US20150182361A1 - Device and method for bridging a neck of an aneurysm - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for removing a thrombus. The system includes an expandable device that maintains axially fixed engagement with the thrombus. The expandable device applies a first force to the thrombus according to surrounding vessel size. The expandable device applies a second force to the thrombus according to an increased vessel size to maintain axially fixed engagement.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/372,778 filed Jul. 17, 2014, which is a National Phase of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/021942 having International filing date of Jan. 17, 2013, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/693,026 filed Aug. 24, 2012, 61/679,508 filed Aug. 3, 2012 and 61/587,617 filed Jan. 17, 2012. The contents of the above applications are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein in their entirety.
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Stroke is a leading cause of disability, death and health care expenditure. Most strokes are ischemic (i.e. caused by a decrease in the blood supply to a portion of the brain due to a clot obstructing the flow of blood). A total or hemodynamically significant occlusion of a cerebral artery in an acute ischemic stroke is mostly due to thrombus formation, an embolus, and/or other unwanted matter.
• When an artery is obstructed by thrombus, tissue ischemia (i.e. lack of oxygen and nutrients) quickly develops. One therapeutic goal of acute ischemic stroke treatment can be re-establishment of arterial patency, ideally prior to cell death caused by the ischemia. The sooner arterial patency is achieved the greater the clinical benefit, therefore, early restoration of blood flow in the affected territory of the brain may save brain tissue. Drug-based treatments can be used to dissolve the thrombus, but may take hours to take effect.
• Fortunately, faster catheter-based thrombectomy treatments exist. Known thrombectomy treatments optionally make use of expandable stent-like devices to drag the occlusion along a blood vessel and into a catheter. One of the most popular devices currently used to perform a catheter based thrombectomy treatment is the Solitaire™ FR Revascularization Device, by ev3 Endovascular, Inc., which has a stent-like expandable cage. The Solitaire™ FR self-expands to a diameter of 4 mm or 6 mm when released, depending on the version selected for use. These self-expanding structures seek to capture the thrombus and may pull at least a portion of the thrombus into a retrieval catheter for removal from the vessel.
• While often effective, known thrombus-removal devices, systems, and methods suffer from significant limitations. In particular, expansion forces between self-expanding structures and the vessel wall may vary primarily with the size of the device and the size of the area in which the device is constrained, with the devices often applying forces that increase when the size of the vessel or opening is smaller. Even when the correct size device is initially selected to initially secure the thrombus, the device may not be ideal for moving the thrombus into the retrieval catheter, particularly if the retrieval catheter is positioned at a significant distance from a difficult-to-remove thrombus mass, when the vessel varies in size, has one or more bends, and/or has one or more branches between the thrombus and the retrieval catheter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Embodiments of the invention provide improved medical devices, systems, and methods. Many of the devices and systems described herein will be beneficial for removal of thrombus from blood vessels, particularly for mitigating neurological damage associated with ischemic stroke. Thrombus associated with ischemic stroke can include a tough, resilient material that can be difficult to break-up, capture within a stent-like cage, or the like. Hence, removal of the material may be facilitated by laterally engaging the material with an expandable member so as to allow the thrombus to be safely pulled into a retrieval catheter. Rather than relying entirely on self-expansion, many embodiments will include expandable members that are configured to controllably expand so as to laterally engage the thrombus with a controlled and variable engagement force. The thrombus may be pulled proximally a significant distance along the vessel from an initial distal position before it can be captured in a retrieval catheter at a proximal position, with the vessel often increasing significantly in diameter, branching, and/or having significant bends between the proximal and distal positions. By allowing a physician to vary thrombus-engagement forces from outside the patient as the thrombus moves, use of the device allows the physician to adjust as appropriate for the changing local conditions along the vessel. Exemplary embodiments of the device include helical and/or braided expandable members coupled with elongate bodies extending proximally from the proximal and distal regions of the expandable members, so that relative movement of the elongate bodies from outside the patient allows controlled actuation of the expandable structure. By providing control over the expansion of the device, the invention may have significant benefits over self-expanding stent-like structures for which expansion forces are dictated by the physical properties of a stent that is only constrained by the thrombus and/or the surrounding vessel.
• One embodiment of the invention relates to a method for removing a thrombus. In the method, a catheter can be advanced within a vessel to or past a proximal vessel position. The proximal vessel position is proximal to a thrombus occluding a distal vessel position. An elongate device can be released from the advanced catheter such that an expandable member of the elongate device is in contact with the thrombus. Subsequently, the elongate device can be actuated such that the expandable member expands to a first configuration having a first nominal diameter to apply a first engagement force against the thrombus such that the expandable member axially fixedly engages the thrombus by compression of the thrombus against a vessel wall of the distal vessel position. The elongate device can be retracted while the expandable member remains axially fixedly engaged with the thrombus. This can cause the thrombus to retract from the distal vessel region to an intermediate vessel position between the distal and proximal vessel positions. The intermediate vessel position has a greater diameter than the distal vessel position, and the vessel proximal of the intermediate vessel position may have a greater diameter than the intermediate vessel position such that the first nominal diameter of the expandable member is insufficient in size to maintain axially fixed engagement with the thrombus proximally of the intermediate vessel position. The elongated device can be actuated such that the expandable member expands to a second configuration having a second nominal diameter that is greater than the first nominal diameter to apply a second engagement force against the thrombus such that fixed engagement with the expandable member sufficiently maintained to continue retracting the thrombus proximally of the intermediate position.
• Optionally, the device may be used to move the thrombus a significant distance along the vessel wall before the thrombus is captured within a surrounding structure of the catheter system. For example, the device will typically pull the thrombus more than 10 distal vessel diameters, optionally more than 20 diameters, and in some cases more than 50 diameters along the vessel before capture of the thrombus in a lumen of the catheter system.
• In some aspects of the method, the catheter can be advanced past the proximal vessel position and at least partially into the thrombus over a pre-positioned guidewire. The guidewire can be subsequently withdrawn while the catheter is maintained in position.
• In further aspects of the method, releasing the elongate device includes advancing the elongate device into the catheter such that the expandable member is positioned within the thrombus, and subsequently withdrawing the catheter while the expandable member is maintained in position.
• In further aspects of the method, the catheter can be advanced to the proximal vessel position, or past the proximal position and proximal to the thrombus, over a pre-positioned guidewire, and the guidewire can be subsequently withdrawn while the catheter is maintained in position.
• In further aspects of the method, releasing the elongate device includes advancing the elongate device into the catheter, such that the expandable member is advanced distally of the catheter, and piercing the thrombus with the expandable member such that at least a portion of the expandable member is positioned within the thrombus. The expandable member can be maintained in an unexpanded configuration before actuating to the first configuration.
• In further aspects of the method, the proximal vessel position can have a greater diameter than the intermediate vessel position, such that the second diameter of the expandable member is insufficient in size to maintain axially fixed engagement with the thrombus at the proximal vessel position, and wherein the elongated device is further actuated to expand the expandable member to expand to a third configuration having a third nominal diameter that is greater than the second nominal diameter to apply a third engagement force against the thrombus such that axially fixed engagement with the thrombus is sufficiently maintained to continue retracting the thrombus.
• In further aspects of the method, the first engagement force can be less than a desired maximum vessel wall engagement force. The expandable member in the second configuration can be configured so as to, if compressed to the first diameter, exceed the desired maximum engagement force such that delaying articulation of the elongate device from the first configuration to the second configuration till after the elongate device is retracted proximally of the first position inhibits exceeding of the desired maximum engagement force against the vessel wall.
• In further aspects of the method, the second engagement force can be equal to or larger than the first engagement force. The intermediate position can have a diameter at least 20% larger than the distal position. In some embodiments, the intermediate position may be at least 30% or even 50% larger than the distal position. The proximal position may have a diameter at least 30% larger than the distal position, often being at least 50% larger than the distal position, and in some cases being more than 100 larger than the distal position.
• In further aspects of the method, the intermediate vessel position can include a bend, and optionally a plurality of bends. Articulating of the elongate device from the first configuration to the second configuration can be performed in response to the expandable member being adjacent the bend, so as to inhibit loss of axially fixed engagement of the expandable member with the thrombus being induced by the bend.
• In further aspects of the method, the intermediate vessel position can include a branch, optionally a plurality of branches. Articulating of the elongate device from the first configuration to the second configuration can be performed in response to the expandable member being adjacent the branch and so as to inhibit loss of axially fixed engagement of the expandable member with the thrombus being induced by the branch.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member and the thrombus can be retracted proximally from the vessel into a lumen of a capture catheter, and the elongate device can be activated while retracting the thrombus into the capture catheter in response.
• In further aspects of the method, the capture catheter can be affixed within the vessel by expanding a toroidal balloon of the capture catheter. The lumen of the capture catheter may have a diameter at least 10% smaller than that of the proximal position, optionally being at least 20% and in some cases being at least 30% smaller. Actuation of the expandable member may help withdraw the thrombus into the capture catheter.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member can include a plurality of braided coiled wires configured to assume an expanded relaxed shape when unconstrained.
• In further aspects of the method, actuating the elongate device includes pulling a wire coupled to the braided coiled wires such that the braided coiled wires axially compress.
• In further aspects of the method, releasing the elongate device includes advancing the elongate device out of the catheter and positioning the expandable member to axially co-occupy the distal vessel position with the thrombus.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member pierces the thrombus.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member can be inserted between the thrombus and the vessel wall portion of the distal vessel portion.
• In further aspects of the method, the catheter may not be in contact with the thrombus while positioning the expandable member.
• In further aspects of the method, the catheter may be of a larger diameter than the diameter of the distal vessel portion.
• In further aspects of the method, after piercing the thrombus, the expandable member can be released to radially expand to a relaxed state before being actuated to expand to the first nominal diameter.
• In further aspects of the method, in the relaxed state, the expandable member can have a maximum diameter that is less than one half of the diameter of the distal vessel portion.
• In further aspects of the method, the elongated device can be actuated a plurality of times while being retracted to the proximal vessel position.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member can increase in nominal diameter each time for each actuation.
• In further aspects of the method, the expandable member can include a plurality of helical wires having a helical diameter that expands to non-uniformly compress the thrombus when applying the first engagement force. Less compressed thrombus portions, between maximally compressed thrombus portions in contact with the wires, can arc inward toward a center axis of the vessel according to a slope angle.
• In further aspects of the method, the first engagement force includes a radial force component acting at the maximally compressed thrombus portions. During retraction the wires can further apply an axial force component to the maximally compressed thrombus portions. The radial force component and axial force component together can make up a first moving engagement force.
• In further aspects of the method, the radial force component provides a majority of the first moving engagement force.
• In further aspects of the method, the second engagement force can maintain or increase the slope angle.
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a catheter system for removing a thrombus from a blood vessel of a patient, the vessel having a proximal vessel position having a proximal vessel diameter and a distal vessel position having a distal vessel diameter with a thrombus occluding the distal vessel position. The system can include microcatheter having a proximal end and a distal end with a lumen therebetween. The lumen can have a lumen diameter and the distal end can be configured for advancement into the vessel beyond the proximal position. The elongate device can have a proximal end and a distal end with an expandable member disposed near the distal end. The distal end can be slidably receivable within the lumen of the microcatheter so that the expandable body is releasable distally from the microcatheter within the vessel. The elongate device can include an actuator disposed near the proximal end. The expandable member can be biased to expand radially from a first configuration to a second configuration when released from the catheter, the second configuration having a nominal diameter larger than the lumen diameter of the microcatheter. The actuator of the elongate device can be operatively coupled to the expandable member and configured so that a first articulation of the actuator from outside the patient expands the expandable member from the second configuration to a third configuration. The third configuration can have a nominal diameter larger than the second configuration to induce the expandable member to apply a first engagement force against the thrombus to axially fixedly engage the expandable member to the thrombus so that withdrawing the expandable member proximally causes the thrombus to retract from the distal vessel region to an intermediate vessel position between the distal and proximal vessel position. The actuator and expandable member can be operatively coupled so that a second actuation of a the elongated device expands the expandable member from the third configuration to a fourth configuration, the fourth configuration having a nominal diameter larger than the third configuration such that the second articulation, when the expandable member is disposed within the vessel in the intermediate position and the intermediate position has a vessel diameter larger than the distal vessel diameter, induces a second engagement force against the thrombus such that fixed engagement with the expandable member is maintained to continue retracting the thrombus proximally of the intermediate position.
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a device for removing a thrombus. The device can be elongated with a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end of the elongate device can be sized to be slidably disposed within a microcatheter. The elongate device can have a distal expandable member adjacent the distal end and a proximal actuator adjacent the proximal end, the actuator functionally coupled to the expandable member. The expandable member can include a non-expanded state, and can be biased to an expanded natural state, and can further be configured to expand by actuation of the actuator to an actuated expanded state larger in profile than the expanded natural state. The expandable member can include a plurality of wires configured to expand to a first nominal diameter that is larger in diameter than the natural state, in order to non-uniformly compress a thrombus within a vessel by application of a first engagement force to form maximally compressed thrombus portions in contact with the wires, and further form less-compressed thrombus portions between the wires that arc inward to a center axis of the vessel according to a slope angle. The expandable member can be further configured to expand to a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter in order to maintain or increase the slope angle.
• In some aspects of the system and/or device, the wires can be coiled and interwoven, and configured to expand to approximately ⅓ to ½ of the vessel diameter in the natural state.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, the expandable member can be configured to expand to approximately 6 mm in diameter in a maximally expanded state.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, the wires can be configured to not cut into the thrombus upon expansion, thereby maintaining or increasing the slope angles during expansion of the expandable member.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, the natural state the expandable member can have a continuously curved profile formed between proximal and distal ends.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, a total of 8 wires are interwoven to form the expandable member. Axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 3.5 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 2 mm in diameter. Axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 2.4 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 4 mm in diameter.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, a total of 16 wires can be interwoven to form the expandable member. Axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 1.7 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 2 mm in diameter. Axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 1.2 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 4 mm in diameter.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, a total of 24 wires can be interwoven to form the expandable member. Axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 1.1 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 2 mm in diameter, and axial distance between the crossed wires longitudinally can be approximately 0.8 mm when the expandable member is expanded to 4 mm in diameter.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, a pull wire can be moveably coupled between the expandable member and actuator, and configured to expand the expandable member when actuated by the actuator.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, pull wire actuation distance to expandable member diameter ratio ranges from approximately 0.4 at the first diameter to 2.8 at a maximal diameter.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, the first engagement force includes a radial force component acting at the maximally compressed thrombus portions, and wherein during retraction the wires further apply an axial force component, and wherein the radial force component and axial force component together comprise a first moving engagement force.
• In further aspects of the system and/or device, a radial force component provides a majority of the first moving engagement force.
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a device for compressing and removing a thrombus to increase blood flow through a vessel. The device comprises an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end. The tube is sized to be slidably disposed within a microcatheter and the tube has an expandable member adjacent the distal end. A push/pull wire is slidably disposed within the outer tube. The wire has a proximal end and a distal end and the wire is functionally coupled to the expandable member at the distal end. The expandable member is configured to increase diameter from a natural state diameter to a first larger diameter and exert a radial force sufficient to compress the thrombus when an axial force component is applied to the proximal end of the wire by pulling the wire to restore blood flow through the vessel.
• In further aspects of the device, the expandable member is configured to decrease diameter from a first larger diameter when an axial force component is applied to the proximal end of the wire by pushing the wire.
• In further aspects of the device, the expandable member comprises a plurality of wires configured to divergently compress a thrombus within a vessel by application of a first engagement force to maximally compressed thrombus portions in contact with the wires. The first engagement force comprises the radial force component acting at the maximally compressed thrombus portions. During retraction, the wires further apply an axial force component. The radial force component and axial force component together comprise a first moving engagement force.
• In still further aspects of the device, less compressed thrombus portions between the wires arc inward to a center axis of the vessel according to a slope angle during retraction of the device. The expandable member is further configured to expand to a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter in order to maintain or increase the slope angle.
• In further aspects of the device, the axial force and the radial force represent a linear relationship with the radial force component comprising a majority of the first moving engagement force.
• In further aspects of the device, the axial force and the radial force represent a one-to-one correspondence provided by the equation:
• $Pa=-\frac{2\mathrm{Fc}}{\mathrm{DL}\tan \left(\beta \right)}=\frac{2F}{\pi D^2{\tan }^2\beta }$
• where: Pa=average radial pressure; F=axial force; L=device length; and D=device diameter.
• In still additional aspects of the device, the wires are coiled and interwoven, and are configured to expand to approximately ⅓ to ½ of the vessel diameter in the natural state diameter.
• In further aspects of the device, the application of the axial force component is provided by a spring, a hydraulic piston, an electromechanic mechanism, or a person.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1A is a perspective partial view of a system and device in an unexpanded configuration, according to embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 1B is a perspective partial view of the system and device ofFIG. 1A in a relaxed configuration.
• FIG. 1C is a perspective partial view of the system and device ofFIG. 1A in an expanded configuration.
• FIGS. 2A-2C are simplified diagrams illustrating forces involved in removing a thrombus using an expandable member, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2D is a graph of force values for removing a thrombus using an expandable member, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2E is a simplified diagram illustrating forces involved in removing a thrombus using an expandable member, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of a proximal vessel portion illustrating a portion of a method for removing a thrombus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 3B-3F are cross-sectional views of a distal vessel portion illustrating portions of a method for removing a thrombus, according to embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 3G is a cross-sectional view of a proximal vessel portion illustrating a portion of a method for removing a thrombus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 3H and 3I are cross-sectional views of an intermediate vessel portion illustrating portions of a method for removing a thrombus, according to embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 3J is a cross-sectional view of a proximal vessel portion illustrating a portion of a method for removing a thrombus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3K is a cross-sectional view of a distal vessel portion illustrating a portion of a method for removing a thrombus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 3L and 3M are cross-sectional overviews of the method depicted inFIGS. 3B-3J.
• FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the device, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of a guide wire and micro catheter across a clot, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the device inside the micro catheter, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of the device expanded into the clot at ⅓-½ of the artery diameter to allow perfusion, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view of the device including the expanded mesh with the clot secured between the mesh and the artery wall, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 6 is a cross section of a locking mechanism according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of the stopper in one configuration, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the stopper in a configuration different fromFIG. 7A, according to an embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIONI. Overview
• Embodiments of the invention related to a micro-catheter device having an expandable member. In one embodiment, the expandable member has spirally wrapped (e.g., multiple crossing helixes) and woven filaments in a basket-like configuration. The filaments can be constructed from super-elastic Ni—Ti, with the exception of two filaments constructed from Pt—Ir for radiopacity. In one embodiment sixteen filaments are used, while in another, eight filaments are used.
• The proximal ends of the filaments may be connected to a tubular shaft having a small lumen, while the distal ends of the filaments are interconnected to a common joint. A central pull-wire can be connected to the common joint. The pull-wire can be slideable within the small lumen and may be moved relative to the rest of the microcatheter to cause expansion and contraction of the expandable member.
• The expandable member can have a relaxed configuration with a diameter in a range from about 1 mm to about 3 mm, optionally being a 2 mm diameter. When housed within and moving axially along the microcatheter, the expandable member is configured to be compressed to 1 mm or less. In one embodiment, the expandable member can expand beyond the relaxed size via manipulation of the pull-wire to expand to up to 4 mm. Relative proximal movement of the pull-wire causes the expandable member to expand, while distal movement causes contraction.
• For small vessels, a capture catheter may be positioned proximately from the occlusion, with the proximal region surrounding the capture catheter typically having a significantly larger diameter than that of the vessel surrounding distal thrombus. For example, when the thrombus is located in a distal region having a 2 mm to 4 mm diameter, the capture catheter may be located in a region having a vessel diameter of 5 mm or more. Upon retraction of the expandable device and the engaged thrombus from the smaller vessel to the larger vessel, absent any control over the expansion of a self-expanding device the expansion force applied by such a self-expanding device against the surrounding vessel wall (and against the thrombus) would decrease, so that the device might fail to maintain adequate force to keep hold of the thrombus, risking loss. Moving the expanded device with the thrombus around vessel corners may also be problematic, particularly should a stent-like self-expanding device kink to some degree, and thus apply less expansive force to the thrombus, again, risking loss of axial control over the thrombus.
• In use, the device can be placed within an occlusion while the device is constrained within the microcatheter. The device can then be released to the relaxed state by withdrawing the surrounding catheter sheath, and further expanded within the occlusion by relative proximal movement of the pull-wire to affect expansion, so as to axially secure the device to the thrombus—thereby a first force is applied. Once the thrombus is secured to the device (typically with most or all of the thrombus remaining outside the expandable device), the thrombus may be withdrawn along the vessel wall by retracting the device, the device and thrombus often being pulled along the lumen for a considerable distance while the lumen gradually increases in diameter. Once the thrombus and device have been pulled into a sufficiently larger region of the vessel, the device and thrombus are pulled into and captured by a capture catheter.
• As the occlusion is moved proximally from its original position, vessel diameter generally increases. As a result, the force being applied to the captured occlusion could become inadequate if no adjustments in the device were made (e.g. during a limited portion of the overall movement, analogous to the prior methods). A surgeon can counteract this by causing relative proximal movement of the pull-wire to affect expansion of the expandable member, thus applying an increased or second axial force to the pull-wire, causing a corresponding increased or second radial force to be applied by the device to the surrounding thrombus and vessel wall. Accordingly, the expandable member may maintain a substantially constant or increasing amount of pressure against the occlusion as it axially moves away from the axis of the expandable member.
• Thus, in one example, the inventive expandable member applies a first force by actuation of the pull-wire to overcome the expandable member's resilient nature to maintain its natural shape and the compressive forces applied by the thrombus. The expandable member applies a second force by actuation of the pull-wire, to maintain or exceed the pressure applied to the thrombus. When the radial reactive force decreases due to a larger surrounding vessel lumen, further actuation of the pull-wire can again apply further force if necessary. Thus, pressure against the occlusion can be increased or maintained as the size of the vessel wall increases in size.
II. Exemplary System and Device
• FIG. 1A shows asystem100 for removing obstructions from a body passage, such as a thrombus from a small blood vessel. Thesystem100 includes acatheter102, which may be a microcatheter (i.e. diameter of 5-French or less) for use in small vessels (2 mm to 4 mm), typically intracranial blood vessels. Thecatheter102 can be constructed from hollow tubing, such as a flexible polymer (e.g., polyether-block-amide, commercially available under the name PEBAX from the ARKEMA GROUP of Paris, France) tubular extrusion. In some embodiments, thecatheter102 can be reinforced with braiding and configured for withstanding high pressure for delivering liquid medication. Thecatheter102 is generally configured for use over a guidewire, but may additionally include provisions for steering. Thecatheter102 can also include radio-opaque elements to aid fluoroscopic visualization.
• Thesystem100 further includes anelongate device104, which is configured to slide within thecatheter102. Theelongate device104 includes anexpandable member106, which is shown inFIG. 1A in a constrained or unexpanded position. In the unexpanded configuration the expandable member can have a diameter of 1 mm, which is typically half the size of the smallest diameter vessels encountered during use. In some embodiments, theexpandable member106 can be controllably restrained at a proximal end (not shown) of theelongate device104, while in other embodiments theexpandable member106 can be constrained by the inner diametrical constraints of thecatheter102. Thedistal end108 of theelongate device104 can be constructed from radio-opaque material (e.g. in the form of a cap) to aid fluoroscopic visualization, and generally the elongate device can include a plurality of embedded radiopaque makers.
• FIG. 1B shows theexpandable member106 advanced distally from thecatheter102. Theexpandable member106 can be constructed from a plurality ofwires110. Eachwire110 is formed as a coil having a substantially cylindrical or curved profile that tapers to a point at each of its ends. The distal end ofwire110 tapers to its end on thedistal end108. The proximal end ofwire110 tapers to its end on theproximal end112. Thewires110 are interwoven with one another so as to form a braided basket-like structure. Thewires110 are also moveable with respect to one another between theproximal end112 anddistal end108.
• Relative axial displacement of a pull-wire114, which is fixed to thedistal end108 but not theproximal end112, with respect to atube116 of theelongate device104 causes theexpandable member106 to expand or contract, depending on the relative movement of the pull-wire114. In this embodiment, relative distal movement of the pull-wire114 causes the expandable member to elongate axially and thus contract, to resemble the state shown inFIG. 1A. In the contracted state, the expandable member can have a diameter of approximately 1 mm. Likewise, relative proximal movement of the pull-wire114 causes the expandable member to compress axially and thus expand.
• The wires of theexpandable member106 can be constructed from a resilient material, such as nickel-titanium alloy or stainless steel, or a mixture of different metals (e.g. 15 Ni—Ti wires and 1 Platinum), since Platinum wire is relatively easier to see under fluoroscopy. Thewires110 can be coated to increase lubricity or enhance fluoroscopic visualization. In some embodiments, 16 wires are used, while in other embodiments 8 wires can be used. Each wire can have a diameter of 0.005 mm.
• Thewires110 can be formed from a substantially elastic or super elastic alloy and configured to assume a relaxed state (i.e. with the pull-wire114 applying force to the distal end108) as shown inFIG. 1B. Thewires110 can be round in cross-section or have distinct orthogonal sides (e.g. rectangular). In some embodiments thewires110 are formed as individual micro-coils. In the relaxed stated, theexpandable member106 can have a nominal (i.e. without external constraint) diameter of 1.5 mm.
• FIG. 1C shows the expanded state of theexpandable member106. In the expanded stated, theexpandable member106 can have a nominal diameter of 4 mm. Theactuator100 is shown in a curved configuration to illustrate flexibility, however, it generally assumes a straight shape, although in some embodiments theelongate device104 can have a resiliently bent or curved distal end (e.g. 45 degrees) to help enable access to certain veins.
III. Force Diagrams
• FIG. 2A shows theexpandable member106 in use. A portion theexpandable member106 is shown in cross-section within a half-section of a vessel. Thewires110 are shown “squeezing” a thrombus T (having a modulus of elasticity E), against a vessel wall V. Thewires110 generally do not cut the thrombus, but compress it along an axis through the thrombus created by thecatheter102 in conjunction with a guidewire, or by dissection of the thrombus using theelongated device104 alone. Thewires110 are arranged such that they are separated by a distance D at a certain expanded diameter of theexpandable member106. Nominal distances corresponding to nominal diameters of theexpandable member106 are shown below in TABLE 1.

• TABLE 1
  	Nominal axial distance
  Nominal Outer	between wires D (mm)

  Diameter (mm)	8 wires	16 wires
  4.00	2.43	1.18
  3.80	2.61	1.26
  3.60	2.76	1.34
  3.40	2.90	1.41
  3.20	3.02	1.46
  3.00	3.13	1.51
  2.80	3.23	1.56
  2.60	3.31	1.60
  2.40	3.39	1.63
  2.20	3.45	1.65
  2.00	3.50	1.67

• There is a limited envelope of relations between the physical properties of the thrombus T and vessel wall (e.g. modulus E, Coefficient of friction μ, etc.) and the geometrical values of the expandable member106 (d, D, etc.), that create the conditions in which the interaction between theexpandable member106 and the thrombus T enables removal of the thrombus. In the relaxed state, as shown inFIG. 1B, theexpandable member106 will apply a certain amount radial force FR against the thrombus. Additionally, the pull-wire112 can be moved proximately, relative totube116, to increase or add additional radial force by applying a certain amount of axial force to the pull-wire. Accordingly, more radial force FR can be applied to fixedly engage theexpandable member106 to the thrombus T, so both will slide within the vessel.
• Since the artery size is not constant (e.g. enlarges towards the proximal direction), the radial FR force can be increased or maintained by applying additional longitudinal force to the pull-wire110 incrementally, and thus maintain the envelope of parameters that enable engagement of the thrombus T and avoid relative sliding between theexpandable member106 and the thrombus T. TABLE 2 below shows one inventive example of a device made from sixteen 0.05 mm diameter Ni—Ti wires. The device self expanding force expand the device to 1.5 mm and the expansion to any larger diameter is made by pulling the wire.

• TABLE 2
  	Radial pressure
  Device diameter	applied to	Force applied to	Relative length
  due to wire	thrombus/artery	the pull-wire	the wire is
  pulling [mm]	wall [Pa]	[N]	pulled [mm]

  4	1681	0.036	11.34
  3.75	1377	0.034	9.21
  3.5	1137	0.031	7.35
  3.25	935	0.028	5.71
  3	753	0.024	4.26
  2.75	580	0.020	2.98
  2.5	404	0.015	1.85
  2.25	215	0.008	0.86
  2	—	—	—

• Prior self-expandable devices may be designed to create thrombus removal conditions, but since the vessel becomes bigger towards its proximal side, the predefined radial force will not necessarily maintain the required engagement conditions, thus risking loss of the thrombus T.
• FIG. 2B illustrates a simplified interaction of radial force FR and frictional force FX between thewires110 and the thrombus T. As shown, theexpandable member106 non-uniformly compresses the thrombus when applying radial force FR. Thus, portions between thewires110 are comparatively less compressed than portions of the thrombus in contact with the wires. The less compressed portions arc inward to a center axis of the vessel, which can be simplified to a slope angle α. Thus, slope angle α represents the degree ofwire110 to the thrombus engagement, i.e., the greater slope angle α the greater the engagement. Slope angle α is dependent on the modulus of elasticity E and radial force FR.
• FIG. 2C shows a model interaction of force components using slope angle α represent the clot elasticity. Axial force is applied to theactuator100 create radial force FR. The axial force FX to move (retract) the clot is connected to the radial force FR. Static friction force calculated as FT=FN*μ, where μ is constant. Using the calculation above and the relation between FN/FT to FX/FR with simple trigonometry can be calculated and presented in theFIGS. 2D and 2E. The graph represents two lines. One is for a non elastic clot; the axial force one can generate is low. The second is for an elastic clot and with a use of high radial force such as can be generated by applyingactuator100. The axial force to move the clot due to friction is much higher.
IV. Exemplary Method
• FIG. 3A illustrates a portion of amethod300 for removing a thrombus using the device ofFIG. 1A. Acapture catheter302 is shown introduced into a vessel V, which can be performed under fluoroscopic guidance using aguidewire304. The vessel V may be a intracranial vessel. Thecapture catheter302 can be maintained at or proximally to a proximal vessel portion V_pof the vessel V, or to a portion where it can advance no further due to decreasing vessel diameter and/or torturous vessel anatomy. Amicrocatheter306, which corresponds tocatheter102 ofFIG. 1A is advanced, over theguidewire304 and then advanced distally beyond thecapture catheter302.
• FIG. 3B illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. As shown themicrocatheter306 and guidewire304 have been advanced past the proximal vessel portion V_pto a distal vessel portion V_dof the vessel V (or a branch thereof) where a thrombus T is located. The distal vessel portion V_dmay roughly have a diameter of 2 mm to 5 mm. Theguidewire304 is axially advanced through the thrombus T to rest at a position distal to the thrombus T. In practice, theguidewire304 may pierce the thrombus throughout, and/or slide between the thrombus T and the vessel wall.
• FIG. 3C illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. While theguidewire304 is maintained in position, and themicrocatheter306 is over theguidewire304 such that at least a portion of themicrocatheter306 is within the thrombus T. As shown, a distal portion of themicrocatheter306 is well advanced beyond the thrombus T, but this is not necessarily required for performing themethod300.
• FIG. 3D illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Theguidewire304 is withdrawn and removed from themicrocatheter306, leaving an interior lumen of themicrocatheter306 vacant. Anelongate device308 is subsequently advanced within the interior lumen of themicrocatheter306 while the position of themicrocatheter306 is maintained. Theelongate device308 is advanced until aexpandable member310 is at least partially within or adjacent to the thrombus T, such that theexpandable member310 coaxially occupies the same vessel location as the thrombus T and separated from contact with the thrombus T by themicrocatheter306. As shown, a distal portion of theexpandable member310 is advanced well beyond the thrombus T, but this is not necessarily required for performing themethod300.
• FIG. 3E illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, themicrocatheter306 is withdrawn such that it is proximal to the thrombus T, while the position of theelongate device308 is maintained. This causes theexpandable member310 to come into contact with the thrombus T and expand from a contracted position to a relaxed configuration. Expansion may occur by simply removing themicrocatheter306, which can physically constrain theexpandable member310. Alternatively, a proximal end of a pull-wire312 can be released from a locked configuration (relative to the main structure of the elongate device308) to a free configuration. This may occur from breaking a simple proximal bond between the proximal end of the pull-wire312 and another portion of the elongate device or by triggering a handle mechanism.
• FIG. 3F illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, the pull-wire312 is proximately displaced in an axial direction, relative to theelongate device308. This causes theexpandable member310 to axially contrast and diametrically expand from the relaxed configuration shown inFIG. 3E to a first expanded configuration. The actual expanded diameter of theexpandable member310 is dictated by many factors, but namely the degree of physical constraint enacted by the thrombus T and vessel walls, and the amount of force applied to the pull-wire312. For the purposes of practicing themethod300, generally, the actual expanded diameter can be less than or equal to a nominal expanded diameter (i.e. a particular diameter for which no constraint is applied to theexpandable member310 while a particular force is applied to the pull-wire312). Accordingly, a particular distance (and/or force) that the pull-wire312 is displacing can be correlated to a particular nominal diameter.
• Theexpandable member310 is shown expanded to a first configuration that correlates to a first nominal diameter. The first configuration is determined by the amount of force applied to the pull-wire312. In the first configuration wires of theexpandable member310 apply an engagement force sufficient enough to maintain engagement with the thrombus T during axial displacement. Put another way, the engagement force is the minimum force required to prevent the thrombus T from sliding off the wires during withdrawal. The wires of theexpandable member310 generally do not cut into the thrombus T, rather, the wires compress the thrombus T against the vessel wall. The more compressed the thrombus T is, the greater a correlated slope angle between the wires and the thrombus (as shown inFIG. 2B), thus providing a greater axial surface area to pull against as the slope moves to vertical. However, this also applies greater pressure between the thrombus T and the vessel wall. Accordingly, the engagement force must be sufficient enough to overcome frictional force between the thrombus T and the vessel wall.
• Perhaps ideally, the engagement force would correspond to a desired maximum value when initially applied to the thrombus T, this maximum value being great enough to maintain fixable engagement with the thrombus T for the entirety of the procedure. Put another way, it would be ideal to simply once apply a first engagement force that is great enough to overcome all predictable vessel size and geometries changes as the thrombus T is dragged back to thecapture catheter302. However, in practice, such a maximum force can be great enough to overstress the vessel at the distal vessel portion V_d. Thus, the initial engagement force may be lower than a desired maximum force, yet great enough to initially dislodge the thrombus T and move it a particular distance to a different portion of the vessel V where the maximum engagement force can be applied in a safe manner.
• FIG. 3G illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, aballoon314 of thecapture catheter302 is inflated to halt blood flow. In some cases this can ease withdrawal of the thrombus T. However, stopping blood flow is optional and not required to practice themethod300.
• FIG. 3H illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, the thrombus T is being withdrawn proximally within the vessel V, from the distal vessel portion V_dto an intermediate vessel portion V_i, which is distal of the proximate vessel portion V_p. As shown, vessel diameter at the intermediate vessel portion V_iis larger than the vessel diameter at the distal vessel portion V_d. The difference is great enough such that the first engagement force of theexpandable member310 will no longer be sufficient to maintain fixable engagement with the thrombus T. Accordingly, correlated slope angle between the wires and the thrombus (as shown inFIG. 2B) will move to horizontal. Themethod300, however, compensates for the change in vessel diameter.
• FIG. 3I illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, the pull-wire312 is actuated further at the intermediate vessel portion V_ito a second expanded configuration that correlates to a second nominal diameter, which is greater than the first nominal diameter of the first expanded configuration. The increase in vessel diameter at the intermediate vessel portion V_ican be greater than 20% as compared to the distal vessel portion V_d, and in some cases greater than 100%. In the second expanded configuration, a second engagement force is applied to the thrombus to maintain fixed engagement under axial movement. The second engagement force is typically, but not necessarily, greater than the first engagement force, and in some cases is equal.
• The intermediate vessel portion V_iis shown as a diametrically larger vessel portion, as compared to the distal vessel portion V_d, however, this is not necessarily the case. The increase in diameter can be an effective increase rather than an actual one. For example, in the case of encountering a vessel branch or a sharp vessel direction change, theexpandable member310 may have the tendency to straighten rather than conformingly bend with the vessel. Thus, portions of the expandable member may compress or kink enough to render the first engagement force insufficient to maintain axially fixed engagement. Accordingly, theexpandable member310 can be further actuated to compensate for such changes.
• It should be understood that further changes in the expanded configuration of theexpandable member310 are possible as the thrombus T is withdrawn. For example, at the proximal vessel portion V_p, theexpandable member310 can be actuated to a third expanded configuration can that correlates to a third nominal diameter, which is greater than the second nominal diameter of the second expanded configuration. In this third configuration a third engagement force is applied to the thrombus, such that axially fixed engagement is maintained.
• It should be further understood that the changes in expanded configurations as illustrated above are incremental only to ease understanding of themethod300. In some embodiments, a gradual force change can be applied to the pull-wire312. In some embodiments, this change can be actuated manually by a user directly manipulating the pull-wire312, as shown inFIG. 3I, or by using an actuator. Such an actuator may, for example, be a ratcheting wheel that provides a mechanical advantage. An example of such an actuator is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,635, which is incorporated herein by reference. As shown in Table 2, pull wire actuation distance to expandable member diameter ratio can range from approximately 0.4 to 2.8. Thus, pull-wire actuation at the larger diameters is relatively small. The actuator can be configured to use a geared configuration such that applied distance to pull wire actuation distance ratio is greater than 1, such as 2:1 or 4:1 (e.g., 4 mm of input causes 1 mm of pull-wire retraction). Thus, actuation of the pull-wire at the larger diameters can be performed in a very tactile manner.
• FIG. 3J illustrates yet another portion of themethod300. Here, theexpandable member310 and thrombus T are withdrawn into a lumen of thecapture catheter302. During this process, theexpandable member310 can be actuated to reduce the expanded diameter of the expandable member in order to enable retraction into the lumen. This may occur during retraction in order to prevent loss of the thrombus T. If provided, theinflatable balloon314 can be deflated after the retraction of the thrombus T is complete, to restore blood flow to the vessel V.
• FIG. 3K illustrates an alternate manner in performing themethod300. Themethod300 can be performed according to what is shown and described with respect toFIGS. 3A and 3B, however, in some cases, themicrocatheter306 is too large to access the thrombus T. Accordingly, themicrocatheter306 may not fully advance to the distal vessel portion V_das shown inFIG. 3C, and remains in the proximal vessel portion V_p, or some position past the distal vessel portion V_dbut still proximal to the thrombus T.
• In such cases, themicrocatheter306 can be advanced as forward as possible via the guidewire312 (not shown), theguidewire312 can be removed while the position of themicrocatheter306 is maintained. As shown inFIG. 3K, theelongated device308 can then be advanced within themicrocatheter306 and distally beyond while being maintained in a contracted configuration, such that theexpandable member310 is not allowed to expand. This can be done, for example, by applying a distal force to pull-wire312. The contractedexpandable member310 can then be advanced into at least a portion of the thrombus T, similar to how theguidewire312 can be advanced as shown inFIG. 3B. After theexpandable member310 has been sufficiently placed within or axially co-adjacent with the thrombus T, the method can continue as shown inFIGS. 3E-3J.
• FIGS. 3L and 3M respectively show before and after overview figures of themethod300. As shown, the vessel anatomy is very torturous and includes vessel portions which increase in diameter and/or turn sharply. Such vessel portions present unique challenges to removal of the thrombus. For example, increases in vessel diameter can cause a prior retraction device to disengage from the thrombus T due to lessened expansion force. Further, sharp changes in direction can cause a prior retraction devices to kink and disengage from the thrombus T. Embodiments of the invention overcome these challenges by maintaining fixed engagement with the thrombus T when the vessel increases in diameter and/or sharply changes direction.
• It should be understood that the relative vessel positions shown in the figures are scaled for ease of understanding and are not requirements for the locations of the proximal vessel portion V_p, distal vessel portion V_d, and intermediate vessel portion V_i. In some cases, these positions can be separated by a few millimeters of one another. Rather, these positions represent areas of the vasculature where articulation of theexpandable member310 is required to maintain axially fixed engagement with the thrombus.
• Referring now toFIG. 4, thedevice400 may contain anitinol braided mesh401. It may also contain anouter tube402 and a push/pullinner wire403. The braided meshdistal end404 is connected to the inner push/pull wire403. The braided meshproximal end405 is connected to theouter tube402 neararea406. Themesh device400 can also be made from a laser cut nitinol tube.
• The basic mode of operations is when theouter tube402 is held without movement and the inner push/pull wire403 is pulled outwards theouter tube402 the mesh expands (i.e. the diameter increases).
• When theouter tube402 is held without movement and the inner push/pull wire403 is pushed towards the outer tube the mesh contracts (i.e. the diameter decreases).
• The device properties may include a: a) one-to-one or other linear correspondence between theaxial force412 applying on the push/pull wire409 and theradial force411 applying by the mesh on the artery wall and/or the clot; and b) one-to-one or other linear correspondence between axial location of the push/pull wire and the mesh diameter.
• These two device properties are described in detail in PerFlow Device Forces Analysis v1.1.doc. One-to-one correspondence between the axial and the radial force is given by equation 13 (shown below). One-to-one correspondence between push/pull wire axial location and the mesh diameter is given by solving first equation 2 to find mesh braiding angle β and then solving equation 2 for mesh diameter D.
• Both device properties above are characterized by one-to-one correspondence determine or monitoring the in artery device condition, geometric and force, by the device out of the body portion. The device can use these properties in order to control thedevice radial force411 according artery diameter and physician decision.
• A spring may be used as an “axial force generator”407. The spring can provide several “force versus spring” position characteristics. One alternative is constant radial force applying by themesh401 on the clot at every artery diameter. The constant force can be adjusted out of the body by pre loading the “axial force generator”407 spring. Another alternative is non-constant force applying by the mesh on the clot at every artery diameter. The non-constant initial force can be adjusted out of the body by pre loading the “axial force generator” spring.
• A hydraulic piston may be used as an “axial force generator”407. The axial force is proportional to the hydraulic pressure. Hydraulic pressure may remain constant or controlled by close loop apparatus that received its input fromdisplacement sensor408 mounted between theouter tube402 and thewire409. This displacement (i.e. movement)413 has one-to-one correspondence with the mesh diameter. Using thedevice400, one-to-one correspondence between the axial force applying on thewire409 and the radial force applying by the mesh, may benefit by configuring thecontroller410 so as to provide an appropriate pre-defined hydraulic pressure by the hydraulic “axial force generator” that results in appropriate pre-defined mesh radial force versus artery diameter.
• An electro mechanic means (or mechanism) may be used as an “axial force generator”. The electro mechanic axial force may be constant or controlled by close loop apparatus that received its input from displacement sensor mounted between the outer tube and the wire. This displacement has a one-to-one or other linear correspondence with the mesh diameter. Using the device, one-to-one correspondence between the axial force applying on the wire and the radial force applying by the mesh, may benefit by configuring the controller so as to provide an appropriate pre-defined electro mechanic “axial force generator” that results in appropriate pre-defined mesh radial force versus artery diameter.
• The axial mesh force may be controlled by the physician according its observation during the procedure by changing the “axial force generator” forces, using axial force generator controller that is controlled by one hand, lag or finger.
• The Procedure
• With reference toFIGS. 5A-5D, amicrocatheter501 over aguide wire502 is introduced into theneuro vasculature503. Theguide wire502 crosses theclot504a,504band then the microcatheter501crosses theclot504a,504bover theguide wire502 shown inFIG. 5A. Thewire502 is pulled out and the device is introduced into themicrocatheter501 shown inFIG. 5B. The device reaches the distal end of themicrocatheter501 and then the microcatheter is pulled back and unsheathes the device. Theaxial mesh505 expands to ⅓-½ of theartery diameter506 as shown inFIG. 5C. In this state the device allows perfusion (i.e. acute perfusion).
• Acute Perfusion
• When the device is deployed, blood flow is restored. That is beneficial for thrombus lysis, removal and clinical improvement.
• • a. When the device is deployed, blood flow should be restored, even if partially and/or temporarily.
  • b. When blood flow is restored, the oxygen-rich blood flows across the thrombus and immediately to the distal beds. This helps the ischemic, stunned (penumbra) region of the brain to start the process of restoring itself.
  • c. The blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain, and takes away carbon dioxide and cellular waste. Blood flow protects against the cerebral atrophy and neuronal degeneration induced by the neuro chemical processes and pathways known to regulate cell death and atrophy after an ischemic even.
  • d. This nutrient rich blood, when downstream, will lyse or enzymatically digest, any fragments of thrombus that breakaway from the large, proximal occlusion.
  • e. Flowing blood across the large, proximal occlusion, softens the thrombus causing the device to expand further into the thrombus, improving the engagement and aiding in removal of the thrombus.
  • f. Most thrombus are highly erythrocytic (i.e. contains a lot of red blood cells).
• These lyse quickly when in blood flow, exposing the fibrin-rich portion of the thrombus. Blood flow has plasminogen in it. This can begin to break apart the fibrin matrix.
• Mesh Expansion
• Themesh401 can further expand by keeping theouter tube402 in place and pulling the push/pull wire409 as shown inFIG. 4. Expanding the mesh secures theclot504aand/or504bbetween themesh505 and the artery wall(s)507aand/or507b, respectively as shown inFIG. 5C and % D. Pulling the clot out of the arterial system is done by pulling theouter tube508 while constantly maintaining the mesh radial force on the clot to keep it secured the mesh. The stent cell pattern may physically grab the clot using a shortening of the device in to the clot. This may allow better anchoring of the braid in to the clot (as opposed to alternative devices that simply rely on the friction from the chronic outward force to push the clot against the vessel walls). This cell design, which allows the device to physically grab clot while minimizing maceration, may be braided using 50-60 micron wires that are round-shaped (because the mesh is not laser cut) as contrasts with alternative devices where the mesh elements are (wire-cut and) not round.
• The control of the radial force can be done by:
• • i.) The physician using standard catheterization methods using fluoroscopy:
    • a. Adjustment of the desired level of radial force by manipulating the push/pull wire.
    • b. Locking Mechanism—a mechanical mechanism601, shown inFIG. 6, includes adistal end602 and aproximal end603 and may be used to lock and secure the position of theelongate device308 relative to the pull-wire312. This allows the diameter to be fixed and/or dialed up or down. The Locking mechanism is a double end chuck that on the distal end grips theelongate device308 and on the proximal end grips the pull-wire312. Many optional gripping methods like collet chuck type, tapper slider, sloping segment. actuated either by rotating or shifting as known in the medical catheterization art of guide wire torque devices.
  • ii.) The proximal part of the pull wire can be a stretchable wire or rub through rollers or use a set of cogwheels. That way, there will be a long and more controllable movement between the pull wire and the hypotube.
  • iii.) Utilize a compensation mechanism that maintains the radial force:
    • a. The compensation mechanism509 (FIG. 5D) can be a part of the device or an add on to the proximal end of the device.
    • b. One possible compensation mechanism is a compression spring located between theouter shaft510 and the push/pull wire511 (FIG. 5D). Without this spring pulling the outer tube back it will result in decrease of the mesh diameter (e.g. the opposite of pulling the wire).
  • iv.) Pulling the outer tube back having the compression spring located between theouter shaft510 and the push/pull wire511 will do two things. First thespring512 will apply axial force on the push/pull wire511 and by that an outwards radial force on the mesh. Second, when pulling theouter tube510, it will pull the push/pull wire511and themesh505 connected to bothouter tube510 and pull the push/pull wire511, by that it will pull theclot504aout of thevasculature503 keeping it secured between themesh505 and theartery wall507a. This is possible even when theartery diameter506 increases during the pull back of the device and/orsystem500.
    • a. For the above, one can use a compression spring512 (spring rate of ˜0.0028 N/mm), or a clutch (i.e. electromagnet, friction, etc.) or even another braid or superelastic laser cut nitinol tube.
• Distal Tip Options
• Thedistal tip513 needs to be atraumatic and/or flexible in order not to damage thevessel wall507a,507b. This can be accomplished by radiopaque polymers and/or by a platinum micro coil. Can be manufactured from one of the braid wires, laser cut nitinol tube, or polymer coated end of the mesh with the distal marker.
• Mesh—Tube Connection Options
• • 1. Laser welding
  • 2. RF welding
  • 3. Gluing
  • 4. Heat bonding
• Stopper
• Referring toFIGS. 7A and 7B, themesh701 can be expanded to a pre-defined maximum diameter utilizing a tube (i.e. stopper)702 in themesh701 on the pull/push wire703 that is connected to theproximal end704 of the mesh.
• Alternative Designs of the Mesh
• In addition to the mesh comprised of 8-24 wires, the device can be built in the following variations:
• • Laser cut nitinol tube—closed cell
  • Etching and welding
• Alternative Braiding Patterns
• • In addition the braid can be made with additional radio opaque wires.
  • In addition the braid can be made with flat wires in order to use less wires but stable structure.
  • In addition the braid can be made with flat wires that lay in a perpendicular position in order to cut into the clot.
  • The braid can be heat set to an open maximum diameter (4 mm), or to a collapsed position (0.5 mm) or middle position (1.5 mm). then when the device initially expands it will be at the set position.
  • One possible configuration is to make the system at the at rest position look and act like a guide wire with diameter of 0.014″ to 0.018″ by that just with the micro catheter the device will penetrate the clot, then the rest of the procedure will be exactly as before.
  • The braid device can be manufactured as a long device (longer than 30 mm shorter than 100 mm). The physician will un sheath the micro catheter from the device for a length suitable for clot removal according to clot length. It can be clot length+20 mm for example.
• Clot Extraction
• Inner shaft is pulled axially, the device is axially shortened and expand further radially due to the relation between device length L and diameter D (see Equation 3 below). Device struts applies radial force (or pressure) on the elastic clot against the artery wall. At this stage the clot is secured between the struts and the artery wall can safely extract by pulling the all chatter proximally. Radial pressure P applying by the device is superposition the elastic pressure P_rand the pressure applied from the axially movement PL P=P_r+P_L.
• • a. P_ris defined by Equation 14 or Equation 17, device initial geometry (Do and βo) and artery diameter as D. Note that in case that D>Do, P_e1value is negative
  • b. P₁may be found by applying the same energy approach describing in Equation 8 to Equation 13, while axial force F is the shaft force.
• Geometrical Properties
• The relation between nominal and free position geometry is given by Equation 1:
• $\begin{array}{cc}D=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0\cos \left(\beta \right)}{\cos \left({\beta }_0\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}1\\ L={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="L"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">L</figure-callout>}}_0+\delta ={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="L"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">L</figure-callout>}}_0\left(\frac{\sin \left(\beta \right)}{\sin \left({\beta }_0\right)}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}2\end{array}$
• Do, Lo and βo are free position average diameter, length and pitch angle. D, L and β are nominal (implanted) average diameter length and pitch angle
• Dividing Equation 2 byEquation 1 yields a simple relation between device length L and diameter D and:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{L}{D}={\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="K"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">K</figure-callout>}}_0\tan \left(\beta \right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="K"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">K</figure-callout>}}_0=\frac{L_0}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0\tan \left({\beta }_0\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}3\end{array}$
• Equation 3 sows that it is possible to control the device diameter D by manipulate device L and vice-versa.
• Mechanical Properties
• From the equation for the load action on an open-coiled helical spring with the ends free to rotate it may be shown that the axial load F action on the device is given by Equation 4:
• $\begin{array}{cc}F=2\mathrm{Nw}*\left(\frac{{\mathrm{GI}}_P}{k_3}\left(\frac{2\sin \beta }{k_3}-k_1\right)-\frac{\mathrm{EI}\tan \left(\beta \right)}{k_3}\left(\frac{2\cos \left(\beta \right)}{k_3}-k_2\right)\right)& \mathrm{Equation}4\end{array}$
• Where k₁,k₂,k₃are constants, determined by the free position geometry, given by Equation 5:
• $\begin{array}{cc}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="k"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">k</figure-callout>}}_1=\frac{\sin \left(2{\beta }_0\right)}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0}k_2=\frac{2{\cos }^2\left({\beta }_0\right)}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0}k_3=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0}{\cos \left({\beta }_0\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}5\end{array}$
• I and Ip are the moment of inertia and polar moment of inertia of the wire, respectively.
• For a circular cross section wire with diameter d, I and Ip are given by Equation 6:
• $\begin{array}{cc}I=\frac{\pi d^2}{64}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Ip}=2I=\frac{\pi d^4}{32}& \mathrm{Equation}6\end{array}$
• E and G are material mechanical properties modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rigidity respectively. βo and β are free and nominal pitch angles. Nw is total number of filaments. For design purposes it is convenient to express the axial load F in terms of the device nominal diameter D and free position parameters. The explicit expression for axial the load F of the device made by round cross section filaments Equation 7:
• $\begin{array}{cc}F=\frac{\pi \mathrm{Nw}{\cos }^2{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_0d^4}{16{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0^2}*\left(2G\left\{\sqrt{1-{\left(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D\; D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}{D_{}}\cos {\beta }_0\right)}^2}-\sin {\beta }_0\right\}-E\left\{\left(\frac{D}{D_0}-1\right)\sqrt{{\left(\frac{D_0}{D}\right)}^2-{\cos }^2{\beta }_0}\right\}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}7\end{array}$
• The average radial pressure P_ais calculated by the use of the energy equation. Consider a suction of the of the length L and diameter D in an arbitrary position. Under the action of axial force F, the device extends by an incremental length dL and decreases in diameter by an incremental length dR (D=2R), so that the energy dW is given by:
• 
  dW=FdL  Equation 8
• We can also produce the same deflection dL and dR by applying a radial pressure Pa to an imaginary wall around the device, action over an area πDL, so that the energy dW is given by:
• 
  dW=PaπDLdR  Equation 9
• The equating of (Equation 8) and (Equation 9) yields:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Pa}=\frac{2F}{\pi \mathrm{DL}}\frac{L}{D}\\ =\frac{2F}{\pi \mathrm{DL}}\frac{L}{\beta }\frac{\beta }{D}\end{array}& \mathrm{Equation}10\end{array}$
• Since D is explicit function of β, usingEquation 1, replacing β₀and D₀by β and D in an arbitrary position.
• $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}\frac{\beta }{D}={\left(\frac{D}{\beta }\right)}^{-1}\\ =-\frac{\cos \left({\beta }_0\right)}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0\sin \left(\beta \right)}\\ =-\frac{1}{k_3\sin \left(\beta \right)}\end{array}& \mathrm{Equation}11\end{array}$
• And using Equation 2, replacing δ by dL:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{L}{\beta }=\frac{\pi cD_o\cos \left(\beta \right)}{\cos \left({\beta }_0\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}12\end{array}$
• And thus
• $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Pa}=-\frac{2\mathrm{Fc}}{\mathrm{DL}\tan \left(\beta \right)}\\ =\frac{2F}{\pi D^2{\tan }^2\beta }.\end{array}& \mathrm{Equation}13\end{array}$
• Local radial pressure is the load supported by the Perflow device assuming imaginary surface equal to the blocked area around the device: πDL/(1−PI)
• $\begin{array}{cc}{P}_L=\frac{\mathrm{Pa}}{\left(1-\mathrm{PI}\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}14\end{array}$
• Approximation of the device PI can be performed using the following simplified equation:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{PI}\left[\%\right]\approx 100*\left(\frac{W_N^2\sin \alpha }{W_N^2\sin \alpha +2\mathrm{Wd}+d^2}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}15\end{array}$
• • Where Wn is given by:
• $\begin{array}{cc}{W}_N=\frac{\pi D_N}{N_W\cos \left({\beta }_N\right)}-\frac{d}{\sin \left(2{\beta }_N\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}16\end{array}$
• For design purposes it is convenient to express the average radial pressure in terms of diameters D. The explicit expression for the average radial pressure of device made of round cross section (diameter d) filaments is as follows:
• $\begin{array}{cc}Pa=\frac{\mathrm{Nw}{\cos }^4{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\beta "\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\beta </figure-callout>}}_0d^4}{8{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}_0^4\left[1-{\left(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D\; D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}{D_{}}\cos {\beta }_0\right)}^2\right]}*\left(2G\left\{\sqrt{1-{\left(\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="D\; D"\; filenames="US20150182361A1-20150702-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">D</figure-callout>}}{D_{}}\cos {\beta }_0\right)}^2}-\sin {\beta }_0\right\}-E\left\{\left(\frac{D}{D_0}-1\right)\sqrt{{\left(\frac{D_0}{D}\right)}^2-{\cos }^2{\beta }_0}\right\}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}17\end{array}$
• This is the equation for device elastic radial pressure and will be marked later also as P_e1. One can convert from the initial pitch angle βo to the initial braid angle αo in Equation 7 and Equation 17 by using the relation βo=π/2−αo/2
• “Radial force” is a value that can be presented in measurement methods like the Thin Film Test. In this test a measurement of changes in diameter vs. force is performed while the device is circumferentially compressed through 360 degrees. Radial force Fr in force per unit length can be calculated following Equation 17 result by Equation 18:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Fr}=\frac{\mathrm{Pa}}{\pi D}& \mathrm{Equation}18\end{array}$
• Additional Applications
• • Open blocked vessels below the knee.
  • Utilize any of the devices described herein, as a balloon for the opening of cervical narrowed arteries with no need to stop the blood flow, and/or while maintaining control of the radial force.
  • For use as a temporary aneurysm neck bridge during aneurysm occlusion with embolization coils. Balloons may be used to perform ‘aneurysm neck remodeling’ if a stent cannot be used, typically in ruptured aneurysm treatments. When using balloons to remodel the aneurysm neck, flow arrest typically results. With the devices described herein, ‘neck remodeling’ may be performed preventing coils from entering the parent artery without flow arrest. Risk of ischemic stroke may be mitigated.
  • For use as a cerebral vasospasm treatment during hemorrhagic stroke or arterial damage. Balloons may be used during this procedure. Medical therapy is also performed (nimodipine and/or verapimil). With the devices described herein, ‘angioplasty’ of the vasospastic vessel may be performed without flow arrest. Risk of ischemic stroke may be mitigated.
• Additional Aspects of Therapy System and Use
• • When treating an occlusion in a small, delicate cerebral blood vessel, there may be significant clinical advantages to limiting the number of intravascular structures advanced to the occlusion, providing accurate control over (and as possible, limiting the number of) engagement motions between the intravascular devices and the occlusion (and/or the adjacent vessel wall), and limiting the total time during which the vessel is subjected to intravascular devices during an overall treatment.
  • Prior to advancement of a therapy device to the occlusion, contrast imaging may help indicate a location of an occlusion and provide an indication of a length of the overall occlusion.
  • Identified occlusions may include more than one material, and often include very different embolic materials having differing properties. Prior to accessing the occlusion, imaging may not accurately indicate the locations and/or sizes of the structures making up an overall occlusion.
  • Preferred treatments for addressing differing occlusions may differ significantly based on both materials forming the occlusions and sizes of the structures formed by those materials.
  • Advantageously, the devices described herein can facilitate one-pass (or near one-pass) therapies, where only a single treatment device is advanced along a guidewire extending across the occlusion. Gentle and controllable expansion of the device under image guidance can help characterize the occlusion material to the user, and can then also be used to apply the appropriate therapy in response.
    • Engagement of the device with the occlusive material may indicate that much or all of the occlusion comprises a soft, relatively benign material. That material may, in some cases be subject to lysing (with or without lysing agents) after being gently and controllably broken up by relative movement of the push-pull wire and the outer tube.
    • Optionally, maceration of some or all of the occlusive materials can be performed by gentle expansion and contraction of the device using the push/pull members, without having to resort to repeated unsheathing an re-sheathing of the device (though such maceration via repeated unsheathing and re-sheathing can employ self-expansion for maceration in some embodiments.
    • Where appropriate, after maceration of much of an occlusion that is formed of soft material a small remaining solid thrombus structure can be held against the vessel wall and dragged proximally to a capture device by safely expanding the device to a size that applies a desired engagement force.
    • Engagement of the device with the occlusive material may indicate that much or all of the occlusion comprises a tough resilient material. Controlled expansion of the device to engage and pull the solid thrombus wall proximally may be limited to avoid excessive device/wall and/or thrombus/wall engagement, etc.
    • The distal end of the device can be viewed as a distal particle catch that reduces the incidence of procedural distal emboli (PDE) and improves clinical outcomes. The SWIFT trial noted some instances of distal emboli for alternative devices, and decreasing PDE may improve potential outcome for thrombectomy devices in acute stroke care. The distal end of the device that is post the clot keeps to the diameter of the vessel so any particle that is broken off the clot has a high chance of not passing the distal end.
• While the exemplary embodiments have been described in some detail for clarity of understanding and by way of example, a number of modifications, changes, and adaptations may be implemented. Further, any dimensions mentioned are exemplary guidelines for one skilled in the art, and thus do not necessarily represent limitations as to size and/or proportion of embodiments of the invention.

Claims (24)

What is claimed is:

1. A device for bridging a neck of an aneurysm, comprising:

an expandable member positionable within a blood vessel at an opening of aneurysm to form a bridge across said opening; said expandable member configured to prevent coils contained within said aneurysm from entering said vessel, without arresting blood flow within said vessel;

a push/pull wire coupled at least to a distal end of said expandable member, said push/pull wire configured to control expansion of said member when an axial force component is applied to a proximal end of said wire from outside the patient;

wherein said expandable member is configured to expand to a diameter larger than a relaxed diameter of said member by manipulation of said push/pull wire.

2. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said device further comprises an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, said tube sized to be slidably disposed within a microcatheter, and wherein said expandable member is coupled to a distal end of said tube.

3. The device according toclaim 2, wherein said push/pull wire is fixed to said distal end of said expandable member, said push/pull wire extending in a proximal direction through said outer tube and configured so that relative axial displacement of said push/pull wire with respect to said outer tube causes said expandable member to elongate axially and contract radially when said wire is moved distally with respect to said tube, and to compress axially and expand radially when moved proximally with respect to said outer tube.

4. The device according toclaim 1, wherein a ratio between actuation distance of said push/pull wire and a diameter of said expandable member is between 0.4 to 2.8.

5. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said push/pull wire extends to outside the body and application of an axial force component to said push/pull wire is provided by a user.

6. The device according toclaim 1, wherein application of an axial force component to said push/pull wire is provided by a spring.

7. The device according toclaim 1, wherein application of an axial force component to said push/pull wire is provided by an actuator in the form of a ratcheting wheel.

8. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said relaxed diameter of said expandable member is between 1-3 mm.

9. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said relaxed diameter is less than one half of a diameter of said blood vessel.

10. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said expandable member is configured to expand to a maximal diameter up to 6 mm.

11. The device according toclaim 1, further comprising a stopper in communication with said push/pull wire for limiting expansion of said expandable member to a predefined maximum.

12. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said expandable member comprises a plurality of interwoven wires, wherein a geometry of said wires is selected to prevent said coils from entering said blood vessel.

13. The device according toclaim 12, wherein openings defined between said interwoven wires at a proximal section and at a distal section of said expandable member are large enough to allow blood to flow through.

14. The device according toclaim 12, wherein openings defined between said wires are reduced in size when said member is expanded in diameter.

15. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said expandable member comprises between 8-24 wires interwoven in a basket like configuration, forming a cell pattern.

16. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said wires are round shaped.

17. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said expandable member comprises one or more radiopaque wires.

18. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said distal end of said expandable member is in the form of a cap.

19. The device according toclaim 1, wherein in said relaxed state said expandable member comprises a cylindrical profile or a continuously curved profile.

20. A method of preventing intra-aneurysmal coils from entering the blood vessel exhibiting the aneurysm, comprising

providing an intravascular device comprising an expandable member structured to prevent coils contained within said aneurysm from entering the blood vessel, said expandable member operatively coupled to a push/pull wire;

positioning said expandable member in the blood vessel such that at least a portion of said member is aligned with said aneurysm neck;

actuating said push/pull wire to expand said expandable member from a relaxed diameter to a larger diameter in which said expandable member engages walls of said blood vessel, said expandable member extending axially within said vessel at least between a first end of said aneurysm neck and a second end of said aneurysm neck.

21. The method according toclaim 20, wherein said positioning and actuating do not arrest flow through said vessel.

22. The method according toclaim 20, wherein said positioning comprises positioning said expandable member at a bend of said blood vessel.

23. The method according toclaim 20, wherein said device is introduced over a guide wire.

24. The method according toclaim 20, wherein a diameter of said blood vessel is between 2-4 mm.

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