US20150094546A1 - Patient monitor including multi-parameter graphical display - Google Patents

Abstract

A patient monitoring system and method are disclosed which provide a caregiver with more easily identifiable indications of the state of multiple physiological parameters in order to give the caregiver an indication of the patient's overall wellness in an efficient manner. Multiple physiological parameter sets are plotted on a graph, along with an indication of each parameter set's normal range. An overlapping area for all set's normal ranges provides an indication of an ideal patient state. In an embodiment, alerts are generated based on parameters distance from normal readings.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM
• This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/559,815, filed Sep. 15, 2009, pending, titled Patient Monitor Including Multi-Parameter Graphical Display, which claims priority to prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/097,185, filed Sep. 15, 2008, titled Patient Monitor Including Multi-Parameter Graphical Display, and incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present disclosure relates to the field of patient monitors. More specifically, the disclosure relates to processing and displaying multiple parameters to quickly determine an indication of patient wellness.
BACKGROUND
• In order to assess patient condition, caregivers often desire knowledge of multiple physiological parameters of the patient. These physiological parameters include, for example, oxygen saturation (SpO2), hemoglobin (Hb), blood pressure (BP), pulse rate (PR), perfusion index (PI), and Pleth Variable Index (PVI), among others. This monitoring is important to a wide range of medical applications. Oximetry is one of the techniques that has developed to accomplish the monitoring of some of these physiological characteristics. It was developed to study and to measure, among other things, the oxygen status of blood. Pulse oximetry—a noninvasive, widely accepted form of oximetry—relies on a sensor attached externally to a patient to output signals indicative of various physiological parameters, such as a patient's constituents or analytes, including, for example, those listed above as well as a percent value for carbon monoxide saturation (HbCO), methemoglobin saturation (HbMet), fractional saturations, total hematocrit, bilirubins, or the like. As such a pulse oximeter is one of a variety of patient monitors that help provide monitoring of a patient's physiological characteristics.
• A pulse oximeter sensor generally includes one or more energy emission devices, such as specific wavelength emitting LEDs, and one or more energy detection devices. The sensor is generally attached to a measurement site such as a patient's finger, toe, ear, ankle, or the like. An attachment mechanism positions the emitters and detector proximal to the measurement site such that the emitters project energy into the tissue, blood vessels, and capillaries of the measurement site, which in turn attenuate the energy. The detector then detects that attenuated energy. The detector communicates at least one signal indicative of the detected attenuated energy to a signal processing device such as an oximeter, generally through cabling attaching the sensor to the oximeter. The oximeter generally calculates, among other things, one or more physiological parameters of the measurement site.
• Pulse oximeters are available from Masimo Corporation (“Masimo”) of Irvine, Calif. Moreover, some exemplary portable and other oximeters are disclosed in at least U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,770,028, 6,658,276, 6,157,850, 6,002,952, and 5,769,785, which are owned by Masimo, and are incorporated by reference herein. Such oximeters have gained rapid acceptance in a wide variety of medical applications, including surgical wards, intensive care and neonatal units, general wards, home care, physical training, and virtually all types of monitoring scenarios.
• Typically, the physiological parameters are displayed to the caregiver as separate numbers on a patient monitor. Although this provides a large amount of data in a relatively small space, the greater the number of parameters being monitored, the more confusing and cluttered a display can become.
SUMMARY
• A patient monitor including graphical display of combined physiological parameters provides a more powerful overall wellness assessment tool than when any physiological parameter is used by itself. A caregiver can more quickly and accurately determine if a patient is within normal parameters and which, if any, parameters may indicate a problem for the patient.
• One aspect of the disclosure provides a patient monitor that can determine a range of normal, healthy parameters for a given patient and that has a display capable of providing a geometric representation of this range graphically for one or more parameters. The patient monitor can then represent whether a patient's current condition for these one or more parameters is within the normal range. In an aspect of this disclosure, the graphical presentation displays overlaying ranges for multiple parameters and provides an easy-to-understand representation of whether or not a patient is within acceptable ranges for all of the monitored parameters at once.
• Another aspect of this disclosure provides that each parameter or parameter set receives a color code or codes that can be displayed when one parameter or parameter set is not within a normal range, thereby providing readily identifiable feedback to a caregiver of which monitored parameter may be a problem for the patient. Additionally, various alerts may be triggered by the monitor when one or more parameter or parameter set falls outside the normal range, including visual and/or audible alerts.
• The patient parameters discussed herein also can be measured by a single device or by multiple devices that are fed into one or more patient monitoring devices in various embodiments.
• In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for providing an indication of a patient's condition includes: noninvasively measuring a plurality of physiological parameters using a light attenuation by pulsing blood; loading a wellness range for each of two or more of the plurality of physiological parameters; displaying an area of a graph defining a normal range for the intersection of the wellness ranges of two of the plurality of physiological parameters; and plotting on the graph a point of intersection between the two physiological parameters representing a current measurement. The method can further include providing an indication that the graphed point of intersection is outside the defined normal range area, based on one or both of the graphical parameters.
• In another embodiment, a method for providing an indication of a patient's condition, includes: measuring a plurality of physiological parameters; defining a first area of a graph constituting a normal range for the intersection of a first set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters; graphing a first point of intersection between the first set of two physiological parameters; defining a second area of the graph constituting a normal range for an intersection of a second set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters, wherein the second set includes at least one physiological parameter distinct from the first set; defining an intersection area of the first area and the second area; graphing a second point of intersection between the second set of two physiological parameters; and providing an indication of a state of wellness of the patient based on the first point's relation to the intersection area and second point's relation to the intersection area. The method can also indicate a state of alert when one or both of the first point and second point fall outside the intersection area. This state of alert may include an audible alert, a colored display indication, or the like.
• In an embodiment, defining the second area of the graph can include normalizing the second area to increase the intersection area with the first area. In an embodiment, the first area of the graph uses data points from the physiological parameters that were gathered when the patient was known to be well. The first area may be defined by using a best fit curve analysis, may include or disregard one or more outlier points, or the like. In an embodiment, the method can further include the step of making visual representations of the first area, second area, and intersection area on a display.
• In yet another embodiment of the disclosure, a system for providing an indication of a patient's condition includes: a patient monitor; a sensor for providing the patient monitor with indications of a plurality of physiological parameters; a signal processing module configured to determine values for the physiological parameters from the indications; a graphing module configured to define two or more areas of a graph, each comprising a normal range for the intersection of a set of two or more of the plurality of physiological parameters, the graphing module further configured to define an intersection area of the two or more areas; and a display configured to display a graph including the intersection area and the plurality of areas. The system can also include an alert module, capable of indicating whether a set of current sensor readings is within the intersection area of the graph. The alert module can include more than one alert level, such as to indicate various degrees of concern.
• In an embodiment, the system includes a speaker, wherein the alert module sounds an alarm through the speaker if the set of current sensor readings are not within the intersection area. In yet another embodiment the patient status system includes a memory unit storing data read by the graphing module to define the area of the graph comprising the normal range for the intersection of the set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters. The memory unit stores data particular to the patient being monitored, in an embodiment, and can be removable—such as flash memory. In another embodiment, data stored on the memory unit include empirical data gathered from a plurality of individuals selected from a population.
• In an embodiment, the patient status system further includes a communication module capable of connecting to a database and receiving data stored thereon for the graphing module to define the area of the graph comprising the normal range for the intersection of the set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters.
• In yet another embodiment, a method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness, includes the steps of: measuring a plurality of physiological parameters of the patient over a period of time, using a non-invasive sensor; identifying a plurality of graph points for the intersection of at least two of the physiological parameters, each graph point indicative of the at least two physiological parameters measured at approximately the same time; defining an area of a graph constituting a normal range from the plurality of graph points; and storing for later retrieval at least one of: (1) the plurality of physiological parameter measurements over time, (2) the plurality of graph points, or (3) the area of a graph constituting the normal range from the plurality of graph points. The method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness is undertaken when the patient is healthy in some embodiments. The method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness also includes loading the stored data and comparing the stored data to at least one new measurement of physiological parameters of the patient, in an embodiment, which may be done at a time when the patient's status is unknown.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The following drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and do not limit the scope of the claims. Corresponding numerals indicate corresponding parts, and the leading digit of each numbered item indicates the first figure in which an item is found.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a patient monitor system according to the disclosure.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a block drawing of a patient monitor system according to the disclosure.
• FIG. 3 illustrates an example graph that may calculated by thepatient monitor system100 ofFIG. 1.
• FIGS. 4-6 illustrate various examples of physiological parameter-set graphs.
• FIG. 7 illustrates an overlapping graph ofFIGS. 4-6.
• FIG. 8 illustrates the overlapping graph ofFIG. 7 highlighting the area common to all three parameter-set boundaries.
• FIG. 9 illustrates an example display including both separate and combined parameter graphs.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a method for indicating a patient's condition.
• FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a method for determining a patient's healthy vital sign ranges.
• FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a method for comparing a patient's condition to pre-recorded healthy patterns.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Aspects of the disclosure will now be set forth in detail with respect to the figures and various embodiments. One of skill in the art will appreciate, however, that other embodiments and configurations of the devices and methods disclosed herein will still fall within the scope of this disclosure even if not described in the detail of some other embodiments. Aspects of various embodiments discussed do not limit the scope of the disclosure herein, which is instead defined by the claims following this description.
• Turning toFIG. 1, an embodiment of a multi-parameterpatient monitor system100 is illustrated. Thepatient monitor system100 includes apatient monitor102 attached to asensor106 by acable104. The sensor monitors various physiological data of a patient and sends signals indicative of the parameters to the patient monitor102 for processing. The patient monitor includes adisplay108 that is capable of displaying readings of various monitored patient parameters, including one ormore graphs110.Display108 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma screen, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) screen, Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) screen, or any other suitable display. Apatient monitor system102 may monitor oxygen saturation (SpO₂), perfusion index (PI), pulse rate (PR), hemoglobin count, and other parameters. Typically, apatient monitor102 will also include some sort ofcontrol interfaces112 and aspeaker114 for audible alerts. Embodiments of apatient monitor102 can also include inputs from other devices, such as, an EKG machine, an ECG machine, a respirator, a ventilator, a blood pressure monitor, a capnograph, combinations of the same, or the like.
• FIG. 2 illustrates details of apatient monitor system100 in a schematic form. Typically asensor106 includesenergy emitters216 located on one side of apatient monitoring site218 and one ormore detectors220 located generally opposite. Thepatient monitoring site218 is usually a patient's finger (as pictured), toe, ear lobe, or the like.Energy emitters216, such as LEDs, emit particular wavelengths of energy through the flesh of a patient at themonitoring site218, which attenuates the energy. The detector(s)220 then detect the attenuated energy and send representative signals to thepatient monitor102.
• Specifically, an embodiment of the patient monitor102 includesprocessing board222 and ahost instrument223. Theprocessing board222 includes asensor interface224, a digital signal processor (DSP)226, and aninstrument manager228. The host instrument typically includes one ormore displays108, control interfaces112, and aspeaker114 for audio messages (including alerts, tones, or verbal indicators). Control interfaces112 may comprise buttons, a keypad, a full keyboard, a track wheel, and the like. Additionally embodiments of apatient monitor102 can include buttons implemented in software and actuated by a mouse, trackball, touch screen, or other input device. Thehost instrument223 may optionally includememory113 and/or a wired orwireless network connection115.Memory113 can be used to buffer and/or store for extendedperiods host instrument223 software, sensor readings, and the like. Additionally anetwork connection115 may allow thehost instrument223 to communicate with other patient monitors, remote computers or displays, servers, and the like.
• The signals from thesensor106 detector(s)220 are received by thesensor interface224 and passed to theDSP226 for processing into representations of physiological parameters. Thesensor interface224 may additionally perform analog and/or digital signal conditioning. These are then passed to theinstrument manager228, which may further process the parameters for display by thehost instrument223. In some embodiments, theDSP226 also communicates with amemory230 located on thesensor106; it typically contains information related to the properties of the sensor that may be useful in processing the signals, such as, for example,emitter216 energy wavelengths.Host instrument223 then displays one or more of these physiological parameters according to instructions from theinstrument manager228. In an embodiment, the instrument manager includes a graph generation module that allows various parameters to be displayed by thehost instrument223 in graphical form.
• One example parameter that may be graphed in this manner is the perfusion index (PI), which, in an embodiment of the disclosure, may include a ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the nonpulsatile or static blood in peripheral tissue. Generally, PI is a measure of peripheral perfusion that can be continuously and noninvasively obtained from a pulse oximeter. Another exemplary parameter is the Plethysmograph Variable Index (PVI) developed by Masimo Corporation, Irvine, Calif. In an embodiment, PVI includes a measure of the dynamic changes in the perfusion index (PI) that occur during a respiratory cycle. These parameters can be graphed against others, such as pulse rate (PR), and plotted in two-dimensional space. Similarly, these and other parameters can be used and plotted in two-, three-, or more-dimensional space on thedisplay108.
• FIGS. 3-8 illustrate exemplary graphs providing disclosure of specific examples of the more general concept of multiple parameters simultaneously and graphically incorporated into a measurement and represented ondisplay108 of the patient monitor102 ofFIGS. 1 and 2. As shown inFIG. 3, the patient monitor102 can display a graph plotting two physiological parameters, such as perfusion index (PI) and pulse rate (PR), versus one another. Thedisplay108 represents agraph110 that indicates the intersection of the respective values of PI and PR at a point in time by displayingpoint340, for example. A plurality ofpoints342 are displayed for the intersection value of PI and PR for other points in time. The intervals between the appearances of the display points on the screen can be varied. For example, adisplay point340 can be shown for readings taken every 5 seconds. Adisplay point340 can include a direct reading of one or more patient parameters, statistically combined measurements, corrected measurements, or the like. Further, the plurality ofpoints342 may show readings over a given period of time, for example, 1 hour. One ormore points340,342 may be displayed at any given time. Displayingmultiple points342 may help provide trending data, while asingle point340 may provide the most recent measurement. In an embodiment displaying multiple points ondisplay108, the more recent point(s) may be displayed in a different color(s), a different shape(s), flashing, or by using some other distinguishing characteristic(s) to help differentiate it or them from previous data points.
• Other combinations of physiological parameters to be displayed are possible, for example, blood pressure (BP) and perfusion index (PI) (BP/PI), blood pressure (BP) and Pleth Variable Index (PVI) (BP/PVI), Pleth Variable Index (PVI) and hemoglobin (HB) (PVI/HB), and respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Generally, hemodynamic parameters can be compared with respiratory rate (RR) or respiratory volume (RV). Further, one of skill in the art will recognize other common parameters that may be graphed against each other to provide helpful information to a caregiver.
• Referring toFIG. 4, when a plurality ofpoints342 are measured—whether displayed or not—for a combination of parameters, in this case PI and PR, the scatter pattern may eventually form acluster shape444. As the plurality ofpoints342 increases, theshape444 will generally become more defined, and an indication of theshape444 can also be illustrated on thegraph110. Theshape444 is defined by connecting the outermost points, statistically relevant points, or the like342, in an embodiment. In another embodiment, processing may discount one ormore points340 that are determined to beoutliers445. Similarly best fit curve processing may be used to define the shape. In an embodiment, displaying theshape444, rather thanmultiple points342, may be preferable to help avoid cluttering the graph and/or confusion with the most current reading's plotted point. In this way, a caregiver can quickly determine if the current point is within the general trending (which likely indicates a normal or at least stable condition) or outside the general trending (which may indicate a condition of concern). Similarly, movement of a current plot point away from or towards theshape444 may indicate a degrading or improving condition, respectively.
• In one use of an embodiment, when a patient is healthy or feeling normal, testing can be performed on the patient to determine patient-specific shapes444 or at least patient-specific calibrations or normalizations of broader multi-patient shapes for combinations of various physiological parameters. Representations of theseshapes444 can then be stored with a patient record for later use. In an embodiment, theshape444 data is stored within thepatient monitor102. In another embodiment, the data representing theshape444 can be transferred or transmitted to another device through any of a variety of communications methods. For example,patient monitor102 may include a wired or wireless connection to a network, such as a LAN, WAN, the Internet, or the like. Data representing theshape444 for a patient may then be transferred to a centralized database, such as with a patient's master health records or a special purpose database for patient monitor parameters. In another embodiment, the data may be transferred to a transportable memory device, such as, for example, a disk, a CD, a DVD, a flash memory drive, a USB drive, or other memory device. This device can be provided to a patient for ready transfer among hospitals, care facilities, physician's offices, and the like. The devices can also be maintained with the patient's records for future visits. In an embodiment, for example, once a patient has been monitored while healthy for some period of time, thesensor106 may be removed from thesensor interface224 and a memory unit may be connected to this same port. The data in raw form of a set ofdata points342 or in a processed representation of theshape444 can be downloaded to the memory unit. It is understood that in other embodiments, the patient monitor102 may have a separate port or drive for removable memory and/or similarly may transfer the data to a server, a database, or a computer through wired or wireless networks.
• In another embodiment, apatient monitor102 can utilize ageneric shape444 that was developed from experimental data of some number of healthy individuals. In yet another embodiment, apatient monitor102 can begin utilizing ageneric shape444 based on empirical data and adjust theshape444 based on the plurality ofpoints342 measured by monitoring the patient over time. One of skill in the art will understand that various combinations of these and similar techniques can be used for different embodiments, different sets of parameters within a single embodiment, and the like.
• In an embodiment, when a patient returns for possible health reasons, the data representing theshape444 can then be loaded into the patient monitor102, and the patient's current readings from apatient monitor102 can be displayed as within or external to theshape444, indicating that the patient is within his or her normal range, borderline, abnormal, or the like. For example, if the patient's records include a flash drive that was loaded with the data representing theshape444, the drive may first be connected to the patient monitor102 (as atsensor interface224 as described above), the data can be loaded, the drive removed, and finally thesensor106 connected to thesensor interface224 to enable patient monitoring.
• In an embodiment, the patient monitor102, through theDSP226, theinstrument manager228, or another module—such as a particular graphical processing module, can calculate current readings and their distance from theshape444, which may help provide an indication of the severity of a patient's condition. For example, a patient whose PI v. PR readings fall well outside theshape444 are likely in a worse condition than those that only fall outside theshape444 by a small amount. Additionally, trending data may be processed. For example, the greater the time that updated readings are outside the normal range, the more severe a patient's condition is likely to be. Similarly, if data indicates that parameter readings are moving away from the normal range (and thus shape444), a patient's condition may be worsening.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate other potential parameter combination examples havingother shapes548 and652, as defined by sets ofpoints546 and650, respectively.FIG. 5 represents a hypothetical shape for BP versus PI;FIG. 6 illustrates a hypothetical shape for BP versus PVI. Theactual shapes548 and652 may be quite different, but the concepts discussed are equally applicable. Theseshapes444,548, and652 can be considered “normal” for the patient and establish a wellness baseline for each particular combination of physiological parameters, when readings are taken while a patient is in good health. In an embodiment, theseshapes444,548,652 can be combined in a single graphical display (as pictured inFIG. 7). The shapes can be variously distinguished by different colors or different line or fill patterns to indicate the various combinations of elements. Additionally, as shown inFIG. 8, the combined graphs form anew shape854 from their intersection. Theintersection shape854 defines an area where all the combinations of physiological parameters are normal for the patient and establish a combined wellness baseline. A caregiver finding all parameters within this shape can be quickly apprised that the patient is in a normal condition.
• When combining these graphs to obtain anintersection shape854, thedigital signal processor226, theinstrument manager228, or another processing unit of the patient monitor102 may scale, shift, or otherwise normalize one or more of the various graphs to increase or maximize the overlapping areas of the multiple graphs. This would advantageously provide agreater intersection shape854, and in turn a greater indication for caregivers of general wellness.
• In contrast, if one or more of the parameters are outside theintersection shape854, the patient monitor may trigger an alert. An alert may include a change in thedisplay108, such as a flashing indicator, a change in color or a highlighting of the area of the graph that is of concern, a text message on or near the graph, an increase in the size of the current plotted point, a portion of the graph, or the graph as a whole, a change in the display to the parameter or parameter set causing the alert, or the like. In an embodiment, an alert may also—or alternatively—include a tone, ring, buzz, spoken or digitally created message, or the like through theaudible indicator114. In an embodiment, alerts can change as a number of measured parameters that begin to fall outside theintersection shape854 increases. Similarly, as measured parameters fall a greater distance fromintersection shape854, an alert may change or increase in intensity. The trending data discussed above may also affect the severity of alerts. For example, an alarm may cease or lessen if trending data indicates a reading is returning to normal.
• As an example, in looking atFIG. 8, when all of the measured parameters fall withinintersection shape854, no alert is triggered. If the current measurement for PI v. PR falls outsideintersection shape854 but insideshape444, while the other measurements remain withinintersection shape854, a first level alert may be triggered, such as a flashing of that segment ofshape444. If the same PI v. PR measurement continues to fall outsideshape444, a second level alert may be triggered, which may include both a visual indication and an audible indication. If other parameters also begin to fall outsideintersection shape854, alerts may increase to higher levels, and so on. The threshold triggers for each level of alert may differ in various embodiments, based on, for example, the particular parameters being graphically overlaid, and one of skill in the art will understand which conditions will be of greater concern.
• FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of the layout of adisplay108. In this embodiment,display108 illustrates four graphs at the same time in different quadrants of the screen. Of course, additional data can be displayed in surrounding portions ofdisplay108 in various embodiments as well. In the first quadrant, agraph960 illustrates a graph similar to the PI v. PR graph ofFIG. 4:shape444 is outlined and a current reading of PI v. PR is displayed aspoint961. In the second quadrant, agraph962 illustrates a graph similar to the BP v. PI graph ofFIG. 5:shape548 is outlined and a current reading of BP v. PI is displayed aspoint963. In the third quadrant, agraph964 illustrates a graph similar to the BP v. PVI graph ofFIG. 6:shape652 is outlined and a current reading of BP v. PVI is displayed aspoint965. Finally, in the fourth quadrant,graph966 illustrates the combination of the graphs in the prior three quadrants withintersection shape854 and the current readings points961,963,965. In the example shown, bothpoints963 and965 fall outside the intersection area, whilepoint961 is within it. This condition may trigger an alert to help highlight this state for a caregiver. However, each reading is within the normal bounds for their associated shape, so it is also possible that in an embodiment no alerts are triggered.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the methods of indicating a patient's condition described herein. Starting with block1070, a plurality of physiological parameters is measured, such as through a pulse oximeter or other patient monitor. A “normal” range is determined for the interaction of two of these physiological parameters; this range can be defined as an area of a two-dimensional graph for the intersection of the two selected physiological parameters (block1072). As described herein, this may be determined from a set of data that was empirically gathered from a sample of the population. One alternative is to develop this from a period of measurements of the patient being monitored, once a number of parameters are measured for a period of time. In block1074, a graph is generated of the two physiological parameters selected in block1072. The graph may include a representation of the “normal” area and/or a point of intersection for the most recently gathered patient data. The “normal” area and/or surrounding areas can be displayed as colored areas, such as green, yellow, and red—in an embodiment—to indicate good to deteriorating conditions. In an embodiment, the graph may also display trending data, such as the most recently measured 3, 5, 10, or the like measurement points. Measurements points can be displayed as blinking or colored to help provide a more readily identifiable condition.
• In block1076, a choice is made whether to define additional parameter sets that are unique from a first pass through blocks1072-1074. If so, then, as block1078 indicates, two different physiological parameters are selected and blocks1072 and1074 are repeated. This can occur multiple times as the number of parameters sets that are desired changes. Once the desired parameter sets are defined, an intersection area consisting of the areas of the “normal” ranges that overlap for various parameter sets is defined (block1080). In an embodiment, one or more of these parameter set graphs may be normalized to increase or maximize the intersecting area. In block1082, the current readings for each selected parameter set are displayed in relation to the intersection area to provide an overall indication of the patient's current condition. In an embodiment, caregivers can be alerted to possible patient problems when one or more of the graphed points falls outside the intersection area (block1084). For example, if a current reading of two parameters falls outside the intersection area, a beeping alarm may sound and/or the point may be highlighted to improve the ease of citing the potentially problematic physiological parameter.
• Because each individual may have different healthy characteristics, it may prove advantageous to compare a patient's current status against the patient's own status when healthy, rather than against a generic notion of an average reading for a healthy individual. For example, it is well known that patient's may have very different resting heart rates. Many athletes, for example, have a resting heart beat that is significantly lower than even a healthy, but less active individual. As such,FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary process for recording baseline patient physiological parameters that may allow more precise determinations of a patient's status. Starting inblock1190 in the embodiment illustrated, apatient monitoring system100'ssensor106 is connected to a patient at a monitoring site, atblock1192 the patient is monitored, and atblock1194detector220 signals are accepted by the patient monitor102 (block1194). It is preferable that the patient undergo this monitoring during a normal scheduled check-up, or at some other time when the patient is in good health to provide the best baseline readings. As illustrated, in an embodiment, the patient monitor102 may buffer indications of the signals from thesensor106. These may include the signals themselves, a digital representation of them, or some other datum indicative of the signal (block1196). In various embodiments, these indications themselves may be stored in a storage device (block1198). As described generally above, storage devices may include a local hard drive, a networked hard drive or server, a flash drive, USB memory stick, or similar, a magnetic or optical disk, such as a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, and the like. In one embodiment, for example, the sensor signals may be stored on a USB drive for the patient to keep for their records and stored on a server at the physician's office or uploaded to a server accessible through the Internet or the like. In an embodiment, the patient monitor communicates with such a server through a wired or wireless network connection. In another embodiment, a patient caregiver may manually upload the data to a server. Such a server may be particularly useful in that the data can then be subsequently retrieved (see discussion ofFIG. 12 below) from any of a number of hospitals, urgent care facilities, physician's offices, and the like.
• As an alternative, the patient monitor102 may process the sensor signals into one or more physiological parameters before storage (blocks11100 and11102). In general, the signals would be processed into multiple readings of each physiological parameter over a period of time such as, for example, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, or 1 hour. Each such reading could then be stored in one or more storage devices as described above with the “raw” signal data. In yet another embodiment, the patient monitor102 may further process the physiological parameters into the graph areas described herein and store indications of the graph areas. Such an embodiment may allow extended processing during the data gathering phase as illustrated inFIG. 11 and provide minimal data processing in the use of the data at a time when quick patient data may be critical.
• The process generally described inFIG. 11 may be completed on several different occasions and two or more of the multiple sessions of sensor readings processed to determine overall physiological parameter statistics. This may further help account for normal patient condition fluctuations, changes due to an unknown illness or other medical condition, or the like.
• As alluded to,FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of a process that utilizes stored data from a process such as that illustrated inFIG. 11. Inblock12104, apatient monitor102sensor106 is attached to a patient who has already completed a procedure similar to that described inFIG. 11. Inblock12106, pre-recorded physiological parameter indications are loaded into memory, a cache, a buffer, or the like associated with thepatient monitor102. As described above, this data may comprise anything from raw signals from asensor102 to processed data representing one or more specific physiological parameter graph area indications. This data is processed (if necessary) (block12108) for use by thepatient monitor102. Present monitoring of the patient occurs inblock12110. The patient's current status can then be displayed against the one or more graph areas for the physiological parameters of interest (block12112). As described with respect toFIG. 10, if the current readings detected bypatient monitor102 andsensor106 fall outside the graph area, an alert can be triggered. Although these methods are illustrated with respect to a specific embodiment having a particular order of the blocks, one of ordinary skill would understand that the arrangement of blocks is an embodiment only, and the blocks may occur in different orders or simultaneously in other embodiments without departing from the spirit of the disclosure herein.
• Although the graphing of wellness indications herein is described in terms of a two dimensional graph plane, another embodiment, may combine three physiological parameters to form a three-dimensional graph. A plurality of readings of the interaction of the three physiological parameters can then define a normal volume that would correspond to the two-dimensional cluster shape444 that is a plane. Similarly to the processes described above, multiple normal parameter volumes can be overlayed to find an intersection volume (corresponding to the intersection area854). Displays available today are easily capable of rendering such three dimensional graphics. However, in an embodiment, ahost instrument223 rendering such graphics may further include inputs that will allow a caregiver to rotate the display around different axes. With this capability, a caregiver may more easily evaluate a situation and assess which of the different parameters may be causing an alarm state.
• In other embodiments, apatient monitor system100 automatically determines the patient parameters that can be measured from attached sensors and devices and determines one or more default graphs to generate based on those patient parameters. In another embodiment, default graphs, using default parameters, can be assigned tospecific control interfaces112, such as, for example, “hot keys,” buttons, touch screen segments, combinations of the same, or the like. Additionally, alerts or alarms can include a variety of triggered actions, such as for example, sending a page to a pager, a text message, call, or voicemail to a phone, sending an email to one or more email addresses, combinations of the same, and/or the like. Alerts can also include flashing elements of thedisplay108, such as a graph's one ormore points342,shape444,intersection shape854. Beeping, tones, voice recordings or computer-generated voice messages can also be included in alerts. In an embodiment, adisplay108 can be altered to display the most relevant graph to indicate out of normal parameters.
• Although the foregoing has been described in terms of certain specific embodiments, other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. Moreover, the described embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, other combinations, omissions, substitutions, and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited by the preferred embodiments, but is defined by reference to the appended claims. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.

Claims (18)

What is claimed is:

1. A method for providing an indication of a patient's condition, the steps of the method comprising:

noninvasively measuring a plurality of physiological parameters using a light attenuation by pulsing blood;

loading a wellness range for each of two or more of the plurality of physiological parameters;

displaying an area of a graph defining a normal range for the intersection of the wellness ranges for two of the plurality of physiological parameters; and

plotting on the graph a point of intersection between the two physiological parameters representing a current measurement.

2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising the step of providing an indication that the graphed point of intersection is outside the defined normal range area.

3. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the graphed point of intersection is outside the defined normal range area based on one of the two physiological parameters.

4. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the graphed point of intersection is outside the defined normal range area based on the two physiological parameters.

5. A method for providing an indication of a patient's condition, the steps of the method comprising:

measuring a plurality of physiological parameters;

defining a first area of a graph constituting a normal range for the intersection of a first set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters;

graphing a first point of intersection between the first set of two physiological parameters;

defining a second area of the graph constituting a normal range for an intersection of a second set of two of the plurality of physiological parameters, wherein the second set includes at least one physiological parameter distinct from the first set;

defining an intersection area of the first area and the second area;

graphing a second point of intersection between the second set of two physiological parameters; and

providing an indication of a state of wellness of the patient based on the first point's relation to the intersection area and second point's relation to the intersection area.

6. The method ofclaim 5 further comprising the step of indicating a state of alert when one or both of the first point and second point fall outside the intersection area.

7. The method ofclaim 6 wherein the alert comprises an audible alert.

8. The method ofclaim 6 wherein the alert comprises a colored indicator on the graph.

9. The method ofclaim 5 wherein the step of defining a second area of the graph includes normalizing the second area to increase the intersection area.

10. The method ofclaim 5 wherein the step of defining a first area of the graph includes using data points from the two physiological parameters from the first set that were gathered when the patient was known to be well.

11. The method ofclaim 10 wherein the step of defining a first area of the graph includes generating a best fit curve around the data points.

12. The method ofclaim 11 wherein the step of defining a first area of the graph includes disregarding one or more of the data points that are outliers.

13. The method ofclaim 5 wherein the steps of graphing the first point and graphing the second point comprise displaying the first and second points on the graph.

14. The method ofclaim 5 further comprising the step of making visual representations of the first area, second area, and intersection area on a display.

15. A method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness, the steps of the method comprising:

measuring a plurality of physiological parameters of the patient over a period of time, using a non-invasive sensor;

identifying a plurality of graph points for the intersection of at least two of the physiological parameters, each graph point indicative of the at least two physiological parameters measured at approximately the same time;

defining an area of a graph constituting a normal range from the plurality of graph points; and

storing for later retrieval at least one of:

the plurality of physiological parameter measurements over time;

the plurality of graph points; or

the area of a graph constituting the normal range from the plurality of graph points.

16. The method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness ofclaim 15 wherein the step of measuring a plurality of physiological parameters is undertaken when the patient is healthy.

17. The method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness ofclaim 15 further comprising loading the stored data and comparing the stored data to at least one new measurement of physiological parameters of the patient.

18. The method for providing an individual baseline for a patient's wellness ofclaim 17 wherein the steps of loading the stored data and comparing the stored data to at least one new measurement occur when the patient's status is unknown.

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