US20150249513A1 - Switching sub-system for distributed antenna systems using time division duplexing - Google Patents

Abstract

A switching control module can optimize time division duplexing operations of a distributed antenna system (“DAS”). The switching control module can include a measurement receiver and a processor. The measurement receiver can measure signal powers of downlink signals in a downlink path of the DAS. The processor can determine start times for downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path based on downlink signal powers measured by the measurement receiver exceeding a threshold signal power. The processor can identify a clock setting that controls a timing of switching signals used for switching the DAS between an uplink mode and a downlink mode. The processor can statistically determine a switching time adjustment for the clock setting based on switching time differentials between the clock setting and the start times. The processor can update the clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present disclosure relates generally to telecommunication systems and more particularly (although not necessarily exclusively) to switching sub-systems for distributed antenna systems using time division duplexing.
BACKGROUND
• Telecommunications operators use telecommunication systems to provide signal coverage to coverage zones in which wireless devices are located. A distributed system (“DAS”) may be used to extend the coverage of such telecommunication systems. Such distributed antenna systems include signal paths between base stations or other signal sources operated by telecommunication operators and remote antenna units positioned in one or more geographical coverage areas.
• In some implementations, a DAS may be configured for time division duplexing (“TDD”) operations in which downlink and uplink signals are respectively transmitted and received using at least some common frequencies or common portions of a signal path. A DAS configured for TDD operations may include one or more switches for isolating downlink signal paths from uplink signal paths.
• In some cases, multiple telecommunication operators may use the same DAS for extending the coverage of their respective telecommunication systems. An entity responsible for configuring or otherwise operating the DAS may be independent of the telecommunication operators that use the DAS. The entity being independent of the telecommunication operators may present disadvantages. For example, it may be difficult or infeasible to configure the switching operations of the DAS in accordance with the TDD configuration used by the telecommunication operators.
• Systems and methods for optimizing TDD switching operations for a DAS are desirable.
SUMMARY
• Certain aspects and features of the present disclosure are directed to switching sub-systems for distributed antenna systems using time division duplexing.
• In one aspect, a switching control module is provided for optimizing time division duplexing (“TDD”) operations of a distributed antenna system (“DAS”). The switching control module can include a measurement receiver and a processor. The measurement receiver can measure signal powers of downlink signals in a downlink path of the DAS. The processor can determine start or end times for downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path based on downlink signal powers measured by the measurement receiver exceeding a threshold signal power. The processor can identify a clock setting that controls a timing of switching signals used for switching the DAS between an uplink mode and a downlink mode. The processor can statistically determine a switching time adjustment for the clock setting based on switching time differentials between the clock setting and the start or end times. The processor can update the clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.
• In another aspect, a TDD switching sub-system is provided that can be disposed in a remote antenna unit of a DAS. The TDD switching sub-system can include one or more switches positioned in a downlink path from a master unit to an antenna of the remote antenna unit or an uplink path from the antenna to the master unit. The switches can selectively connect the antenna of the remote antenna unit to the uplink path or the downlink path. The TDD switching sub-system can also include a measurement receiver communicatively coupled to the downlink path. The measurement receiver can measure downlink signal power in the downlink path. The TDD switching sub-system can also include a processor that is communicatively coupled to the measurement receiver and switches. The processor can determine start or end times for downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path based on downlink signal powers measured by the measurement receiver exceeding a threshold signal power. The processor can identify a clock setting that controls a timing of switching signals used for switching the DAS between an uplink mode and a downlink mode. The processor can statistically determine a switching time adjustment for the clock setting based on switching time differentials between the clock setting and the start or end times. The processor can update the clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.
• In another aspect, a method is provided for optimizing switching times for a DAS that is configured for TDD operations. The method can involve identifying a clock setting that controls the timing of switching signals provided to one or more switches positioned in an uplink path or a downlink path of the DAS. The switching signals can instruct the switches to switch the DAS between an uplink mode and a downlink mode. The method can also involve determining start or end times for downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path. Each start or end time can be determined based on a measured signal power in the downlink path exceeding a threshold signal power. The method can also involve updating the clock setting based on a switching time adjustment that is statistically determined from multiple switching time differentials. Each switching time differential can include a respective difference between the clock setting and a respective one of the start or end times.
• These illustrative aspects and features are mentioned not to limit or define the disclosure, but to provide examples to aid understanding of the concepts disclosed in this application. Other aspects, advantages, and features of the present disclosure will become apparent after review of the entire application.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an example of a distributed antenna system having a time-division duplex (“TDD”) switching sub-system according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting an example of a remote antenna unit with a TDD switching sub-system according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting an example of a switching control module of the TDD switching sub-system ofFIG. 2 according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting an example of a process for determining an initial clock setting for the switching control module according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 5 is a graph depicting examples of switching time differentials between downlink sub-frames and switching signals provided according to an initial clock setting according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 6 is a graph depicting an example of a statistical distribution of switching time differentials used to find a switching time adjustment according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 7 is a graph depicting examples of statistical distributions of switching time differentials affected by a signal-to-noise level in the downlink path according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 8 is a flow chart depicting an example of a process for determining an optimized clock setting for the switching control module according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 9 is a schematic depicting examples of a master unit and remote antenna units for an optical TDD distributed antenna system that can utilize an optimized clock setting for a TDD switching sub-system according to one aspect of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Certain aspects and examples are directed to switching sub-systems for a distributed antenna system (“DAS”) configured for time division duplexing (“TDD”) operations. For example, the DAS can use a switching sub-system to switch between an uplink mode for communicating TDD signals in an uplink direction and a downlink mode for communicating TDD signals in a downlink direction. The switching sub-system can automatically determine switching times for the DAS based on determining whether a signal level for downlink signals exceeds a threshold level. One or more switches of the switching sub-system can switch a remote antenna unit of the DAS to the downlink mode by selectively connecting one or more components of the downlink path in the remote antenna unit and disconnecting one or more components of a corresponding uplink path in the remote antenna unit.
• In accordance with some aspects, the switching sub-system can include a switching control module that detects the downlink/uplink ratio of base stations in communication with the DAS. The switching control module can determine an initial clock setting based on the downlink/uplink ratio. The initial clock setting can determine the timing for sending command signals to the switches of the switching sub-system that instruct the switches to switch the DAS between an uplink mode and a downlink mode.
• The switching control module can also optimize a clock setting that controls switching times for the switches. Optimizing the switching times can maximize or otherwise improve data throughput via the DAS. The switching control module can optimize the clock setting by determining start or end times for respective downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path. The switching control module can determine the start or end times based on when signal power measurements for the downlink path exceed a threshold signal power. The switching control module can statistically determine a switching time adjustment based on a set of switching time differentials between the initial clock setting and the determined start or end times for the downlink sub-frames. For example, the switching time adjustment may be the statistical mean of the set of switching time differentials. The switching control module can update the clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.
• The switching control module can be used to automatically determine a TDD configuration for one or more telecommunication operators using the DAS. Automatically determining the TDD configuration can reduce or eliminate the need for manual configuration of the DAS with respect to each telecommunication operator. Reducing or eliminating the need for manual configuration of the DAS can reduce or avoid problems resulting from missing information with respect to the configuration settings of different telecommunication operators. The switching control module can also compensate for uplink or downlink pulsing variation or other deficiencies components of the DAS in the uplink or downlink direction, such as a jitter or clock frequency drift experienced by one or more reference clock devices in the DAS.
• Detailed descriptions of certain examples are discussed below. These illustrative examples are given to introduce the reader to the general subject matter discussed here and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosed concepts. The following sections describe various additional aspects and examples with reference to the drawings in which like numerals indicate like elements, and directional descriptions are used to describe the illustrative examples but, like the illustrative examples, should not be used to limit the present disclosure.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an example ofDAS100 having aTDD switching sub-system110 according to one aspect. TheDAS100 can include amaster unit102 in communication withremote antenna units104a,104band withbase stations101a,101b. In some aspects, different base stations can communicate signals associated with different telecommunication operators. TheDAS100 can be positioned in a geographical area (e.g., a stadium, an office building, etc.) to extend wireless communication coverage of thebase stations101a,101bintogeographical coverage areas108a,108b.
• TheDAS100 or other telecommunication system can include downlink paths for transporting downlink signals from thebase stations101a,101bto one or more of theremote antenna units104a,104b. TheDAS100 can receive downlink signals from thebase stations101a,101bvia a wired or wireless communication medium. Downlink signals can include signals provided from thebase stations101a,101band transmitted by theremote antenna units104a,104bin thecoverage areas108a,108b. A non-limiting example of a remote antenna unit is a universal access point.
• TheDAS100 or other telecommunication system can also include uplink paths for transporting uplink signals from one or more of theremote antenna units104a,104bto one of more of the base stations or repeaters. Uplink signals are signals at frequencies in an uplink frequency band that are recovered or otherwise received by one or more of theremote antenna units104a,104bfrom communication devices in thecoverage areas108a,108b.
• Themaster unit102 can communicate signals between thebase stations101a,101band theremote antenna units104a,104b. An example of amaster unit102 is a wireless conversion station. Themaster unit102 and remote antenna unit(s)104a,104bcan communicate via any suitable communication medium. The communication medium can be any suitable medium for providing a serial communication link between themaster unit102 and theremote antenna unit104a,104b. In some aspects, the communication medium can be an optical fiber. In other aspects, the communication medium can include copper cables, microwave links, etc. Themaster unit102 andremote antenna units104a,104bcan include analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters for digital communication over a serial link.
• For illustrative purposes,FIG. 1 depicts asingle master unit102 in communication with twobase stations101a,101band tworemote antenna units104a,104b. However, a distributedantenna system100 can include any number of master units and any number of remote antenna units for communicating signals between any number of base stations or other signal sources and any number of coverage areas.
• ADAS100 can include other devices in addition to master units, remote antenna units, and extension units. For example, in some aspects, theDAS100 may include a base station router or other interface device that receives signals frombase stations101a,101band provides the signals to themaster unit102. In other aspects, theDAS100 may include one or more extension units that communicate signals between themaster unit102 and theremote antenna units104a,104b.
• TheDAS100 can be configured for TDD operations that support multiple operators communicating signals via theDAS100. For example, theDAS100 can switch between an uplink mode for communicating TDD signals in an uplink direction and a downlink mode for communicating TDD signals in a downlink direction.
• Theremote antenna units104a,104bcan respectively includeTDD switching sub-systems110a,110bused to connect components of the downlink path in response to detecting downlink signals having signal levels exceeding a threshold level. TheTDD switching sub-systems110a,110bcan analyze downlink signals to determine if signal levels for the downlink signals exceed specified threshold levels. Each of theTDD switching sub-systems110a,110bcan include switches that switch a respective one of theremote antenna units104a,104bto the downlink mode by selectively connecting one or more components of the downlink path in the remote antenna unit and disconnecting one or more components of a corresponding uplink path in the remote antenna unit.
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting an example of aremote antenna unit104 with aTDD switching sub-system110 according to one aspect. In a downlink direction, downlink signals received from themaster unit102 via aninterface202 can traverse adownlink path204 and can be coupled to anantenna209 via aninterface208 for transmission to communication devices in a coverage area. In an uplink direction, uplink signals received by theantenna209 can be coupled to anuplink path206 via theinterface208 and can traverse theuplink path206 for transmission to themaster unit102 via theinterface202.
• TheTDD switching sub-system110 can include one or more components of thedownlink path204 and theuplink path206. For example,FIG. 2 depicts aTDD switching sub-system110 that includes a switchingcontrol module210, switches212,214 in thedownlink path204, and aswitch216 in theuplink path206. The switchingcontrol module210 can be coupled to thedownlink path204 in any suitable manner. Theswitch212 can be positioned in thedownlink path204 between theinterface202 and apower amplifier218. Theswitch214 can be positioned in thedownlink path204 between thepower amplifier218 and theinterface208. Theswitch216 can be positioned in theuplink path206 between theinterface208 and alow noise amplifier220.
• The switchingcontrol module210 can control the operation of theswitches212,214,216 to selectively allow communication of downlink signals via thedownlink path204 or uplink signals via theuplink path206. The switchingcontrol module210 can control theswitches212,214,216 by sending switching signals to theswitches212,214,216 or devices actuating theswitches212,214,216 (not depicted inFIG. 2). The switchingcontrol module210 can be communicatively coupled to theswitches212,214,216 or devices actuating theswitches212,214,216 via any suitable mechanism. For example, theremote antenna unit104 may include a printed circuit board or other communication bus via which switching signals from the switchingcontrol module210 can provided to theswitches212,214,216 or devices actuating theswitches212,214,216. For downlink transmission, the switchingcontrol module210 can provide switching signals that cause theswitches212,214 to be closed and theswitch216 to be opened, thereby completing thedownlink path204 between theinterfaces202,208 and opening theuplink path206 between theinterfaces202,208. For uplink transmission, the switchingcontrol module210 can provide switching signals that cause theswitches212,214 to be opened and theswitch216 to be closed, thereby opening thedownlink path204 between theinterfaces202,208 and completing theuplink path206 between theinterfaces202,208. Anysuitable switches212,214,216 can be used. Non-limiting example ofsuitable switches212,214,216 include RF switches, RF attenuators, digital attenuators in a digital signal path, digital switches interrupting a digital signal in a digital signal path, etc.
• AlthoughFIG. 2 depicts the switchingcontrol module210 as a separate module coupled to thedownlink path204 for illustrative purposes, other implementations are possible. In some aspects, thedownlink path204 may include one or more digital signal processing components, such as a processing device (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a field-programmable gate array (“FPGA”), etc.) The functions of the switchingcontrol module210 can be performed by the processing device using digital downlink signals in thedownlink path204 between theinterfaces202,208.
• The switchingcontrol module210 can provide switching signals based on a detection of downlink signals in thedownlink path204, an internal clock, or a combination thereof. For example,FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting an example of the switchingcontrol module210 according to one aspect. The switchingcontrol module210 can detect the downlink/uplink ratio of thebase stations101a,101bof other signals sources. The switchingcontrol module210 can determine an initial clock setting for the TDD switching sub-system based on the downlink/uplink ratio. The initial clock setting can determine the timing of sending switching signals to theswitches212,214,216. The switchingcontrol module210 can optimize switching times for theswitches212,214,216. Optimizing the switching times can maximize or otherwise improve data throughput via theDAS100.
• The switchingcontrol module210 can include ameasurement receiver302, acomparator304, and aprocessor306 communicatively coupled to amemory308.
• Themeasurement receiver302 can include any suitable device for measuring a signal power level in thedownlink path204. A non-limiting example of ameasurement receiver302 is a power detector. Themeasurement receiver302 can be coupled to thedownlink path204 in any suitable manner, such as (but not limited to) a directional coupler.
• Thecomparator304 can include a first input coupled to an output of themeasurement receiver302 and a second input coupled to areference source312. Themeasurement receiver302 can provide a voltage or current representative of a signal power measurement for thedownlink path204 to the first input of thecomparator304. Thereference source312 can provide a voltage or current representative of a threshold signal power to the second input of thecomparator304. Thecomparator304 can compare the representative voltages or currents for the downlink signal power measurement and the threshold signal power. Thecomparator304 can output a voltage or current representative of whether the downlink signal power measurement exceeds the threshold signal power. The threshold signal power can be modified by modifying the voltage or current provided by thereference source312.
• Theprocessor306 can receive the voltage or current representative of whether the downlink signal power measurement exceeds the threshold signal power. Theprocessor306 can control switching operations of theTDD switching sub-system100 based on the comparison of the downlink signal power measurement and the threshold signal power by executing a switchingcontrol engine310 or other executable instructions stored to thememory308, as described in further detail below. Theprocessor306 can control the switching operations by generating switching signals that are provided to theswitches212,214,216 or the devices used for actuating theswitches212,214,216.
• Theprocessor306 can include any device or group of devices suitable for accessing and executing executable instructions stored in thememory308. Non-limiting examples of theprocessor306 include a microprocessor, an ASIC, a FPGA, or other suitable processing device. Theprocessor306 may include one processor or any number of processors. Thememory308 may be any non-transitory computer-readable medium capable of tangibly embodying executable instructions and can include electronic, magnetic, or optical devices. Examples ofmemory308 include random access memory (“RAM”), read-only memory (“ROM”), magnetic disk, an ASIC, a configured processor, or other storage device. Instructions can be stored inmemory308 as executable code. The instructions can include processor-specific instructions generated by a compiler and/or an interpreter from code written in any suitable computer-programming language, such as C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, Python, Perl, JavaScript, and ActionScript.
• AlthoughFIG. 3 depicts a switchingcontrol module210 including acomparator304 for outputting a signal indicative of whether the downlink signal power exceeds a threshold signal power, other implementations are possible. For example, in some aspects, thecomparator304 and thereference source312 can be omitted. Theprocessor306 can communicate with themeasurement receiver302 to obtain data describing signal power levels in thedownlink path204. In one non-limiting example themeasurement receiver302 can have an analog output electrically connected to theprocessor306. Themeasurement receiver302 can provide a voltage or a current to theprocessor306 via the analog output. The voltage or current can be equivalent to or otherwise indicative of the measured power level in thedownlink path204. In another non-limiting example, themeasurement receiver302 can provide a digital output signal to theprocessor306 that represents the measured power level in thedownlink path204. In additional or alternative aspects, themeasurement receiver302 can include a digital input that is coupled to thedownlink path304.
• Theprocessor306 can compare the data obtained from themeasurement receiver302 with data stored in thememory308 that describes the threshold signal power. The threshold signal power can be modified by providing updated data describing the threshold signal power to theprocessor306 for storage in thememory308.
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting an example of aprocess400 for determining an initial clock setting for the switchingcontrol module210 according to one aspect. For illustrative purposes, theprocess400 is described with respect to the implementation of theTDD switching sub-system110 and the switchingcontrol module210 described above with respect toFIGS. 2-3. Other implementations, however, are possible.
• Theprocess400 can be used to automatically determine a TDD configuration for one or more telecommunication operators using theDAS100. Automatically determining the TDD configuration can reduce or eliminate the need for manual configuration of theDAS100 with respect to each telecommunication operator. Reducing or eliminating the need for manual configuration of theDAS100 can reduce or avoid problems resulting from missing information with respect to the configuration settings of different telecommunication operators.
• Theprocess400 involves obtaining multiple downlink frame samples by measuring signal power in a downlink path of a TDD DAS at multiple times, as depicted inblock410. For example, theprocessor306 can execute the switchingcontrol engine310 to sample data from themeasurement receiver302 or thecomparator304 at intervals specified by the switchingcontrol engine310. For each interval, theprocessor306 can store data in thememory308 describing whether the signal power in thedownlink path204 exceeds the threshold power. The signal power in thedownlink path204 exceeding the threshold power can indicate that a downlink frame is being transmitted via thedownlink path204. The signal power in thedownlink path204 being less than or equal to the threshold power can indicate that a downlink frame is not being transmitted via thedownlink path204 and that an uplink frame is being transmitted via theuplink path206. In some aspects, themeasurement receiver302 can measure the signal power in thedownlink path204 at intervals specified by theprocessor306. In other aspects, themeasurement receiver302 can continuously measure the signal power in thedownlink path204. Theprocessor306 can sample power measurements frommeasurement receiver302 or sample current or voltage levels at the output of thecomparator304 at the specified intervals.
• Theprocess400 further involves determining a downlink/uplink ratio for the TDD DAS based on the downlink frame samples, as depicted inblock420. For example, the switchingcontrol engine310 can access data describing different downlink/uplink ratios for different TDD configurations. Different TDD configurations may communicate TDD signals in a specified ratio between the uplink and downlink sub-frames. A frame can be a period of time a TDD system switches between sending uplink and downlink data in according to a specified sequence. A frame can include uplink sub-frames during which uplink data is transmitted and downlink sub-frames during which uplink data is transmitted. The downlink/uplink ratio can include the number of individual downlink and uplink sub-frames and the duration of each sub-frame.
• Theprocess400 further involves determining an initial clock setting for the switchingcontrol module210 based on the downlink/uplink ratio, as depicted inblock430. For example, theprocessor306 can execute the switchingcontrol engine310 to determine the initial clock setting. The clock setting can be used to determine when theprocessor306 provides a switching signal to theswitches212,214,216. For example, theprocessor306 can provide the switching signal every T_clkseconds, milliseconds, microseconds, or other suitable unit of time. The value of T_clkused for the clock setting can correspond to the TDD configuration of a telecommunication operator using theDAS100. An initial value of T_clkcan be selected based on a TDD configuration determined from the downlink/uplink ratio.
• A TDD configuration of a base station using theDAS100 can be determined by identifying downlink sub-frames and uplink sub-frames during a TDD frame can be used to determine A downlink/uplink ratio can correspond to a given TDD configuration. For example, an LTE system configured for TDD operation can include a first configuration with a ratio of two downlink sub-frames to three uplink sub-frames, a second configuration with a ratio of three downlink sub-frames to two uplink sub-frames, a third configuration with a ratio of four downlink sub-frames to one uplink sub-frames, etc. In some aspects, the switchingcontrol engine310 can select a TDD configuration based on a standardized downlink/uplink ratio in a telecommunication standard, such as a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (“3GPP”) specification. Selecting the TDD configuration based on a standardized downlink/uplink ratio in a telecommunication standard can minimize or otherwise reduce errors with respect to incorrect switching intervals. In other aspects, the switchingcontrol engine310 can be configured via user input with one or more specified TDD configurations corresponding to one or more specified downlink/uplink ratios.
• The switchingcontrol engine310 can compare the downlink/uplink ratio determined using themeasurement receiver302 to data stored to the memory device that describes various TDD configurations. The switchingcontrol engine310 can identify the TDD configuration for an operator using theDAS100 based on the comparison of the determined downlink/uplink ratio with the stored data describing various TDD configurations. The switchingcontrol engine310 can select an initial value for T_clkthat causes theprocessor306 to send switching signals to theswitches212,214,216 in accordance with the identified TDD configuration.
• In some aspects, theDAS100 can be set to an offline mode for performing theprocess400. For example, theDAS100 may be automatically set to an initialization mode upon entering operation. An initialization or other offline mode can be used to set one or more system parameters of theDAS100 used for TDD operation. In an offline mode, the switchingcontrol module210 may perform one or more configuration operations based on signal power measurements in thedownlink path204 without controlling theswitches212,214,216. For example, in an offline mode, theswitches212,214,216 may be set to an open position such theDAS100 does not communicate signals between thebase stations101a,101band thecoverage areas108a,108b.
• The initial clock setting T_clkmay roughly approximate the TDD configuration for an operator using theDAS100. However, slight discrepancies may exist between the times at which downlink sub-frames begin and the times at which theswitching control module210 provides switching signals to theswitches212,214,216. For example,FIG. 5 is a graph depicting examples of switching time differentials Δt_{1 . . . n}between downlink sub-frames502a-nand switching signals504a-nprovided according to an initial clock setting according to one aspect. Each of the switching time differentials Δt_{1 . . . n}is a delay between the start of a respective one of the downlink sub-frames502a-nand a time at which a respective one of the switching signals504a-nis provided to theswitches212,214,216.
• The switchingcontrol module210 can optimize or otherwise improve the clock setting T_clkbased on a switching time adjustment Δt_adjstatistically determined from a set of switching time differentials Δt_n. For example, for one or more of the downlink sub-frames502a-n, theprocessor306 can compare each of the clock settings t_{clk, 1 . . . n}with a respective one of the times t_{DL,1 . . . n}at which a downlink signal power greater than a threshold signal power is detected by the switchingcontrol module210.
• The processor can determine each switching time differential Δt_n=|t_clk,n−t_DL,n−t_offset|. The offset value t_offsetcan be a configurable static offset between the switching point determined by themeasurement receiver302 and the point in time when the switching point is required to be set. The switchingcontrol module210 can be configured to detect a threshold signal power that is substantially higher than the noise in thedownlink path204, thereby maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio and a low statistical variance. The offset value t_offsetcan be used if it is desirable to switch between the uplink and downlink mode prior to the signal power in thedownlink path204 exceeding the high threshold signal power. The offset value t_offsetcan be selected based on the threshold signal power used by the switchingcontrol module210, the telecommunication standard used for downlink signals in thedownlink signal path204, the use of theDAS100 by multiple operators, or the transmission of multi-channel signals via theDAS100. In some aspects, the switching time differential Δt_ncan be determined without using an offset value t_offset.
• The statistical variation of a determined switching point over time can be caused by one or more processes in combination with one another. One non-limiting example of a source of the variation is the signal-to-noise level of the signal measured by themeasurement receiver302. Another non-limiting example of a source of variation is the jitter and drift of a reference clock used by the switchingengine310 or other clocks inDAS100 or thebase stations101a,101b. Another non-limiting example of a source of variation is noise in the associated with thereference source312. Another non-limiting example of a source of variation is that high power uplink signals can be coupled to thedownlink path204 due to missing isolation between the uplink and downlink paths at themaster unit102. The various source of variation can combine with one another to cause a statistical variation in the switching point.
• FIG. 6 is a graph depicting an example of a statistical distribution of switching time differentials Δt_nused to find a switching time adjustment Δt_adj. Sampled values for Δt_ncan be obtained over different frames in which an operator using theDAS100 switches between an uplink mode and a downlink mode. The switchingcontrol engine310 can generate or otherwise obtain a statistical distribution of the sampled values for Δt_n. The switchingcontrol engine310 can determine the switching time adjustment Δt_adjbased on the statistical distribution. A non-limiting example of a switching time adjustment Δt_adjstatistically determined from sampled values for Δt_nis a mean value Δt_meanof the sampled values for Δt_n, as depicted inFIG. 6.
• The signal-to-noise level in thedownlink path204 can impact the statistical distribution of the sampled values of Δt_n. For example,FIG. 7 is a graph depicting examples of statistical distributions of switching time differentials Δt_naffected by a signal-to-noise level in thedownlink path204. Astatistical distribution602 of switching time differentials Δt_n.represented by the solid line may obtained from adownlink path204 having a lower signal-to-noise ratio than thestatistical distribution604 represented by the dashed line. The lower signal-to-noise ratio can cause thestatistical distribution602 of switching time differentials Δt_nto have a wider range of values than thestatistical distribution604.
• FIGS. 6-7 depict symmetrical or nearly symmetrical statistical distributions of the sampled values of Δt_n. However, in some aspects, the statistical distribution of the sampled values of Δt_n.may be asymmetrical. For example, the statistical distribution may be wider for earlier times and narrow for later times due to the higher signal level.
• The switchingcontrol module210 can use a switching time adjustment Δt_adjto optimize or otherwise improve the clock setting used by the switchingcontrol module210.FIG. 8 is a flow chart depicting an example of a process for determining an optimized clock setting for the switching control module according to one aspect.
• Theprocess700 involves identifying a clock setting that controls timing for providing switching signals to one or more switches that instruct the switches to switch the distributed antenna system between an uplink mode and a downlink mode, as depicted inblock710. For example, the switchingcontrol engine310 executed by theprocessor306 can determine a clock setting for providing switching signals to one or more of theswitches212,214,216.
• In some aspects, identifying the clock setting can include identifying an initial clock setting for the switchingcontrol module210, such as (but not limited to) a clock setting determined using aprocess400. For example, the clock setting can be determined or otherwise identified during an offline mode for theDAS100 in which no switching signals are provided to theswitches212,214,216.
• In other aspects, the identified clock setting can be a current clock setting for aDAS100 in an online mode in which signals are communicated withcoverage areas108a,108b. The current clock setting can be the clock setting used for providing switching signals to theswitches212,214,216 in the online mode of theDAS100. The switchingcontrol engine310 can identify the current clock setting and perform additional operations to optimize or otherwise update the current clock setting.
• Theprocess700 further involves determining start or end times for respective downlink sub-frames transmitted via a downlink path of the distributed antenna system, as depicted inblock720. For example, the switchingcontrol engine310 can receive or otherwise access data describing power measurements by themeasurement receiver302. The switchingcontrol engine310 can identify a start time for a respective downlink sub-frame based on a power measurement indicating that a signal power in thedownlink path204 exceeds the threshold signal power. The switchingcontrol engine310 can identify an end time for a respective downlink sub-frame based on a power measurement indicating that a signal power in thedownlink path204 drops from a level exceeding the threshold signal power to a level below the threshold signal power.
• Theprocess700 further involves statistically determining a switching time adjustment based on switching time differentials between the clock setting and the respective start times, as depicted inblock730. For example, the switchingcontrol engine310 can determine a switching time adjustment that is a mean or other statistical attribute of a set of sample switching time differentials, as described above with respect toFIGS. 5-6.
• Theprocess700 further involves updating the clock setting based on the switching time adjustment, as depicted inblock740. For example, the switchingcontrol engine310 can update the current clock setting T_clk,currentto an updated clock setting t_clk,updatedbased on the function t_clk,updated=t_clk,current+Δt_adj. In some aspects, the switchingcontrol engine310 can detect an end of a current TDD frame or sub-frame based on power measurements from themeasurement receiver302. The switchingcontrol engine310 can generate switching signals for theswitches212,214,216 at intervals of t_clk,updatedafter detecting the end of the current TDD frame or sub-frame.
• The TDD switching sub-system can be implemented in anysuitable DAS100 configured for TDD operations. For example,FIG. 9 is a schematic depicting examples of amaster unit102 andremote antenna units104a-nfor an optical TDD distributed antenna system that can utilize an optimized clock setting for a TDD switching sub-system according to one aspect.
• Themaster unit102 can include splitter-combiners802a-nfor isolating uplink and downlink signals communicated with base stations or other signal sources. Themaster unit102 can also include mixers803a-nand local oscillators804a-nfor frequency-shifting downlink signals to intermediate frequency (“IF”) bands, as described in greater detail below. Themaster unit102 can also include acombiner806 for combining downlink signals from different operators for serial transmission toremote antenna units104a-n. Themaster unit102 can also include an electrical-to-optical converter808 for converting the serialized electrical downlink signals into serialized optical downlink signals. The serialized optical downlink signals can be transmitted to theremote antenna units104a-nvia theoptical communication link811. Themaster unit102 can also include an optical-to-electrical converter812 for converting optical uplink signals received via theoptical communication link811 into serialized electrical uplink signals. Themaster unit102 can also include asplitter814 for separating the serialized electrical uplink signals into separate uplink signals for transmission to base stations or other receivers of uplink signals.
• Theremote antenna units104a-ncan include respective optical splitter-combiners816a-nfor isolating optical downlink signals from optical uplink signals. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include respective optical-to-electrical converters818a-nfor converting optical downlink signals into electrical downlink signals. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include respective mixers820a-nand local oscillators821a-nfor frequency shifting downlink signals to RF frequency bands, as described in detail below. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include respective bandpass filters822a-nfor attenuating unwanted frequency components of the RF downlink signals outputted by the mixers820a-n. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include switchingcontrol modules210a-nandswitches212a-n,214a-n,216a-nthat perform the same or similar functions with respect to thepower amplifiers218a-nandlow noise amplifiers220a-nas described above with respect toFIG. 2. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include respective circulators824a-nfor coupling downlink signals from the downlink paths to theantennas209a-nand for coupling uplink signals from theantennas209a-nto the uplink paths. Theremote antenna units104a-ncan also include respective electrical-to-optical converters828a-for converting electrical uplink signals to optical uplink signals for transmission via theoptical communication link811.
• Multiple telecommunication operators utilizing theDAS100 can use a commonoptical communication link811 between themaster unit102 and theremote antenna units104a-n. In some aspects, theDAS100 can support an “uncoordinated operator mode.” In the uncoordinated operator mode, different operators using theDAS100 do not coordinate with one another in switching between an uplink TDD mode and a downlink TDD mode.
• TheDAS100 can be configured to reduce or eliminate uplink blocking by unsynchronized operators transmitting signals using adjacent frequencies. For example, downlink signals from multiple operators can be closely spaced within a frequency band (e.g., a few MHz). The mixers803a-nand the local oscillators804a-nof themaster unit102 can be used to frequency-shift downlink signals to IF bands. Frequency shifting the downlink signals to IF bands can separate downlink signals from uncoordinated operators use closely spaced frequencies for transmitting TDD signals. The mixers820a-nand local oscillators821a-nof theremote antenna units104a-ncan be used to frequency-shift the IF downlink signals back to RF bands for transmission. Areference clock805 in themaster unit102 can be used for synchronizing the local oscillators804a-n,821a-n. In some aspects, thereference clock805 can also be used for synchronizing thereference source312 used by the switchingcontrol module210. Thereference clock805 can be communicatively coupled to the local oscillators804a-nvia any suitable mechanism, such as a printed circuit board or other communication bus (not depicted inFIG. 9). Signals from thereference clock805 can be communicated from themaster unit102 to theremote antenna units104a-nvia theoptical communication link811.
• The foregoing description of aspects and features of the disclosure, including illustrated examples, has been presented only for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Numerous modifications, adaptations, and uses thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Aspects and features from each example disclosed can be combined with any other example. The illustrative examples described above are given to introduce the reader to the general subject matter discussed here and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosed concepts.

Claims (21)

What is claimed is:

1. A switching control module comprising:

a measurement receiver configured for measuring a signal power in a downlink path of a distributed antenna system; and

a processor communicatively coupled to the measurement receiver, wherein the processor is configured for optimizing time division duplexing operations of the distributed antenna system by:

identifying a clock setting that controls a timing for generating switching signals that instruct at least one switch in an uplink path or the downlink path of the distributed antenna system to switch the distributed antenna system between an uplink mode and a downlink mode,

determining multiple start times or end times for respective downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path, wherein the processor is configured for determining each start time or end time based on the signal power measured by the measurement receiver exceeding a threshold signal power, and

updating the clock setting based on a switching time adjustment statistically determined from multiple switching time differentials, wherein each of the switching time differentials comprises a respective difference between the clock setting and a respective start time or end time.

2. The switching control module ofclaim 1, wherein the switching time adjustment comprises a mean switching time differential from a statistical distribution of the switching time differentials.

3. The switching control module ofclaim 1, further comprising a comparator device having an input coupled to the measurement receiver and an output coupled to the processor, wherein the comparator device is configured for comparing the threshold signal power with a power measurement received from the measurement receiver via the input and providing a signal to the processor via the output that is indicative of whether the power measurement exceeds the threshold signal power.

4. The switching control module ofclaim 1, wherein the processor is further configured for determining an initial clock setting, wherein determining the initial clock setting comprises:

obtaining multiple downlink sub-frame samples, wherein each downlink frame sample corresponds to a respective power measurement by the measurement receiver;

determining a ratio between downlink sub-frames and uplink sub-frames for signals communicated via the distributed antenna system; and

determining the initial clock setting based on the ratio.

5. The switching control module ofclaim 4, wherein the processor is further configured for determining the initial clock setting based on the ratio by:

identifying a time division duplexing configuration utilizing the ratio; and

selecting the initial clock setting based on the time division duplexing configuration.

6. The switching control module ofclaim 4, wherein the processor is configured for determining the start times or end times subsequent to determining the initial clock setting and updating the initial clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.

7. The switching control module ofclaim 1, wherein the processor is further configured for providing multiple switching signals based on the updated clock setting.

8. A time division duplex switching sub-system disposed in a remote antenna unit of a distributed antenna system, the time division duplex switching sub-system comprising:

at least one switch positioned in at least one of a downlink path from a master unit to an antenna of the remote antenna unit or an uplink path from the antenna to the master unit, the at least one switch configured for selectively connecting the antenna to the uplink path or the downlink path;

a measurement receiver communicatively coupled to the downlink path and configured for measuring a signal power in the downlink path; and

a processor communicatively coupled to the measurement receiver and to the at least one switch, wherein the processor is configured for optimizing time division duplexing operations of the distributed antenna system by:

identifying a clock setting that controls a timing for generating switching signals that instruct at least one switch in an uplink path or the downlink path of the distributed antenna system to switch the distributed antenna system between an uplink mode and a downlink mode,

determining multiple start times or end times for respective downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path, wherein the processor is configured for determining each start time or end time based on the signal power measured by the measurement receiver exceeding a threshold signal power, and

updating the clock setting based on a switching time adjustment statistically determined from multiple switching time differentials, wherein each of the switching time differentials comprises a respective difference between the clock setting and a respective start time or end time.

9. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 8, wherein the switching time adjustment comprises a mean switching time differential from a statistical distribution of the switching time differentials.

10. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 8, further comprising a comparator device having an input coupled to the measurement receiver and an output coupled to the processor, wherein the comparator device is configured for comparing the threshold signal power with a power measurement received from the measurement receiver via the input and providing a signal to the processor via the output that is indicative of whether the power measurement exceeds the threshold signal power.

11. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 8, wherein the processor is further configured for determining an initial clock setting, wherein determining the initial clock setting comprises:

obtaining multiple downlink sub-frame samples, wherein each downlink frame sample corresponds to a respective power measurement by the measurement receiver;

determining a ratio between downlink sub-frames and uplink sub-frames for signals communicated via the distributed antenna system;

identifying a time division duplexing configuration utilizing the ratio; and

selecting the initial clock setting based on the time division duplexing configuration.

12. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 11, wherein the time division duplex switching sub-system is configured for determining the initial clock setting based on the distributed antenna system being in an offline mode.

13. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 12, wherein the processor is configured for determining the start times or end times subsequent to determining the initial clock setting and updating the initial clock setting based on the switching time adjustment.

14. The time division duplex switching sub-system ofclaim 8, wherein the processor is further configured for providing multiple switching signals based on the updated clock setting.

15. A method comprising:

identifying a clock setting that controls a timing for providing switching signals to at least one switch positioned in an uplink path or a downlink path of a distributed antenna system that the at least one switch to switch the distributed antenna system between an uplink mode and a downlink mode;

determining multiple start times or end times for respective downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path, wherein each start time or end time is determined based on a measured signal power in the downlink path exceeding a threshold signal power; and

updating the clock setting based on a switching time adjustment statistically determined from multiple switching time differentials, wherein each of the switching time differentials comprises a respective difference between the clock setting and a respective one of the start times or end times.

16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the switching time adjustment comprises a mean switching time differential from a statistical distribution of the switching time differentials.

17. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising providing multiple switching signals based on the updated clock setting.

18. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising determining an initial clock setting by:

obtaining multiple downlink sub-frame samples, wherein each downlink frame sample corresponds to a respective signal power measurement for the downlink path;

determining a ratio between downlink sub-frames and uplink sub-frames for signals communicated via the distributed antenna system; and

determining the initial clock setting based on the ratio.

19. The method ofclaim 17, wherein determining the initial clock setting based on the ratio comprises:

identifying a time division duplexing configuration utilizing the ratio; and

selecting the initial clock setting based on the time division duplexing configuration.

20. The methodclaim 18, further comprising setting the distributed antenna system to an offline mode, wherein the initial clock setting is determined and the clock setting is updated in the offline mode.

21. The method ofclaim 20, further comprising:

setting the distributed antenna system to an online mode;

determining multiple additional start times or end times for respective additional downlink sub-frames transmitted via the downlink path in the online mode;

updating the clock setting based on an additional switching time adjustment determined from multiple additional switching time differentials, wherein each of the additional switching time differentials comprises a respective difference between the clock setting and a respective one of the additional start times or end times; and

providing multiple switching signals to the at least one switch based on the clock setting as updated in the online mode.

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