modules may themselves be distributed, pooled or otherwise grouped, such as for load balancing, reliability or security reasons. Different configurations and locations of programs and data are contemplated for use with techniques of described herein. A variety of distributed computing techniques are appropriate for implementing the components of the illustrated embodiments in a distributed manner including but not limited to TCP/IP sockets, RPC, RMI, HTTP, Web Services (XML-RPC, JAX-RPC, SOAP, and the like).
• Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the components of the RES are implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), standard integrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and the like Some or all of the system components and/or data structures may also be stored (e.g., as software instructions or structured data) on a computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk, a memory, a network, or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection. The system components and data structures may also be stored as data signals (e.g., by being encoded as part of a carrier wave or included as part of an analog or digital propagated signal) on a variety of computer-readable transmission mediums, which are then transmitted, including across wireless-based and wired/cable-based mediums, and may take a variety of forms (e.g., as part of a single or multiplexed analog signal, or as multiple discrete digital packets or frames). Such computer program products may also take other forms in other embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of this disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations.
• FIG. 9 is an example flow diagram of an image registration routine provided by an example embodiment. The illustrated routine900 may be provided by, for example, execution of theroof estimation system810 described with respect toFIG. 8. The illustrated routine900 facilitates image registration based upon operator indicated registration points and/or image lean corrections.
• More specifically, the routine begins instep901, where it displays, on a user interface screen, an aerial image of a building having a roof. As part of the user interface screen, the routine also displays user interface controls such as markers that may be used by an operator for purposes of image registration and/or lean correction, as described with reference toFIG. 4A, above.
• Instep902, the routine receives, via one or more registration markers, indications of one or more points on the aerial image. The registration markers are manipulated by the operator to specify points on the aerial image, as described with reference toFIGS. 4A-4E. Typically, the points are visually identifiable features, such as corners of the roof of the building. For example, if the roof has four corners (e.g., a northwest, southwest, northeast, and southwest corner) the operator may place one registration marker on each of the four corners as shown in the aerial image. Then, the positions (e.g., coordinates on the aerial image) of the markers are transmitted to the routine for use in registering the aerial image, as described below.
• Instep903, the routine receives, via a lean correction marker, an indication of the vertical axis of the building roof. In at least some cases, the aerial image of the building is out of alignment with respect to the vertical axis of the building. This may be caused, for example, by pitch, roll, and/or yaw experienced by the aircraft during the process of photographing the building. To correct for such misalignment, the lean correction marker is manipulated by the operator to indicate a vertical axis of the building. Typically, the operator aligns the lean correction marker with known, substantially vertical feature of the building, such as a chimney, wall corner, etc., as described with reference toFIG. 4E, above. After the operator has aligned the lean correction marker, the position (e.g., angle of the marker, coordinates of the endpoints of the marker, etc.) of the lean correction marker is transmitted to the routine for use in registering the aerial image, as described below.
• Particular benefits may be obtained from lean correction performed in the context of an overhead, or “top down,” view. An “overhead lean” occurs when the camera is not directly overhead with respect to the building when the photo is taken. In some cases, leans in excess of 5 degrees have been observed in “top down” photos. Furthermore, unlike oblique, perspective views, a top-down lean is typically less likely to include a convenient visual marker that provides sufficient angle to assess the lean direction and magnitude, such as the edge of the building or a tall chimney. An overhead lean affects the perceived location of the roof lines in a top down view. This effect is amplified as the pitch of the roof increases and/or as the vertical separation between disconnected roof sections increases. Without lean correction, superimposing a wire frame over the visible ridgelines (and other features of a building that reside at different elevations) may produce asymmetries in otherwise symmetric structures. Further, an absence of lean correction may introduce errors in pitch estimation, as the wire frame may not appear consistent between top and oblique view points. More specifically, without top view lean correction, the positions for the roof lines in an otherwise correct (i.e., accurate with respect to the actual geometry of the roof) wire frame will typically not line up on the visible roof lines in the overhead reference photo. This often leads the user (or software) to either introduce errors by incorrectly drawing the wire frame to the image lines or perform a subjective determination of where and how to shift the wire frame lines off the image lines to produce a correct model. Top view lean correction allows the roof estimation system to trace to, or substantially to, the actual roof lines seen in the top image while still producing an accurate wire frame model.
• Image misalignment may be specified in other ways. For example, in other embodiments, the operator may instead rotate the image to a position in which the building appears to be in a substantially vertical position. Then, the angle of rotation of the image may be transmitted to the routine for use in registering the aerial image.
• Instep904, the routine registers, based on the received indications of the points and/or the received indication of the vertical axis, the aerial image to a reference grid. Registering the image to a reference grid may include determining a transformation between the reference grid and the image, based on the indicated points and/or the indicated vertical axis. Determining such a transformation may be based on other information as well, such as meta-information associated with the aerial image. In some embodiments, the aerial image has corresponding meta-information that includes image capture conditions, such as camera type, focal length, time of day, camera position (e.g., latitude, longitude, and/or elevation), etc.
• Instep905, the routine determines whether there are additional aerial images to be registered, and if so, returns to step901, else proceeds to step906. During execution of the loop of steps901-905, the operator typically indicates, for each registration marker, the same feature (e.g., corner) of the roof as shown in each of multiple images, such that the routine can register the multiple images to a single, uniform reference grid. Upon completion of the registration process, the routine has determined a uniform coordinate system for the multiple aerial images, for use during other phases of model construction, such as pitch determination or feature identification.
• Instep906, the routine generates a three-dimensional model based at least in part on the aerial image(s) and the reference grid. As discussed above with reference toFIGS. 5A-5D and6A-6D, model generation includes identification of roof features shown in various images of the roof, such as edges, planar sections, vertexes, and the like, as well as determination of roof pitch and other dimensional attributes of the roof. In other embodiments, the routine performs other functions with the registered images, such as storing them for later use (e.g., by an automated model generation module), transmitting them to another computing (e.g., for use in a third-party design application), etc. Afterstep906, the routine ends.
• Note that in at least some embodiments, aspects of the routine900 may be performed in an automated manner. For example, operations discussed above as being performed by an operator, such as the determination of the location of image registration points ofstep902 and/or the indication of lean ofstep903, may be performed by automated image processing techniques.
• FIG. 10 is an example flow diagram of a pitch determination routine provided by an example embodiment. The illustrated routine1000 may be provided by, for example, execution of theroof estimation system810 described with respect toFIG. 8. The illustrated routine1000 facilitates the determination of the pitch of a section of a roof, by displaying a pitch determination marker and modifying a 3D model of a roof based on an indication of roof pitch received via the pitch determination marker.
• More specifically, the routine begins atstep1001 where it displays an aerial image of a building having a roof comprising a plurality of planar roof sections that each have a corresponding pitch. The aerial image is displayed in the context of a user interface screen, such as is described with reference toFIGS. 4A-6C, above. The aerial images may be received from, for example, the imagesource computing system855 and/or from theRES data repository816 described with reference toFIG. 8. As discussed above, aerial images may be originally created by cameras mounted on airplanes, balloons, satellites, etc. In some embodiments, images obtained from ground-based platforms (e.g., vehicle-mounted cameras) may be used instead or in addition.
• Instep1002, the routine displays a pitch determination marker operable to indicate pitch of a planar roof section. The pitch determination marker may be, for example, a pitch determination marker510 (“protractor tool”) or520 (“envelope tool”), such as are respectively described with respect toFIGS. 5B and 5C, above. The routine displays the pitch determination marker by, for example, presenting it on a user interface screen displayed on a computer monitor or other display device. The pitch determination marker is a direct manipulation user interface control, in that an operator may manipulate it (e.g., adjust an angle, change its shape, alter its position, etc.) in order to indicate pitch of a planar roof section. Additional details regarding pitch determination controls are provided with respect toFIGS. 5A-5D, above.
• Instep1003, the routine receives, via the displayed pitch determination marker, an indication of the pitch of one of the plurality of planar roof sections of the roof of the building. Receiving an indication of the pitch includes receiving an indication (e.g., via an event, callback, etc.) that the marker has been manipulated by the operator, and then determining an angle based on the shape and/or position of the marker. In some embodiments, such an indication may be received on an event driven basis, such as every time the marker is manipulated in some manner. In other embodiments, the routine may poll the marker from time to time to determine its current state. In addition, the operator may explicitly indicate that the current state of the marker is to be transmitted to the routine, such as by pressing a button or other indication.
• Instep1004, the routine modifies a three-dimensional model of the roof based on the received indication of the pitch of the one planar roof section. Modifying the 3D model of the roof includes associating the indicated pitch with a portion of the model corresponding to the one planar roof section. For example, the 3D model may include one or more data structures representing planar roof sections, and the indicated pitch may be included as part of the data structure representing the one planar roof section. In some embodiments, the 3D model may not at this point include representations of the planar roof sections, such as because the operator has not yet specified them. In such a case, the routine may store the indicated pitch in association with the location and orientation at which the pitch was specified by the operator, as determined from the aerial image. Then, at a later time, when the operator specifies a roof section that has the same orientation as the stored pitch and that includes or is near the stored location, the roof estimation system can store the indicated pitch in association with the specified roof section.
• Afterstep1004, the routine ends. In other embodiments, the routine may instead return to step1001, to determine the pitch for another planar roof section (of the same or different roof).
• FIG. 11 is an example flow diagram of concurrent feature display routine provided by an example embodiment. The illustrated routine1100 may be provided by, for example, execution of theroof estimation system810 described with respect toFIG. 8. The illustrated routine1100 concurrently displays operator indicated features in multiple aerial images of a building roof.
• More specifically, the routine begins instep1101, where it displays a first and a second aerial image of a building having a roof, each of the aerial images providing a different view of the roof of the building. The aerial images are displayed in the context of a user interface screen, such as is described with reference toFIGS. 6A-6C, above.
• Instep1102, the routine receives an indication of a feature of the building shown in the first aerial image. The indication is typically received via a user interface control, such as a drawing tool or marker, upon its manipulation by an operator. For example, the operator may manipulate a drawing tool in order to specify one or more features of the building roof, such as a corner on the roof, an edge of the roof, an outline of a section of the roof, etc. In one embodiment, the operator utilizes a drawing tool to indicate roof section corner points and roof section edges connecting those corner points. Additional details regarding feature indication are provided with respect toFIGS. 6A-6C, above.
• Instep1103, the routine modifies a three-dimensional model of the roof based on the received indication of the feature of the building. Modifying the 3D model may include adding or updating the indicated feature to a wire frame model of the roof. For example, if the indicated feature is a roof section corner point, the corner point will be added to the 3D model, along with the location (e.g., the X, Y, and Z position of the point) of the point. The location of the point is automatically determined based on a translation of the position of the point in the image to a point in the uniform reference grid associated with the image. If the indicated feature is a roof section edge, the edge will be added to the 3D model, such as by associating the edge with two points corresponding to the end points of the edge. Higher-level features can also be indicated. For example, a planar roof section may be indicated by “closing” a sequence of two or more connected line segments, to create a closed polygon that represents the outline or perimeter of the planar roof section.
• Instep1104, the routine concurrently displays a projection of the feature from the modified three-dimensional model onto the first and second aerial images. In one embodiment, displaying the feature from the modified three-dimensional model includes projecting the three-dimensional model onto both the first and second aerial images. For example, if the first image (for which the indicated feature was received) provides a west view of the building, and the second image provides an east view of the building, the routine will concurrently display a projection of the indicated feature from the 3D model onto both the first and second images. The projection of the indicated feature into the second image is based at least in part on a translation from the position of the feature in the reference grid to a position in the second image. In addition, the concurrent display onto two or more images occurs at substantially the same time (within a short time interval, at times that are substantially coincident) as the indication of the feature of the building instep1102, giving the operator the illusion that as they are indicating a feature in the first image, the feature is being simultaneously projected into the second image.
• Afterstep1104, the routine ends. In other embodiments, the routine may instead return to step1101, to perform an interactive loop of steps1101-1104 with the operator, so that the routine can concurrently display multiple features as they are indicated by the operator. Note that in such an embodiment, each iteration of the loop of steps1101-1104 may be performed at near real-time speeds, so as to provide a fluid, interactive model generation experience for the operator enabling the operator to drag, draw, or otherwise indicate/manipulate features in a first image and view the results of their work concurrently projected into a second image.
• All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including but not limited to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/197,904, entitled “USER INTERFACE SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ROOF ESTIMATION,” filed Oct. 31, 2008, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties.
• From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, the methods, systems, and techniques for generating and providing roof estimate reports discussed herein are applicable to other architectures other than the illustrated architecture or a particular roof estimation system implementation. Also, the methods and systems discussed herein are applicable to differing network protocols, communication media (optical, wireless, cable, etc.) and devices (such as wireless handsets, electronic organizers, personal digital assistants, portable email machines, game machines, pagers, navigation devices such as GPS receivers, etc.). Further, the methods and systems discussed herein may be utilized by and/or applied to other contexts or purposes, such as by or for solar panel installers, roof gutter installers, awning companies, HVAC contractors, general contractors, and/or insurance companies.

Claims (1)

1. A roof wireframe display machine comprising:

a roof wireframe display machine processor;

a screen operably coupled to the roof wireframe display machine processor; and

a memory coupled to the roof wireframe display machine processor having computer executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the roof wireframe display machine processor to:

cause a user interface engine to display a user interface on the screen;

cause the user interface engine to display on the user interface a top-down aerial image of a building having a roof;

cause the user interface engine to concurrently display on the user interface a first oblique aerial image of the building having the roof;

cause the user interface engine to concurrently display on the user interface a second oblique aerial image of the building having the roof providing a different view of the building than the first oblique aerial image of the building;

cause the user interface engine to display a drawing tool on the user interface at a location on the first oblique aerial image, the drawing tool being an interactive user interface control that can be directly manipulated by a user in order to specify roof features;

in response to input from the user, cause the user interface engine to trace planar roof sections of the roof on the first oblique aerial image with the drawing tool to establish a series of connected line segments that result in a closed polygons representing the planar roof sections;

as the series of connected line segments that result in the closed polygons representing the planar roof sections are established, determine, based on the first oblique aerial image and a 3D reference grid associated with the roof, a geometry of the planar roof sections;

add the geometry of the planar roof sections to a 3D model that corresponds to the roof;

automatically display a wireframe of the roof on the top-down aerial image as a projection from the 3D model onto the top-down aerial image in response to the geometry of the planar roof sections being added to the 3D model;

automatically display a wireframe of the roof on the second oblique aerial image as a projection from the 3D model onto the second oblique aerial image in response to the geometry of the planar roof sections being added to the 3D model;

in response to input from the user, cause the user interface engine to trace an additional planar roof section of the roof on the first oblique aerial image with the drawing tool to establish a series of connected line segments that result in a closed polygon that represents the additional planar roof section;

concurrently with the tracing of the additional planar roof section of the roof on the first oblique aerial image automatically add the additional planar roof section to the wireframe of the roof on the top-down aerial image as a projection from the 3D model onto the top-down aerial image; and

concurrently with the tracing of the additional planar roof section of the roof on the first oblique aerial image automatically add the additional planar roof section to the wireframe of the roof on the second oblique aerial image as a projection from the 3D model onto the second oblique aerial image.

Images