US20150352360A1 - Retinal implant with rectified ac powered photodiode - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a microelectronics element, such as an optical receiver element, for a medical implant device to be implanted in the human or animal body, particularly for a retinal implant device. The microelectronics element comprises a functional unit including application specific microelectronics, such as a photodiode, for performing a function in the medical implant device, and rectifier means adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage. The DC voltage provided by the rectifier means, or an operating voltage derived from the DC voltage, is configured to be supplied to the functional unit. Further, the functional unit and the rectifier means are integrated on a common semiconductor substrate and configured such that the rectifier means isolates the microelectronics element from application of an external DC supply voltage. The invention also relates to a medical implant device, such as a retinal implant, which incorporates such a microelectronics element.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/811,813, filed Sep. 22, 2010, entitled “RETINAL IMPLANT WITH RECTIFIED AC POWERED PHOTODIODE,” which is a U.S. Nationalization of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2009/000176 filed 14 Jan. 2009, entitled “RETINAL IMPLANT WITH RECTIFIED AC POWERED PHOTODIODE,” which claims the benefit of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2008/000231 filed 14 Jan. 2008, entitled “OPTICAL RECEIVER ELEMENT” the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present invention relates to a medical implant device, and more particularly to a microelectronics element, such as a microchip, to be incorporated in the medical implant device.
• In a particularly preferred application of the present invention, the medical implant device comprises a retinal implant and the microelectronics element may be in the form of an optical receiver element for the retinal implant. It will be appreciated, however, that the present invention is not limited to this particular application, but may be employed in various medical implant applications where microelectronic components are used, including, for example, pacemakers, cochlea implants and hearing aids, neural implants, as well as other implant devices.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
• When microelectronic components are employed in medical implant devices, an important consideration is to protect the microelectronic components from the adverse affects of the aqueous environment usually encountered within the human or animal body. In particular, the moisture or fluids of the human or animal body to which such medical implant devices are almost invariably exposed are typically electrolytic conductors and create a potentially corrosive environment for the microelectronic components, especially when those components are supplied with a direct current (DC) voltage via a battery power source or a converted alternating current (AC) power supply. When the microelectronic components are exposed to corrosive influences, the efficacy of the medical implant device can be compromised leading to reduced performance or even to a complete failure of the device. For example, when an optical receiver element is used in an environment where it is exposed to aqueous solutions or other liquids, proper functioning of the receiver element may be impaired by electrochemical corrosion.
• A typical solution to this problem is to enclose or encase the microelectronics and other sensitive components in such a way that they are impervious to moisture. For example, the sensitive components or even the entire medical implant device may be hermetically sealed from the aqueous environment of the body, for example, by an enclosure or a coating layer, such as a polymer coating. Silicone polymers are particularly favorable in this context because of their high bio-compatibility. Such a coating layer, however, not only complicates the manufacturing process, but also has the problem that the microelectronic components still need to maintain an electrical contact with external components. This often requires that a physical connection be provided through the protective enclosure or coating layer and, thus, a breach in the protective enclosure or layer is created. Additionally, while sealing some components or the entire implant device with, for example, a polymer coating layer can provide effective protection from a corrosive environment, it can also involve a conflict between the requirements of impermeability to moisture on the one hand, and flexibility of the implant device on the other, particularly in the field of retinal implants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a medical implant device in which the sensitive microelectronic components of the device are adequately protected from the aqueous environment of the human or animal body, without all of the drawbacks or limitations noted above.
• The present invention provides a microelectronics element for a medical implant device as. In this respect, the present invention is preferably embodied as an optical receiver element. Furthermore, the invention provides a medical implant device, such as a retinal implant. In one broad aspect, therefore, the present invention provides a microelectronics element, such as a microchip, for a medical implant device to be implanted in the human or animal body, the microelectronics element comprising: a functional unit including application specific microelectronics for performing a function in the medical implant device, and rectifier means adapted for converting an alternating current (AC) supply voltage into a direct current (DC) voltage. The DC voltage provided by the rectifier means, or an operating voltage which is derived from the DC voltage, is configured to be supplied to the functional unit. The functional unit and the rectifier means are integrated on a common semiconductor substrate such that the microelectronics element does not need an external DC voltage supply. In other words, the microelectronics element of the invention is configured to avoid, or to be isolated from, application of a DC signal; for example, there is no DC signal at an outer region of the microelectronics element (i.e. microchip) that forms an interface with an aqueous environment in the human or animal body.
• Thus, the present invention provides corrosion suppression means adapted to isolate a microelectronics element or a microchip from the adverse affects of an externally applied or acting DC voltage. In particular, the configuration of the microelectronics element or microchip of the invention renders it designed for exposure to an AC supply voltage only, and desirably excludes the flow of direct current outside of, out from, and/or at a body-interface of the element or microchip of the invention. This, in turn, renders the microelectronics element or microchip inherently resistant to the corrosive effects of the aqueous environment within the body. In particular, the external application of an AC supply voltage to the microelectronics element or microchip of the invention does not give rise to the same corrosive effects experienced with DC voltage supply due to the constantly (and frequently) alternating polarity of the voltage supply. The integration of the rectifier means with the application specific microelectronics of the functional unit on one common semiconductor substrate, e.g. in a microchip, in such a manner that the rectifier means isolates the microelectronics element from an externally applied or acting DC voltage thus forms a corrosion suppression means in the microelectronics element. While a polymer coating layer may still be desirably employed with such an element, lower thicknesses of the coating layer providing greater flexibility are more viable.
• In a preferred form of the invention, the microelectronics element further comprises a capacitor integrated on the common substrate and connected to a terminal of said functional unit, such that the capacitor is adapted for decoupling an alternating component of a signal output from the functional unit. In particular, the decoupling capacitor may be arranged to ensure that a signal output from the microelectronics element or microchip (e.g. at an output pin) only has an alternating component. This capacitor arrangement can therefore again serve to exclude the direct action of an external DC signal on an outside of the microelectronics element or microchip (i.e. at an interface with an aqueous environment of the body); that is, it may serve to avoid direct exposure of the microelectronics element or microchip of the invention to an external DC signal.
• In a preferred form of the invention, the microelectronics element further comprises an amplifier adapted to amplify a signal which is output from the functional unit, or a signal which is derived therefrom.
• In one particular form of the invention, the application specific microelectronics of the functional unit may comprise a processor, such as a data processor.
• In a more preferred form of the invention, however, the functional unit consists of, or comprises, a photosensor which is adapted for detecting incident light, such that the microelectronics element can be embodied as an optical receiver element. The photosensor may, for example, be adapted for converting a modulated light signal into a corresponding detection signal. In this connection, the photosensor may be adapted to receive and detect a light signal, and more preferably, an infrared light signal. The photosensor may, for example, be in the form of a photodiode.
• In a particularly preferred embodiment, therefore, the invention provides an optical receiver element comprising: a photosensor adapted for detecting incident light, and a rectifier adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage. The DC voltage from the rectifier, or an operating voltage derived from the DC voltage, is supplied to the photosensor, and the rectifier and the photosensor are integrated on one common semiconductor substrate.
• By integrating the rectifier and the photodiode on one common substrate, the optical receiver element is adapted to be operated with AC voltage instead of DC voltage. Photodiodes used previously have typically required a DC voltage supply, which has often led to the galvanic corrosion of metal elements that are exposed to an aqueous environment. In the optical receiver element according to embodiments of the present invention, the DC voltage supply is replaced by an AC voltage supply. Thus, the DC voltage generated by the rectifier does not come into direct contact with the medium external to the optical receiver element. With regard to the AC supply voltage, the problems related to galvanic corrosion are much less severe, because the polarity of the supply lines changes at high frequency. By employing an AC voltage as a supply voltage, therefore, damage due to galvanic corrosion may be significantly reduced or even completely avoided. This invention thus supports the use of optical data transmission in environments where galvanic corrosion is likely to occur.
• Optical data transmission via modulated light, preferably in the infrared spectrum, offers a multitude of advantages. Optical data transmission is characterized by its resistance to interference. The design of the transmitter and the receiver element is comparatively simple. Furthermore, the amount of energy consumed by the optical receiver element is quite low, and the area needed for accommodating an optical receiver element is relatively small.
• In another broad aspect, the invention provides a microelectronics element, such as a microchip, for a medical implant device to be implanted in the human or animal body, the microelectronics element comprising: a functional unit including application specific microelectronics for performing a function in the medical implant device, rectifier means adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage, and corrosion suppression means for inhibiting electrolytic corrosion of the microelectronics element in an aqueous environment. The DC voltage provided by the rectifier means, or an operating voltage which is derived from the DC voltage, is configured to be supplied to the functional unit. The corrosion suppression means comprises a circuit configuration in which the functional unit and the rectifier means are integrated on a common semiconductor substrate such that the microelectronics element avoids the presence of an external DC signal being (directly) applied to and/or acting (directly) on the microelectronics element.
• In this way, even where a physical electrical connection extends through a thin coating layer in the microelectronics element or microchip of the invention, the isolation of the element or microchip from a DC signal by the corrosion suppression means results in the desired inhibition of any corrosive effects. That is, the microelectronics element or microchip of the invention is not exposed to direct current in the corrosive aqueous environment.
• A medical implant according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a microelectronics element, preferably in the form of an optical receiver element, as described above. The medical implant is desirably a retinal implant, with the optical receiver element being adapted for receiving and detecting a modulated light signal.
• The microelectronics element of the invention is especially well-suited for use in a medical implant device that is exposed to all kinds of body fluids. For a medical implant, long-term stability is highly important, because replacement of an implant device typically requires surgery. By using a microelectronics element according to an embodiment of the present invention, electrochemical corrosion is significantly reduced or even completely eliminated, and hence, the lifetime of the medical implant device is prolonged. By using an AC supply voltage for microelectronics elements (e.g. optical receiver elements) that have to date generally been supplied by a DC voltage, the long-term stability of the medical implant device is improved.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above and further features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like parts, and in which:
• FIG. 1 shows a microelectronics element illustrating an example of the concept of the present invention;
• FIG. 2 shows an optical receiver element according to an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 3 shows the packaging of an optical receiver element according to an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 4 shows an optical receiver element according to another embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 5 shows a microelectronics element illustrating another example of the concept of the present invention; and
• FIG. 6 shows a retinal implant device comprising an optical receiver element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• Referring firstly toFIG. 1 of the drawings, a microelectronics element in the form of amicrochip1 illustrating an example of the invention is shown. Themicrochip1 is designed to be implanted in the human or animal body in a medical implant device and comprises application specific microelectronics in afunctional unit2 for performing a function in the medical implant device, and rectifier means3 adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage. In this example, the rectifier means3 comprises at least one diode and may include one or more filter capacitor or buffer capacitor for generating a smoothed DC voltage. It will be appreciated, however, that the rectifier means3 may take a variety of different forms (e.g. a diode bridge-type rectifier, a voltage-adjusting rectifier, etc.) and may comprise an active rectifier circuit or a passive rectifier circuit.
• Both thefunctional unit2 and the rectifier means3 are integrated on a common semiconductor substrate4 (formed, for example, from silicon, germanium or any other suitable material), with the arrangement of the rectifier means3 and the associated circuitry configured to form corrosion suppression means with which the microelectronics element, i.e. themicrochip1, avoids any externally applied or acting DC signal or DC supply voltage. In other words, themicrochip1 is adapted to be driven by an AC voltage supply U_ACwhich is applied to voltage supply pins5 and6. The frequency of the AC voltage preferably lies in the range of about 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The rectifier means3 is adapted to convert the AC voltage supply U_ACapplied to the voltage supply pins5 and6 into a DC voltage U_DCand this DC voltage then forms a supply voltage for the application specific microelectronics of thefunctional unit2, i.e. at one or more input terminal of thefunctional unit2. Themicrochip1 further comprises a capacitor8, which is connected to anoutput terminal9 of thefunctional unit2. The capacitor8 is adapted for decoupling anoutput signal10 from thefunctional unit2, such that anoutput signal10 at an output pin11 of themicrochip1 comprises the alternating component of the signal generated by or output from thefunctional unit2. A tuning arrangement comprising acapacitor12 and aninductor13 may optionally be provided in the AC voltage supply circuitry between the supply pins5,6. Although not so shown, it will be appreciated that the tuningcapacitor12 and/orinductor13 could also be integrated on thecommon semiconductor substrate4.
• With reference now toFIG. 2 of the drawings, a microelectronics element embodied as anoptical receiver element1 according to the present invention is shown. This embodiment basically corresponds to the example inFIG. 1, with theoptical receiver element1 comprising afunctional unit2, this time in the form of a photosensor comprising a photodiode. Theoptical receiver element1 further comprises arectifier3, and both thephotodiode2 and therectifier3 are integrated on acommon semiconductor substrate4. As before, the rectifier can have a variety of different forms (e.g. a diode bridge-type rectifier, a voltage-adjusting rectifier, etc.) and may comprise an active rectifier circuit or a passive rectifier circuit. Also, as the semiconductor material, silicon, germanium or any other suitable material may be again used. In this case, however, the proper choice of the semiconductor material will usually depend upon the desired range of the wavelengths of the light to be detected by thephotodiode2. For wavelengths of up to 1.1 micrometer, for example, silicon is usually a more suitable material, whereas for wavelengths of up to 1.8 micrometer germanium may be used.
• Theoptical receiver element1 is driven by an AC voltage U_AC. Preferably, the frequency of the AC voltage lies between 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The AC voltage U_ACis applied to the voltage supply pins5 and6. Therectifier3 is adapted for converting the AC voltage into a DC voltage U_DC. Therectifier3 is composed of one or more diodes and may comprise one or more filter capacitors or buffer capacitors for generating a smoothed DC voltage U_DC. This DC voltage then forms a supply voltage for thephotodiode2. Thephotodiode2 is used in the so-called “photoconductive mode” under reverse bias. Photodiodes which are operated in the photoconductive mode are more sensitive to light than the ones based upon the photovoltaic effect and also tend to have lower capacitance, which improves the speed of their time response. A further effect of the reverse bias is widening of the depletion layer and strengthening of the photocurrent.
• When a beam of modulated light7 is incident on thephotodiode2, a photocurrent is generated that alternates in accordance with the modulation of the modulated light7. Theoptical receiver element1 in this embodiment of the invention also comprises a capacitor8 connected to aterminal9 of thephotodiode2, with the capacitor8 adapted for uncoupling or decoupling anoutput signal10 from the photodiode circuit. Theoutput signal10 solely comprises the alternating component of the received signal. The modulation of the modulated light7 may, for example, be chosen such that theoutput signal10 does not comprise any constant component, or only a negligible constant component. Theoutput signal10 is supplied to an output pin11 of theoptical receiver element1.
• FIG. 3 of the drawings schematically illustrates the external design of theoptical receiver element1. In this regard, theoptical receiver element1 comprises a photosensitive area15 that is made of a material that is transparent for the light to be detected. Preferably, the voltage supply pins5,6 and the output pin11 are located at a reverse side of the packagedelement1 opposite to the photosensitive area15.
• Theoptical receiver element1 shown inFIG. 2 andFIG. 3 is especially well-suited for realizing optical data transmission in a surrounding where electrochemical corrosion is likely to occur. By integrating thephotodiode2 and therectifier3 on onecommon substrate4, theoptical receiver element1 is designed to be operated with AC voltage instead of DC voltage. Photodiodes that have been used to date have required a DC voltage supply, and this has often led to galvanic corrosion of the metal elements exposed to the aqueous environment in the body. In theoptical receiver element1 according to the present invention, however, the DC voltage supply is replaced by an AC voltage supply, so that damage resulting from galvanic corrosion may be significantly reduced or completely avoided. This allows use of optical data transmission in aqueous environments where galvanic corrosion was previously a problem.
• As noted above, optical data transmission via modulated light, preferably in the infrared spectrum, offers numerous advantages. Firstly, optical data transmission is characterized by its resistance to interference. Further, the design of the transmitter and receiver elements is comparatively simple, and the amount of energy consumed by an optical receiver element is quite low. The area required to accommodate an optical receiver element is also relatively small.
• InFIG. 4 of the drawings another embodiment of anoptical receiver element1 according to the present invention is depicted. In this example, theoptical receiver element1 comprises afunctional unit2, again in the form of a photosensor comprising a photodiode, in combination with arectifier3, a capacitor8, an ambient light control circuit16, and an amplifier17. All of these components are integrated on onecommon semiconductor substrate4. Compared to the embodiment shown inFIG. 2 of the drawings, therefore, the ambient light control circuit16 and the amplifier17 have been added.
• Again, an AC supply voltage U_ACis applied to the two voltage supply pins5,6. Therectifier3 is adapted for converting the AC supply voltage U_ACto a DC voltage U_DC, with U_DCthen forming, or being used as, a supply voltage for the ambient light control circuit16 and the amplifier17. The ambient light control circuit16 determines the intensity of the ambient light. Dependent upon the intensity of the ambient light, the ambient light control circuit16 supplies an operating voltage to thephotodiode2, whereby the operating point of thephotodiode2 is set to a respective optimum. When modulated light7 strikes thephotodiode2, a modulated photocurrent is generated. The alternating component of the photocurrent is uncoupled or decoupled by the capacitor8 and supplied to the amplifier17.
• The ambient light control circuit16 may comprise an automatic gain control. The automatic gain control is adapted for controlling the gain of the amplifier17 in dependence upon the amplitude of the modulated detection signal, and for providing again control signal18 to the amplifier17. The amplifier's input signal is amplified according to thegain control signal18, and the amplifier's output signal is provided to the output pin11 of theoptical receiver element1. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, amplification of the modulated detection signal is activated as soon as the ambient light intensity exceeds a predefined threshold. According to a further preferred embodiment, the amplifier16 has a logarithmic characteristic.
• With reference now toFIG. 5 of the drawings, a microelectronics element in the form of amicrochip1 illustrating another example of the invention is shown. Themicrochip1 is again designed to be implanted in the human or animal body in a medical implant device and again comprises application specific microelectronics in afunctional unit2 for performing a function in the medical implant device, and rectifier means3 adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage. As before, the rectifier means3 comprises at least one diode and may include one or more filter capacitor or buffer capacitor for generating a smoothed DC voltage. In other words, the rectifier means3 may again take a variety of different forms (e.g. a diode bridge-type rectifier, a voltage-adjusting rectifier, etc.) and may comprise an active rectifier circuit or a passive rectifier circuit. Importantly, both thefunctional unit2 and the rectifier means3 are again integrated on acommon semiconductor substrate4, with the arrangement of the rectifier means3 and the associated circuitry configured to form a corrosion suppression means with which the microelectronics element, i.e. themicrochip1, avoids or is isolated from an externally applied or acting DC signal or DC supply voltage.
• Thus, themicrochip1 inFIG. 5 is adapted to be driven by an AC voltage supply U_ACwhich is applied to voltage supply pins5 and6. The rectifier means3 is adapted to convert the AC voltage supply U_ACapplied to the voltage supply pins5 and6 into a DC voltage U_DCand this DC voltage is then used to supply voltage to the application specific microelectronics of thefunctional unit2. In contrast to the embodiments ofFIGS. 1 to 4, however, in which an input interface of the microchip1 (not illustrated in those cases) was, for example, adapted for optical data transfer, themicrochip1 in the present example comprises aninput pin19 for receiving asignal10 to be processed. Thissignal10 may, for example, be the output signal of anoptical receiver element1 according to one the embodiments ofFIGS. 1 to 4. Thecapacitor20 shown in the input line extending from theinput terminal19 is optional and may be included to filter or tune thesignal10.
• In this case, therefore, thefunctional unit2 of themicrochip1 may comprise a processor adapted for processing theoutput signal10 from an optical receiver element. Thus, when employed in a retinal implant device, as will be described in more detail below, themicrochip1 ofFIG. 5 may be adapted for processing thesignal10 in theprocessor unit2 and then transmitting stimulation signals21 to the plurality of electrodes of a retina-stimulating electrode array in the retinal implant via a plurality of output pins11 of themicrochip1.
• With reference now toFIG. 6 of the drawings, a retinal implant device for implantation in a patient's eye is shown. Light passing through thecornea29 and the eye lens30 (which may or may not be present in the patient to be treated) strikes theretina31, which covers a large part of the eyeball's interior, primarily at the inner surface of the rear or posterior wall of the eye. The eyeball's outer surface is formed by thesclera32. Achoroid membrane33 is located between theretina31 and thesclera32. Theiris34 determines the size of the pupil and, thus, the amount of light that may enter into the interior of the eye. Theeye lens30 is fixed by theciliary muscle35 or is explanted. The implant device comprises anintraocular part36 and anextra-ocular part37. Theintraocular part36 is located in the interior of the eye, whereas theextraocular part37 is fixed to the outer surface of thesclera32. Theintraocular part36 and theextraocular part37 are electrically connected by awire connection38 that passes through the sclera32 at a position directly behind theciliary muscle35.
• A retinal implant device is a visual prosthesis designed to provide some degree of visual perception to patients suffering from retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa or macula degeneration. To this end, the apparatus includes aneye glasses42 to be worn by the patient, theeye glasses42 having a small video camera40 integrated in or on theglasses frame39. A video signal acquired by the video camera40 is processed, and the image data are transmitted to the retinal implant device43 via a modulatedinfrared light beam41. Theinfrared beam41 may, for example, be generated by an infrared transmitter LED (not shown) located on or in the vicinity of theglasses42. The modulatedinfrared beam41 passes through the patient's eye, including through thelens30 of the eye, if still present, or otherwise through the space normally occupied by thelens30, and strikes anoptical receiver element1 of the invention incorporated in the implant device43.
• According to embodiments of the present invention, a microelectronics element in the form of anoptical receiver element1 of the kind described with reference to drawingFIGS. 3 to 5 may be employed, driven by an AC supply voltage. For a retinal implant, long-term stability is an important issue. Therefore, it is important to avoid galvanic corrosion of the wire connections and voltage supply lines. By supplying an AC supply voltage to theoptical receiver element1, galvanic corrosion can be either eliminated or at least significantly reduced.
• The image data received by theoptical receiver element1 is forwarded via thewire connection38 to aretina stimulation chip44. Theretina stimulation chip44 is operative to convert the image data into a sequence of stimulation pulses. Preferably, theretinal stimulation chip44 is implemented as a digital signal processing chip and may also constitute an embodiment of the present invention. That is, theretinal stimulation chip44 may comprise a microchip incorporating the concept described above with reference to drawingFIG. 5, in which the functional unit comprises a processor circuit. Via thewire connection38, the stimulation pulses are supplied to an array of micro-contacts located on theintraocular part36, namely on the retinal implant43 implanted directly on theretina31. The micro-contacts are adapted for stimulating the ganglia cells of theretina31.
• The electrical power required for operating the retinal implant, in particular the electrical power consumed by theoptical receiver element1 and/or theretina stimulation chip44, can be provided by a highfrequency transmitter coil46 that is inductively coupled with a high frequency receiver coil47 located on theextra-ocular part37 of the retina implant. The AC voltage provided by such a high frequency receiver coil47 may thus used for powering either or both of theoptical receiver element1 and theretina stimulation chip44.

Claims (10)

1. An optical receiver element comprising:

a photosensor adapted for detecting incident light, and

a rectifier adapted for converting an AC supply voltage into a DC voltage,

wherein the DC voltage provided by the rectifier, or an operating voltage derived from the DC voltage, is supplied to the photosensor, and

wherein the photosensor and the rectifier are integrated on one common semiconductor substrate.

2. The optical receiver element according toclaim 1, wherein the photosensor is adapted for converting a modulated light signal into a corresponding detection signal.

3. The optical receiver element according toclaim 1, wherein the photosensor is adapted for receiving and detecting an infrared light signal.

4. The optical receiver element accordingclaim 1 wherein the photosensor comprises a photodiode.

5. The optical receiver element according toclaim 1, further comprising a capacitor connected to a terminal of the photosensor, wherein the capacitor is adapted for decoupling an alternating component of a detection signal from the terminal of the photosensor.

6. The optical receiver element according toclaim 1, further comprising an ambient light control circuit integrated on the common semiconductor substrate and adapted for determining an ambient light intensity.

7. The optical receiver element according toclaim 6, wherein the ambient light control circuit is adapted for controlling operation of the photosensor in dependence on the determined ambient light intensity.

8. The optical receiver element according toclaim 1, further comprising an amplifier integrated on the common semiconductor substrate and adapted for amplifying a detection signal detected by the photosensor, or a signal derived therefrom.

9. The optical receiver element according toclaim 8, wherein the ambient light control circuit comprises an automatic gain control adapted for controlling the amplifier's gain in dependence on the amplitude of the detection signal or the signal derived therefrom.

10. The optical receiver element according toclaim 9, wherein the ambient light control circuit is adapted for activating amplification of the detection signal, or of the signal derived therefrom, when ambient light intensity exceeds a predefined threshold.

Images