US20150320360A1 - Selection of filter parameters based on signal quality - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and devices for reducing noise effects in a system for measuring a physiological parameter, including receiving an input signal, obtaining an assessment of the signal quality of the input signal, selecting coefficients for a digital filter using the assessment of signal quality; and filtering the input signal using the digital filter, without comparing the filter's output signal with the input signal.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/247,427, filed Oct. 11, 2005, which is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,016,715, filed Jan. 13, 2003, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
• Present embodiments relate to the processing of signals obtained from a medical diagnostic apparatus, such as a pulse oximeter, using a digital filter to reduce noise effects.
• A typical pulse oximeter measures two physiological parameters, percent oxygen saturation of arterial blood hemoglobin (SpO₂or sat) and pulse rate. Oxygen saturation can be estimated using various techniques. In one common technique, the photocurrent generated by the photo-detector is conditioned and processed to determine the ratio of modulation rations (ratio of ratios) of the red to infrared signals. This modulation ratio has been observed to correlate well to arterial oxygen saturation. The pulse oximeters and sensors are empirically calibrated by measuring the modulation ratio over a range of in vivo measured arterial oxygen saturations (SaO₂) on a set of patients, healthy volunteers, or animals. The observed correlation is used in an inverse manner to estimate blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) based on the measured value of modulation ratios of a patient. The estimation of oxygen saturation using modulation ratios is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,364, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ESTIMATING PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USING MODEL-BASED ADAPTIVE FILTERING,” issued Dec. 29, 1998, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,167, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECING OPTICAL PULSES,” issued Mar. 27, 1990. The relationship between oxygen saturation and modulation ratio is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,059, entitled “MEDICAL SENSOR WITH MODULATED ENCODING SCHEME,” issued Jul. 8, 1997. Most pulse oximeters extract the plethysmographic signal having first determined saturation or pulse rate, both of which are susceptible to interference.
• A challenge in pulse oximetry is in analyzing the data to obtain a reliable measure of a physiologic parameter in the presence of large interference sources. Various solutions to this challenge have included methods that assess the quality of the measured parameter and decide on displaying the measured value when it is deemed reliable based upon a signal quality. Another approach involves a heuristic-based signal extraction technology, where the obtained signals are processed based on a series of guesses of the ratio, and which require the algorithm to start with a guess of the ratio, which is an unknown. Both the signal-quality determining and the heuristic signal extraction technologies are attempts at separating out a reliable signal from an unreliable one, one method being a phenomenological one and the other being a heuristic one.
• A known approach for the reduction of noise in medical diagnostic devices including pulse oximeters involves the use of an adaptive filter, such as an adaptive digital filter. The adaptive filter is actually a data processing algorithm, and in most typical applications, the filter is a computer program that is executed by a central processor. As such, the filter inherently incorporates discrete-time measurement samples rather than continuous time inputs. A type of digital filter that is used in pulse oximeter systems is a Kalman filter. While conventional adaptive digital filters in general and Kalman filters in particular have been assimilated in medical diagnostics system to help reduce noise in a signal, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed to improve the techniques that are used to reduce noise effects in signals; noise effects such as those present in a medical diagnostic device. One of the shortcomings of using a Kalman filter is that a Kalman filter is an adaptive filter whose functioning is mathematically-based and where its aim is to compare the output of the filter with a desired output, and reduce the error in the comparison by continuously varying the filter's coefficients. So, a Kalman filter generates filter coefficients in an adaptive manner to minimize an error. While this method has been adopted by many, it is still a method that is somewhat blind regarding the signal that it is being filtered. Such an approach does not take into account the unique attributes that an input signal may possess and which are physiologically based. Another shortcoming of the Kalman filtering is that the Kalman filter is linear in its input-output relationship. One can appreciate that in certain conditions, the requirement that the filter be linear in its input-output relationship is too constraining Yet another shortcoming of a Kalman filter is that filter parameters are continuously tuned, which can be computationally expensive.
• There is therefore a need to develop a filter for reducing noise effects in signals that does not suffer from the above-mentioned constraints of conventional adaptive filters.
BRIEF SUMMARY
• Present embodiments are directed towards methods and devices for reducing noise effects in a system for measuring a physiological parameter, including receiving an input signal; obtaining an assessment of the signal quality of the input signal; selecting coefficients for a digital filter using the assessment of a signal quality; and filtering the input signal using the digital filter, without comparing the filter's output signal with the input signal.
• In certain aspects, the filter coefficients are selected from a plurality of discrete preset values. In certain embodiments, the discrete and preset values are fixed or non-changing values. The digital filter can have either a linear or preferably a non-linear input-output relationship.
• In pulse oximetry applications, the quality of the input signal may be assessed by obtaining or measuring signal parameters that include the skew of the time derivative of the signal; the correlation between signals from different wavelengths; the variation in signal amplitude, as well as others. Other assessments, such as maximum values or spectral peak frequencies, may also be used in determining filter parameters.
• In some embodiments, the selection of filter parameters or coefficients is performed in real time, with the coefficients of the digital filter being determined using a current input sample. In certain other embodiments, the selection of filter parameters is performed using a previously stored input signal sample.
• In pulse oximetry applications, the input signals can be a function of an oxygen saturation, or a pulse rate. Furthermore, these signals correspond with sensed optical energies from a plurality of wavelengths.
• For a further understanding of a nature and advantages of the present embodiments, reference should be made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary oximeter.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting the operation of the signal-quality-based filter operation in accordance with embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The methods and systems in accordance with embodiments are directed towards selecting and adjusting the parameters of a digital filter based an assessment of the quality of the input signals to the filter. Embodiments are particularly applicable to and will be explained by reference to measurements of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood and patient heart rate, as in pulse oximeter monitors and pulse oximetry sensors. However, it should be realized that the present embodiments are equally applicable to any generalized patient monitor and associated patient sensor, such as ECG, blood pressure, temperature, etc., and is not to be limited for use only with oximetry or pulse omimetry.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a pulse oximeter that may be configured to implement embodiments. The filter embodiments can be a data processing algorithm that is executed by themicroprocessor122, described below. Light fromlight source110 passes intopatient tissue112, and is scattered and detected byphotodetector114. Asensor100 containing the light source and photodetector may also contain anencoder116 which provides signals indicative of the wavelength oflight source110 to a detector/decoder144 in apulse oximeter120 to allow the oximeter to select appropriate calibration coefficients for calculating oxygen saturation.Encoder116 may, for instance, be a resistor.
• Sensor100 is connected to apulse oximeter120. The oximeter includes amicroprocessor122 connected to aninternal bus124. Also connected to the bus is aRAM memory126 and adisplay128. A time processing unit (TPU)130 provides timing control signals tolight drive circuitry132 which controls whenlight source110 is illuminated, and if multiple light sources are used, the multiplexed timing for the different light sources. TPU130 also controls the gating-in of signals fromphotodetector114 through anamplifier133 and aswitching circuit134. These signals are sampled at the proper time, depending upon which of multiple light sources is illuminated, if multiple light sources are used. The received signal is passed through anamplifier136, alow pass filter138, and an analog-to-digital converter140. The digital data is then stored in a queued serial module (QSM)142, for later downloading to RAM126 asQSM142 fills up. In one embodiment, there may be multiple parallel paths of separate amplifier filter and A/D converters for multiple light wavelengths or spectrums received.
• Based on the value of the received signals corresponding to the light received byphotodetector114,microprocessor122 will calculate the oxygen saturation using various algorithms. These algorithms require coefficients, which may be empirically determined, corresponding to, for example, the wavelengths of light used. These are stored in aROM146. In a two-wavelength system, the particular set of coefficients chosen for any pair of wavelength spectrums is determined by the value indicated byencoder116 corresponding to a particular light source in aparticular sensor100. In one embodiment, multiple resistor values may be assigned to select different sets of coefficients. In another embodiment, the same resistors are used to select from among the coefficients appropriate for an infrared source paired with either a near red source or far red source. The selection between whether the near red or far red set will be chosen can be selected with a control input fromcontrol inputs154.Control inputs154 may be, for instance, a switch on the pulse oximeter, a keyboard, or a port providing instructions from a remote host computer. Furthermore, any number of methods or algorithms may be used to determine a patient's pulse rate, oxygen saturation or any other desired physiological parameter.
• The brief description of an exemplary pulse oximeter set forth above, serves as a contextual fabric for describing the methods for reducing noise effects in the received signals according to embodiments, which are described below. The embodiments which are used to reduce the noise effects in the signal using an assessment of the quality of the input signal, are described below in conjunction with the block diagram ofFIG. 2.
• A signal quality indicator is a measured parameter that is capable of estimating the reliability and accuracy of a signal. For example, when measuring blood oxygen saturation using a pulse oximeter, a signal quality indicator is able to indirectly assess whether an estimate of a value of blood oxygen saturation is an accurate one. This determination of accuracy is made possible by the thorough and detailed study of volumes of measured values and various indicators to determine which indicators are indicative of signal quality and what, if any, is the correlation between the indicator and the accuracy of the estimated value.
• In pulse oximetry, examples of signal quality indicators include the skew of the time derivative of the signal; the correlation between signals from different wavelengths; the variation in signal amplitude, as well as others. Other assessments, such as maximum values or spectral peak frequencies, may also be used in determining filter parameters. In addition to these signal quality indicators, other signal quality indicators may also be used for the selection of filter coefficients. In pulse oximetry, these additional signal quality indicators include: a signal measure indicative of the degree of similarity of an infrared and red waveforms; a signal measure indicative of a low light level; a signal measure indicative of an arterial pulse shape; a signal measure indicative of the high frequency signal component in the measure value; a signal measure indicative of a consistency of a pulse shape; a signal measure indicative of an arterial pulse amplitude; a signal measure indicative of modulation ratios of red to infrared modulations and a signal measure indicative of a period of an arterial pulse. These various indicators provide for an indirect assessments of the presence of known error sources in pulse oximetry measurements, which include optical interference between the sensor and the tissue location; light modulation by other than the patient's pulsatile tissue bed; physical movement of the patient and improper tissue-to-sensor positioning. These additional signal quality indicators are described in further detail in a co-pending US patent application entitled: “SIGNAL QUALITY METRICS DESIGN FOR QUALIFYING DATA FOR A PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITOR,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,006,856, filed Jan. 10, 2003, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram200 depicting the operation of the signal-quality-based selection of filter parameters in accordance with embodiments. In one embodiment, the digital filter is a linear filter. For a linear filter is chosen, the filter can have either a finite or an infinite impulse response. Alternately, the filter may be a non-linear filter.Inputs202 are applied to thedigital filter204 and to a signalquality assessment subsystem206 that assesses how noisy the inputs look.Subsystem206 calculates various signal quality metrics and provides the information to theselection subsystem208, which selects filter parameters according to the criteria calculated by thesignal quality subsystem206.Storage subsystem210 interfaces with thesubsystems206 and208 to store and provide signal quality metrics as well as filter parameters. In one embodiment, the selection of filter parameters is performed in real time, with the filter parameters being determined using current input samples.
• In an alternate embodiment, the filter parameters are calculated using abuffer212 of recent input samples. In addition, signal assessment criteria and filter parameters can also be held instorage210 for reference or for use in the calculation of new values.
• As set forth above, various signal quality indicators may be used to select filter parameters. Additionally, the selection of the filter parameters may be based on more than one signal quality indicator. Furthermore, the selection of the filter parameters may be based on the output of an algorithm that combines several signal quality indicators. In one embodiment in an oximeter system, the variance in the raw saturation value is used to determine the filter's smoothing coefficients. In this embodiment, the selection is achieved by comparing the variance in the raw sat signal to several thresholds, and the filter's smoothing coefficients are selected depending on which range the variance falls in.
• In an alternate embodiment in an oximeter system used for average pulse estimation, the filter parameter selection algorithm uses a combination of various signal quality metrics, Z to select values for filter coefficients for the digital filter, where
• Z=w₁*SQ1+w₂*SW2+w₃*SQ3, where
• w₁, w₂, and w₃are weighting factors
• SQ1 is a measure of the variance in the raw saturation signal
• SQ2 is a measure of the correlation between signals from different wavelengths
• SQ3 is a measure of the skew of the derivative waveform
• Yet alternately, instead of using Z to select the filter coefficients, a non-linear function of Z can be used to select a coefficient or coefficients for the filter. In operation, the selection algorithm may first be tuned before it is fully implemented in a particular diagnostics system. The tuning of the selection algorithm(s) may be done manually using heuristic approaches. Alternately, the selection algorithm may be tuned statistically, in a manner similar to training a neural network.
• Embodiments offer several advantages over conventional adaptive filtering. It is known that conventional adaptive filtering seeks to optimize some output criterion by continuously tuning the coefficients in a linear filter. The approach is advantageous over conventional adaptive filtering for the following reasons. First, filter parameters in accordance with embodiments are selected by switching among several preset or fixed values, rather than being varied or tuned continuously. By switching the parameters of the digital filter among fixed, preset values, the embodiments provide for computational savings and simplicity of implementation. Second, the parameters of the digital filter are selected based upon an assessment of the input signal received by the filter rather than by comparing the filter's output with its input. This too, provides for computational savings and simplicity of implementation. Third, the filter need not be a linear filter, that is the filter is not required to be linear in its input-output relationship. Since the filter in accordance with embodiments is not constrained to be linear, the filter's design can correspond more to physiological than to mathematical requirements, as is the case with most conventional adaptive filtering schemes. This physiological-based filter parameter selection may be used to, for example, attenuate pulse amplitudes above a threshold, or respond more quickly to decreases than to increases in blood oxygen saturation.
• Accordingly, as will be understood by those of skill in the art, embodiments related to reducing noise effects in a system for measuring a physiological parameter, may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof For example, signals indicative of any physiological parameter other than oxygen saturation, such as pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, or any other physiological variable could be filtered using the techniques above. Moreover, many other indicators of the quality of the input signal can be used as a basis for the selection of the filter's coefficients. Further, while the present embodiments have been described in the time-domain, frequency-base methods are equally relevant to the embodiments. Accordingly, the foregoing disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting.

Claims (20)

1. A method, comprising:

receiving, at a processor, an input signal;

determining, with the processor, an assessment of signal quality for the input signal by determining a skew of a time derivative of the input signal or a variation in signal amplitude of the input signal;

selecting, with the processor, one or more coefficients for a digital filter using the assessment of signal quality without comparing an output of the digital filter with the input signal; and

filtering the input signal using the digital filter.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein determining, with the processor, the assessment of signal quality comprises determining the skew of a time derivative of the input signal and determining the variation in signal amplitude of the input signal.

3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein determining, with the processor, the assessment of signal quality comprises applying a first weight to the skew of the time derivative of the input signal and applying a second weight to the variation in signal amplitude of the input signal.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein selecting, with the processor, the one or more coefficients for the digital filter comprises selecting one or more coefficients from a plurality of discrete preset values.

5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the digital filter comprises a linear digital filter.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the digital filter comprises a non-linear digital filter.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein receiving, at the processor, the input signal comprises receiving the input signal from a pulse oximetry sensor, and wherein the input signal comprises a red waveform and an infrared waveform.

8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein determining, with the processor, the assessment of signal quality for the input signal comprises determining a measure indicative of a degree of similarity between the red waveform and the infrared waveform.

9. The method ofclaim 7, wherein determining, with the processor, an assessment of signal quality for the input signal comprises determining a measure indicative of a low light level.

10. The method ofclaim 7, wherein determining, with the processor, an assessment of signal quality for the input signal comprises determining a measure indicative of an arterial pulse shape.

11. A monitor, comprising:

a processor configured to:

receive an input signal from a medical sensor;

determine an assessment of signal quality for the input signal by determining a skew of a time derivative of the input signal or a variation in signal amplitude of the input signal; and

determine one or more digital filter coefficients using the assessment of signal quality; and

a digital filter configured to filter the input signal using the one or more digital filter coefficients, wherein the processor is configured to determine the one or more digital filter coefficients without comparing an output of the digital filter to the input signal.

12. The monitor ofclaim 11, wherein the digital filter comprises a linear digital filter.

13. The monitor ofclaim 11, wherein the processor is configured to determine the skew of a time derivative of the input signal and the variation in signal amplitude of the input signal to determine the assessment of signal quality for the input signal.

14. The monitor ofclaim 13, wherein the processor is configured to apply a first weight to the skew of the time derivative of the input signal and apply a second weight to the variation in signal amplitude of the input signal to determine the assessment of signal quality for the input signal.

15. The monitor ofclaim 11, wherein the medical sensor comprises a pulse oximetry sensor and the input signal comprises a red waveform and an infrared waveform.

16. The monitor ofclaim 15, wherein the processor is configure to determine a measure indicative of a degree of similarity between the red waveform and the infrared waveform to determine the assessment of signal quality of the input signal.

17. A system, comprising:

a medical sensor configured to generate a physiological signal;

a processor configured to:

receive the physiological signal from the medical sensor;

determine an assessment of signal quality for the physiological signal by determining a skew of a time derivative of the physiological signal or a variation in signal amplitude of the physiological signal; and

determine one or more digital filter coefficients using the assessment of signal quality; and

a digital filter configured to filter the physiological signal using the one or more digital filter coefficients;

wherein the processor is configured to determine the one or more digital filter coefficients without comparing an output of the digital filter to the physiological signal.

18. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the medical sensor comprises a pulse oximetry sensor, and wherein the processor is configured to determine a measure indicative of an arterial pulse shape to determine the assessment of signal quality for the physiological signal.

19. The system ofclaim 18, comprising a memory storing a plurality of digital filter coefficients, and wherein the processor is configured to select the one or more digital filter coefficients from the plurality of digital filter coefficients.

20. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the processor is configured to determine the skew of the time derivative of the physiological signal and the variation in signal amplitude of the physiological signal and to apply a first weight to the skew of the time derivative of the physiological signal and a second weight to the variation in signal amplitude of the physiological signal to determine the assessment of signal quality of the physiological signal.

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