US20150138362A1 - Computer-Implemented System And Method For Providing Emergency Services Notification Through A Centralized Parking Services Server - Google Patents

Abstract

A computer-implemented system and method for managing a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces through a centrally-located server is provided. A plurality of smart parking devices that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces is interfaced with the server. Further, a plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces is interfaced with the server. Use of the parking spaces are managed. Occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle is sensed through the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor. Use of the parking space is processed based on an identity of a driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking device. Emergency services for an individual are notified through one of the smart parking devices upon request.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/203,554, filed Mar. 10, 2014, pending, which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 8,671,002, issued Mar. 11, 2014, which is a non-provisional patent application that claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 61/393,337, filed Oct. 14, 2010, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
FIELD
• This application relates in general to motor vehicle parking control and management and, in particular, to a computer-implemented system and method for providing emergency services notification through a centralized parking services server.
BACKGROUND
• Public roads primarily facilitate motor vehicle traffic. Vehicle parking is ordinarily offered as a secondary benefit incident to vehicle throughway. Consequently, parking is an inherently limited public resource. Within an urban environment, local government generally regulates parking at curbside on public roads, in municipal parking lots, and on other public property through a regulatory scheme that both provides revenue generation and promotes public safety and health. Commonly, public parking is regulated through a scheme of fees assessed through parking meters for fixed time period parking, by issuance of permits for residential, commercial, or special use parking, and through zoning that regulates permissible uses of property, including parking. Parking on privately-owned property is often offered through hourly fees or some form of parking contract.
• Meeting the parking needs of motorists requires more than simply finding a balance between supply and demand, yet the capability to efficiently allocate and manage on-street parking remains elusive, even when parking needs are significant, recurring, and known ahead of time. For instance, urban parking spaces characteristically undergo periods of widely skewed demand and utilization, with low demand and light use in some periods, often during the night, and heavy demand and use at other times. As well, merely finding available parking is only the start, as subsequent occupancy of a parking space must also be permissible under applicable rules. Parking regulations, though, are often complex and confusing, with time limits on parking in residential and business zones, parking enforcement undertaken during working hours in neighborhood zones, parking enforcement of loading zone rules and rules governing parking near fire hydrants occurring at all hours, and exceptions to parking regulations made to accommodate select holidays, depending upon the municipality.
• Consequently, the impact of regulated control over on-street parking affects all motorists, as well as urban residents, local businesses, and other parties that use or rely upon on-street parking. Drivers seeking a place to park their motor vehicle are most immediately impacted by regulated parking control. Looking for a parking space wastes time, contributes to traffic congestion, creates frustration, and generates pollution, while violating parking rules, such as by allowing a parking meter to expire, can result in parking tickets, fines, or towing. These motorists therefore need both to readily determine on-street parking availability and to ensure parking regulation compliance once parked.
• In a sense, urban residents are a subclass of motorists with special recurring needs. Urban residents often lack garages and must park on the street at night, on the weekends, and at other times when they are at home. Regular on-street parking requires particular care. For instance, urban residents may be expected to feed payments regularly into parking meters or continually re-park their vehicles when they are home during the day, which can be impractical and unduly burdensome. As well, they may be expected to remember to park off-street when street cleaning or other scheduled street work occurs. As a result, urban residents need to know more than just parking availability; they need to have parking predictability, which can be crucial to ensuring their personal safety, for instance, when arriving home late at night, and for convenience as needed, for example, when unloading shopping bags from their car or in inclement weather.
• The parking needs of local businesses are complementary to the needs of drivers and urban residents. Many local businesses depend on the availability of customer parking for their success. In some locales, tourists and out-of-town visitors may constitute a large percentage of local business' customers, and a lack of on-street parking, or overly-complex parking regulations, can discourage these potential customers, thereby harming the opportunities for local businesses to flourish. Local businesses also often need to ensure that parking is available for the delivery of goods or for the use of commercial vendors.
• U.S. Pat. No. RE40,013, reissued Jan. 22, 2008, to Quinn, discloses a method and apparatus for detection and remote notification of vehicle parking space. Local detector devices sense the presence or absence of a vehicle in a particular parking space and communicate space identification and status information to a computer network. The information is integrated with electronic street maps of the area. The street maps, annotated with the parking space status identifiers, are electronically communicated to any number of networks.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,791,501, issued Sep. 7, 2010, to Ioli, discloses a vehicle identification, tracking, and parking enforcement system. The system includes a meter system that generates image data of a vehicle in a parking space, public roadway, and highway entrances and exits. In operation, the system allows license tags, special parking permits, handicapped tags, or other suitable tags to be readily identified, which allows parking areas that have been reserved for handicapped or other personnel to be monitored. Unauthorized individuals that have parked in those locations can thereby be determined. An enforcement and tracking system receives the vehicle image data and generates a vehicle license number, vehicle tag identification number, and facial image. From the image date acquired, monitoring of parking spaces is performed and violation citations or notices are generated.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,768,426, issued Aug. 3, 2010, to Groft, discloses a parking system employing remote asset management techniques. A vehicle detection system and smart meter identify all information as to a parking space, including when a vehicle enters or leaves, how long the vehicle has been in the space, whether the parking meter associated with the space is in good operating order, whether the requested charge for parking has been paid, whether the vehicle is in compliance with regulations regarding the space, whether a violation has occurred or is about to occur, and status of usage of the collection mechanism. This information is collected, stored, and transmitted to a central command and control interface, which collates, analyses, and transmits reports to a display. Thus, all parties involved in parking, from whatever point of view, are able to monitor the status of all parking spaces in near real time and make use of the information developed on an interactive basis, thereby enabling the highest degree of efficiency in management of parking spaces through real time parking information collection.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,579,964, issued Aug. 25, 2009, to Nath et al., discloses a method for intelligent parking, pollution, and surveillance control. Parking meters sense the presence of a vehicle parked in a metered zone by emitting a narrow signal beam around an area where a vehicle can park. Two pairs of miniature surveillance cameras are included in the housing of an intelligent parking enforcement device, such as a parking meter. The presence of a vehicle parked nearby is sensed by a sensor beacon and, on the successful acknowledgement of a vehicle's presence, the system transmits a unique identifier to the parked vehicle and continuously monitors the vehicle for idling. The intelligent parking enforcement device communicates with a automobile registration control system, which is informed of impending parking violations and, when appropriate, a violation summons is issued.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,134, issued Jul. 1, 2008, to Mitschele, discloses a parking meter that includes a micro-controller coupled with a vehicle detector that is focused at associated parking space. A payment acceptance mechanism is coupled with the micro-controller to receive payment for pre-paid parking Operation of the parking meter is initiated by an interrogation station directing an interrogation signal at an associated parking space and the presence of a vehicle is detected by a vehicle detector. A parking violation occurs when the operator of the vehicle either fails to make payment within a pre-determined standby interval or when the pre-paid parking interval expires.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,237,716, issued Jul. 3, 2007, to Silberberg, discloses a parking system for sending messages. The parking system has a parking meter in close proximity to a parking space, in which a user's vehicle is able to be parked. The parking meter receives payment and thereafter establishes a parking period, during which the vehicle is able to legitimately park in the space. A communication means sends a message to the user's mobile phone prior to the expiry of the parking.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,670, issued Mar. 28, 2006, to Bahar, discloses an enhanced meter utilizing user identification technology. A user or vehicle is identified by communication of user data into the parking meter system. If the meter becomes expired with the vehicle remaining in the parking space, a citation is electronically processed and thereafter delivered to the user or vehicle owner. A vehicle presence detector utilizes infrared, ultrasonic, sonar, photoelectric, or other technology to detect the presence of a vehicle in a metered parking space. Recognition of the user or vehicle further enables the system to limit the individual's or vehicle's parking time to help regulate traffic within a municipality district, as well as prevent people from parking on a metered location for excessive periods of time.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,014,355, issued Mar. 21, 2006, to Potter, Sr. et al., discloses an electronic parking meter system. Electronically operated parking meters are coupled with a sensor for positively and unobtrusively sensing the presence or absence of a vehicle in a specified parking space. An induction coil mounted below the surface of a parking area provides positive signals to the electronically operated parking meter upon both the entrance and movement of a vehicle into and from the parking space. A transaction record can be stored showing exact dates and times of the arrival and departure of the vehicle. This data, when combined with other records, can provide a variety of real time management information to a parking manager, including an electronic citation issuance system.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,317, issued Nov. 23, 2004, to Ouimet et al., discloses an urban parking system. A wireless network covering a large local geographic area is linked to a large number of payment terminals, which are located near a plurality of parking spaces, either at curbside or in municipal lots. Parking data is gathered from motorists at the payment terminals, including vehicle or parking space identification data. The parking data is sent to the wireless network in response to payment. A plurality of portable terminals is provided for use by parking wardens. The wireless network is used to transmit the parking data to the portable terminals of the parking wardens upon receipt.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,676, issued Dec. 10, 2002, to Levy, discloses a system and method for charging for vehicle parking. A parking system includes a plurality of mobile parking units that each has a unique identification for installation in a vehicle, and a parking control center for communicating with each of the mobile parking units. Each mobile parking unit checks its location whenever the vehicle is not moving and, if the location coincides with a known parking area, a charge for parking is activated until the vehicle resumes travel.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,782, issued Jun. 8, 1999, to Schmitt et al., discloses an on-board vehicle parking space finder service. When a vehicle enters a parking space, a parking meter, equipped with an ultrasonic, sonar, or other sensor device, senses the presence of the vehicle and changes its internal state to “occupied.” When the vehicle leaves, the parking meter senses the departure and changes its internal space to “available.” As soon as the parking meter detects a change of state, a data message containing the parking meter identifier or location information and parking availability status is sent to a nearby central site. When a driver in the vehicle desires to locate available on-street parking, a request is initiated from the on-board navigation computer to the central site. Upon receipt of the request, the central site computer transmits a parking space availability message to the vehicle. The vehicle on-board computer displays the parking space availability to the requester.
• Conventional parking solutions typically focus on either determining availability or monitoring parking space occupancy. Therefore, there is a need for holistically providing a comprehensive set of services to different parties with parking needs, particularly in an urban environment.
SUMMARY
• Real-time and account-based parking services are provided through a network of smart parking devices and parking services kiosks. Each parking device or kiosk is physically located at nearby one or more motor vehicle parking spaces. Sensors are also physically located at each parking space for determining whether a vehicle is parked. Each parking space has a parking availability status indicator that is visible to motorists in vehicles from afar in a manner akin to a traffic light for a parking space. The parking services execute on one or more servers and maintain real time information about parking spaces, parking policies, parking events, and accounts. Information from the parking devices, kiosks, and the sensors is collected into the parking services, which can change the status and other internal state of the parking devices. The parking services also interact with drivers, urban residents, local merchants, parking enforcement personnel, and other stake holders through on-line services. Drivers can have parking accounts and can establish a parking identity for a parking event by allowing the parking services to read a parking identification card, driver's license, or credit card, or by reading a license plate or other vehicle identifier.
• One embodiment provides a computer-implemented system and method for managing a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces through a centrally-located server. A plurality of smart parking devices that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces is interfaced with the server. Further, a plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces is interfaced with the server. Use of the parking spaces are managed. Occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle is sensed through the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor. Use of the parking space is processed based on an identity of a driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking device. Emergency services for an individual are notified through one of the smart parking devices upon request.
• Still other embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is described embodiments of the invention by way of illustrating the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a computer-implemented system for offering merchant and shopper-friendly parking reservations in accordance with one embodiment.
• FIG. 2 is an illustration showing, by way of example, a smart parking device with a vehicle sensor and parking indicator for use in the system ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram showing the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a show parking availability service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIGS. 5A-5B are flow diagrams showing a routine for a “log occupancy” service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “check-in” service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “Hold This Space” service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a routine for determining parking terms for use in the routine ofFIG. 7.
• FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a reservation service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a routine for an extend reservation service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “Find My Car” service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a recurring reservations service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIGS. 13A-13B are flow diagrams showing a routine for a guest reservation service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 14 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a space renting service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a validate parking service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 16 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a parking coupons service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a customer priority parking service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 18 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a tourist privileges service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a scheduled deliveries service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 20 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a valet parking service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 21 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a guided enforcement service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 22 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a schedule street event service for use in the parking services ofFIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONInfrastructure
• Real-time and account-based parking services through a network of smart parking devices for controlling and managing all manner of motor vehicle parkingFIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a computer-implementedsystem10 for offering merchant and shopper-friendly parking reservations in accordance with one embodiment. For simplicity, parking, whether controlled by local government or privately owned, and regardless of whether curbside, on a driveway, in cutouts in front of a driveway, within a parking lot, or in other physical locations will henceforth be called “on-street parking,” “curbside parking,” or simply “parking”
• A suite ofparking services12 is provided through one or more servers11 (hereafter, simply “server”), which are located within a network of smart parking devices13a-c(hereafter, simply “parking device”), sensors14a-c, andparking services kiosks19. The parking services12 are account-based and enable motorists and other users to determine the availability of, reserve, and efficiently use parking, as further described below in detail beginning with reference toFIG. 3. In general, a “smart parking server, dumb parking meter” approach is followed, where the smart parking devices13a-c, sensors14a-c,parking services kiosks19, and parking indicators (described supra) are nearly stateless and the intelligence, persistent data, and business logic resides mainly in the server. Color-coded indicator lights and countdown timers are displayed by the parking devices, parking services kiosks, and the parking indicators to convey information, even when a car is present. For example, Green indicates that a parking space associated with a parking device (or parking services kiosk) and a set of parking indicators is not in violation, whereas Red shows a violation of some type, such as expired parking time. Such signals can be useful for a parking enforcement officer driving by.
• The parking devices13a-candparking services kiosks19 are associated with one or more parking spaces and allow motorists to reserve or transact on-street parking through theparking services server11. The location of eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 is known. For instance, the location of eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 can be determined and stored onboard beforehand. Alternatively, eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 can be provisioned with a global positioning system (GPS) transceiver and the GPS coordinates can be determined whenever a meter turns on and registers with the parking services12. Each parking device13a-ccan include a physical parking availability indicator (not shown), either directly interfaced with the parking device13a-cor remotely connected through theparking services server11. Physical parking availability indicators audibly or visually signal parking availability to motorists. In a further embodiment, the parking availability indicators are virtual and are provided electronically to motorists using their mobile devices, including notebook ortablet computers15,smart telephones16 and similar personal electronic devices, and on-board navigational orinformational devices17. Finally, each parking space has a sensor14a-cthat determines whether a parking space is occupied by a motor vehicle, either directly interfaced with the parking device13a-cor remotely connected through theparking services server11.
• The parking services12 and associated parking devices13a-candparking services kiosks19, as well asmobile devices15,16,17, where applicable, implement network security protocols to ensure secure communications. As necessary different secure communications schemes and levels can be applied over all communications. For example, public key cryptography could be used in various secure protocols to protect communications between all system elements.
• The specific components will now be discussed in detail.
• Multi-Function Smart Parking Devices
• Smart parking devices are located at or near parking spaces.FIG. 2 is anillustration20 showing, by way of example, asmart parking device21 with avehicle sensor22 andparking availability indicator23 for use in thesystem10 ofFIG. 1. Eachparking device21 is interconnected over a network with theparking services server11. Theparking device21 can be networked into theparking services12 through a wired or wireless connection. In the simplest case, eachparking device21 serves asingle parking space24 in a one-to-one relationship. Alternatively, eachparking device21 could serve a plurality ofparking spaces24 in a one-to-many relationship. For instance, at curbside, oneparking device21 could serve twoadjacent parking spaces24. In a parking lot with facing parking spaces, aparking device21 could serve two pairs of facingparking spaces24. Finally,several parking devices21 could serve a multiplicity ofparking spaces24 in a many-to-many relationship; motorists would enter a number painted on the pavement or other identifier that identifies theparking space24 that they plan to use into one of theparking devices21.
• In a further embodiment, parking services kiosks19 (shown inFIG. 1) are located nearby to support interactive transactions for one ormore parking spaces24. Thekiosks19 need not be assigned to a specific set of parking spaces and can instead be conveniently distributed to maximize usage within a municipality. A user can simply use anyavailable kiosk19 to reserve parking, so if a line of waiting users forms at onekiosk19, the user can move to anotheravailable kiosk19 and avoid further delay.Parking sensor22 connected to the kiosk could be remotely housed, for instance, in low-profile curbside devices and acoustic and visual feedback could be provided to the driver at the kiosk to interactively transaction parking services. The kiosk could operate through dedicated software, or execute Web-based applications remotely served from theparking services server11. Other forms of kiosks and kiosk-based functionality are possible.
• Eachparking space24 is also equipped with asensor22 for determining whether aparking space24 is occupied by a vehicle. Thesensor22 could be locally connected to anearby parking device21 orparking services kiosk19, or remotely connected to theparking services server11, which then facilitates communication between thesensor22 and thenearby parking device21. Thesensor22 can be networked through a wired or wireless connection. Thesensor22 could be located in a puck or similar robust enclosure fixed onto the surface of the street inside of or proximate to theparking space24, or could be attached to the street curb. Alternatively, eachsensor22 could be incorporated into aparking device21 using, for instance, an acoustic- or video-based sensor. Further, like theparking devices21, thesensors22 can be configured in a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many relationship with a set ofparking spaces24. For instance, one video-basedsensor22 could be positioned to simultaneously monitorseveral parking spaces24.
• Finally, eachparking space24 is equipped with aparking availability indicator23. Theparking indicator23 could be locally connected to anearby parking device21 or remotely connected to theparking services server11, which then facilitates communication between theparking indicator23 and thenearby parking device21. Theparking indicator23 can be networked through a wired or wireless connection. Analogous to traffic lights that indicate when vehicles may enter into intersections,parking indicators23 indicate when vehicles may useparking spaces24. Like theparking devices21 andsensors22, theparking indicators23 can be configured in a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many relationship with a set ofparking spaces24.
• Parking indicators23 can provide physical, typically audible or visual, or digital “virtual” parking availability indications. Aphysical parking indicator23 can be in a standalone enclosure or located on aparking device21 or on aconventional parking device21 orparking services kiosk19. Alternatively, a parking indicator can be located in a low-profile enclosure at the curb or on the edge of the curb. A digital parking indicator (not shown) can be broadcast wirelessly to nearby motor vehicles from aparking device21 or other broadcasting source, such as a wireless transmitter locally connected to aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19, or remotely connected to theparking services server11. A digital parking indicator could also be broadcast over a publically-accessible network, such as the Internet, and delivered to users electronically. For example, portable ormobile devices15,16,17 with GPS or other location-sensing capabilities could retrieve parking status indicators concerning nearby parking spaces. Finally, in one embodiment, aparking indicator23 is provided for eachparking space24 and is incorporated into anearby parking device21. Alternatively, aparking indicator23 can be in the form of an automated sign or display for a group ofparking spaces24 with indications signifying which spaces are available.
• In a further embodiment, simplified parking indicators (not shown) having a lower physical profile than theparking devices21, for instance, through mounting in a low-profile housing or vertical pole mounted above the street curb or by integration into or attachment onto the street curb itself, are provided for eachparking space24. Alternatively, the simplified parking indicators can be embedded into the curb or within or along the entire length of a parking space, effectively becoming the curb itself, rather than being attached to or otherwise being affixed as a component separate from the curb proper. Whereas with attached parking indicators, naïve motorists may park indiscriminately in parking spaces that are not available for lack of an awareness as to how the indicators work. With a parking indicator embedded into and serving as the curb itself, motorists already understand the correct meaning of color-coded curbs, as typically mandated by traffic codes and parking ordinances, and, as a result, no specialized education as to parking indicator meaning is necessary. A whole curb parking indicator could be provided, for instance, using a low power large-scale display or similar technology.
• Theparking indicators23 tell motorists the status of aparking space24. By way of example, Table 1 provides a list of color indications and their corresponding meanings, along with time-remaining values as displayed on a countdown timer across various parking spaces. Theparking indicators23 can provide a visual status indication, such as through color-coded indicators located on aparking device21. The indicators can be implemented using incandescent lights, light emitting diodes, reflective surfaces, and similar materials that may only require low power, or be unpowered. Under one color coding scheme, a solid red indicator means thatparking space24 is not available at the moment, a solid yellow indicator means that theparking space24 is only available for a short time period, such as less than two hours, and a solid green indicator means that theparking space24 is available for a long time period, such as two hours or longer. Analogous to blue markings for handicapped parking, a solid blue indicator means that a special permit, such as issued to handicapped motorists, is required. In a further embodiment, the color scheme can be extended beyond showing availability to indicating that the time allotted to park has expired, such as by displaying a solid red indicator to the parked motorist. Other color-coded lighted indicators are also possible.
• Alternatively, visual labels or icons could be presented in lieu of a static color-coded indicators. For instance, a label or icon could signal to a motorist that the time has expired or that the parking space is reserved. The amount of time available at aparking space24 could also be shown through a label or icon. Similarly, a visual label or icon could clarify what type of permit is required to park, such as a handicapped parking permit. Other visual labels or icons are also possible.
• As well, color-coded lighted indicators could be combined with flashing indicators. A red flashing indicator could be used to indicate a parking violation or expired time. A yellow and blue flashing indicator could be used to signal a reserved loading zone available for a short time period. Finally, a red and blue flashing indicator could be used to indicate a parking space reserved for a guest motorist.

• TABLE 1
  Context	Blue	Red	Yellow	Green
  Car just			Grace period
  arrived			Counter:
  			Check-in
  			countdown
  Car	Permit	Violation	Payment	Paid. No
  parked	required	Counter:	expiring	Violation
  	Counter: Paid	Time	Counter: Paid	Counter: Paid
  	time remaining	overdue	time remaining	time remaining
  No car	Permit	No Parking	Limited	Parking
  	required	Counter:	availability	Available
  	Counter: Time	Time until	Counter: Time	Counter: Time
  	available	parking	available	available
  		available

• Other colors, color combinations, and arrangements of solid, flashing, graduated, or adjusted lighted indicators could also be utilized as parking indicators. Similarly, indicators other than colors, such as shapes, positions, alphanumeric symbols, or icons, could be used to differentiate states of parking availability. In one embodiment, color and shape combinations similar to conventional traffic signs can be used. For example, to indicate the non-availability of aparking space24, a plain red octagonal shape or a red octagonal shape labeled with the word “Stop” could be displayed. Alternatively, a circular shape labeled with the word “Park” could be displayed with a diagonal line crossing out the word “Park” to indicate no parking. Finally, the color green could be used with a circle, the color yellow with a triangle, and the color blue with a square, as used in some forms of traffic signage.
• Theparking device21 can also serve a parking indicator function. In one embodiment, eachparking device21 can also have an indicator ordisplay25, preferably located at the top of the device to enhance viewing by drivers, showing the time remaining in a parking period. In a further embodiment, eachparking device21 can also include an additional indicator ordisplay26 for presenting other information, such as public service messages or advertising. When a car is parked in theparking space24 associated with theparking device21, thedisplay25 can show the time remaining before parking expires. Thedisplay25 could transition to a red indicator when the time has expired, analogous toconventional parking device21 or parking services kiosk19s. When theparking space24 is available, thedisplay25 could show how much time is left before any applicable time constraint is reached. For instance, another motorist may have separately reserved theparking space24 through theparking services server11, but theparking space24 is otherwise available up through the time of the reservation. As well, parking may become unavailable due to scheduled street cleaning or other event. A color overlay could be provided over the time indication in thedisplay25 to assist user understanding.
• Theparking devices21, whether standalone or configured through akiosk19, interface motorists and other users with theparking services server11. Eachparking device21 andkiosk19 includes a user interface (not shown) for identifying whichparking space24 is being reserved and determining the user's identification. When booking a reservation, theparking device21 orkiosk19 undertakes an abbreviated “Hold this Space” service transaction, described infra, with the user. Theparticular parking space24 can be indicated, for example, by displaying the location of the space on a map. The user's identification is indicated using an account number, credit or debit card number, or other unique identifier that can be provided to theparking device21 orkiosk19 through a magnetic strip or bar code reader for scanning electronic banking cards, driver's licenses, parking identification cards, or other forms of identification. Exemplary electronic banking cards include credit cards and debit cards. Alternatively, theparking device21 orkiosk19 can accept wireless transmissions, for instance, using Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or Wi-Max protocols, or wired transmissions of the user's identification from amobile device15,16,17, such as a smart mobile telephone, notebook or tablet computer, or similar personal electronic device. In a further embodiment, theparking device21 can include a camera or other input device to visually scan the user's face or read the license plate of a motorist's vehicle, a wireless transponder to retrieve a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag on the motorist's vehicle, or other sensor to identify the requesting user or the vehicle parked. In a still further embodiment, eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 can include a pair of cameras, a street-side camera (facing the street) and a curbside camera (facing the sidewalk).
• Parking Services Server
• The parking services12 are account-based.FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram30 showing theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Theparking service12 are supported by a set of services (not shown). The parking services12 and the services are implemented in software and execution of the software is performed as a series of process or method modules or steps.
• Both theparking services12 and the other related support services may be executed on one or more computer systems, which may singly or in combination logically constitute a particular form of “server.” For instance, in one embodiment, a Web server delivers Web pages and content to Web-based clients, such as Web browsers executing onmobile devices15,16,17. The Web server can be implemented using more than one computer, depending upon the load.
• Similarly, the provisioning of the system functionality is divided between the one or more servers and the various end-user devices with which a motorist directly interfaces, such asparking devices21,parking services kiosks19, andmobile devices15,16,17. Programmatic duties are divided between the software that runs in each end-user device and the servers. The division of labor balances several competing goals, which includes a low power requirement for the end-user device, fast user interaction response, and keeping end-user device programming relatively simple.
• Additionally, the Web server may be supported by caching servers that cache the Web content and help reduce bandwidth consumption and system load. The caching servers may also be implemented using more than one computer. System state for theparking services12 is kept in a database server, which keeps track of the state of all of theparking devices21,parking services kiosks19, andsensors24, all of the parking accounts, all of the permits, all of the parking citations, all of the billings, all of the parking policies, and so forth. The database server may be implemented using more than one computer. As well, the suite of services can also be fielded by through cloud computing. Henceforth, for simplicity, the set of services will be discussed without regard to the nature of the implementing servers or the underlying physical topology of the supporting computers, except as specifically noted.
• At any given time, several coordinated processes execute across the servers. Depending upon the scale of the system, several computers may need to work together to carry out each of the services. One set of the services is engaged with the collection and verification of requests for new services and changes to existing services. City officials or parking authorities that establish new parking policies present a special case of the services. For example, they may need to initiate a new parking regulation, which applies over certain hours on certain days. The rules and parameters for the service could be expressed through a description language for permits, regulations, and the like, with parameters in the language corresponding to policy considerations, what rights are enabled, and cross references to other regulations and permits. The parking officials specify the parameters governing what regulations apply in what geographic parts or blocks of the city. Thus, the parking officials would be able to state that a parking regulation for a loading zone has an exception when a parking account includes a “loading zone permit,” but would be enforced differently when a parking account has only a “visitor permit” and so forth.
• Another set of the services steps through all of the pending parking events. For example, certain parking restrictions may apply concerning street sweeping beginning at 2:00 pm. When 2:00 pm occurs, any status changes for theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 on the affected streets are determined, which can include setting their associatedparking indicators23 to signal “No Parking” Additionally, warnings may need to be sent to subscribed users, typically motorists who have parked on the affected streets, as well as information to parking authorities to guide them to parking violations. Still another set of the services take in new parking reservations, which can include comparing a request to park in aparking space24 near aparticular parking device21 with other constraints on the use of thatparking space24.
• Users interface with theparking services12 either directly by using aparking device11 orparking services kiosk19. Users can also interface with theparking services12 remotely over a network using a user device through a wired or wireless connection. User devices includemobile devices15,16,17, such as smart mobile telephones, notebook or tablet computers, or similar personal electronic devices. Theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 also have user interfaces that interact with the parking services12. Yet another set of the services can download either parameters or application programs to theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 to drive interactions with users.
• From a user's standpoint, theparking services12 are accessible throughparking devices11 that are associated with one or more specific parking spaces,parking services kiosks19 that are generally associated with a set of nearby parking spaces, and user devices that allow access to all of the parking spaces managed by the parking services12. Functionally,parking services12 are provided in five functional areas, which includeparking event services31 to handle parking events,driver services32 that assist motorists in reserving aparking space24 or other needs,resident services33 that cater to the particular needs of urban denizens,merchant services34 that enable local businesses to obtain parking for customers and related needs, and parking authority services35. The specifics of each parking service functional area are further described infra. Other functional areas are also possible.
• Parking services are provided through a set of parking accounts37a-crespectively for drivers, residents, and merchants. Other types of parking accounts are possible. The parking accounts37a-care maintained instorage36 coupled to theparking services server11. Express, temporary, and implicit parking accounts can also be used. An express parking account is the norm, whereas a temporary parking account is not permanently stored and an implicit parking account is generally created for a single parking event.
• The parking accounts37a-cprovide a parking identity to motorists and other users, enabling transaction-based approaches to reserving, billing, and managing parking. A parking identity can be established through a parking account37a-c. A parking identification card can be issued for a parking account37a-c. Alternatively, an electronic banking card, driver's license, telephone calling card, motor vehicle license plate number, or other driver-unique information could be associated with a parking account37a-cin lieu of a parking identification card. In the situation where a motorist does not want to check in by using, for instance, the electronic banking card or other driver-unique information associated with his parking account, alternate forms of authentication could be used, such as sending a text message to the motorist's mobile phone and asking him to confirm that he is the person attempting to check in to a parking reservation. Additionally, a driver may have multiple parking identification cards for other family members or for loaning to guests temporarily. Finally, temporary parking identification cards may be issued by various organizations that cater to tourists, business travelers, and other people, such as tourism bureaus, rental car companies, and other organizations.
• Users with parking accounts37a-ccan make parking reservations and include their parking preferences, such as automatically extending their parking time by some preset amount of time when they overstay a paid parking period, assuming that no other constraints precludes an automatic parking time extension. The parking services12 maintain a set of reservations38a-drespectively requested on the basis of driver, recurring, guest, and special use needs. Other types of parking reservations are possible. During parking operations, theparking services12 also track a set of parking events39a-crespectively for occupancy, check-in, and holding aparking space24 in real time. Other types of parking events are possible.
• During operation, parking is consumed by real time requests44 for parking from users, who are primarily motorists and theoverall status48 of parking availability is continually revised through the parking accounts37a-c,sensor data40, andparking device data41. In addition, depending upon the type of parking sought, users may also physically submit parking permits or coupons45, such as issued by a resident host or merchant, or electronically submitparking codes46, which are processed and validated by theparking services server11.
• As required,availability indicators43, user notices andparking alerts43, and other information are sent out, either through a physical device, such as via aparking indicator23 or thedisplay25 on aparking device21, or by electronic transmission to user'smobile devices15,16,17. Other types of input data or output information are possible.
• Parking privileges can be added to a parking account37a-cby a user at will. Parking privileges can be indicated by a physical permit that the user presents to aparking device21, or using a digital tickets or permits that are electronically transmitted by the parking services12. Parking privilege permits include permits for delivery vehicles, tourist vehicles, street cleaning exemption passes, fleet or bulk rate charges, special use, valet parking, taxicab parking, and other privileges. The privileges can include receiving bulk parking rates, priority parking, handicapped or senior citizen parking, special event or one-time use parking, such as would be helpful for tourists or other occasional visitors, and so on. Additionally, permits for using aparking space24 for non-parking purposes, for instance, to provide a drive-up concierge or valet service or to facilitate road maintenance or building construction, could also be provided through aparking account34a-c. Furthermore, monthly or periodic charges for parking could be billed directly to an electronic banking card, such as a credit card or debit card, or through other pre-set payment arrangement, including an account with an acquirer that performs payment processing for commercial vendors, as maintained in a parking account37a-c.
• The specific types ofparking services12, along with illustrative parking policies and scenarios of use, will now be discussed. Although each of the services is described in the context of a particular user or situation, such as a driver or urban resident, or recurring or shopper parking scenario, the services are not limited to just that class of users or situations, and can be equally applicable to all other users and situations, irrespective of specific characteristics, such as place of residence or parking. Moreover, although each scenario is presented with parking reservation, check-in, and related steps occurring in a particular order, variations on the specific ordering of steps may apply and should not be interpreted as limiting. For example, when booking a parking reservation is made using a credit card, the system could request a credit card authorization and place a hold on the parking space being reserved to make sure that nobody else reserves that parking space while the user is awaiting completion of the authorization. Alternatively, the system could authorize the reservation before knowing exactly how much time a user wants to reserve the parking space. Different combinations, orderings, and sequences of steps could apply depending upon the applicable parking policies, the preferences of the parking authorities, and related considerations. As well, in later scenarios, some steps may be skipped for clarity of presentation, where those steps can be implied from the context. Finally, parking indicators, such as color-coded or text-based indicators that tell motorists the status of aparking space24, can be displayed onparking indicators23, aparking device21, or akiosk19, but for clarity of discussion, the parking indicators will be assumed to be displayed onparking indicators23 alone, unless otherwise stated. Similarly, a motorist can interface with theparking services12 through the user interface of aparking device21, akiosk19, ormobile device15,16,17, but for clarity of discussion, user interfacing will be assumed to be transacted through aparking device21 alone, unless otherwise stated.
Parking Event Services
• Service: Show Parking Availability
• Eachparking space24 has adisplay25 showing its parking availability.FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a showparking availability service50 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. If aparking space24 is occupied (step51), any parking available indicators are deactivated (step58), although theparking device21 orkiosk19 may display a “Meter Expired” or similar notice or signal if a vehicle occupies the parking space beyond the allowed time. Otherwise, if theparking space24 is unoccupied (step51), theparking services12 periodically determine whether any special permits are required to park in that parking space (step52). A special “permit required” indicator is activated for theparking indicator23 located at the parking space (step53). The indicator can be provided through a combination of permit color, such as through a variation on the blue color used for handicapped parking permits, and further information identifying what permit is needed through the parking device'sdisplay26.
• The time available for parking is then determined (step54). The time remaining might be limited, for instance, due to an upcoming reservation for the parking space or under regulations that prohibit parking during certain hours for traffic throughway, requirements for a special permit, street cleaning schedules, or special events. If the amount of time available is less than a threshold (step55), such as two hours, a warning indication can be used (step56), such as through a cautionary yellow indicator. If the time available is more than the threshold (step55), an available indication can be used (step57), such as through a green indicator.
• In one embodiment, the choice of colors and their assigned meanings can be varied. For example, one variation might use blue, rather than red, to indicate that a space is reserved. Other variations might use blinking colors, such as blinking red, to indicate a parking violation, blinking yellow and blue to indicate a reserved loading zone, and red with blinking blue to indicate a parking space reserved for a guest. Still other color variations are possible.
• Service: “Log Occupancy”
• The “Log Occupancy” service notes when a vehicle has entered aparking space24.FIGS. 5A-5B are flow diagrams showing a routine for a “log occupancy”service60 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. In one embodiment, the bulk of the business logic runs on the servers. For example, in providing the “Log Occupancy” service, the interpretation of data from eachsensor22 to answer the question, “is there a vehicle present?” runs on the associated end-user device, while the remaining code executes on the server. Changes in the status pertaining to vehicle occupancy or vacancy are communicated to the server, which server then applies rules about what information to send back to the end-user device. For instance, the server must access the parking accounts37a-cmaintained instorage36 to retrieve information about the motorist and the parking space reservation to determine whether “in-and-out” parking privileges or other considerations may apply. The server then sends a message back to the end-user device and requests the associatedparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 to update theparking availability indicator23 appropriately or display some other message.
• This service begins when asensor22 detects that a vehicle is in the parking space (step61). If the sensor is working properly (step62), either theparking device21,parking services kiosk19, or theparking services12 log the time that the vehicle entered the space (step64) and that the space is now occupied (step64). The information is relayed to theparking services12, as applicable. If there is noparking sensor22 or thesensor22 is broken (step62), the event can be started when a user manually provides a parking identity to theparking device21 or electronically transmits a parking identity and indicates that parking has commenced (step63).
• Based on the parking status information maintained by theparking services12, this event can now trigger other actions. For example, if theparking space24 is not available (step68), such as when the motorist has parked in aparking space24 that has been reserved for someone else, the motorist can be notified that theparking space24 is not available (step67). Presumably, the motorist will immediately return to his vehicle and leave theparking space24. However, if the motorist ignores the notification of parking space unavailability and tries to check in, theparking device21 will disallow the check-in attempt and, if possible, offer adifferent parking space24, as further described below with reference toFIG. 6. Otherwise, if theparking space24 is available and a fee is required to park (step68), theparking device21 can remind the driver to pay the fee for parking (step69), either by depositing cash, coins or other form of physical payment, or providing a parking identity for billing. Following payment, the driver undertakes check in (step70), as further described below with reference toFIG. 6. The driver can also be sent an alert43 that states how long parking is permitted (step71), such as by time remaining. This operation is typically followed by a “check in” service when the motorist approaches theparking device21 orkiosk19.
• The “Log Occupancy” service also detects when a vehicle has left the parking space24 (step72). Theparking device21,parking services kiosk19, orparking services12 log the time that the vehicle left the parking space (step73) and that the space is not occupied (step74). Theparking space24 may be unoccupied, yet remain unavailable, such as where a recurring reservation exists for the now-unoccupied parking space24. Thus, if in-and-out privileges for theparking space24 exist (step75), theparking indicator23 shows that theparking space24 is not available and the time remaining on the reservation is noted (step76). Otherwise, theparking indicator23 shows that theparking space24 is now available for use (step77).
• The foregoing description “Log Occupancy” service provides a basic framework of initial actions triggered by occupancy or vacancy of a thespace24. Further steps may be included. For instance, applicable parking policies may provide buffers of time between events, such as providing a grace period to enable a newly-parked motorist to complete check-in, a grace period for arriving late for a parking reservation, blackout periods between parking reservations, and how to handle interactions when someone arrives early for a reservation.
• Service: “Check-in”
• The “Check-In” service is used when a motorist goes to aparking device21 to provide a parking identity, or to request another service.FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “check-in”service80 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Check-in is physically performed at aparking device21 or, if applicable, a nearbyparking services kiosk19. Check-in could also be carried out virtually, that is, remotely using a wirelessly-interfacedmobile device15,16,17, such as a smart mobile telephone, notebook or tablet computer, or similar personal electronic device, that is connected to theparking information server11 over a wired or wireless network.
• In one embodiment, the bulk of the business logic of check-in runs on the server, while the associatedparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 scans the motorist's identification and sends back the scanned data. The server then processes the service request, including checking that theparking space24 is available to the requesting motorist and is not already reserved to someone else. If theparking space24 is not available to the motorist checking in, the server may attempt to locate an alternatenearby parking space24, which is then displayed by the associatedparking device21 orparking services kiosk19.
• A motorist driving to areserved parking space24 out of which a previous motorist has not yet moved hiscar24 could be sent a courtesy notice from theparking services12 advising that thereserved parking space24 is still occupied. The system could offer the incoming motorist a reservation of anothernearby parking space24 or provide compensation for the inconvenience, such as free parking, credit towards their next parking reservation, and so forth.
• In terms of parking policies, a minimum hand-off interval can be utilized to permit the hand-off from one motorist to the next, thereby allowing some leeway in case the first motorist is late getting back to his car or the reserving motorist arrives a little early. In one embodiment, a 15-minute hand-off interval is used, although other hand-off intervals could be used, as well as foregoing a hand-off interval entirely, depending upon the applicable parking policies, the preferences of the parking authorities, and related considerations. Similarly, a minimum time interval can be utilized to allow the driver of a currently parked vehicle some leeway in getting back to their vehicle before a reserved parking space is expected to be vacated. In one embodiment, a 15-minute leeway interval is used, although other leeway intervals could be used, as well as foregoing a leeway interval entirely, depending upon the applicable parking policies, the preferences of the parking authorities, and related considerations. A maximum grace period can be utilized to allow the driver of a just-parked vehicle to check in. In one embodiment, a two-minute check-in grace period is used, although other check-in grace periods could be used, as well as foregoing a check-in grace period entirely, depending upon the applicable parking policies, the preferences of the parking authorities, and related considerations. Additionally, a late arrival grace period can be set during which allows holders of parking reservations can arrive late, but not too late, and still use theirreserved parking space24. However, beyond the late arrival grace period, theparking space24 becomes available for parking by other motorists.
• Check-in is started after a vehicle has been parked and when a user provides his parking identity (step81) or other identifying information, either directly or remotely, to theparking services12 after parking. Drivers are able to use any of several convenient approaches to provide their parking identity. For example, a driver could present a form of physical identification, such as an electronic banking card, driver's license, or a parking identification card, through a magnetic card reader or other input device integrated into theparking device21. Alternatively, theparking device21 may employ biometric input, such as a fingerprint or retina pattern scanner. Theparking device21 could also include a camera or other input device to visually read the license plate of a motorist's vehicle, a wireless transponder to retrieve a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag on the motorist's vehicle, or other sensor to identify the vehicle parked and the user's parking identity derived from his vehicle information. Theparking device21 could also incorporate a camera with which to read a barcode, Quick Response (“QR”) code, which is a two-dimensional barcode that is readable by theparking device21, as well as barcode readers, mobile telephones with integrated cameras, and similar devices, or other unique digital record presented by the motorist as a form of identification. Finally, the server could be asked to call the motorist and request confirmation via a handheld mobile device, such as a smart phone, or similar device. Still other forms of motorist identification are possible.
• If the parking space is already reserved24, the system must check that the driver is allowed to check in. In the simplest case, the driver checking in is the person who made the reservation, or a person sharing the same parking account. If the driver is disallowed from checking in, such as where theparking space24 is already reserved for somebody else, the system could offer to reserve a nearby parking space for their convenience. The parking services12 could also provide more help in finding an alternate parking space B, such as by sending GPS coordinates, text directions, or an image map to the motorist's mobile device.
• Thus, theparking services12 use the motorist's parking identity to access the corresponding parking account37a-cand retrieve his parking reservation (step82). The parking services12 determines whether the parking reservation is valid (step83). For instance, if theparking space24 is already reserved for somebody else, check-in will be disallowed and, if possible, theparking services12 will offer a different parking space24 (step85). If valid, check-in is processed (step84) by matching the motorist and vehicle identities to the reservation. As well, providing a parking identity to theparking services12 at check-in enables the server to customize and apply the parking services offered to the user based on settings in the user's parking account (step86). For instance, if a motorist has a permit that overrides time constraints that would otherwise limit the parking time, theparking services12 would cause theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 to display the time available, taking into account any permits, or digital tickets or permits, as further described infra, that are associated with the motorist's parking account37a-c. Check-in also enables a user to simply pay for parking, either by cash or with an electronic banking, such as a credit card or a debit card, without establishing a parking account. This operation is typically followed by a “Hold This Space” service, as further described below with reference toFIG. 7.
• A blackout period between parking reservations, that is, a short vacancy period may be allotted between occupancies of aparking space24 to allow a safety margin in case the previous occupant is late in moving his vehicle. When appropriate, theparking services12 can enable guided enforcement, as further described below with reference toFIG. 21. Notwithstanding, traffic enforcement authorities or the tow truck may be delayed, or other circumstances may intervene, so that a reserved parking space is still occupied when a driver with the reservation arrives. To promote customer satisfaction, various remedies may be offered to assist the inconvenienced driver. For example, theparking services12 may automatically reserve another availablenearby parking space24 for the driver, which could even be aparking space24 that normally requires a special permit. Alternatively, the driver could be offered financial compensation for the inconvenience. As well, a valet could be provided at theoccupied parking space24 to take care of parking the driver's car and providing him with transportation to and from thenew parking space24. Still, other forms of remedy are possible. Finally, the level of remedial compensation may be keyed to a parking service level analogous to airline reservations, which offer economy, business, and first class service levels.
• A couple of scenarios are now presented to help demonstrate how theparking services12 handles situations commonly occurring during parking check-in. The first scenario illustrates the handling of a would-be parking freeloader, that is, someone who attempts to park in aparking space24 where they are not permitted. Here, a motorist named Alice has a parking reservation for 2 pm in parking space A. The scenario begins at 1:45 pm, with theparking indicator23 for parking space A displaying Red (reserved and not available).

• Time	Event

  1:46 pm	Ed is cruising for parking. He ignores the red indicator displayed on
  	theparking indicator 23 nearest Alice'sparking space 24, which
  	indicates that theparking space 24 is reserved and not available. Ed
  	pulls his vehicle into theparking space 24.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the occupancy of Alice'sparking space
  	24 by Ed's vehicle and sends a message to theparking services 12,
  	server saying that theparking space 24 is now occupied.
  	The server notices that the current time is within the minimum hand-
  	off interval ahead of the start of Alice's reservation. The server
  	sends a message to theparking device 21 nearest Alice'sparking
  	space
  24 that instructs theparking device 21 to enter the “Reserved
  	Check-In” state.
  1:47 pm	Theparking device 21 presents the message, “This parking space is
  	reserved. Please check in.”
  1:48 pm	Ed approaches theparking device 21 and decides to try to check in
  	with his credit card.
  	The server determines that Ed's credit card is not associated with
  	Alice's reservation. As a public service, the server looks for other
  	available parking nearby and determines that parking space B is
  	available for 90 minutes at the rate of $1.00 per hour. The server
  	also determines that the reservation fee is $1.00 and sends a message
  	to theparking device 21 with this information, also instructing the
  	parking device 21 enter the “Offer-Nearby-Reservation” state.
  	Theparking device 21 opens a user interface to convey the following
  	information to Ed:

  	(1)	“Sorry, but this parking space is reserved for someone else.”
  	(2)	Nearby parking space B is available right now for 90 minutes at
  		the rate of $1.00 per hour.
  	(3)	The parking services 12 can reserve the parking space B for you
  		(Ed) right now for a reasonable reservation fee of $1.00.

  	The user interface prompts Ed to either press the “OK” button to
  	make the reservation, or the “Cancel” to decline.
  	Ed presses the “OK” button.
  	Theparking device 21 presents a default parking period of one hour
  	and asks Ed to select the appropriate amount of time (up to 90
  	minutes maximum), pressing the “OK” button when finished.
  	Ed presses the ‘+’ and ‘−’ buttons on the user interface to adjust the
  	amount of time desired, but ultimately settles for one hour and
  	presses “OK.”
  	Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server indicating that
  	Ed has accepted the reservation and has requested one hour of
  	parking time.
  	The server checks the authorization of Ed's credit card, which
  	succeeds. The server places charges of $1.00 for parking and $1.00
  	for the reservation on Ed's credit card and sends a message to the
  	parking device 21 to enter the “Clear-Parking-Space” state.
  1:49 pm	Theparking device 21 opens a second user interface for Ed
  	conveying the information:

  	(1)	Parking space B has been reserved for him.
  	(2)	His credit card has been charged $1.00 for the prepaid time and
  		$1.00 for the reservation. He should park his car in the new
  		parking space within 15 minutes. He needs to vacate parking
  		space A right now for the person who reserved that space.

  1:50 pm	Ed leaves parking space A and drives to parking space B. The
  	parking indicator 23 notices that parking space A is vacant, which is
  	reported by sending a message to the server.
  	The server notices that the parking space is within the minimum
  	hand-off interval ahead of the start of Alice's reservation. The server
  	again sends a message to theparking device 21 nearest Alice's
  	parking space 24 that instructs theparking device 21 to enter the
  	“Reserved Check-In” state.

• The first scenario illustrates what happens when someone parks in aparking space24, where they are not permitted to park, by either parking in a reservedspace24, or parking without checking in. In either case, from the perspective of theparking services12, the situation boils down to what happens when the check-in grace period times out. An additional complexity arises when theparking space24 is already reserved and the person who made the reservation must be notified of the unavailability of theparking space24. For instance, if areserved parking space24 is occupied by somebody else, the motorist could get some type of refund. Additionally, theparking services12 could permit the disappointed motorist to choose anotherparking space24 by simply swiping her electronic banking card, such as a credit card or a debit card, at theparking device21 nearest the new space to move the reservation to the current parking location. Here, Alice again has a reservation for 2 pm in parking space A. The scenario begins at 1:30 pm, with theparking indicator23 for parking space A displaying Yellow.

• Time	Event
  10 am	Alice reserves parking space A for two hours online, starting at 2 pm
  	through a Web site operated by the parking services 12. The server
  	approves and validates her parking reservation.
  	At the current time, the system only notes the reservation and no
  	communication with theparking device 21 nearest Alice'sparking
  	space
  24 is needed. Theparking indicator 23 continues to display
  	Green and theparking device 21 displays a countdown of the amount
  	of time available ahead of Alice's reservation (four hours).
  1 pm	The system instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Yellow and
  	theparking device 21 to start a 60-minute countdown because
  	Alice's reservation of parking space A begins in an hour at 2 pm.
  1:40 pm	Jim, a scofflaw, pulls into parking space A and leisurely goes to a
  	late lunch, ignoring the check-in message on theparking device 21.
  	Note: to get to the check-in state, thevehicle sensor 22 determines a
  	car has parked and notifies the server. The server tells theparking
  	device
  21 to enter a check-in state and begin a countdown showing
  	the check-in grace period, as well as instructing theparking indicator
  	23 to display Yellow.
  1:42 pm	Theparking device 21 powers down the elapsed check-in display.
  1:45 pm	The server notices that the check-in grace period has elapsed, the
  	user has not checked-in, and theparking space 24 remains occupied.
  	The server initiates an entry for a violation event.
  	The server instructs theparking device 21 to enter a violation state
  	and display the elapsed time of non-compliance. The server also
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Red and requests the
  	parking device 21 to take a picture of the Jim's vehicle.
  1:46 pm	Themeter parking device 21 takes a picture of Jim's vehicle, which
  	is uploaded to the server.
  	The server logs the picture and begins notification to directed
  	enforcement, identifying the location of parking space A.
  	The server notices that Alice's reservation is at risk. In response, the
  	server identifies and reserves a nearby parking space B for Alice.
  	The server also creates a parking compensation event and records an
  	“award” to Alice, as compensation for her inconvenience. Based on
  	the parameters in Alice's parking account, the server sends her a
  	voice mail or text message alert about revising her reservation to
  	parking space B.
  1:55 pm	Alice arrives at her parking space, and sees that her space is taken.
  	She has not noticed the message from the server yet. She instead
  	drives down the street, sees aparking indicator 23 for parking space
  	C that is displaying “Green,” and parks in parking space C.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 for parking space C senses occupancy and
  	sends a message to the server, which instructs theparking device 21
  	nearest to parking space C to begin the check-in process and
  	commence a check-in countdown, as well as instructing thenearest
  	parking indicator
  23 to display Yellow.
  	Alice swipes her credit card at theparking device 21, which sends
  	her account information to the server.
  	The server recognizes that Alice has a nearby parking reservation
  	and a compensation event. The server verifies that there is enough
  	time available for parking space C for Alice's reservation and cancels
  	the parking reservation for parking space B. As a courtesy, the
  	server creates a free parking reservation for Alice in parking space C.
  	The server sends a message to theparking device 21 to enter a
  	modify-parameters state and to display information about Alice's
  	compensation event. The system makes notes to remove Alice's
  	charges and to issue the “award” to Alice.
  	Theparking device 21 nearest to parking space C conveys the
  	following information to Alice: “We're sorry for the inconvenience
  	for your parking space. For your trouble, we are giving you an
  	award <described>.”
  	Theparking device 21 shows Alice that parking space C is reserved,
  	beginning immediately, for two hours and ending at 4 pm, at no
  	charge. Theparking device 21 offers Alice an opportunity to extend
  	her parking according to any applicable constraints.
  	Alice confirms the parking time and award receipt. Theparking
  	device
  21 sends a message telling the server of the confirmation and
  	award acceptance.
  	The server instructs theparking device 21 to enter a reserved-parking
  	state and to show a countdown timer to 4 pm. The server also
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Green.
  2:00 pm	A parking enforcement officer arrives at Alice's originally-reserved
  	parking space A, “writes” a violation, which includes the violation
  	minutes. The parking fine may include a multiplier based on the
  	amount of time that the vehicle is parked illegally and, optionally,
  	some of the collected money can go towards Alice's award.
  2:25 pm	Jim returns to see a parking ticket on his vehicle, shrugs, and drives
  	off. Theparking device 21 notes when parking space A is vacated
  	and notifies the server, where the time is noted. This time is used to
  	compute the total fine for Jim's parking ticket. The server tells the
  	parking device 21 nearest to parking space A to set a countdown
  	timer to a value appropriately reflecting the availability of sparking
  	space A in light of any other parking reservations or events, and also
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Green.

• During the use of theparking space24,parking services12 monitor whether theparking space24 continues to remain occupied. However, even when unoccupied, availability may depend upon whether a reservation with in-and-out privileges or other constraints on the use of theparking space24 exist.Parking services12 can monitor the passage of time or poll eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 for changes in parking status.Parking services12 could alert also the motorist of impending expiry of parking and either alert the motorist to move his car, or offer an extension of time, if feasible, as further described supra. Alternatively, theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 could track changes in parking status and monitor the passage of time locally, which would be periodically reported back toparking services12 when polled. Other ways to track changes in parking status and monitor the passage of time are possible.
• Service: “Hold This Space”
• The “Hold This Space” service allows a driver to establish an agreement about parking a vehicle in a parking space.FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “Hold This Space”service90 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Where the driver had a previous reservation and the check-in confirmed that the driver is authorized (step91), theparking services12 retrieve the terms previously arranged in the reservation (step92) and the driver is offered the option of modifying the terms (step93). If no reservation was made (step91), or the driver decides to modify existing reservation terms (step93), the applicable parking terms are determined (step94), as further described below with reference toFIG. 8.
• The parking services12 can summarize the parking agreement for the driver. If the driver is in violation or fails to fulfill the terms of the parking agreement (step94), such as where the driver is not authorized to park there, has not paid the required parking fee, or does not move his vehicle within short grace period, theparking services12 can automatically take appropriate action against the offending driver (step96), including alerting parking authorities about the parking violation, logging the violation, or otherwise enabling guided enforcement, as further described below with reference toFIG. 21.
• If the terms are acceptable and the driver compliant (step94), a greeting can be sent to the driver, along with a reminder about when he is expected to return and move his vehicle (step97). Otherwise, if the driver is in violation or non-compliant, the system could optionally offer the driver other parking.
• The parking terms can offer different parking options. Parking zones can have a maximum time to park. They can also have escalating rates that go up with time. In some cases, there can be free parking for a period.FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a routine100 for determining parking terms for use in the routine90 ofFIG. 7. At the time of making a parking reservation or check-in, the driver selects the terms of the parking agreement (steps101-112). By way of example, the parking options include:
• Fixed Period, Fixed Price (Step102).
• The driver could select to pay for a fixed rate for a fixed period of time. Under this option, the driver must move his car before the end of the parking period. The driver could ask to be alerted (step107) via an electronic message that will be sent to amobile device15,16,17 when the parking period is nearly over, such as by using contact information known to theparking services12 under the driver's parking identifier. In some cases, the driver may later be permitted to extend the fixed parking period from hismobile device15,16,17, as long as other time constraints still allow parking.
• Open-Ended Period, Higher Price (Step103).
• The driver could opt for an open-ended parking period. Under this option, the driver does not provide an end time and parks for as long as needed, subject to pre-existing availability constraints on the parking space. The driver is informed of any pre-existing constraints (step108), for instance, other parking reservations or scheduled street cleaning. The convenience of open-ended parking times may have a higher fee since the parking space is locked up and unavailable to other motorists for an indefinite period.
• Open-Ended Period, Escalating Price (Step103).
• As a variation on the open-ended period, higher price parking option, the price-per-minute for a parking space could proportionately rise as a vehicle is parked for an increasingly longer period. For instance, some cities, like Palo Alto, Calif., want to attract shoppers into their shopping district by offering easy parking, while also discouraging people who work downtown from illicitly parking in the shopping district all day. Escalating pricing is one way to meet those goals. This approach could be used, for instance, in shopping districts where commerce generally benefits from turn-over in the vehicles parked in that area. For example, the first hour of parking might cost a dollar; the second hour might cost two dollars; the third hour might cost ten dollars.
• To illustrate, a scenario is presented with a configurable parameter for a check-in grace period set to five minutes, although other lengths of time could be chosen. The check-in grace period represents the amount of time that a driver can park for free in an available parking space without actually checking into the parking space through the parking services12. There is no penalty for this type of free parking, but the penalty-free aspect does not apply if parking is otherwise prohibited or theparking device21 indicates that parking is not available. Here, the scenario begins with Alice parking her car in parking space A, which has aparking indicator23 displaying Green and theparking device21 nearest to the space displaying 02:00 hours, which is the maximum parking time permissible in the shopping district.

• Time	Event

  10:00 am	Alice wants to quickly stop at an ATM in the shopping district, so
  	pulls into parking space A, which is in front of the ATM.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her arrival and sends a message to the
  	server. The server acknowledges the occupancy and sends a
  	message to theparking device 21 nearest Alice'sparking space 24
  	that instructs theparking device 21 to enter the “Reserved Check-In”
  	state and begin a countdown for the grace period (00:05). The server
  	also instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Yellow. The server
  	requests theparking device 21 to also show the following
  	information: “To stay longer than five minutes, please check in.”
  	Theparking device 21 continues to display this message throughout
  	a user response waiting time before powering down the display.
  10:04 am	Alice returns from the ATM and leaves the parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her departure and sends a message to
  	the server. The server instructs theparking device 21 to again show
  	the 02:00 time limit and theparking indicator 23 to display Green.
  10:30 am	Bob arrives to pick up some items at a store and needs longer than
  	fifteen minutes to shop. He pulls into parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his arrival and sends a message to the
  	server. The server acknowledges the occupancy and again instructs
  	theparking device 21 to enter the check-in state, as described supra.
  	Bob swipes his credit card (or other form of identification, such as a
  	driver's license). Theparking device 21 sends this information to the
  	server, which verifies that Bob has not parked in this parking zone
  	within a certain amount of time and checks the rate schedule. If Bob
  	had already parked in this same parking zone earlier, he could be
  	charged a higher parking fee to dissuade him from moving around
  	within the parking zone in an attempt to receive lower parking fees.
  	The server sends a message to theparking device 21 to display the
  	following information:

  	(1)	“Rates are: 1 hour $0.00, 2 hours $1.00, 3 hours $3.00, 4 hours
  		$7.00”
  	(2)	“Rates start with one hour for $0.00”
  	(3)	“Press ‘+’ or ‘−’ to change the time”
  	(4)	“There is a four hour maximum time limit on parking here.”

  	Bob pushes the “OK” button to accept one hour.
  	Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server saying which
  	options Bob choose. The server records thisparking space 24 as
  	being reserved for the next hour and instructs theparking device 21
  	to display a confirmation message to Bob:

  	(1)	“You have reserved this parking space for one hour until 11:30
  		am”
  	(2)	“No payment is required”

  	The server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Green and theparking device 21 to set the countdown to show the
  	time remaining until the reserved time runs out and the parking space
  	becomes available.
  11:25 am	Bob finishes his shopping and vacates parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his departure and sends a message to
  	the server. The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display
  	and theparking device 21 to show a four-hour availability with no
  	countdown.
  11:45 am	Charlene arrives to eat lunch and run errands. She pulls into parking
  	space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her arrival and sends a message to the
  	server. The server acknowledges the occupancy and again instructs
  	theparking device 21 to enter the check-in state, as described supra.
  	Charlene swipes her credit card at theparking device 21, which
  	sends the credit card information to the server. The server verifies
  	that Charlene has not parked in this parking zone within a certain
  	amount of time and looks up the rate schedule and other constraints.
  	The server sends a message to theparking device 21 to display the
  	following information:

  	(1)	“Rates are: 1 hour $0.00, 2 hours $1.00, 3 hours $3.00, 4 hours
  		$7.00”
  	(2)	“Rates start with one hour for $0.00”
  	(3)	“Press ‘+’ or ‘−’ to change the time”
  	(4)	“There is a four hour maximum time limit on parking here.”

  	She pushes the ‘+’ button to add an additional hour. The display on
  	theparking device 21 updates the price to $1.00.
  	She presses the “OK” button and theparking device 21 sends a
  	message to the server to indicate her selection. The server charges
  	her credit card successfully and records parking space A as being
  	reserved until 1:45 pm.
  	Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server saying which
  	options Charlene choose. The server records thisparking space 24
  	as being reserved for the next hour and instructs theparking device
  	21 to display a confirmation message to Charlene:

  	(1)	“You have reserved this parking space for two hours until 1:45
  		pm”
  	(2)	Her credit card was charged $1.00.

  	The server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Green and theparking device 21 to set the countdown to show the
  	time remaining until the reserved time runs out and the parking space
  	becomes available.

• Open-Ended Period, Initially Free Parking (Step103).
• In another variation on the open-ended period, higher price parking option, a first period of parking might be free, potentially subsidized by merchants located on the same city block as the subsidized parking Thereafter, parking fees might begin after, for instance, thirty minutes. User check-in could still require an electronic banking card, such as a credit card or a debit card, with billing to take place according to the already established parking rules.
• Reserved Parking (Step104).
• If the parking space is reserved, theparking device21 could request the driver to confirm his parking identity. If the driver's parking identity does not match the reservation (step109), theparking device21 orparking services12 could inform the driver that he needs a valid reservation and that he must move his vehicle from theparking space24. As a courtesy, the server could also provide a recommendation of another place to find parking (step111) and could allow the motorist to reserve an alternative parking space using their parking identity.
• Permit Privileged Parking (Step105).
• If the parking space requires a special permit and the driver's parking account37a-clacks the required permit (step110), theparking device21 or theparking services12 could inform the driver that a permit is required and that he must move his vehicle from theparking space24. As a courtesy, the server could also provide a recommendation of another place to find parking (step111) and could allow the motorist to reserve an alternative parking space using their parking identity.
• Discounted Pricing (Step106).
• Various bulk discounts may apply where associated with a permit in driver's parking account, or through an associated fleet parking account.
Driver Parking Services
• Service: Reservation.
• The reservation service reserves aparking space24, which can be illustrated by a scenario.

• Time	Event

  8:00 am	Making a reservation. Alice wants to reserve parking at 10:00 am.
  	She goes to the Web site run by theparking services 12 and creates a
  	parking account for herself.
  	Alice enters the following information to create a parking account:

  	(1)	name
  	(2)	credit card number for parking charges (or other form of
  		electronic payment)
  	(3)	address
  	(4)	email for communications
  	(5)	telephone number for alerts
  	(6)	password

  	After creating her parking account, Alice is automatically logged in.
  	The server shows a list of any existing parking reservations.
  	She chooses to make a new parking reservation.
  8:00 am	Alice enters her preferred time of 10:00 am for the start of the new
  	reservation and her desired duration of 30 minutes.
  	She indicates where she wants to park. The parking server
  	determines whatparking spaces 24 are available near that location.
  	Parking spaces are not available when:

  	(1)	Theparking space 24 is already reserved during that time.
  	(2)	Theparking space 24 is already occupied and is paid up through
  		the reservation time.
  	(3)	The reservation time is near and theparking space 24 is occupied
  		(whether paid or unpaid).
  	(4)	Theparking space 24 is constrained by a parking policy, such as
  		street sweeping.

  The Web page shows Alice the following information:

  	(1)	whatparking spaces 24 are available
  	(2)	how long each space is available
  	(3)	the cost of parking in each space

  	Alice picks parking space A.
  8:05 am	The server verifies that parking space A is still available.
  8:45 am	Short time available. Parking space A is still unoccupied. The
  	server notices that the time for Alice's reservation is now an hour
  	away, which is within the “short parking interval” limit. The
  	blackout period for minimal spacing between parkers is only an hour
  	away. The server sends a message to theparking device 21 to
  	continue the countdown to 9:45 am and to theparking indicator 23 to
  	display Yellow.
  8:45 am	After acknowledging the message, the parking indicator displays
  	Yellow and theparking device 21 starts a countdown to 9:45 am.
  9:45 am	The server notices that the time for parking space A is now within
  	the minimum reservation spacing interval and sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Red and to theparking device 21 to
  	display zero available parking minutes. The server also instructs the
  	parking device 21 to enter the “reserved-meter-pending” state,
  	display the parking space number.
  	Finding the reserved parking space. Theparking indicator 23 nearest
  	to parking space A displays Red (no parking) and theparking device
  	21 shows zero time remaining (no available minutes). Theparking
  	device
  21 begins to flash a “here I am” signal to assist Alice with
  	locating parking space A, which can be flashing colored LEDs in
  	order (blue-red-yellow-green). Alternatively, theparking device 21
  	can alternates the time display with a display of “A” to indicate the
  	parking space identifier.
  9:50 am	Alice is still driving along the city block where her reservedparking
  	space
  24 is located. She looks over the empty parking spaces. The
  	parking device 21 nearest to parking space A shows a display of “A”
  	with flashing LEDs and the Red displayed by theparking device 21
  	helps theparking space 24 to stand out.
  10:05 am	Check-in. Alice parks in parking space A. Thevehicle sensor 22
  	registers her arrival and sends a message to the server saying that the
  	space is now occupied.
  10:05 am	The server acknowledges the message and instructs theparking
  	device
  21 to enter the “Reserved Check-In” state and start the timer
  	for the check-in grace period. The server also instructs theparking
  	indicator
  23 to display Yellow. Theparking device 21 presents the
  	message, “This parking space is reserved. Please check in.”
  	Alice approaches theparking device 21 and slides her credit card.
  	Theparking device 21 reads the credit card and sends the credit card
  	information to the server.
  	The server verifies that the credit card is associated with the
  	reservation for Alice.
  10:05 am	Confirming reservation. The server looks up constraints and costs
  	for the reservation, parking rates, and user preferences, which are
  	then sent to theparking device 21. The server requests that the
  	parking device's user interface display the following information and
  	to go to a “set-parking-parameters” state:

  	(1)	The start time of the reservation.
  	(2)	The end time of the reservation.
  	(3)	The cost for the time period.
  	(4)	The time left before theparking space 24 becomes unavailable.
  	(5)	That Alice normally wants a text message when her parking time
  		is almost up.

  	Alice interacts with theparking device 21 to determine whether she
  	wants to change any of these settings.
  	Alice decides that she has reserved enough time and will keep the
  	current settings. She indicates that she is finished. Theparking
  	device
  21 sends a message to the server that Alice accepts the
  	parameters as-is.
  	The server acknowledges the message and sends the parking device
  	21 a message to start the countdown timer to show the amount of
  	time before Alice's reserved parking ends and theparking indicator
  	23 to display Green.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	starts the countdown timer.
  10:30 am	Finishing parking. Alice has finished her errands and returns to her
  	car. She pulls out of parking space A and goes on her way.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects that theparking space 24 has been
  	vacated and sends a message to the server.
  	The server records that parking space A is vacant and that the
  	reservation has been fulfilled.
  	The server now looks at the time, existing regulations, and pending
  	reservations to determine how much time is now available in parking
  	space A.

  	If theparking space 24 is available for only a short parking time,
  	such as one hour, the server sends a message to theparking
  	indicator
  23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to
  	display the “Available” message and start a countdown for the
  	available time.
  	If theparking space 24 is available for more than the minimum
  	short parking time period, the server sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Green and theparking device 21
  	to display the “Available” or “Park” messages and display a
  	countdown timer for the available time.
  	If theparking space 24 requires a permit in the next interval, the
  	server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Blue and theparking device 21 to display a “Permit Required”
  	message. The countdown timer shows the available time.
  	If theparking space 24 is not available in the next interval, the
  	server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Red and theparking device 21 to display a “No Parking”
  	message. The countdown timer shows the time left before the
  	space becomes available.

  10:30 am	Theparking indicator 23 displays the requested color and theparking
  	device
  21 displays the requested message.

• As described supra for the “Hold This Space”service90, a parking reservation38a-dcan be for a fixed parking period, for an open-ended period, or as various permits allow. Additionally, a parking reservation38a-dmay be for aspecific parking space24 or for one of a set of parking spaces.FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a routine for areservation service120 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Policies govern various parking considerations, such as the minimum advanced notice required for canceling a parking reservation and what money, if any, is refunded upon timely cancellation. Similarly, when a motorist wants to park in aparking space24 for a couple hours prior to when someone else has already reserved that space, theparking services12 will not let that motorist hold theparking space24 into the time that the already-reserved person has booked, so as to allow a between-parking-reservation time buffer. For instance, a minimum fifteen-minute spacing or blackout period between reservations could be imposed.
• Allowing users to reserve parking ahead of time raises several issues. Typically, when a driver leaves aparking space24, theparking space24 becomes available for other motorists to use. However, some drivers may want in-and-out privileges that could be provided through a reserved parking space for a recurring purpose. For example, a driver may need to reserve aparking space24 for nighttime parking, but then need to leave sometime during the night to run an errand. That driver would ordinarily want thatparking space24 to continue to be reserved for him, so that parking is available upon returning from the errand.
• As well, unused yet reserved parking wastes the parking resource. Plans sometimes change and motorists that make reservations forparking spaces24 may end up not actually using the parking To avoid such waste, theparking services12 could return aparking space24 to public availability if the driver who reserved the parking space does not check in promptly.Parking spaces24 could have a short grace period for arrival and check-in. As well, drivers could pay a higher fee to hold a parking space throughout the entire reservation period, which will apply even if they do not show up.
• In another variation, a driver could be sent an alert by telephone, text message, or other means if a grace period for a reservation is about to expire. This message could be handled by a GPS-equipped device, such as an on-board navigational orinformational devices17, in the vehicle. The driver, or a computational agent for the driver, would have a window of time during which to respond to the alert by telling the parking service that they still need the parking space. The driver could be asked to pay an extra charge to continue to hold the parking space if parking is in high demand or for other reasons warranting an up charge to the parking.
• Finally, a blackout minimum time interval between parkers could be provided to allow theparking space24 to get cleared of the last parker. The interval allows an incoming reserved parker to just check in if they arrive early. The minutes in the “arrive early” part of the reservation are covered by the fee for making a reservation.
• Parking spaces24 can be reserved directly through theparking services12 or indirectly through aparking device21,parking services kiosk19, ormobile device15,16,17. By way of example, parking space reservations include:
• Reserve a Specific Parking Space (Step121).
• This option reserves onespecific parking space24.
• Reserve a Preferred Type of Parking Space.
• The parking reservation system may differentiate parking spaces according to their type. For example, parking spaces requiring parallel parking may be less desirable than those spaces where parking is at an angle to the curb. Similarly, some parking spaces may be longer, wider, or otherwise more easily usable for parking than other parking spaces that require comparatively more involved maneuvering of a vehicle.
• Reserve Adjacent Parking Spaces (Step122).
• This option reserves several adjacent parking spaces, such as needed for parking an oversize vehicle, trailer, recreational vehicle, limousine, or moving van. Grant of the parking reservation requires confirmation that all of the parking spaces requested are available for the term of the reservation (step126).
• Reserve a Parking Space Near or within a Given Distance of a Location (Step123).
• A driver may not necessarily need a specific parking space (step121) and may be satisfied with aparking space24 on a particular block or side of the street or that is within a given distance of a particular location. The parking services12 attempt to find asuitable parking space24 for the driver (step127), who may then enter a reservation.
• Reserve a Parking Space with in-and-Out Privileges (Step124).
• This option keeps aparking space24 reserved throughout the duration of a reservation period (step128), even if the driver leaves for a while during the period. Another check-in step would be required when the driver returns.
• Open Grace Period (Step125).
• This option holds a parking space reservation open (step129), even if the driver is late and does not arrive within an allotted arrival and check-in grace period.
• Where a reservation is for any of a group ofparking spaces24, the process used by theparking services12 for setting theparking indicators21 proximate to the parking spaces factors in the affect on the availability of the overall group. For example, suppose that there are two parking reservations in effect forparking spaces24 on the same block and that ten of the twenty parking spaces are already occupied by cars. In this situation, theparking services server21 can show all ten of theunoccupied parking spaces24 as available. However, as the number of availableunoccupied parking spaces24 decreases, theparking indicators21 need to reflect the affect of the two parking reservations. When only twounoccupied parking spaces24 are left, theparking services12 show those spaces as being unavailable to hold the spaces for the reservations. Suppose that threeparking spaces24 were unoccupied and that a car began to pull into one of thoseparking spaces24. The remaining two parking spaces would then show as unavailable.
• If all conditions are met, theparking services12 reserve aparking space24 for the driver (step130), which can be confirmed to the driver (step131), for instance, by an automated message sent to the driver'smobile device15,16,17, if available and registered withparking services12.
• Service: Extend Reservation
• Parking reservations give a specification of the time over which aparking space24 is reserved.FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a routine for an extendreservation service140 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. A parking reservation is executed when the motorist checks in (step141), as described supra. If a motorist arrives early for his reservation38a-dand theparking space24 is available (step142), the starting time of the reservation begins earlier than planned. The parking services12 adjust the parking period and fee appropriately (step149) and can confirm the revised end time and other parameters with the driver.
• Alternatively, if a motorist wants to extend a parking stay longer (step143), that is, he wants to leave at a later time, theparking services12 will check for any existing time constraints (step146). If permissible (step147), theparking services12 adjust the parking period and fee appropriately (step148) and can confirm the revised end time and other parameters with the driver. Otherwise, the motorist will be informed that extended parking is not available. For purposes of resource management, theparking services12 use available information to inform drivers about parking availability. In estimating how long a vehicle will be in aparking space24, a conservative approach assumes that theparking space24 will not become available until the end of the parking period (step145) as specified in the terms of parking agreement. If the parking terms allow parking for up to three hours, a conservative parking policy prevent theparking services12 from showing theparking space24 as being available for other parking reservations before the end time. However, if a driver leaves early (step144), theparking space24 can be made available immediately to other drivers and, if policy permits, the departed driver can be refunded a partial fee (step151).
• Pricing policies as implemented through theparking services12 can take advantage of the dynamics of drivers arriving early, staying later, or leaving early. For example, a driver considering convenience and peace of mind may choose an option to stay for up to three hours, even if he expects to be finished in two hours. Reserving aparking space24 for only two hours would cost less, but the driver risks the need to hurry back if delayed. In one embodiment, theparking services12 can warn a driver via amobile device15,16,17 that the two-hour limit is approaching. If the space is still available beyond the two-hour limit, the driver could be offered the option to extend the parking reservation.
• Service: “Find My Car”
• People sometimes forget where they parked. Since the location of everyparking space24 is known by theparking services12, the information can be used to help forgetful drivers find their lost cars.FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a “Find My Car”service160 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. If in need, an absentminded driver could go to anyparking device21 orparking services kiosk19, or could contact theparking services12 using amobile device15,16,17. The driver would check-in, and ask the server for his car's location. The parking services12 would confirm the driver's identity (step161) and search the parking records (step162). If theparking space24 occupied by the vehicle is found (step163), the driver could be provided a map, audio, or visual directions for finding his car. For persons without parking identities, theparking services12 could still provide the driver with directions upon providing sufficient information to enable theparking services12 to find the car, such as by entering a unique identifier assigned to a parking device21 (step161).
• Service: Summon a Taxicab and “Find Me Public Transportation”
• Aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 could also be used to summon a taxicab. Based on the location of the requestingparking device21, a taxicab service could give an estimated time of arrival and fare estimates for travel to a specified destination. The taxicab service could be summoned through an interactive application executed on theparking device21, or by message-based or voice telephone call. Payment for the taxicab could also be automatically arranged ahead of time through the user's parking account37a-c. In a further embodiment, a user could request a taxicab and run an auction for taxicab services to respond at a specified level of service. The user could then pay for the winning taxicab service through theparking device21 and enter into a pre-arranged fare agreement with the taxicab.
• In addition, aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 could be used to find public transportation for a user. Like the service for summoning a taxicab, this service is location-based and uses the location of theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19. The parking services12 tie in to bus, train, ferry, subway, and other public transportation schedules and could recommend a route for the user. The parking identity could be generalized to a transportation identity, which allows the holder to purchase tickets for public transportation, as well as pay for taxicab fare.
• Service: Summon Help (9-1-1)
• Each of theparking devices21, as well asparking services kiosks19, are networked with the parking services12. Drivers and other people can use theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 to call for help during emergencies. For example, a person could open voice or voice and video connection to emergency authorities, depending upon the configuration of theparking device21. Further, if a camera is incorporated into theparking device21, theparking services12 could capture photographs from the requesting or neighboringparking devices21 to document the event. The parking services12 can be connected through a Web site or other communications channel to operators and civil authorities for handling emergency and public safety concerns. Alternatively, theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 could be equipped with a button to call 9-1-1 directly.
• In one embodiment, eachparking device21 andparking services kiosk19 can transact voice communications with a user and take digital images, including still photographs and video, of the immediately surrounding area using a built-in camera to document an emergency situation. The network interconnecting theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 with theparking services server11 provide sufficient bandwidth to upload the digital images and support a voice conversation between a user and the 9-1-1 service. In a still further embodiment, the server has a low-latency method of pushing messages to theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 andnearby parking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 are quickly informed to start taking digital images upon receipt of a 9-1-1 call. The time schedule by which theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 take digital images is a configurable parameter in the system and need not necessarily be constant. For instance, digital images can be taken at a higher frequency initially with a back off in frequency over time. Multiple presses of the 9-1-1 emergency button over a short configurable time period can be considered a single event. The summon help service, as supplemented with digital images, can be illustrated by a scenario.

• Time	Event
  9:00 pm	Bob sees an emergency situation, such as a robbery on the street or a
  	medical emergency.
  	Bob pushes the 9-1-1 button on theparking device 21 closest to
  	parking space A.
  	By default, theparking device 21 starts taking digital images.
  	Theparking device 21 also opens a voice phone call to the 9-1-1
  	service.
  	Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server to initiate a
  	9-1-1 event.
  	The parking server acknowledges the message and starts a new 9-1-1
  	event, recording the time and parking device's location.
  	The server identifies a set ofnearby parking devices 21 and sends
  	each of them a message to start taking a few digital images for a
  	configurable period of time.
  9:00 pm	Thenearby parking devices 21 start taking digital images and begin
  	uploading the digital images or thumbnails in an appropriate manner.
  9:01 pm	The server starts receiving the digital images or thumbnails, logs
  	them, and correlates them for use by emergency responders and law
  	enforcement.
  	A 9-1-1 operator answers the voice phone call from the user at the
  	initiatingparking device 21.
  	The 9-1-1 operator brings up a Web page for pending 9-1-1 events
  	and finds the appropriate 9-1-1 page for this event. The thumbnail
  	views, where applicable, from thenearby parking devices 21 become
  	accessible as they are uploaded and can be shown on a map that
  	gives the location of the callingparking device 21, the location of the
  	nearby parking devices 21, and the digital images from theparking
  	devices
  21.

• In one embodiment, theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 have enough local storage to store a finite number of digital images, such as at least 100 pictures. When aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 takes a digital images, the date and time are also recorded. Aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 can report to the server about the stored digital images and can upload or delete a digital image or thumbnail upon request by theparking services12, as illustrated by the following continuation of the preceding scenario.

• Time	Event
  9:02 pm	The 9-1-1 operator interviews Bob and decides that the
  	emergency deserves more than the default photographic
  	documentation. From the Web page, the 9-1-1 operator
  	requests that digital images continue to be taken from
  	thenearby parking devices 21 every five seconds for
  	five minutes and also expands the region of recording
  	cameras to another block away.
  	The 9-1-1 operator requests police and medical services be
  	dispatched to the location of the callingparking device 21.
  	The 9-1-1 operator finishes the call and the audio connection
  	is completed.
  	At some later time, the 9-1-1 service uploads the full
  	resolution digital images that were requested from all of the
  	involved parking devices 21 and saves them in a database.

Resident Parking Services
• Urban residents, in many ways more than any other class of motorist, must contend with nearly continual parking challenges, particularly during the work week, as they attempt to find on-street parking reasonably near their place of residence, despite the countervailing parking efforts by office workers, commercial vehicles, visitors to the city, and others. Too often, car-owning urbanites need, but are often unable to find, on-street parking on a recurring basis. For example, residents could find reserving nighttime parking on the street, either in front of their homes or nearby, convenient, if only such parking could be made available to them.
• By way of illustration, the following scenario covers recurring parking, such as being able to park at night for a month near one's home, as provided through one embodiment. Recurring parking also enables in-and-out parking privileges during the night. Bidding for recurring parking spaces is based on need parameters, such as the number of parking spaces on which an account holder can bid, the number of parking spaces that an account holder can win at auction, and a maximum distance from a parking space to a residence or other address. Here, Ryan is a drummer in a rock-n-roll band in MyCity and wants to reserve one of the two parking spaces in front of his house, space R or S, for the next month, so that he can more conveniently load and unload his drum set at night, rather than lugging his drums several blocks or risking theft by leaving his gear in his car. For this city, parking auctions are run during the third week of the month and parking spaces change hands at the beginning of each month. This scenario covers the case of nighttime in-and-out recurring parking reservations. A fixed and regular parking period for these reservations, such as 6 pm to 8 am, is assumed, although other time periods are possible, whether during the day, at night, or during off-periods, such as weekends or holidays. Additionally, there may be other cases, where the parking periods need to be variable or are extended beyond a city standard block.

• Time	Event

  Jul 18	Ryan logs into a Web site run by the parking services server. He
  	selects the section for bidding on recurring reservations.
  	The server looks up Ryan's address and bidding constraints, then
  	displays parking spaces near his address, which are available for
  	recurring reservations, along with the next auction date (July 31) and
  	the start date for the next award (August 1). The winning bid
  	amounts for the parking spaces during the last auction are shown.
  	Ryan indicates that he needs one parking space for his vehicle (of the
  	two spaces he is allowed). He places a maximum $100 bid for
  	parking spaces R and S and a lesser $50 bid for other spaces on his
  	block, in case he is unable to get the spaces in front of his home.
  Jul 31	The parking server conducts a multiple-space, sealed, second-bid
  	auction, as further described infra. Ryan wins the auction for
  	$80/month for parkingspace R.
  Aug
  1,	Parking space R is not occupied. Ryan's recurring reservation starts
  4:30 pm	at 6 pm, with a 15-minute minimum interval preceding blackout
  	period at 5:45 pm (75 minutes away). The smart parking device is
  	showing Green (available) with a countdown to 5:45 pm.
  4:45 pm	The server notices that parking space R has less than the short-
  	interval parking availability. The server sends a message to the
  	smart parking device to display Yellow (limited time) and continue
  	the countdown to 5:45 pm.
  	The smart parking device receives the message, displays Yellow
  	(limited time), and continues the countdown.
  5:45 pm	The parking server notices that parking space R has less than the
  	minimal time interval for parking ahead of a reservation. The server
  	sends a message to the smart parking device to enter the reserved-
  	unavailable state, to display Red (no parking--reserved--unavailable),
  	and to set the counter to zero.
  5:45 pm	The parking smart parking device displays Red and sets the counter
  	to zero.
  5:50 pm	Ryan arrives home and pulls into parking space R. The parking
  	sensor detects his arrival. The smart parking device sends a message
  	to the server that parking space R is occupied.
  	The server acknowledges the message and looks up Ryan's recurring
  	reservation. The server sends a message to the smart parking device
  	to enter a reservation check-in state, to display Yellow, and to begin
  	a countdown for the check-in grace period.
  	The smart parking device displays Yellow (check-in). The counter
  	begins a countdown for the grace period, for instance, five minutes.
  	The display on the smart parking device requests Ryan to check in
  	through a combination of visual and audio prompts.
  	Ryan slides his credit card in the smart parking device. The smart
  	parking device sends the credit card information to the server.
  	The server checks that Ryan's credit card is associated with the
  	reservation and notes that the reservation is already paid. The server
  	sends a message to the smart parking device to enter a reserved-
  	parked state, to display Green, and to set the counter to a countdown
  	to the end of the reservation period, which occurs at 8 am on the next
  	morning. The server notices that a street sweeper is scheduled to
  	sweep Ryan's street at 9 am in the morning, too.
  	The smart parking device turns Green (valid parking) and begins a
  	countdown to 8 am. The server gives Ryan a message to be sure to
  	move his car before 9 am to avoid the street sweeper.
  6:30 pm	Ryan is cooking and lacks both a key ingredient and a dessert for
  	someone special. The store selling the items is ten minutes away by
  	car, so he drives off to the store to get the desired items.
  	The parking sensor detects that the parking space has been vacated,
  	notes the recurring reservation includes in-and-out privileges, and
  	sends a message to the smart parking device to enter a reserved-
  	unavailable state, turn Red, and set the counter to zero.
  	The smart parking device displays Red (unavailable) and shows a
  	countdown of zero. Alternatively, the smart parking device may
  	show a message “Reserved” or words to that effect.
  6:35 pm	Joe, a would-be parking poacher, pulls into parking space R.
  	The parking sensor detects Joe's vehicle and sends a message to the
  	server saying that the parking space is once again occupied.
  	The parking server notes the reservation and sends a message to the
  	smart parking device to enter a reserved check-in mode and to
  	display Yellow.
  	The smart parking device displays Yellow (check-in) and begins a
  	countdown for the check-in grace period.
  6:36 pm	Joe approaches the smart parking device, which states, “Reserved
  	parking. Please check in.”
  	Joe slides his credit card. The smart parking device sends the credit
  	card information to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and notes that the credit card
  	is not associated with the reservation. The parking server identifies a
  	nearby parking space V, which is available for at least a few hours,
  	and sends this information to the parking smart parking device. The
  	server tells the parking smart parking device to enter a vacate-
  	reserved-space state, to display Red, and to start a timer for the
  	vacate-space period, for instance, two minutes.
  	The smart parking device displays Red and starts a timer for the
  	vacate-period. The following information is displayed to Joe:

  	(1)	this parking space is reserved for someone else;
  	(2)	there is a parking space V nearby that is available for two hours,
  	(3)	you can reserve this space for one dollar with no hourly fee at
  		night;
  	(4)	push the appropriate labeled button to either reserve parking
  		space V or cancel the reservation.

  	Joe chooses to not push any buttons.
  	Joe sees parking space V. There is little traffic, so Joe decides to re-
  	park his car in parking space V without making a reservation.
  	The sensor in parking space R notices that the space is vacated and
  	sends a message to the server.
  	The parking server notes that parking space R is vacant and sends a
  	message to the parking smart parking device to enter the reserved-
  	unavailable state, to display Red, and to set the counter to zero.
  	The parking smart parking device at space R displays Red with a
  	countdown of zero, along with a message stating “reserved.”
  Aug 1,	Ryan returns from shopping. He pulls into parking space R. The
  6:50 pm	sensor detects Ryan's vehicle and sends a message to the parking
  	server.
  	The parking server notes the reservation and tells the parking smart
  	parking device to go to a reserved-check-in state, to display Yellow,
  	and to start the timer for the check-in grace period.
  	The smart parking device displays Yellow, starts the timer, and
  	displays a message, “Reserved parking. Please check in.” Ryan
  	swipes his credit card.
  	The smart parking device sends the credit card information to the
  	parking server.
  	The parking server recognizes Ryan's credit card as being associated
  	with the recurring reservation and knows that the parking is already
  	paid. The parking server retrieves the same information as before.
  	The smart parking device welcomes Ryan back and again reminds
  	him to move his car ahead of the 9 am street sweeper.
  Aug 7,	Ryan realizes that he will be away for a few days and does not need
  8 am	his night time recurring parking reservation for a couple of days. He
  	logs into the parking service's Web site.
  	Ryan interacts with the reservation service to say that he will not
  	need his reserved parking space from August 7 to August 10.
  	The parking service records the exceptions.
  6 pm	Parking space R is not occupied. The smart parking device shows
  	that the parking space is available (Green) with a countdown timer of
  	12 hours, or whatever time increment is appropriate.
  	The parking system issues a partial rebate to Ryan.

• Service: Recurring Reservations
• The recurring reservation service enables a user to reserve aparking space24 for a repeating, typically hourly, period for each day throughout a subscription period, such as by the week or month.FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing a routine for arecurring reservations service170 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. To book a recurring reservation, an urban resident identifies a desired parking space and reservation term, which will typically include the times and dates over which the reservation term would be in effect (step171). The parking services12 confirms that the resident is eligible to reserve the desired parking space, including comparing the location of the desired parking space to the resident's home to guard against recurring reservations being issued to non-residents. The parking services12 also checks whether there are constraints that prevent the recurring reservation from being booked. For example, use of theparking space24 may require a special permit, such as for handicapped parking, or the resident may try to reserve aparking space24 that is not available because the space is already scheduled to be in use. Additionally, someparking spaces24 may not allow recurring reservations at all. For example, the space located at the curb cut of a private driveway can only be recurrently reserved by the resident himself, unless he chooses to rent the parking space, as further described infra. Furthermore, limits on the length of the subscription may restrict whether a motorist can make a recurring reservation.
• If the reservation term is clear of any pre-existing time constraints and no contention with other residents is discovered (step172), theparking services12 book the recurring reservation for the resident (step174). In an urban neighborhood, though, contention may be more the rule than the exception and several residents may want thesame parking spaces24. To ensure an orderly and fair process of booking recurring reservations in an urban neighborhood, theparking services12 can run an auction.
• Scheduled Auction.
• The parking services12 can impose a scheduled period for conducting an auction for the contendedparking space24. For example, the auction may take place on a predetermined date, such as on the first day of each month. Prior to the date of auction, residents can enter their bids forspecific parking spaces24 or, alternatively, a range ofcomparable parking spaces24, such asparking spaces24 on the same side of the street and on the same city block as their home. Each bid includes the location of the requesting resident's home and the times and dates over which the reservation term would be in effect. Special privileges may apply for homeowners, elderly residents, the handicapped people, and so on. As well, the bidding residents need not be present for the online auction, which can occur automatically. At the time of auction, theparking services12 evaluates all of the bids and confirms that each bidder is eligible to reserve the requested parking space. The parking services12 then selects a winning bid based on an auction criteria. All of the bidders are notified. The winning bidder gets the recurring reservation. Several auction criteria may be used (step173), which, by way of example, include:
• Space Auction.
• Contracts forparticular parking spaces24 may be brought up for auction on a regular basis. Interested parties could be informed by theparking services12 of the space auction. The winning bidder can be selected based on the highest bid or other criteria, such as a lottery, to get the contract for theparking space24.
• Multiple Allocation Auction.
• An allocation process can be used, where residents specify several parking preferences and bids. The parking services12 allocateparking spaces24 to balance the residents' needs and anticipated revenue generated from each of the requested parking spaces.
• Multiple Allocation, Sealed Second-Bid Auction.
• This form of auction allocatesparking spaces24 according to the following principles:
• • (1) Motorists can bid onmultiple parking spaces24, but each bidder can win only a limited number of recurringparking spaces24, so no one person can block out all of the parking in a neighborhood.
  • (2) Bidders indicate their perceived value of aparking space24 by the amount of their bid, which is the maximum that they are willing to pay.
  • (3) Bids are accepted for all of theparking spaces24 in a neighborhood at once, so that residents are not busy coping with auctions all of the time.
  • (4) Bidding is sealed, so that bidders are not driven to a bidding frenzy and last minute changes.
  • (5) A bidder only influences the price ofparking spaces24 that they win and their bids do not drive up prices onparking spaces24 that they do not win.
    During the auction, the bidding is closed prior to the start of the auction. The auctioneer organizes the bids for all of theparking spaces24 and selects the highest bid over all of theparking spaces24. If there is a tie, the earliest bidder gets the award. The high bidder is awarded theparking space24 for the value of the second bid, or a minimum price if there are no other bids. If the high bidder has won his maximum number of bids, all further bids from the bidder are removed from all of the remainingparking spaces24. Other ways to conduct a sealed bid auction, including variations on the amount charged, which subsequent bidder's bid is used as the award price, and so forth, are possible.
• Auction with Subsidies.
• A subsidy or advantage is given to particular residents to for various reasons, such as location or to compensate for disadvantages or other inequities. A subsidy serves to weigh more heavily the bids received from subsidized residents. For example, a substantial advantage may be awarded to handicapped or elderly people to enable them to park near their residence. Alternatively, an advantage may be given to people living closest to aparking space24 under auction. Winning bids carry the greatest weight.
• The various auction-based approaches could take into account the number of parking reservations existing on a particular city block or in a region associated with a bidder and limit the number ofparking spaces24 that one resident could hold. In addition, aparking space24 could have an escalating price per vehicle for recurring reservations to discourage a resident from monopolizing the parking on a city block with only his own vehicles. A delay period between the running of the auction and the time at which the first usable parking reservation takes effect for the winning bidder may apply.
• Service: Guest Reservation
• The guest reservation service accommodates making a parking reservation for a guest. Guest parking reservations are transacted in separate related parts. First, a host makes a parking reservation through theparking services12, which includes informing the system about the guest. Next, the system contacts the guest, and perhaps provides the guest with a token or other form of identification by which to enable the system to pair up the guest with thereserved parking space24. At the time of parking, the guest must find thereserved parking space24, which can include the assistance of the parking services12. Last, the guest checks in, with an optional final part of host confirmation, which is needed when the guest has found the reservedparking space24, but is unable to prove his identity for some reason and requires the host's intercession.
• The various parts of the guest reservation service can be illustrated by a basic scenario. Here, Alice is planning a dinner for friends. Parking is difficult in her neighborhood. She reserves twoparking spaces24 for friends. The scenario shows how she reserves the reservations, how her friends receive the reservations from Alice, how her friends find theirparking spaces24, and how they identify themselves to the server after they park.

• Time	Event

  Tuesday	Making a guest reservation. Alice is planning a dinner party for
  7:00 am	several friends for the upcoming Friday evening. Some of her
  	friends live in the neighborhood, but two guests, Bob and Charlene,
  	will each be driving. Since parking is difficult and scarce in her
  	neighborhood, Alice decides to reserve two parking places for them.
  	Alice logs into the Web site for theparking services 12 and selects
  	the section for making guest reservations.
  	The server retrieves Alice's parking account, then opens a calendar
  	and asks her to select the number of parking reservations and the
  	desired day and time for each parking reservation.
  	Alice selects Friday from the hours of 7 pm to Saturday morning at 1
  	am. She asks for two parking reservations.
  	The server knows the address of Alice's residence and displays a
  	map centered around Alice's home. The server then highlights two
  	available parking spaces A and B that are closest to Alice's home and
  	shows a reservation cost of $10.00 each for the evening. The user
  	interface also enables Alice to choose from otheravailable parking
  	spaces
  24.
  	Alice confirms the two parking spaces A and B.
  	The server asks her to enter either the email or mobile telephone
  	number of her two guests.
  	Alice enters the email addresses of Bob and Charlene. She also
  	enters a short text message for them and confirms the purchase of the
  	parking reservations.
  	The server logs the purchase and sends an email to Bob and
  	Charlene containing the following information:

  	(1)	The email message from Alice.
  	(2)	Approved contact information for Alice.
  	(3)	Alice's address.
  	(4)	A map showing the location of Alice's home.
  	(5)	The number of the parking spaces reserved for them on the
  		block where Alice lives.
  	(6)	An image with a digital encoding or barcode that identifies the
  		reservation, such as a QR code.

  7:10 am	Bob and Charlene receive their emails for the parking reservations
  	for Alice's dinner party for parking spaces A and B, respectively.
  5:00 pm	Parking denied. Dan, Alice's neighbor, arrives and parks in parking
  	space A. Theparking indicator 23 displays Green (available) and the
  	parking device 21 shows the time available until 6:45 pm. Dan parks
  	in parking space A, but ignores the timer display.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the arrival of Dan's car and sends a
  	message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges and logs the event. The server notices that
  	theparking space 24 is reserved, starting at 7:00 pm. The server
  	sends the information to theparking device 21 . The server also
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Yellow with instructions
  	to theparking device 21 to enter the “Reserved Check-In” state and
  	begin a countdown for the grace period (00:05).
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device 21
  	begins a countdown for the check-in grace period. Theparking
  	device
  21 displays a courtesy notice, staying “Please check-in.
  	Parking space is reserved tonight starting at 7:00 pm.”
  	Dan sees the limited time restriction for theparking space 24. He
  	looks around, chooses a different place to park, and moves his car.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the departure of Dan's car and sends a
  	message to the server.
  5:05 pm	The server acknowledges and logs the vacancy. The server looks up
  	the constraints on parking space A and determines that parking is
  	available until 6:45 pm. The server sends a message to theparking
  	indicator
  23 nearest to parking space A to display Green and the
  	parking device 21 to start a countdown to 6:45 pm and enter a
  	“parking-available” state.
  5:45 pm	The server notices that the amount of time available for parking
  	space A is now less than the minimum long interval of one hour.
  	The server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Yellow and theparking device 21 to enter a “limited-parking-
  	availability” state. The server also instructs theparking device 21 to
  	keep counting down the available time. The same instructions are
  	sent to theparking indicator 23 andparking device 21 nearest to
  	parking space B.
  	Therespective parking indicators 23 nearest to parking spaces A and
  	B display Yellow and thecorresponding parking devices 21 keep
  	counting down the available time.
  6:45 pm	The server notices that parking spaces A and B have less than the
  	minimum time between reservations and that guest parkers are due to
  	arrive. The server sends messages to therespective parking
  	indicators
  23 nearest to parking spaces A and B to display Red and to
  	thecorresponding parking devices 21 to flash the LED lights in a
  	“guest-arrival” light pattern and enter the “guest-check-in” state.
  	Theparking indicator 23 at parking space A displays Red and the
  	parking device 21 starts flashing its lights in the “guest-arrival
  	pattern” light pattern, as well as showing zero available time.
  6:50 pm	Bob arrives on Alice's block first and sees the twoparking devices
  	21 with their LED lights flashing colors. He drives by and notices
  	that the first space, parking space A, is his reserved parking
  	space. He parks there.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the arrival of Bob's car and sends a
  	message to the server.
  	The parking server acknowledges the message and notices that a
  	guest is expected. The server also instructs theparking indicator 23
  	to display Yellow with instructions to theparking device 21 to enter
  	the “Reserved Check-In. This space reserved now for guest check-
  	in” state and begin a countdown for the grace period (00:05).
  	Bob approaches theparking device 21 and pushes a “check-in”
  	button. Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server.
  	The server reviews check-in options for Bob. The server notices
  	from Bob's email address that Bob already has a parking account
  	with Bob's credit card number and telephone number. The server
  	sends a message to theparking device 21 with this information.
  	Theparking device 21 presents choices for checking in to Bob, who
  	chooses to check in by sliding his credit card.
  	Theparking device 21 sends the credit card information to the
  	server, which recognizes the credit card number as acceptable proof
  	of identity for Bob. The server creates a message for theparking
  	device
  21 with the following information:

  	(1)	Welcoming Bob
  	(2)	Telling him that hisparking space 24 is reserved and paid
  		through 1 am
  	(3)	A message from Alice

  	Since Bob has a parking account, the server looks up Bob's
  	preferences. The server notices that Bob wants text alerts when time
  	is running out. The server sends a message toparking indicator 23
  	to display Green and theparking device 21 to begin a countdown to
  	1 am. The server also instructs theparking device 21 to enter the
  	“parking-unavailable” state and stop flashing the “guest-arrival”
  	light pattern.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green (for paid) and theparking
  	device
  21 displays the message to Bob and begins a countdown to
  	1 am. Theparking device 21 also stops flashing the “guest-arrival”
  	light pattern.
  	Bob walks to Alice's house.
  7:05 pm	Charlene arrives on Alice's block. She sees the flashingYellow
  	parking indicator
  23. She drives over and finds theparking indicator
  	23 is at parking space B. She parks there.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the arrival of Charlene 's car and sends
  	a message to the server.
  	The parking server acknowledges the message and notices that a
  	guest is expected. The server also instructs theparking indicator 23
  	to display Yellow with instructions to theparking device 21 to enter
  	the “Reserved Check-In. This space reserved now for guest check-
  	in” state and begin a countdown for the grace period (00:05).
  	Charlene approaches theparking device 21 and pushes a “check-in”
  	button. Theparking device 21 sends a message to the server.
  	The server reviews check-in options for Charlene and notices that
  	Charlene does not have a parking account with the parking services
  	12. The server remembers sending a QR code to Charlene through
  	her email account. Charlene could also use host confirmation to
  	check in. The server puts information about these options into a
  	message, which is sent to theparking device 21.
  	Theparking device 21 displays the message to Charlene, who
  	conveniently already has a printout of the QR code ready. Charlene
  	holds the QR code in front of theparking device 21, which scans the
  	QR code and sends the QR code to the server.
  	The server checks the QR code, which is correct and accepted as
  	proof of identity for Charlene. The server creates a message for the
  	parking device 21 with the following information:

  	(1)	Welcoming Alice
  	(2)	Telling her that herparking space 24 is reserved and paid
  		through 1 am
  	(3)	A message from Alice

  	The server sends a message toparking indicator 23 to display Green
  	and theparking device 21 to begin a countdown to 1 am. The server
  	also instructs theparking device 21 to enter the “parking-
  	unavailable” state and stop flashing the “guest-arrival” light pattern.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green (for paid) and theparking
  	device
  21 displays the message to Bob and begins a countdown to
  	1 am. Theparking device 21 also stops flashing the “guest-arrival”
  	light pattern.
  	Charlene walks to Alice's house.
  11:30 pm	Bob leaves Alice's dinner party. He goes to his car and drives home.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects the departure of Bob's car and sends a
  	message to the server.
  	The server logs that Bob has left and looks up constraints on the
  	parking space 24. The server finds that there are no parking
  	reservations until 10:00 am on Saturday and sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Green and the parking device to enter
  	a “parking-available” state and start counting down until 10:00 am.

  
  In a variation on this scenario, Alice could be permitted to reserve a block ofparking spaces24 without assigning specific spaces to specific people. In other cases, she could assignindividual parking spaces24. As well, Charlene may not have the QR code available at check-in and theparking device21 could offer to call Alice, who could then push a button on her telephone or say, “Yes” to a recorded confirmatory message that included Charlene's voice. In other variations, the server could send a text message to Charlene's mobile telephone. She could reply, “Yes” to signal arrival at theparking space24. Still other variations are on guest parking are possible.
• The guest parking service differs from a regular reservation in that theparking services12 need to validate a possibly unknown guest when they park. In several of these approaches, theparking services12 can provide a grace period for the host and guest to carry out the validation process.FIGS. 13A-13B are flow diagrams showing a routine for aguest reservation service180 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Several approaches can be used to enable the guest to check in when they have parked. By way of example, the approaches include:
• Parking Code (Step182).
• When a host creates a guest reservation (step181), theparking services12 generates a parking code, such as a four-digit number, that the guest can enter into aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 at check-in present. The parking code can be generated in various different ways, such as in the form of an email, or text message. The parking code is given to the host, which he can pass on to the guest or enter into aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 himself (step186).
• Guest Identification (Step183).
• When a host creates a guest reservation (step181), the host can provide the name of the guest (step187) and possibly other information that can help to identify the guest, such as the guest's telephone number or email address, to theparking services12, which can be used to match a guest to the guest reservation during check-in. If the parking identity of the guest is known to theparking services12 by virtue of having a parking account37a-c, the guest can use his parking identity or other identification during check-in.
• Physical Digital Record (Step184).
• When a host creates a guest reservation (step181), theparking services12 send the host a bar code, QR code, or other unique digital record (step188) that can be physically reproduced for the parking event, generally by print out by the host or the guest, together with directions for finding theparking space24. The guest presents a facsimile or other printout of the physical digital record using the user interface of aparking device21 at check-in, which theparking device21 can digitally read and use to confirm the reservation.
• Digital Ticket or Permit (Step185).
• When a host creates a guest reservation (step181), the host receives a digital object, possibly encrypted, which is electronically transmitted to the guest (step188). The guest presents the digital ticket or permit to theparking services12 at check-in through transmission or display from amobile device15,16,17.
• Host Confirmation (Step190).
• The validity of a guest could be confirmed by the host. The parking services12 contact the host when the parking event occurs (step191), or the guest contacts the host directly, such as by mobile telephone. The use of the reserved parking space is conditioned upon the host confirming the motorist's identity as the guest. Alternatively, theparking device21 could open a voice, text message, or video connection to the host. The host then would confirm via a networked device that the vehicle in the parking space belongs to the guest (step192).
• In a further embodiment, a host is permitted to make reservations for multiple guests at the same time. For example, the host could reserve a group ofparking spaces24 and get a single parking code or digital ticket or permit for all guests. A guest could park in any of theavailable parking spaces24 in the group.
• The parking services12 also can help guests find their reserved parking spaces24 (step193). In the simplest case, theparking spaces24 may simply be labeled. However, labels may be difficult to see at night. Alternatively, theparking services12 could cause theparking indicators23 to flash using, for instance, red-and-green lights, to draw the attention of the guest searching for theparking space24. The flashing behavior could begin at the beginning of the parking reservation period. The parking services12 could also flash the lights on or give some other indication using aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 when the guest gets near theparking space24 or requests additional assistance. The request could be made via an application on the guest'smobile device15,16,17 or just be triggered by the start time of the guest reservation.
• If the parking reservation was communicated electronically, such as by email or text message, a map could be included by theparking services12, as well as GPS coordinates for theparking space24, which could both be transmitted into a GPS application in the guest'smobile device15,16,17 to guide the guest to theparking space24. As well, the parking reservation can be provided as a hyperlink, such as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to open up a Web page with directions and other information using a QR code or similar information encoding. Themobile device15,16,17 may itself be able to alert the guest that they are near theirguest parking space24, or could send a signal to theparking services12,parking device21, orparking services kiosk19 to ask that aparking indicator23 or other indication be enabled to guide the driver in. As well, the guest could be given a telephone number to call shortly before reaching the area to request that the indicators begin flashing. The GPS coordinates of theparking space24 could also be provided to applications executing on on-board navigational orinformational devices17 in the guest's vehicle or on amobile device15,16,17 to provide maps, audio, or visual signals as to the guest as they near theparking space24.
• Service: Space Renting
• In urban settings,non-public parking spaces24, such as private driveways or curb cuts in front of residences and other buildings, at times remain unavailable simply for lack of an easy way to indicate the times when thoseparking spaces24 could be used by the public. For example, residential driveways are ordinarily on private property and generally unavailable to people who do not know the owners or otherwise lack permission. Similarly, curb cuts where driveways meet the street are generally off-limits to park. As well, small businesses often have parking lots, which remain empty outside of regular business hours, yet could be used by other motorists if some way of controlling their use was available.
• Guest parking reservations are transacted in separate related parts. First, the controller of thepotential parking space24, typically, the property owner, resident, or custodian, must be identified. Only the space's legitimate controller can be provided by theparking services12 with the privilege for controlling thatparking space24 on their parking account. Next, the controller interacts with theparking services24 to establish times of availability for thepotential parking space24. Third, the controller is allowed to check online using, for instance, a Web site operated by theparking services12, to determine whether theparking space24 is currently occupied. Finally,parking services12 must be able to contact or send a message to the motorist currently using theparking space24, generally on the behalf of the space's controller.
• The “space renting” service enables individuals holding rights to or otherwise in legitimate control of potential parking spaces, such as landlords or urban residents, to make thoseparking spaces24 available for public parking during periods that they specify, thereby supplementing the supply of public parking spaces. Space renting can be illustrated by a scenario. In this scenario, a residential street is a block or so away from a busy commercial street. On the commercial street, curbside on-street parking is usually full during the day, while parking is limited on the residential street due to a plethora of curb cuts that leave amounts of space too short to offer practicable parking. Here,parking devices21 andparking indicators23 are placed at driveway curb cuts. Parking in front of the driveways is intermediated by the parking infrastructure and to encourage residents to make their driveway space available for public parking, a portion of the parking revenues is shared with the affected residents.

• Time	Event
  Saturday	Alice has an agreement with the parking authorities to rent out the curb
  	space in front of her driveway when possible. The parking services 12
  	notices that Alice has not yet confirmed any parking hour assignments for
  	this week and emails a reminder to Alice.
  Sunday,	Weekly setup. Alice reads the email reminder. By default, she
  10 am	makes herparking space 24 available nominally from 10 am until 5
  	pm on most weekdays. Normally she takes Friday off and reserves
  	theparking space 24 for her own use. However, on Thursday of this
  	week, she remembers that she wants to keep her driveway clear
  	because her relatives will be visiting and she needs to run errands.
  	Alice logs into her parking account. She selects the Web page that controls
  	the availability of her curb space. Interacting with a calendar interface,
  	Alice changes her curb space availability to omit availability on Thursday.
  Monday,	Theparking indicator 23 at Alice'sparking space 24 displays Red (unavailable)
  9:00 am	and thecorresponding parking device 21 shows a countdown to 10 am.
  9:30 am	Alice gets ready to leave for work.
  	Pulling out of driveway. As Alice starts to pull out of her driveway,
  	thevehicle sensor 22 detects the movement of her car and sends a
  	message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and notices that theparking
  	space
  24 is reserved for Alice. The server instructs theparking
  	indicator
  23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to enter the
  	“check-in reserved” state with a countdown for the check-in grace period.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and the parking device
  	displays, “Please check in.” The countdown timer begins.
  9:31 am	Alice pulls into the street and drives off to work without interacting
  	with theparking device 21.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects that theparking space 24 is no longer
  	occupied and sends a message to the server.
  	The server logs that theparking space 24 is not occupied and notices
  	that theparking space 24 is still reserved by Alice until 10:00 am.
  	The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Red and the
  	parking device 21 to display, “No Parking--Reserved.” The server
  	also instructs theparking device 21 to enter the “no-parking-reserved
  	state” and start the timer to countdown until 10 am.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Red and theparking device 21
  	displays, a “No Parking-Reserved” message. Theparking device
  	21 also starts the countdown timer to show the time remaining until
  	open parking is available in Alice'sparking space 24.
  9:45 am	The server carries out a routine periodic “ping” of Alice'sparking
  	device
  21 and requests theparking device 21 to enter the “report-
  	status” state.
  	Theparking device 21 receives the message, checks its status, and
  	sends back a status report. The report includes the information that
  	theparking space 24 is vacant and may also optionally include other
  	maintenance statistics, such as battery status, charging rate, and so forth.
  10:00 am	Marking space as available. The server notices that theparking
  	space
  24 is vacant and not reserved. The server also notices that
  	there is a four-hour parking limit for the neighborhood, that the
  	parking space 24 is reserved for Alice at 5 pm, and that no other
  	constraints are in place for today. The server sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Green and theparking device 21 to
  	enter the “parking-available” state with a countdown timer set for
  	four hours that is not counting down.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	sets the timer to show 4:00 hours availability.
  12:45 pm	The server notices that the available time on Alice'sparking space
  	24 is now four hours, including a 15-minute minimum in-between
  	reservation interval. The server sends a message to theparking
  	indicator
  23 to continue to display Green and theparking device 21
  	to continue the “parking-available” state, but to start the timer
  	counting down from four hours to zero, ending at 4:45 pm.
  	Theparking device 21 starts the countdown timer to show the
  	remaining available time, counting down to 4:45 pm.
  1:00 pm	Public Parking. Bob cannot find parking on the commercial street
  	near Alice's street. He sees that theparking space 24 in front of
  	Alice's driveway is available and parks there.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects Bob's arrival and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and logs the occupancy. The
  	server checks for any open constraints and sees that theparking
  	space
  24 is available for parking. The server instructs theparking
  	indicator
  23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to enter the
  	“check-in” state with a parking timer counting down the check-in
  	grace period of two minutes.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device 21
  	starts the countdown for the check-in grace period. Theparking
  	device
  21 prompts Bob to “Please check in.”
  	Bob approaches theparking device 21 and slides his credit card. The
  	parking device 21 sends his credit card information to the server.
  	The server checks and authorizes Bob's credit card. The server
  	determines the parking time available and applicable parking rates.
  	The server notices that Bob likes to get text message to warn that his
  	parking time is running out and sends the information to theparking
  	device
  21.
  	Theparking device 21 displays a notice that theparking space 24 is
  	available until 4:45 pm and that the parking rate is $1.00 per hour.
  	Theparking device 21 defaults to one hour of parking and tells Bob
  	to use the buttons on the user interface to revise his parking time.
  	Bob chooses to park for only two hours, that is, until 3 pm.
  	Theparking device 21 sends Bob's parking choices to the server.
  	The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Green (paid)
  	and theparking device 21 to start the timer to countdown from two
  	hours (time left) and enter the “paid-parking” state. The server logs
  	the parking event to credit a portion of the parking revenue to Alice
  	for making parking on her driveway available to the public.
  2 pm	Coming home early. Alice decides to go home early. She logs into
  	theparking service 12 using the Web site, or alternatively, uses an
  	app on her mobile telephone. Alice discovers that her driveway
  	parking space is now occupied and paid until 3 pm. Through the
  	server, she adjusts the availability time for herparking space 24 for
  	the remainder of today to make theparking space 24 unavailable to
  	the public as the current parker, Bob, leaves.
  	Alice indicates that she wants to get a text message when theparking
  	space
  24 becomes available.
  2:15 pm	Bob finishes his errands early. He returns to his car and vacates the
  	parking space.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his departure and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and logs that theparking
  	space
  24 is vacant. The server checks for any constraints and notices
  	that Alice is re-assigning the parking space to her own use. The
  	server also notices that she has requested a text message when the
  	parking space 24 becomes vacant, which the server sends to Alice.
  	The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Red and the
  	parking device 21 to display a message “No Parking-Reserved”
  	with a countdown to 10:00 am. The server instructs theparking
  	device
  21 to enter the “no-parking” state.
  2:30 pm	Alice receives the text message from the server. On the way home,
  	she stops at a grocery store.
  3:00 pm	Resident in driveway. Alice pulls into her driveway, but pauses at
  	the start of her driveway to unload some things from her car.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects Alice's car at the end of her driveway
  	and sends an occupancy message to the server.
  	The server notices that theparking space 24 is reserved for Alice and
  	sends a message to theindicator 23 to display Yellow and the
  	parking device 21 to display a no-parking alert and enter the “check-
  	in” state with a countdown for a check-in grace period.
  	Theparking indicator 23 starts to flash Yellow and theparking
  	device
  21 displays, “Reserved parking. Please check in.”
  	Alice swipes her credit card and theparking device 21 sends the
  	information to the server.
  	The server recognizes that the credit card is associated with Alice's
  	parking space 24 and logs that Alice is parked in her driveway. The
  	server sends a message to the parking indicator to display Red (no
  	parking) for other motorists.
  3:30 pm	Alice finishes unloading her car. She then returns to her car and
  	drives into her garage.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects that theparking space 24 is now empty
  	and sends an occupancy message to the server.
  	The server logs the vacancy and notices that theparking space 24 is
  	reserved for Alice overnight. The server instructs theparking
  	indicator
  23 to continue to display Red and theparking device 21 to
  	continue to show, “No Parking-Reserved” with a countdown until
  	10 am on Tuesday morning.
  Friday	Alice gets a call from work. They are shorthanded and ask whether
  10:00 am	she can come in. (She took a day off from work on Thursday.)
  	Alice agrees and gets ready for work.
  10:15 am	Alice realizes that she can make herparking space 24 available
  	today, contrary to her usual pattern. She selects the Web page that
  	controls the availability of her curb space. Interacting with a
  	calendar interface, Alice changes her curb space availability to
  	include availability starting from at 10:30 am until 5 pm today.
  10:20 am	Alice leaves for work.
  10:30 am	The server notices that Alice'sparking space 24 is now available to
  	the public and looks up any constraints. The server instructs the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Green and theparking device 21 to
  	enter the “available-for-parking” state with the timer showing
  	availability for four hours (without counting down).
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	displays, “Available” and sets the display to four hours without
  	counting down.

• Space renting therefore opens up otherwise unavailable parking to use by the general public, subject to constraints set by the owner or custodian of theparking space24.FIG. 14 is a flow diagram showing a routine for aspace renting service200 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Preliminarily, if not already present, the city or municipality places aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 near theparking space24 at the resident's house. The parking services12 then associates theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 with a controlling parking account. The system enables the resident to make the curb-cut parking space24 available for renting on some days, and unavailable on other days, depending upon his schedule. On an ongoing basis, the resident may have some days when he regularly rents theparking space24 out, such as while away from home or at work. On other days, however, like on the weekends, the resident may be at home and need hisown parking space24 for his own use.
• Residents or other individuals who control a rentedparking space24 are provided a permit by theparking services12 that allows them to set constraints on the use of theparking space24. For example, the residents could limit and change the hours of availability, prohibit the parking of oversized vehicles, motorcycles, trailers, taxicabs, and the like, or only allow certain classes of vehicles to park. Other types of permit uses and restrictions are possible.
• Several processes are undertaken to facilitate space renting. In one process, the resident applies for aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19, which would need to be installed near theparking space24 that the resident intends to offer for rental. In a second process, the local parking authorities add theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 into the parking services12. In a third process, the resident enters parking constraints, which indicate when theparking space24 may be rented. In a fourth process, which occurs once theparking space24 has been assimilated into theparking services12, drivers can make reservations, check-in, or leave theparking space24. At a high level, theparking services12 first identify the resident or rights holder (step201) and determines the identity of theparking space24 being offered for rental (step202). If the ability of the resident to rent theparking space24 is valid (step203), theparking space24 is added to the set of parking spaces available through the parking services server (step204). The service thus has the public good of usingpotential parking spaces24 more effectively without the need to build more.
• Revenues from motorists parking in these spaces could be shared with the residents or individuals who control the space (step205). In one embodiment, the resident receives compensation on a periodic basis. The amount of compensation can depend upon the amount of revenue actually collected for theparking space24, which can help guard against abusive rental practices, such as where a resident blacks out the most valued hours in expectation of receiving revenue for aparking space24 that actually sees little use, thereby not actually contributing the space for public use.
Merchant Parking Services
• Service: Validate Parking
• The validate parking service enables merchants to validate, that is, pay for parking for their customers, under differing policies of validation. For instance, when cities have a validated parking program, their parking authorities can vary how parking gets paid. In the simplest case, parking rates are the same whether they are paid by a driver or by a merchant. As well, integrated approaches can be developed that would allow merchants to collectively pool the payment of parking for their customers, including where validated parking is provided in conjunction with escalating rates, such as described supra with respect toFIG. 8.
• The parking services company has an established way to register each merchant using a parking payment account, which could be an electronic banking card, such as a credit card or a debit card, a bank account, an account with an acquirer that performs payment processing for commercial vendors, or some other means. The parking authorities sets up any regulations about other required qualifications for merchant parking accounts. The parking services12 also gives each merchant point-of-sale devices initialized for their parking account when the account is set up. The point-of-sale device could be a mobile device with wireless communication to the parking server. They also get a merchant permit associated with their parking account. Finally, a merchant could validate customer parking by simply providing a printed token or a barcode, QR code, or other encoded token to the customer, which the customer could then respectively feed into or hold in front of a camera built into thenearest parking device21 orparking services kiosk19 to trigger payment of the parking by the merchant.
• The validate parking service can be illustrated by a scenario in which Alice parks on the street and gets her parking validated while shopping.

• Time	Event
  Friday	Alice drives to the University Avenue shopping district in her city.
  10 am	She needs to shop for a few things and eat lunch. Parking space A is
  	not occupied. Theparking indicator 23 closest to theparking space
  	24 displays Green (available) and theparking device 21 shows four
  	hours availability.
  	Check-in. Alice pulls into parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her arrival and sends a message to the server.
  	The server logs the occupancy and checks for any constraints. The
  	server sees that parking is available and sends a message to the
  	indicator 23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to display a
  	no-parking alert and enter the “check-in” state with a countdown for
  	a check-in grace period.
  	Theparking indicator 23 starts to flash Yellow and theparking
  	device
  21 displays, “Please check in.”
  	Alice swipes her credit card and theparking device 21 sends the
  	information to the server.
  	The server checks and authorizes Alice's credit card. The server
  	determines the parking time available and applicable parking rates.
  	The server discovers that parking is free for the first hour, $2.00 for
  	the second hour, $4.00 for the third hour, and $6.00 for the fourth
  	hour. The server notices that Alice likes to get text message to warn
  	when her parking time is running out. The server also sends the
  	check-in information to theparking device 21.
  	Theparking device 21 shows the parking rates to Alice. Theparking
  	device
  21 defaults to one hour of free parking and tells Alice to use
  	the buttons on the user interface to revise her parking time. Alice
  	selects two hours of parking.
  	Theparking device 21 sends Bob's parking choices to the server.
  	The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Green (paid)
  	and theparking device 21 to start the timer to countdown from two
  	hours (time left) and enter the “paid-parking” state.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green (paid) and theparking
  	device
  21 starts the timer to show the amount of time remaining
  10:10 am	Discretionary validation. Alice begins her shopping. She starts by
  	getting a few small items at the corner drug store, which does not
  	usually validate parking for small purchases since most customers
  	finish shopping in only a few minutes. Alice buys her items.
  10:15 am	Alice then heads to Heidi's Shoes.
  11:15 am	She browses for a while and ends up buying a new pair of shoes
  	using her credit card. The clerk asks her whether she wants her
  	parking validated. Alice agrees and the clerk slides her credit card
  	through the parking point-of-sale mobile device.
  	The clerk opts to validate Alice for an hour or up to $2.00. The
  	point-of-sale mobile device sends this selection to the server.
  	The server recognizes the Heidi's Shoes point-of-sale mobile device
  	and receives Alice's credit card information. The server looks up
  	Alice'sparking space 24 and sees that she is parked at parking space
  	A. The server logs the transaction with Heidi's Shoes and sends a
  	message to the point-of-sale mobile device confirming the parking
  	validation. The server also sends a text message to Alice telling her
  	that she has been validated with $2.00 of parking from Heidi's Shoes
  	and that her parking bill has been adjusted, so that the first two hours
  	of parking are free.
  	The Heidi's Shoes clerk sees the confirmation, tells Alice that her
  	space has been validated, and thanks Alice for her business.
  11:30 am	Alice does some window shopping. She decides to get an early lunch
  	at University Cafe. She runs into a friend at the cafe and they start lunch.
  11:45 am	The server notices that Alice's car has only 15 minutes left and is
  	now in the expiration alert period. The server sends Alice an alert
  	text message and asks whether she would like to extend her parking.
  	The rate for parking in the third hour is $4.00 per hour.
  	The server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Yellow and theparking device 21 to continue showing the amount of
  	time left on the meter.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device 21
  	continues the countdown to noon.
  	Alice's mobile telephone displays the text message from the server.
  	Alice texts back “30,” meaning she wants to add 30 more minutes to
  	her parking time.
  	The server receives the message and adds 30 minutes to Alice's
  	parking reservation. The server texts back a confirmation that she is
  	reserved until 12:30 pm and that she will be charged $2.00 for her
  	parking. The server logs the changes.
  	The server sends a message toparking indicator 23 to display Green
  	and theparking device 21 to revise the countdown to 12:30 pm.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	starts the revised countdown.
  12:10 pm	Alice is finishing her lunch.
  	Discretionary validation. Alice asks the waiter to validate her
  	parking when she pays her bill at University Cafe. However,
  	University Cafe has a policy to only validate parking when asked
  	and that waiters have discretion on the amount of the validation
  	according to the size of the purchase.
  	Alice had an $8.00 lunch and is a regular customer, so the waiter
  	tells Alice that she can give her a $1.00 parking validation. Using
  	the point-of-sale mobile device, the waiter swipes Alice's credit card
  	and enters a $1.00 parking credit. The point-of-sale mobile device
  	sends the information to the server.
  	The server recognizes the University Cafe point-of-sale mobile
  	device and records the $1.00 parking credit. The server sends a
  	confirmation message to the point-of-sale mobile device and also
  	texts a message to Alice telling her that she has received a $1.00
  	parking credit from University Cafe. The server logs the transaction
  	and credits Alice with $1.00 towards her parking
  12:15 pm	The server notices that the time left for Alice's parking is almost
  	expired and within the alert message interval. The server sends a
  	message to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to continue showing
  	the amount of time left on the meter. The server also sends a message
  	to Alice, as before, asking whether she wants to extend her time.
  	Alice sees and ignores the text message. She returns to her car,
  	stows her purchases, and pulls out of parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects Alice's departure and sends a message
  	to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and checks for any open
  	constraints. The server sees that theparking space 24 is available for
  	parking. The server instructs theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Green and theparking device 21 to enter the “available-parking”
  	state with a parking timer counting down to four hours.

• One of the service's goals is to make parking transactions easier for both merchants and their customers by assisting with identifying the customer and the parking event.FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a validateparking service210 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. In the normal case, the customer is assumed to have parked in a location near the merchant's place of business. Where the customer has already checked in to a parking space24 (step211), as described supra, theparking services12 will have already recorded the details of the parking event, including when and where the customer parked and the customer's identity. When the customer provides some form of identification to the merchant (step212), such as a electronic banking card, driver's license, or receipt provided by theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19, theparking services12 attempts to locate the parking event (step213) and, if successfully found, validate the parking (step214), which generally tenders payment, at least in part, for the use of theparking space24. In a streamlined scenario, validation can take place automatically, such as when the customer makes a purchase with an electronic banking card, such as a credit card or a debit card. When the customer provides, for instance, a credit card at the point of sale, the merchant's point-of-sale terminal or similar system automatically checks the customer's identity into theparking services12, which can then find the relevant parking event. Policies set by the merchant can set whether validation will be automatic courtesy of the merchant in exchange for the customer's patronage or discretionary, whether the customer must make a minimum purchase, whether only shopping visits of a minimum duration qualify, and how much credit is normally allotted for parking, which can possibly be contingent on the amount of sales to the customer or other considerations. The validation switches parking charges from the customer to the merchant (step215). In addition, the receipt given to the customer can contain a message thanking the customer for their business and telling them that their parking has been validated.
• If the customer does not have a parking identity, or a temporary tourist parking permit, as described infra, the merchant could print a validation ticket or temporary credit or debit card that the customer could take to aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 to carry out validation. The driver could also simply provide the unique identifier assigned to aparking device21 to the merchant during validation.
• Service: Parking Coupons
• Merchants may want to encourage potential customers to come to their store as part of a sale or other promotion event. The parking coupons service augments validated parking, as described supra, in thatparking spaces24 can be reserved for use by customers only and parking fees can be prepaid by a merchant, rather than validated after a customer has paid and parked. In one embodiment, merchants are provided with a parameterized permit for their parking accounts, which confers capabilities for making preferred customer reservations. The permits include parameters set by parking authorities that govern howmany parking spaces24 can be reserved for promotional parking events, merchant-reservable periods of time, parking spaces where merchant-controlled parking is allowed, and the cost to reserve those spaces for promotional use. The parameters can also govern whether merchants can extend the maximum time for parking in support of a promotional event for their customers. Finally, parameters can be used for privacy settings, for instance, governing how much information is shared with merchants when people park using their reserved parking promotions.
• There are two categories of customer reservations: (1) prepaid customer-exclusive reservations, and (2) token/coupon-accepting promotions. In prepaid customer-exclusive reservations, the merchant pays forparking spaces24 ahead of time and pays for thespaces24, even if nobody parks there during the reservation period. Only the merchant's customers are allowed to park in the reservedparking spaces24 during the reserved time. In the token/coupon-accepting reservations, customers can use tokens, in lieu of parking payment or for payment for a limited time. The merchant is billed only when customers park and parking space usage is non-exclusive in that non-customer members of the public are also allowed to park in the reservedparking spaces24.
• The parking coupons service can be illustrated by a scenario in which merchants use theparking services12 to arrange for on-street parking for their customers in support of promotions and sales. The scenario also considers various edge cases, such as where customers arrive early and non-customers attempt to nark.

• Time	Event
  Feb
  1	Customer reservations. Alice, the promotion manager of Belle's in
  11:00 am	MyCity, plans on holding a “Red White & Blue Sale” over three
  	days in mid-February. As part of the promotion, she wants to attract
  	customers, in part, by offering them free parking as an inducement to
  	come to the sale. Her plan is to offer free reserved parking to a
  	targeted list of preferred customers for a special evening opening on
  	Monday, February 20, and also to offer free parking to customers on
  	Tuesday and Wednesday, February 21 and 22, respectively.
  	Pre-paid exclusive reservations. Alice logs into the Web page for
  	merchant parking services and selects “Merchant Services.” She
  	selects the “parking promotion” section and starts with the preferred
  	customer promotion, selecting the time, 7 pm to 10 pm, on Monday
  	February 20, for theparking spaces 24 on the city blocks nearest to
  	the Belle's store.
  	The server confirms that 70 of the 100nearby parking spaces 24 are
  	available on Monday evening for parking reservations.
  	Alice reserves 50prepaid parking spaces 24 on the blocks closest to
  	the store for the Monday evening sale. Non-customers are precluded
  	from parking in these spaces during this period.
  	She uploads a list of email addresses for Belle's preferred customers.
  	The server then lets Alice download a list of QR codes or similar
  	form of digital encodings for each of the customers.
  	Token/coupon reservations. For the all-day sales on Tuesday and
  	Wednesday, February 21 and 22, Alice selects the Web page for
  	booking token/coupon reservations. Again, she uploads a list of
  	email addresses for some of Belle's customers. The server lets Alice
  	download a list of QR codes or similar form of digital encodings for
  	the specified customers and also a QR code or similar form of digital
  	encoding for other unnamed customers to be used for the sale.
  Feb 10	Preparing the promotion. As part of the advertising campaign, Alice
  10:00 am	has an advertising agency develop an advertisement for the special
  	sale at Belle's. An email advertisement and a printed flier are
  	readied for Belle's preferred customers and includes the personalized
  	QR codes or similar form of digital encodings for parking on
  	Monday, February 20. The mail server at Belle's emails the
  	promotional messages to the preferred customers.
  	A second advertisement is prepared for the general public. A design
  	for coupons is created that includes a QR code or similar form of
  	digital encodings for parking during the Tuesday and Wednesday of
  	the sale. These advertisements are included in various local
  	newspapers and also emailed to Belle's customers.
  11:00 am	Bettie gets a promotional email from Belle's, one of her favorite
  	stores. She sees that the sale includes some of her favorite brands
  	and she marks her calendar. She prints out the coupon with the QR
  	code, which she puts in her purse. Alternatively, Bettie could store
  	the QR code electronically using her smart phone.
  	Deidre also gets a promotional email. She thinks about having an
  	evening out, where her husband can take her to dinner and they can
  	get a few things at the sale. Francine also grabs the coupon for
  	Belle's from the newspaper, a store that she has not yet visited.
  Feb 20	Constraining public parking. The usual maximum parking time on
  2:45 pm	the city blocks near Belle's is four hours. The server notices that the
  	parking spaces 24 near Belle's are reserved for customer parking.
  	With a 15-minute minimum-interval before parking reservations in
  	force, the maximum parking time ahead of the reservations for
  	Belle's is now less than the maximum parking time. The server
  	instructs theparking indicators 23 to display Green and theparking
  	devices
  21 to display parking timers counting down to 6:45 pm.
  4:00 pm	Dan works in the area and knows that parking is usually available at
  	night, so he drives in. Dan pulls into parking space A, which is near
  	Belle's, intending to attend his dinner meeting. Thevehicle sensor
  	22 detects his arrival and sends a message to the server.
  	The server logs the occupancy and checks for any constraints. The
  	server sees that parking is available and sends a message to the
  	indicator 23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to enter the
  	“limited-check-in” state.
  	Theparking indicator 23 starts to flash Yellow and theparking
  	device
  21 displays, “Please check in.”
  	Dan swipes his credit card and theparking device 21 sends the
  	information to the server.
  	The server checks and authorizes Dan's credit card. The server
  	notices that Belle's reservation starts at 7:00 pm (with a 15-minute
  	gap), which is 2 hours and 45 minutes away. The server sets a one-
  	hour default parking time and notices that someparking spaces 24 in
  	the area have more availability that parking space A. The server
  	assembles this information for theparking device 21, including the
  	option of reserving aparking space 24 with more time available.
  	Theparking device 21 defaults to one hour of free parking and tells
  	Dan that the maximum time he can park is 2:45 until 6:45 pm. The
  	parking device 21 also tells Dan to use the buttons on the user
  	interface to revise his parking time or push the “Reserve” button to
  	reserve anearby parking space 24 with more time available. He can
  	push “OK” to reserve thisparking space 24 until 6:45 pm.
  	Dan needs aparking space 24 until 8:00 pm for his dinner meeting,
  	so availability only until 6:45 pm is insufficient. He pushes the
  	“Reserve” button, which theparking device 21 sends to the server.
  	The server finds a nearby parking space E with four hours
  	availability. The server looks up the cost of reserving the space and
  	the parking costs, then sends a message to theparking device 21 to
  	offer to reserve parking space E. The server also instructs the
  	parking device 21 nearest to parking space A to enter the “make-
  	reservation” state.
  	Theparking device 21 tells Dan that parking space E is available and
  	sets a default reservation time of four hours, the maximum
  	reservable time. Theparking device 21 asks Dan whether he would
  	like to reserve space E. Theparking device 21 also tells Dan to use
  	the buttons on the user interface to revise his parking time and push
  	the “Reserve” button to reserve parking space E, or press the “Stay”
  	button to return to the previous state. Theparking device 21 also
  	displays the $1.00 cost to reserve parking space E and the $1.00 per
  	hour parking cost.
  	Dan selects “Reserve.” Theparking device 21 sends this
  	information to the server, which authorizes the credit card
  	transaction and logs the reservation.
  	The server instructs theparking indicator 23 nearest to parking space
  	E to display Red and the associatedparking device 21 to display no
  	time available and enter the “waiting-for-reserved-check-in” state.
  4:01 pm	The server composes a message thanking Dan, telling him that his
  	parking reservation for parking space E is ready, and that he needs to
  	vacate parking space A. The server sends the message to theparking
  	device
  21 that is nearest to parking space A.
  	Dan vacates parking space A and heads for parking space A. He
  	parks and checks into parking space E, as described supra.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects Dan's departure from parking space A
  	and sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and sees that parking space A
  	is reserved for Belle's at 7:00 pm. The server sends a message to the
  	indicator 23 to display Green and theparking device 21 to enter an
  	“available-parking” state and display a count down to 6:45 pm.
  5:45 pm	The server notices that the reserved parking for Belle's begins in an
  	hour, which is less than the “short parking available period.” The
  	server sends messages to theparking indicators 23 nearest to each of
  	theunoccupied parking spaces 24 in the area to display Yellow
  	(limited time availability).
  5:50 pm	Early preferred customers. Bob and Deidre drive on to a street near
  	Belle's. They are planning an early dinner followed by nighttime
  	shopping at Belle's. They pull into parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects their arrival in parking space A and
  	sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and, noticing the reservation
  	for Belle's, composes a check-in message about the sale, saying that
  	Belle's has reserved parking space A for customers from 7 pm to 10
  	pm. The server tells theparking device 21 to enter a “limited-time
  	check-in” mode.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device 21
  	starts the timer with a countdown for a check-in grace period. The
  	parking device 21 displays, “Please check in” and a note saying that
  	Belle's has reserved parking for preferred customers from 7 pm to 10 pm.
  	Bob swipes his credit card and theparking device 21 sends the
  	information to the server.
  	The server checks and authorizes Bob's credit card. The server also
  	notices that the credit card is associated with Bob and
  	Deidre's parking account and that Deidre's email is on Belle's list of
  	preferred customers for the sale. The server composes a message for
  	theparking device 21 for setting the parking time. By default, Bob
  	must pay for the first hour until 6:50 pm, and then Belle's pays for
  	parking during the sale until 10:00 pm. The server allows Bob to
  	adjust the ending time for parking.
  	Bob pushes the “OK” button to accept the charge for the first hour of
  	parking and the free parking during Belle's sale. Theparking device
  	21 sends the information to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the check-in and adds Deidre's parking
  	information to the list for the sale. The server sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 to display Green and theparking device 21 to
  	start the timer counting down to 10:00 pm.
  6:45 pm	The server notices that the time before Belle's sale has now entered
  	the minimum-gap period. The server sends a message to theparking
  	indicators
  23 andparking devices 21 nearest to theunoccupied
  	parking spaces
  24 respectively instructing them to display Red and to
  	set the timer to 00:00 available parking and turn on the “here-I-am”
  	pattern of flashing lights for reserved parking.
  	Theparking indicators 23 display Red near Belle's and the
  	associatedparking devices 21 start the blue-red-yellow-green
  	flashing light pattern for reserved parking and show 00:00 time available.
  6:55 pm	Preferred customer arrival. Eager for the sale, Bettie parks in
  	parking space B. Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her arrival and sends
  	a message to the server.
  	The server notices that parking space B is reserved for Belle's
  	customers and composes a check-in message about the sale, saying
  	that Belle's has reserved parking space A for customers from 7 pm to
  	10 pm. The server tells theparking device 21 to enter a “limited-
  	time check-in” mode.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device 21
  	starts the timer with a countdown for a check-in grace period. The
  	parking device 21 displays, “Please check in” and a note saying that
  	Belle's has reserved parking for preferred customers from 7 pm to 10 pm..
  	Bettie takes her coupon from her purse, which she proudly holds in
  	front of the camera on theparking device 21. Theparking device 21
  	registers the QR code, beeps, and sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and recognizes the
  	personalized QR code for the sale. The server composes a message with
  	the information welcoming Bettie, telling her that the sale runs until 10 pm,
  	and lets her know that her parking is paid during the sale by Belle's.
  	Bettie eagerly heads off to shop at Belle's.
  8:00 pm	Bob and Deidre have finished shopping at Belle's and complete their
  	purchases. The clerk verifies that they received free parking and do
  	not need an additional parking validation.
  8:15 pm	Bob and Deidre pull out of their parking space and drive home. The
  	vehicle sensor 22 detects their departure and sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and adds the departure
  	information to the parking record. The server notices that the
  	parking space 24 is still reserved by Belle's until 10:00 pm. The
  	server sends a message to theparking indicators 23 andparking
  	devices
  21 nearest to theunoccupied parking spaces 24 respectively
  	instructing them to display Red and to set the timer to 00:00
  	available parking and turn on the “here-I-am” pattern of flashing
  	lights for reserved parking.
  	(Parking space A is now available for other Belle's customers during the sale.)
  Feb 21,	Theparking devices 21 andparking indicators 24 nearest to the
  10:00am	parking spaces	24 near Belle's are on their regular weekly operation
  	and showing four-hour parking availability.
  11:00 am	Francine pulls into parking space C near Belle's. Thevehicle sensor
  	22 detects her arrival and sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and notes that theparking
  	device
  21 is in a “coupon-accepting” mode for Belle's public sale.
  	The server sends a message to theindicator 23 to display Yellow and
  	theparking device 21 to display a no-parking alert and enter the
  	“check-in” state with a countdown for a check-in grace period.
  	Theparking indicator 23 starts to flash Yellow and theparking
  	device
  21 displays, “Please check in.”
  	Francine holds her coupon in front of the camera on theparking
  	device
  21. Theparking device 21 registers the QR code, beeps, and
  	sends a message to the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and recognizes the
  	personalized QR code for the sale. The server composes a message
  	with the information welcoming Francine and telling her that the QR
  	code gives Francine an hour of free parking for Belle's sale.
  	Theparking device 21 defaults to one hour of free parking, courtesy
  	of Belle's, and tells Francine to use the buttons on the user interface
  	to revise her parking time.
  	Francine wants to shop and also to have lunch. She uses the ‘+’
  	button to add two more hours to her parking time for an additional
  	$2.00. She pushes the “OK” button when she is done.
  	Theparking device 21 sends the information to the server. The
  	server acknowledges additional time purchased and composes a
  	message for theparking device 21 with the information that Francine
  	can use a credit card to pay balance due.
  	Theparking device 21 asks Francine to provide a credit card to pay
  	her balance. Francine swipes her credit card. Theparking device 21
  	sends the credit card information to the server.
  	The server authenticates the credit card transaction and logs that
  	Francine used Belle's public promotional QR code. The server
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Green (paid) and the
  	parking device 21 to start the timer to countdown from three hours
  	(time left) and enter the “paid-parking” state.
  	Francine goes shopping at Belle's, likes the store, and makes some
  	purchases. When she makes her purchases, the checkout person
  	validates her parking, including crediting Francine for additional
  	parking time, as described supra with reference to the validated
  	parking scenario.
  Feb 25,	Belle's sale is over and Alice is going over the results of the
  10:00 am	promotion. She logs into the server and selects the Web page for
  	“Merchant Services.” She selects the two parking promotions that
  	she arranged. The server gives her various analytics about customer
  	parking, including how many customers used the parking and how
  	long they parked. The information helps Alice to understand what
  	parking she paid and how much was used by her customers.
  	According to privacy parameters, the server gives Alice information
  	about the preferred customers who came and also about new
  	customers who used QR codes to come to the store. Alice
  	can correlate this information with sales records to see how many
  	people parked and how much they spent at Belle's. The server flags
  	some new customers as candidates for preferred customer status.

• One approach to facilitating merchant promotions is to enable the merchants to issue printed parking coupons, which customers can use atparking devices21.FIG. 16 is a flow diagram showing a routine for aparking coupons service220 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. These coupons could be given out at the store or included in advertisements in newspapers or magazines. The coupons could also be encoded as barcodes, QR codes, and the like, which can be printed as part of an advertisement or downloaded and printed through a Web page or similar online medium. The coupons could also be implemented as digital tickets or permits for use inmobile devices15,16,17.
• A customer would thus merely have to first obtain a parking coupon from the merchant (step221), which is then presented at theparking device21 or parking services kiosk19 (step222) when they park for free or discounted parking Coupons could be limited to work only on certain days and times and only inparking spaces24 in the vicinity of the issuing merchant's store and theparking services12 would first verify that the conditions for parking are met (step223). If the parking is permissible (step224), the customer's parking is validated (step225) and the merchant is assessed their portion of the parking charges (step226). In a further embodiment, if the customer makes a purchase at the store, the merchant could use the parking coupon at the point-of-sale to upgrade a customer reward or to give the customer an additional discount.
• Service: Customer Priority Parking
• Merchants may want to provide priority parking for their customers on the day of a sale or at other times. For example, they may want to encourage customers by providing priority parking for them in front of their store. The customer priority parking service enables merchants to allocate these parking spaces for their customers during a specific period.FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a customerpriority parking service230 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Parking is allocated to the merchant by theparking services12 during the specified parking period (step231). Theparking indicators23 proximate to the allottedparking spaces24 are set to indicate the priority status of the parking spaces24 (step232). For example, theparking spaces24 could flash green-and-blue indicators, accompanied by a short message displayed on theparking device21.
• When a customer parks in one of the designatedparking spaces24, the customer could either request parking validation (step233) or present a parking coupon (step234), as both described supra, to have their parking validated. Other drivers who park in the allottedparking spaces24 during the specified parking period would not be able to get validations for parking unless they were also customers and could have increased fees charged for using thoseparking spaces24 to help compensate the merchant's outlay.
• In a further embodiment, merchants in a shopping district could join together in a promotion to develop district shopping awareness and subsidize parking during the promotion. The parking services12 could give special discounts or other rewards if the drivers make purchases at multiple stores involved in the promotion.
• Service: Merchant-Guided Policies
• Merchants may sometimes find changing parking regulations temporarily to be helpful to business. For example, an ice cream shop may want to encourage rapid parking turn-over in front of their shop. A merchant-guided parking service enables merchants purchase changes in regular parking constraints forparking spaces24 in front of or near to their businesses. Some limits may apply. This service can be combined with customer-priority parking, as described supra, to more effectively control parking in front of or near a business by raising fees and shortening parking periods for non-customers.
• Service: Tourist Privileges
• In various locales, business districts are sometimes provided specifically for catering to the needs of tourists.FIG. 18 is a flow diagram showing a routine for atourist privileges service240 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. The tourist privileges service includes two separate yet related processes. The first process involves the issuing of tourist parking identification cards (step241) for use in a tourist area of an urban environment. The parking identification card may be offered by tourism bureaus, hotels, rental car companies, and the like. For example, a rental car agency may issue these cards to visitors, who wish to conveniently run their curb-side parking charges through their rental car contract, rather than having to pay cash or use a credit card. Agencies offering tourist benefits could begin to issue the tourist parking identification cards upon receiving the digital tickets or permits, which are used to activate the cards. The second process involves using the tourist parking identification cards at check in (step242). Essentially, tourists feed or display their tourist parking identification cards respectively into a card reader on or in front of a camera in theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19. The server authenticates each card by checking code on the card and the digital ticket or permit of the agency that issued the card. Additionally, the displays on theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 and their associatedparking indicators23 can be set to identify theparking spaces24 in the tourist area.
• The ability to issue tourist parking identification cards could be governed by digital tickets or permit, as described supra. An agency would need to pair-up the parking authorizations provided by their digital ticket or permit to each tourist parking identification card issued. Only those tourist parking identification card that have been authorized by an agency authorized to provide parking privileges to tourists will be recognized by the parking services12. This step guards against improper use of the tourist parking identification cards by just anyone, such as local citizens who wish to avoid paying for city parking by masquerading (for purposes of parking) as “tourists.” These agencies would receive a stack of blank tourist parking identification cards. Using their digital tickets or permits, they would activate these cards. For tracking purposes, the agencies may be required to fill in information about the tourist, sales discounts, and so forth.
• Merchants in business districts and tourism bureaus can also promote business and tourism by providing special parking help and privileges to tourists. In effect, a tourist with a parking identification card has a “special permit” that triggers various offers when checking into aparking space24. Tourist privileges collectively combine services used by the merchants with services used by tourists and business travelers. Tourists can access privileges using a tourist-enabled parking identification card. Tourist privileges can be keyed tospecific parking spaces24 or throughout a tourism business district. Specific privileges for tourists include, for instance, the following benefits:
• Extended Parking Limits.
• Parking limits may be extended for tourists to give them more time to shop and find their way around.
• Reserved Tourist Spaces.
• Someparking spaces24 in a region could be reserved for the exclusive use of tourists. In one embodiment, theseparking spaces24 would be assigned by parking authorities and, in their normal operation, thenearest parking indicators23 would display a color, such as blue, indicating that a permit is required. Additionally, flashing lights on thenearest parking device21, such as blue and green, could be used to signal the type of permit required and would visually distinguish touristpermit parking spaces24 from loading zones, taxi zones, handicap zones, and so on. When a driver parks in one of these touristpermit parking spaces24, they would need to use a tourist permit to complete a valid check-in.
• Reduced Parking Rates.
• Tourists may be offered reduced parking rates, subsidized by tourism bureaus, hotels, rental car companies, and the like.
• Day Passes or all-Day Rates for Parking.
• Tourists could also be offered to day passes for free parking or all-day parking rates, along with transportation cards that could connect with other transportation services or be used with merchants for tourist discounts.
• Other Discounts.
• Tourist parking identification cards could be presented to merchants to qualify for discounts in purchasing goods and services.
• Additionally, when a vehicle driven by a tourist leaves aparking space24, theparking services12 could send the driver a courtesy notice that thanks him for using the parking service and provide a receipt. Additionally, theparking services12 could send a notice that their car has left theparking space24, which, for a tourist, may be an early notice that their car has been stolen or towed. The notice could also be provided as a service to all motorists and not just tourists.
• Service: Advertising
• In one embodiment, theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 include a display26 (shown inFIG. 2) for presenting additional information. In a shopping district, for instance, thesedisplays26 could be used for advertising to promote local businesses. For example, during a sale, adisplay26 could run an advertisement for the goods being offered on sale. The advertisements can include color and sound features, as well as directions for reaching the store from theparking device21. In another example, near mealtime, adisplay26 could feature an advertisement for food or drinks available at a nearby restaurant. An interactive advertisement, transacted through a combination of thedisplay26 and the user interface of theparking device21, could enable a user to reserve a table at the restaurant.
Commercial Parking Services
• Service: Scheduled Deliveries (Flexible Loading Zones)
• Loading zones are often problematic in business districts. Local governments often resist allocating loading zones to preserve public parking, particularly as loading zones can tend to remain vacant during most of the day. Conversely, a scarcity of loading zones often seems to occur whenever several delivery vehicles arrive at the same time. Further, those same delivery vehicles often double park, causing congestion and other traffic problems.
• The parking services12 can facilitate a more flexible way to arrange parking for scheduled deliveries.FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a scheduleddeliveries service250 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. The scheduled deliveries service enables merchants and delivery organizations to dynamically reserve parking for deliveries ahead of time. This approach allows the number of loading zones to flexibly grow and shrink according to need, thereby enabling smoother deliveries and providingmore parking spaces24 when deliveries are not scheduled.
• The scheduled deliveries service includes two separate yet related processes. The first process involves allocatingparking spaces24 for delivery or loading zones. There are different ways to allocateparking spaces24. For example, a loading zone can be set up through a reservation for a particular driver or can be reserved for anyone with a loading zone permit. A list of valid loading zone permit holders can be maintained by the server for use in verifying whether a driver or a business entity is eligible to park in a reserved loading zone. Additionally, theparking spaces24 eligible for reservation as loading zones could be limited tooversized parking spaces24 to accommodate the generally larger sizes of commercial vehicles.
• The second process involves check-in, where a driver checks in to a delivery or loading zone.Parking indicators23 are set to signal the use ofparking spaces24 for deliveries (step251). One approach is to simply use a red indicator forreserved parking spaces24. Another approach is to use a combination of color indicators and signals to clearly mark a loading zone. For example, aparking indicator23 could show a blue indicator, signaling that a permit is required, and also flash a yellow indicator, indicating that the space is available for only a short while.
• Different arrangements for reservingparking spaces24 for scheduled delivery can be provided. For example, flexible loading zones include:
• Specific Delivery (Step252).
• Aspecific parking space24 is reserved for a particular delivery, after which the loading zone parking reservation is automatically terminated. The parking identity of the driver of the delivery vehicle is verified at check in (step256). Only authorized parking identities (step257) enable permissible parking in the loading zone (step258). Unauthorized use of the loadingzone parking space24 can trigger guided enforcement, as further described infra, and could include automatic reporting of parking violations (step259).
• Open Delivery (Step253).
• One ormore parking spaces24 are allocated for delivery during a set period (step254). Theparking spaces24 are available for open use by any authorized delivery during the period. The number of parking spaces allocated can be decreased (step255) as deliveries are completed.
• Service: Valet Parking
• Some merchants wish to develop a high sense of parking service for their customers. For example, they may wish to have access to substantial parking at a fixed distance from their establishment. The valet parking service enables these merchants to usepublic parking spaces24 to support a valet parking service for their customers.FIG. 20 is a flow diagram showing a routine for avalet parking service260 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. In this service, the merchant arranges to allocateseveral parking spaces24 adjacent to their establishment for valet parking (step261). The merchant, who could be representing a restaurant, hotel, special event, and so on, registers one ormore parking spaces24 with theparking services24 to be used for valet parking. The merchant provides the valets with the locations of theseparking spaces24. The parking services12 does not know where the valets are parking particular cars and disregards comings and goings of vehicles in theparking spaces24 during the time period reserved for valet parking. The valet parking reservation runs out when time expires. Typically, valet employees greet customers as they arrive to park customer's vehicles for them (step262). The valet returns the car to the customer upon completion of their business. The valet parking service uses theparking services12 to simply enable the merchant to use theparking spaces24 for a valet purpose.
• In a further embodiment, theparking services12 further support the valet service by keeping track of where each car is located (step263). For example, the valet parkers could have a number of parking identification cards available and could use a variation of the “Find My car” service, as described supra, to locate customer cars. The parking services12 keeps track of where the valets are parking the customer's cars. Presumably, the valets use on-street parking. As well, different levels of service can be provided along the theme of “how does the valet indicate which car is parked where?” By way of example, the valet parking service levels include:
• “Find My Car.”
• Valets keep a stack of parking identity cards with customer car keys. A valet parks a customer's car and swipes the parking identity card on thenearest parking device21 orparking services kiosk19. Later, upon customer request, the valet uses the “Find My Car” service, as described supra, to locate that customer's car.
• Paper Tickets.
• A paper ticket with a printed parking identification is assigned to each set of keys. When the valet parks a customer's car, the valet swipes the paper ticket through a card reader or other input device integrated into the user interface of thenearest parking device21 orparking services kiosk19 and requests a valet event number. The valet event number is presented on thedisplay25 and is written on the paper ticket. Later, the valet enters the event number into theparking services12 and asks for the location of the car.
• Vehicle-Centric Identification.
• The parking system uses an identification associated with the vehicle, such as an RFID tag, a placard, or the vehicle license plate number. Later the valet uses the owner's ID or a recorded number to locate the car.
• Valet Identification.
• When a valet parks a customer's car, the valet uses his own parking identity card. A record of where the car is parked is associated with the time of parking and the valet's parking identity. This information is either printed out or transmitted into a handheld device that the valet carries, such as amobile device15,16,17, for later print out. The valet attaches the printed information to the customer's car keys.
• Service: Special Use Reservations
• Parking spaces24 are sometimes used by communities for purposes other than parking. For example,parking spaces24 may be used temporarily as a staging area in a construction zone. Similarly, restaurants may find moving tables or other outside activities into the street to be beneficial, such as during late summertime evenings. As well, business districts may want to reserve a block ofparking spaces24 for a special event that flows into the street. The parking services12 include a special use reservations service to enable communities, merchants, and others to reserve parking spaces for special use purposes.
Parking Authority Parking Services
• Service: Guided Enforcement
• The parking services12 maintain the locations of each vehicle parked in aparking space24 under its control and is able to determine compliance with applicable parking regulations and time constraints, both facets of which can be helpful to parking enforcement officials.FIG. 21 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a guidedenforcement service270 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Guided enforcement deals with many situations. For instance, a motorist may be parked in aparking space24, but has not paid enough to cover his parking fees. At the beginning of a parking period, motorists are expected to check in during the check-in grace period and the system could direct parking enforcement officials to aparking space24 at which the motorist failed to timely check in. In another situation, a motorist could overstay his paid parking time. If he paid by credit card or other form of electronic banking, or theparking services12 otherwise knows his identity, the system could issue a parking ticket or fine automatically without sending a parking enforcement official.
• Upon a failure to check in, the expiry of a parking period, which could be delayed until any applicable grace period has run out, or other such cause, parking violations can automatically be determined (step271) and documented (step272) by theparking services12 through examination of thesensor data40 anddevice data41 continually provided respectively through thesensors22 andparking devices21. Parking authorities can be alerted as the parking violations (step273) and provided locations of expired parking, as well as collecting photographs and other parking violation indicia. Where permitted, theparking services12 could even undertake enforcement action (step274), such as issuing parking violation citations, summoning a tow truck, or take other action. For instance, in lieu of towing a car, a vehicle immobilizer or parking “boot” could be placed on the offending vehicle by parking authorities to render the vehicle undriveable. Theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 can display instructions to the driver, who can call in or go online to pay a parking fine. He will then receive a security code that allows him to remove the boot for later drop off at a collection point. Whether to immobilize or tow depends on the scarcity of parking spaces and other factors.
• Service: Schedule Street Event
• Similar to special uses undertaken by businesses, as described supra, communities sometime schedule events that require street closure.FIG. 22 is a flow diagram showing a routine for a schedulestreet event service280 for use in theparking services12 ofFIG. 1. Street event parking can be arranged ahead of time. Parking authorities can enter the dates and times for these events into the parking services12 (step281). The parking services12 log the time and identifies theparking devices21 andparking services kiosks19 affected. When time for the street event arrives, theparking indicators23 are set to restrict parking on the street (step282), rather than having to have parking control officers place signs or coverparking device21 or parking services kiosk19smanually.
• During the duration of the street event, theparking services12 handle situations where a vehicle attempts to parks in areserved parking space24. If free parking is provided to motorist as part of the street event,parking services12 ignores theparking space24. As well, thesensors22 may also detect other non-parking activities, such as activations due to vending carts, foot traffic, and the like. These non-parking activities can also be ignored. The time period during which theparking services12 ignore such parking events can be set at the time that the street event is scheduled, or at any time later by the parking account37a-cfor the event. Additionally, theparking services12 allow authorized individuals, such as event organizers, to access aparking device21 orparking services kiosk19, use an authorized street event parking identification card, and report a parking violation if they want a vehicle removed from one of their streetevent parking spaces24.
• The parking services12 automatically reset theparking indicators23 after the street event is over. Additionally, theparking services12 can undertake guided enforcement (step288), as described supra, to ensure the event commencement.
• Service: Manage Street Sweeping
• Street sweeping services and related cleaning and maintenance activities are provided by municipalities in many urban settings. Typically, the hours of street sweeping are posted and vehicles can be fined or even towed if they are parked on a street during the posted period, although some municipalities issue sweeper parking permits that enable people to stay parked at those times, such as handicapped people or people who are leaving on vacation and plan to park in front of their house for a few days. The manage street sweeping service tracks the location and progress of street sweepers to returnparking spaces24 back to public parking quickly once the street sweeper has gone by. In one embodiment, theparking services12 can send text, email, or voice mail messages to residents and other motorists who are parked in a scheduled street sweeping zone to warn them about pending street sweepers. These individuals can specify how far ahead of time they need to be reminded to move their cars.
• The manage street sweeping service can be illustrated by a scenario.

• Time	Event
  Friday	Scheduling street sweeping. Officer Lewis is responsible for
  	making street sweeper schedules for MyCity. One of the street
  	sweeper vehicles has been returned to duty. He wants to revise the
  	street sweeping schedule to include some new city blocks.
  	Officer Lewis logs into the server using his parking authority
  	credentials. He navigates to the Web page for setting the street
  	sweeper schedules. Using a map, he picks a city block or region.
  	He brings up a calendar interface. Starting next Monday, he
  	schedules weekly street sweeping for Wednesday from 8:30 am to
  	9:30 am on the city block where Bob lives, including parking
  	spaces A and B. He schedules a street sweeper for 2:30 pm-3:30
  	pm, including parking space C on a different block.
  	The server notices that Bob has overnight parking reservations for
  	parking space A from 6:00 pm to 9:00 am. Bob also has aparking
  	device
  21 in front of his driveway, which is parking space B, and
  	that Bob makes parking space B available for public parking from
  	9:00 am to 6:00 pm on weekdays. The revised street sweeping
  	times cut into both Bob's overnight parking reservation and the
  	public parking time. The server sends Bob an email and text
  	message warning him that he will have to move his car before 8:30
  	am on Wednesday for street sweeping.
  Tuesday	Near the end of the work day, the server notices that the minimal
  5:45 pm	interval for parking space A in front of Bob's apartment is ending.
  	Parking space A will become available again Wednesday morning
  	after the street sweeper interval. The server sends a message to the
  	parking indicator 23 nearest to parking space A to display Red and
  	thecorresponding parking device 21 to display the message, “No
  	Parking--Reserved” with a countdown to 9:30 am.
  Tuesday	Timely reminder at check-in. Bob arrives home from work. He
  5:50 pm	pulls into parking space A in front of his home.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects Bob's vehicle and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server logs the occupancy and notices that theparking space
  	24 is reserved for Bob. The server instructs theparking indicator
  	23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to enter the “check-
  	in reserved” state with a countdown for the check-in grace period.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and the parking device
  	displays, “Please check in.” The countdown timer begins.
  	Bob approaches theparking device 21 and slides his credit card.
  	Theparking device 21 sends his credit card information to the server.
  	The server recognizes that the credit card is associated with Bob's
  	parking reservation and recognizes that Bob's arrival time is within
  	the pre-reservation early arrival grace period. The server instructs
  	theparking indicator 23 to display Green (paid) and theparking
  	device
  21 to display “Reserved Parking” with a timer displaying the
  	time available until 9:30 am Wednesday morning. The server also
  	tells theparking device 21 to remind Bob about the street sweeper.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	displays, “Reserved parking” with the time before the meter
  	becomes available after street sweeping. Theparking device 21
  	also provides a message to Bob reminding him to move his car
  	before 8:30 am to accommodate the street sweeper.
  Wednesday	Timely text alerts. Bob is busy around the house with kids and
  8:00 am	breakfast.
  8:00 am	The server notices that Bob'sparking space 24 is still occupied.
  8:15 am	The server notices that Bob's parking space is within the reminder
  	interval and that Bob wants a text reminder. The server sends him
  	a text message telling him to move his car and where the car is parked.
  8:23 am	Bob grabs his lunch and winds up things at home. He hops in his
  	car, pulls out from the curb, and heads to work.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his departure and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and logs that parking space
  	A is vacant. The server finds constraints on theparking space 24 as
  	not becoming available for parking until 9:30 am. The server
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Red and theparking
  	device
  21 to display a message “No Parking--Street Sweeping”
  	with a countdown to 9:30 am. The server instructs theparking
  	device
  21 to enter the “no-parking” state.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Red and theparking device 21
  	displays, “No Parking--Street Sweeping” with a countdown to 9:30 am.
  9:00 am	Contextual warning to parkers. Charlie drives by, ignores the
  	color displayed by theparking indicator 23, and parks in parking space A.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his arrival and sends a message to the server.
  	The server notices that theparking space 24 does not allow parking
  	because the street sweeper is on its way. The server sends a
  	message to theindicator 23 to display Yellow and theparking
  	device
  21 to display a no-parking alert and enter the “check-in”
  	state with a countdown for a check-in grace period. The server also
  	instructs theparking device 21 to display, “No Parking--Street
  	Sweeping (Check-in for an exemption).”
  	Theparking device 21 displays, “No Parking--Street Sweeping
  	(Check-in for an exemption).”
  9:01 am	Charlie reads the message. He knows that he can buy an
  	exemption, but decides to re-park elsewhere. He gets back in his
  	car and drives to a different parking space.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects his departure and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server acknowledges the message and logs that parking space
  	A is vacant. The server finds constraints on theparking space 24 as
  	not becoming available for parking until 9:30 am. The server
  	instructs theparking indicator 23 to display Red and theparking
  	device
  21 to display a message “No Parking--Street Sweeping”
  	with a countdown to 9:30 am. The server instructs theparking
  	device
  21 to enter the “no-parking” state.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Red and theparking device 21
  	displays, “No Parking--Street Sweeping” with a countdown to 9:30 am.
  9:30 am	The server notices that the street sweeper period is over for parking
  	space A. The server sees that parking is reserved at 6:00 pm for
  	Bob (with a 15-minute blackout period) and that there is a
  	maximum of four-hour parking, except for neighborhood residents.
  	The server sends a message to theparking device 21 orparking
  	services kiosk
  19 display Green and theparking device 21 to
  	display a four-hour parking limit, omit a countdown, and to display
  	the appropriate messages and counters.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Green and theparking device 21
  	changes the counter to show four hours.
  Wednesday	Parking space C is not occupied. Theparking indicator 23 displays
  12:00 pm	Green and theparking device 21 shows the time counting down to
  	the 2:30 pm street sweeping time.
  	Check-in. Doris pulls into parking space C to get some lunch and
  	do some shopping on a nearby commercial street.
  	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her arrival and sends a message to the server.
  	The server sends a message to theindicator 23 to display Yellow
  	and theparking device 21 to display a no-parking alert and enter
  	the “check-in” state with a countdown for a check-in grace period.
  	The server also instructs theparking device 21 to display, “No
  	Parking--Street Sweeping (Check-in for an exemption).”
  12:00 pm	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device
  	21 displays, “No Parking--Street Sweeping (Check-in for an
  	exemption).” Theparking indicator 23 also displays a warning that
  	the street sweeper comes at 2:30 pm.
  	Doris swipes her credit card and theparking device 21 sends the
  	information to the server.
  	The server authenticates the credit card and looks up the constraints
  	on parking space C. The server notices that theparking space 24
  	must be vacated for street sweeping at 2:30 pm and computes three
  	possible reservations for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes.
  	The server sends a message to theparking indicator 23 to display
  	Green and theparking device 21 to offer the three parking time
  	options with their prices, including asking her to select a desired
  	amount of time.
  	Theparking device 21 offers the default parking time period and
  	prices for the three parking time options to Doris. The user
  	interface on theparking device 21 lets Doris increase the amount of
  	time up to 90 minutes or decrease the amount of time down to a
  	minimum, forinstance 15 minutes. Theparking device 21 gives
  	Doris the price for each option.
  	Doris selects the maximum time of 90 minutes for $1.50.
  	Theparking device 21 sends Doris' selection to the server.
  	The server authorizes Doris' reservation and instructs theparking
  	device
  21 to confirm to Doris that she is paid through 2:30 pm and
  	that $1.50 has been charged to her credit card.
  12:03 pm	Doris goes to lunch and starts shopping. She runs into friends and
  	loses track of time.
  2:15 pm	The server notices that parking space C is still occupied and that
  	the street sweeper period is less than an alert interval away. The
  	server sends a message to Doris telling her that her car needs to be
  	moved. The server also sends a message to theparking indicator
  	23 to display Yellow and theparking device 21 to keep the timer
  	countdown running to 2:30 pm.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Yellow and theparking device
  	21 continues the countdown.
  	Doris gets the message about moving her car. She wants to stay
  	longer and hurries back to her car.
  2:20 pm	Offering customer-friendly alternatives. Doris arrives at her car.
  	She slides her credit card in theparking device 21, which sends the
  	credit card information to the server.
  	The server notices that the street sweeper arrives in ten minutes, yet
  	locates somenearby parking spaces 24 that are not occupied. The
  	server instructs theparking indicator 23 to continue displaying
  	Yellow and theparking device 21 to display a message telling
  	Doris about the street sweeper constraint. The server also instructs
  	theparking device 21 to ask her whether she wants to buy a street
  	sweeper exemption for $35.00, or whether she wants to reserve a
  	nearby parking space 24.
  	Theparking device 21 displays the message to Doris. She decides
  	that the fee for a street sweep exemption is too high and decides to
  	move her car. She can see someavailable parking spaces 24 from
  	where she is standing. She gets in her car and pulls out of parking
  	space C.
  2:22 pm	Thevehicle sensor 22 detects her departure and sends a message to
  	the server.
  	The server notices that Doris has left and that the street sweeper
  	period is closer than the minimum parking interval. The server
  	checks for any other constraints and determines that parking is
  	available at 3:30. The server instructs the parking indicator to
  	display Red and theparking device 21 displays, “No Parking--
  	Street Sweeping” with a countdown to 3:30 pm.
  	Theparking indicator 23 displays Red and theparking device 21
  	displays, “No Parking--Street Sweeping” with a countdown to 3:30 pm.

• Several useful variations on managing street sweeping of benefit to both the municipality undertaking street sweeping and motorists who live on streets subject to sweeping can be provided by the aforementioned suite of parking services. For instance, parking spaces could be more completely utilized if the parking system kept track of when street sweeping is finished for individual city blocks. Conventionally, no vehicles can be parked in parking spaces on streets subject to sweeping during the entire period when street sweeping is scheduled, even if sweeping has been completed on a particular street before the expiry of the period. Using the networked parking services, the parking spaces could be made available for parking sooner once the sweeping of a city block is complete. The notification of sweeping completion could be made by a street sweeping vehicle equipped with, for instance, a GPS locational device and communications equipment capable of remotely interfacing the vehicle to theparking services servers12 or other gateway into the parking services network.
• Residents could also be allowed to remain parked through a street-sweeping cycle. For instance, an urban resident may need to park on the street while away on vacation, even during those times when street sweeping is ordinarily scheduled. In this situation, the resident would pay a penalty for parking during the sweeping period ahead of time, essentially reserving the parking space, albeit at a higher rate, or by using special permit obtained in advance of the needed time period. The municipality would collect the fee from the resident without logging a parking violation, thereby helping offset higher-cost manual street cleaning around the resident's parked vehicle as needed.
• Finally, motorists could be provided an alert service if their cars are parked at the wrong time in a street sweeping zone. These motorists could be alerted by automated text message, telephone call, or other means in time for them to move their vehicles and allow street sweeping to proceed as scheduled.
Examples of the Parking Services Server in Action
• Friendly on-Street Parking Services for Shoppers and Merchants
• When convenient parking for a store or shopping district is unavailable or unpredictable, shoppers are discouraged from going out. Furthermore, merchants have no direct way to encourage people to drive to their stores, such as by easily validating on-street parking. As well, tourism bureaus have no way to promote access for visitors by simplifying on-street parking or by giving visitors preferential treatment in parking or violation handling.
• The time needed to complete everyday errands is often variable and the time required to find parking in a business district depends upon traffic and the level of parking occupancy. After parking, people may browse, shop, run errands, or dine, all of which require a variable amount of time. With fixed time periods for parking, these people need to return toparking device21 or parking services kiosk19sto pay for additional parking time before the meter expires, or they must move their cars when the time limit for parking in one particular parking space has been reached.
• These parking situations are bad for business. When shoppers need to return to their cars, they may decide to simply leave and skip further retail purchases. People who value their time have no way to translate their needs and level of urgency into increased on-street parking availability or predictability. Merchants also lack the means to incentivize people to come to their district, or to modify parking policies in ways that promote business for themselves or their business district.
• The real-time and account-based parking services provided through theparking services12 and a network ofsmart parking devices21 address the needs of these individuals. In a typical scenario, a driver can check that aparking space24 is available and can then simply park his vehicle. Asensor22 detects that theparking space24 is now occupied and prompts the driver to check in and provide a parking identity for the parking event. The driver may swipe a parking identification card, credit card, debit card, or other form of identification at theparking device21, thereby enabling theparking services12 to determine the driver's identity, validate any required parking privileges, and log the parking event. Later, the driver might make purchases at a local store. By using the customer's parking identity, theparking services12 can identify the current parking event, log a parking validation for the customer, and cover the customer's parking charges for a period.
• Additionally, merchants, civic groups, and other similar interests could obtain special permits or specialized accounts for interacting with the parking services12. In addition to providing validation of customer parking, merchants can reserve also parkingspaces24 in front of their stores for scheduled deliveries, thus reducing the congestion-inducing practice of double-parking to unload goods.
• Residential Parking Services
• In urban neighborhoods, residents sometimes lack garages and have to park on the street at night. They also sometimes have parking needs during the day, which could be better served by parking with in-and-out privileges, that is, the ability to leave and return to the same parking space throughout the time covered by a single parking reservation. Moreover, in neighborhoods with conventional coin-fedparking device21 or parking services kiosk19s, residents spending the day at home are forced to continually feed coins to theparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 or move their car, which can be inconvenient and frustrating.
• The parking services provided through theparking services12 and a network ofsmart parking devices21 also address the needs of those individuals living in a residential area, particularly with limited on-street parking that is otherwise available to residents and non-residents alike. Urban residents can reserve on-street parking spaces24 near their home for overnight or daytime parking. The policies enforced for signing up for parking services may give preferred treatment according to various criteria, such as residential address, level of parking utilization on the street, and according to any permits possessed by the resident, such as for handicapped, elderly, or privileged parking.
• Theparking indicators23 tell drivers when aparking space24 is available. When someone pulls into areserved parking space24, anearby parking device21 provides a visual or audio reminder to check in. The driver provides his parking identity by swiping a parking identification card or other identifying data. In a further embodiment, a transponder or similar device can automatically retrieve an RFID tag or other wireless identifier from the vehicle, or a camera integrated into theparking device21 could read the vehicle's license plate. When a vehicle parks in a reserved parking space, theparking device21 can issue a warning that theparking space24 is reserved. If an unauthorized driver tries to check in for parking in aparking space24 reserved for someone else, theparking services12 can refuse payment and deny parking.
• Additionally, theparking services12 can alert parking enforcement resources about parking violations, thereby taking the urban resident out of the loop of satisfying his parking reservation. If the unauthorized driver does not remove his vehicle within a state time, theparking services12 could, for instance, summon a parking enforcement officer to issue a ticket and a tow truck to remove the offending vehicle. Theparking device21, as well as surroundingparking devices21, could also take pictures to document the parking violation. Where theparking services12 know the identification of the driver, photographic evidence generated through theparking device21 could support issuance of a traffic citation.
• In addition, theparking services12 can alert drivers if they are at risk of a parking violation. For example, drivers could receive timely alerts if a street cleaning time is approaching and they have left their car in anaffected parking space24 under control of the parking services12. In another example, drivers could be alerted if their parking time is almost expired where a time limit applies or when another driver has previously reserved theparking space24. Likewise, drivers occasionally forget where they parked. Since theparking services12 has global knowledge of all cars parked in controlledparking spaces24, drivers could use the “Find My Car” service at anyparking device21 orparking services kiosk19 to locate their car.
• While the invention has been particularly shown and described as referenced to the embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. A computer-implemented system for providing emergency services notification through a centralized parking services server, comprising:

a centrally-located server configured to manage a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces, to interface over a computer network, and to comprise a memory and a computer processor, the computer processor operatively coupled to the memory and configured to execute computer executable program modules, comprising:

a plurality of smart parking devices that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces, each of the smart parking devices interfaced with the server via the computer network;

a plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces, each of the smart parking devices interfaced with the server via the computer network; and

an emergency module executed by the server and configured to manage use of the parking spaces, comprising:

the vehicle occupancy sensor configured to sense occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle;

the smart parking device configured to process use of the parking space based on an identity of a driver of the motor vehicle; and

a notification module configured to notify emergency services for an individual through one of the smart parking devices upon request.

2. A system according toclaim 1, further comprising:

a contact module configured to contact the emergency services; and

the smart parking device configured to interface the individual directly to the emergency services.

3. A system according toclaim 2, further comprising at least one of:

a phone on the smart parking device directly configured to connect the individual for a communication to an operator of the emergency services; and

the server configured to receive a message from the individual via a mobile device of the individual and forwarding the message to the emergency service.

4. A system according toclaim 1, further comprising:

an image and sound module configured to trigger taking of digital images of an area surrounding the smart parking device from which the emergency service was notified through a camera and to record voice of the individual upon the request for the emergency service through a microphone.

5. A system according toclaim 4, further comprising:

an upload module configured to upload the digital images of the area surrounding the smart parking device and the voice of the individual to a database interconnected to a server.

6. A system according toclaim 5, further comprising:

a location module configured to identify a location of the parking device from which the emergency service was notified, time of each of the uploaded digital images was taken, and time of the uploaded voice was recorded; and

a tag module configured to tag each of the uploaded digital images and the uploaded voice with the identified time and location.

7. A system according toclaim 5, further comprising at least one of:

a map module configured to display a map on the Web interface comprising the location of the parking device, nearby parking devices in the area, and uploaded digital images taken from the parking devices in the area; and

a log module configured to display a log on the Web interface comprising the uploaded voice of the individual.

8. A system according toclaim 5, further comprising:

an event module configured to create an emergency event based on the request;

an association module configured to associate the uploaded digital images and the uploaded voice with the emergency event; and

the server configured to display the emergency event associated with the uploaded digital images and uploaded voice on a Web interface through the computer network for a personnel of the emergency service.

9. A system according toclaim 8, further comprising:

a modification module configured to receive a request for modifying the emergency event from the personnel of the emergency services, comprising at least one of:

a frequency module configured to set a frequency for taking the digital images by the smart parking device in a certain period based on time passage from the request for the emergency service; and

a range module configured to expand the area of the smart parking device for taking the digital images through smart parking devices which are located within the area.

10. A system according toclaim 1, further comprising:

a plurality of parking services kiosks that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to the plurality of the parking spaces; and

a kiosk module configured to notify the emergency services through one of the parking services kiosks for the individual upon request.

11. A computer-implemented method for providing emergency services notification through a centralized parking services server, comprising:

managing a multiplicity of motor vehicle parking spaces through a centrally-located server, the server configured to interface over a computer network and comprising a memory and a computer processor, the computer processor operatively coupled to the memory and configured to execute computer executable program modules, comprising:

interfacing by the computer processor via the computer network a plurality of smart parking devices that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces;

interfacing by the computer processor via the computer network a plurality of vehicle occupancy sensors that are also each physically proximate to and which correspond to at least one of the parking spaces; and

managing by the server use of the parking spaces, comprising:

sensing occupancy of each of the parking spaces by a motor vehicle through the nearest vehicle occupancy sensor;

processing use of the parking space based on an identity of a driver of the motor vehicle through the nearest smart parking device; and

notifying emergency services for an individual through one of the smart parking devices upon request.

12. A method according toclaim 11, further comprising:

contacting the emergency services through the server; and

interfacing the individual directly to the emergency services.

13. A method according toclaim 12, further comprising at least one of:

directly connecting the individual for a communication to an operator of the emergency services through a phone on the smart parking device; and

receiving a message from the individual via a mobile device of the individual and forwarding the message to the emergency service through the server.

14. A method according toclaim 11, further comprising:

triggering taking of digital images of an area surrounding the smart parking device from which the emergency service was notified through a camera and recording voice of the individual upon the request for the emergency service through a microphone.

15. A method according toclaim 14, further comprising:

uploading the digital images of the area surrounding the smart parking device and the voice of the individual to a database interconnected to a server.

16. A method according toclaim 15, further comprising:

identifying by the server a location of the parking device from which the emergency service was notified, time of each of the uploaded digital images was taken, and time of the uploaded voice was recorded; and

tagging by the server each of the uploaded digital images and the uploaded voice with the identified time and location.

17. A method according toclaim 15, further comprising at least one of:

displaying a map on the Web interface comprising the location of the parking device, nearby parking devices in the area, and uploaded digital images taken from the parking devices in the area; and

displaying a log on the Web interface comprising the uploaded voice of the individual.

18. A method according toclaim 15, further comprising:

creating by the server an emergency event based on the request;

associating by the server the uploaded digital images and the uploaded voice with the emergency event; and

displaying the emergency event associated with the uploaded digital images and uploaded voice on a Web interface via the server through the computer network for a personnel of the emergency service.

19. A method according toclaim 18, further comprising:

receiving a request for modifying the emergency event from the personnel of the emergency services, comprising at least one of:

setting a frequency for taking the digital images by the smart parking device in a certain period based on time passage from the request for the emergency service; and

expanding the area of the smart parking device for taking the digital images through smart parking devices which are located within the area.

20. A method according toclaim 11, further comprising:

interfacing by the computer processor via the computer network a plurality of parking services kiosks that are each physically proximate to and which correspond to the plurality of the parking spaces; and

notifying the emergency services through one of the parking services kiosks for the individual upon request.

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