US20140218929A1 - Kinetic flame device - Google Patents

Abstract

An apparatus creating a flickering flame effect. The apparatus includes a housing with an interior space with first and second stages. A drive mechanism generates a time varying electromagnetic field extending into the first stage. A first pendulum member is pivotally mounted in the interior space of the first stage and includes first and second magnets on first and second ends, with the first end proximate to the drive mechanism such that the first magnet interacts with the varying electromagnetic field to cause movement of the pendulum member. The apparatus includes a second pendulum member pivotally mounted in the second stage with a magnet on a first end proximate to the second end of the first pendulum member. A flame silhouette element extends from the second pendulum member, and a light source transmits light onto the flame silhouette, which is moving due to the magnetic coupling of the pendulum members.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/016,339, filed on Sep. 3, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/758,057, filed on Feb. 4, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,534,869, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/709,292, filed Dec. 10, 2012, which is a continuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/986,399, filed Jan. 7, 2011, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,342,712, and also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/293,516, filed Jan. 8, 2010, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/851,749, filed Aug. 6, 2010, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,070,319, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/506,460, filed Jul. 21, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,837,355, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/101,611, filed Sep. 30, 2008, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND
• 1. Field of the Description
• The present description relates, in general, to methods and systems for animated lighting, and, more particularly, to systems, devices, and methods for simulating a flickering flame providing kinetic light movement.
• 2. Relevant Background
• A difficult challenge for a special effects artist is the simulation of a single candle flame. Simulated flames in large fires such as fireplaces or stage sets are comparatively easy to design because they are normally viewed from a distance, and much of the effect of a large fire involves glow and embers, which can be readily simulated. A single candle, however, is often viewed at short distances with the focus of the effect falling on the flickering light of the solitary flame moving kinetically or randomly on a wick.
• Flames are the visible, light-emitting part of a fire. Solitary flames are complex kinetic interactions of fuel, temperature gradients, convection, and ambient airflow. These interactions produce a continuously and randomly moving light having loosely defined regions of various colors where the regions change size and shape kinetically or in unpredictable manners in space. Despite the complexity, people are so familiar with the appearance of natural flames that it is very difficult to provide a convincing simulation that appears real or natural to a viewer, especially at short viewing distances of several feet or less.
• Combustion-based candles create safety issues in many environments because of the presence of flame and heat. These conventional candles are high-maintenance and, so, are not suitable for long-term usage such as in religious buildings, theme parks, memorials, window displays, museums, and the like without continuous maintenance. On the other hand, conventional wax candles produce a light that appeals to many people and can be readily manufactured for a wide variety of applications such as table lighting, room lighting, wall sconces, spiritual ceremonies, theatrical lighting, decorative lighting, and lighting for holidays and special events. Hence, a continuing need exists for an artificial flame simulator that can be used more safely and with less maintenance than conventional wax or combustion candles, and the artificial flame simulator or device should produce a pleasing and realistic simulation of solitary flames and be adaptable to a variety of form factors.
• There are a variety of flame imitation novelty products that utilize various methods to simulate a real flame for display purposes such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,125,142, 6,454,425 and 4,550,363. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,142 describes a device that uses multiple colored lights affixed to a translucent shell where the lights are energized according to a computer program that attempts to animate the light without moving parts. U.S. Pat. No. 6,454,425 discloses a candle flame simulating device that includes a blowing device for generating an air flow and for directing the flowing air toward a flame-like flexible member, in order to blow and oscillate or to vibrate the flame-like flexible member so as to simulate a candle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,363 discloses an electric-light bulb fitted with a light permeable and light-scattering lamp casing. These and other attempts result in flame displays that are relatively poor imitations of a real flame and have not been widely adopted by the commercial or retail markets. In addition, such devices typically require substantial energy inputs and require frequent battery replacement, which can drive up purchase and operating costs and require undesirable levels of maintenance for ongoing use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention addresses the above and other problems by providing kinetic flame devices that create lighting effects driven by real but chaotic physical movements and by providing methods for making and using such kinetic flame devices. Some embodiments of the present invention may include a drive mechanism that stimulates and/or perturbs a complex interaction between gravity, mass, electromagnetic field strength, magnetic fields, air resistance, and light to achieve a kinetic or random flame effect, but, interestingly, the complex interaction is not directly modulated or controlled so as to reduce control and/or driving requirements or components. The motion and light generated by the kinetic flame devices produce light that convincingly reproduces the kinetic light output of a solitary flickering flame such as may be provided by a conventional combustion or wax candle.
• More particularly, an apparatus is provided for simulating a flame such as a flame of a candle or the like. The flame simulating apparatus may include a housing with one or more sidewalls (or housing portions) that define an interior space with a first stage and a second stage (or upper and lower spaces). A drive mechanism such as an electric coil may be provided for generating a time varying electromagnetic field that extends into the first stage. The apparatus may also include a first stage pendulum member that is pivotally mounted within the interior space of the first stage. The first stage pendulum member may include a first magnet on a first end (e.g., embedded or attached permanent magnet) and a second magnet on a second end (e.g., embedded or attached permanent magnet). In some cases, the first end is positioned proximate to the drive mechanism such that the first magnet interacts with the time varying electromagnetic field to kinetically displace (or displace in a random pattern) the first stage pendulum member over time (or over/during an operating period for the drive mechanism).
• The apparatus may also include a second stage pendulum member that is pivotally mounted within the interior space of the second stage. The second stage pendulum member includes a magnet on a first end (e.g., a permanent magnet attached or embedded to the member), and this end of the second stage pendulum member is positioned proximate to the second end of the first stage pendulum member. In other cases, ferromagnetic materials are provided in place of the magnets, e.g., the drive mechanism may apply a force on a tag or element of ferromagnetic material with the other end of this first stage pendulum having a magnet or another ferromagnetic material (with the second stage pendulum having either a magnet or a ferromagnetic tag/element depending on the first stage pendulum's inclusion of a magnet or ferromagnetic material as one of these two proximate components would be a magnet). In some cases, the two ends of the pendulum members are spaced apart to avoid physical/mechanical interference but close enough that their magnets interact to transmit the kinetic movement of the first stage pendulum member to the second stage pendulum member. The second stage pendulum member may further include a flame silhouette element extending from a second end of the second stage pendulum member. The apparatus also may include a light source adapted to selectively transmit light onto the flame silhouette element. The drive mechanism may include a coil of wire and a signal generator providing time-varying current to the coil to create the time-varying magnetic field.
• During use, in response to the interaction between the first magnet and the time-varying magnetic field, the first stage pendulum member may be displaced in a random pattern over time. Further during use, in response to the displacement of the first stage pendulum member in the random pattern, the second stage pendulum member may be displaced in another random pattern, whereby the flame silhouette element has kinetic motion concurrently with receiving the light from the light source.
• In some embodiments of the apparatus, the first and second stage pendulum members each comprise an elongated, planar body. The body of the first stage pendulum member may be pivotally supported by a first support element at a first location proximate to the second end of the first stage pendulum member while the body of the second stage pendulum member may be pivotally supported by a second support element at a second location proximate to the second end of the second stage pendulum member. The first support member may include a rigid body (such as a wire, rod, shaft, or the like) that extends across the interior space of the housing and through a hole at the first location in the first stage pendulum member. Similarly, the second support member may include a rigid body that extends across the interior space of the housing and through a hole at the second location in the first stage pendulum member. In other embodiments the first (and, in some cases, the second) support member may be a flexible member such as a thread or the like so as to allow a more chaotic movement of the lower pendulum such as by allowing a side-to-side movement of the flexible member relative to its tethered ends. The first location in the first stage pendulum member may be disposed between the first and second magnets and more proximate to the second magnet than to the first magnet.
• In some embodiments of the apparatus, the first and second support members each extend, at a central portion mating with the first and second stage pendulum members, respectively, a distance toward the drive mechanism. According to some embodiments, the apparatus includes a base that is mated with or a part of the housing and is located adjacent the first stage. In such embodiments, the base houses the drive mechanism and may be configured to electrically couple to a light socket to provide a power source for the drive mechanism and for the light source. In other embodiments, the electrical coupling may be provided with the base having a plug such as for a standard wall socket to allow the base to be plugged directly into a wall socket (e.g., similar to a night light but with a flame effect).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 shows a cut-away perspective view of an embodiment of a kinetic flame effect device in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 2 shows an exemplary drive mechanism in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention as may be used with the device ofFIG. 1, for example;
• FIG. 3 shows a cross section of an alternative embodiment of a kinetic flame device in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 4 shows the embodiment ofFIG. 3 at a different perspective such as rotated about 90 degrees;
• FIG. 5 shows a cross section of another alternative embodiment of a kinetic flame device in accordance with the present invention; and
• FIG. 6 shows the embodiment ofFIG. 5 at a different perspective such as rotated about 90 degrees;
• FIG. 7 shows a cut-away perspective view of another embodiment of a kinetic flame effect device similar to that shown inFIG. 1 with a single stage providing kinetic movement of a flame silhouette element;
• FIG. 8 shows a cut-away perspective view of an embodiment of a kinetic flame effect device similar to that shown inFIGS. 1 and 7 (and its aspects may be used in a single stage or two or more stage device) showing use of housing-contained lighting as well as the use of sidewall magnets to shape and/or effect kinetic movement of the flame body or upper pendulum member;
• FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a kinetic flame effect device similar to that shown inFIG. 8 further including an outer casing (or candle body) used, in part, to enclose the drive mechanism and its power source (here, a battery) and also showing a retractable flame feature for displaying the candle when it is not operating (e.g., with an unlit wick as expected for a conventional candle), withFIG. 9 showing the device operating (e.g., with the cover/cap in the up position);
• FIG. 10 illustrates the kinetic flame effect device ofFIG. 9 in the off mode with the cover/cap in the down position (e.g., with the flame body or upper pendulum member retracted into the second stage housing or simply housing when the two stages are provided in a unitary housing/body);
• FIG. 11 illustrates one particular implementation of the upper pendulum member or flame body that utilizes an “hour glass” body along with a concave or recessed flame silhouette element to provide a desired kinetic movement of the silhouette element and light reflection/absorption effects;
• FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a fan-based chaos engine or drive mechanism that may be used with any of the kinetic flame effect devices described herein;
• FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of another fan-based chaos engine similar to that shown inFIG. 12 that further includes vanes or louvers redirecting outlet air flow from a fan to create a desired driving air flow;
• FIGS. 14A and 14B provide two schematic views of a chaos engine or drive mechanism that utilizes paddles or strikers on outer surfaces of a driven wheel to drive movement of a pendulum member;
• FIGS. 15A and 15B provide two schematic views of the chaos engine or drive mechanism ofFIGS. 14A and 14B, which utilizes paddles or strikers on outer surfaces of a driven wheel to drive movement of a pendulum member, as modified to include magnetic coupling members on the ends of the paddles/strikers to magnetically interact with a magnetic coupling member on an end of the pendulum member;
• FIG. 16 provides a schematic illustration of a heat-based chaos engine or drive mechanism that may be used alone or in combination with another for the drives to move a pendulum member of a kinetic flame effect device in a chaotic manner; and
• FIG. 17 is a partial view similar to that ofFIG. 9 showing schematically the inclusion of two or more light sources/engines along with a light engine controller to selectively operate the light sources to provide an enhanced flame effect device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• The present invention involves devices that create lighting effects driven by real, chaotic, and physical movements and methods for making and using such devices. Prior devices that attempt to simulate flickering flames generally used modulated or controlled motion to mimic a flame, but these devices produced less than ideal results in part because the complexity of a natural flame is difficult to mimic or simulate. Alternatively, some prior devices attempted to control or modulate the intensity, color, and/or other characteristics of a light source such as by blinking, which also produced a less than realistic result. In contrast, the present invention stimulates and/or perturbs a complex interaction between gravity, mass, electromagnetic field strength, magnetic fields, air resistance, and light, but the complex interaction is not directly modulated or controlled. Accordingly, the motion and light generated by the system in accordance with the present invention produces light that convincingly reproduces the kinetic or random light output of a flickering flame.
• The present invention can be adapted to a wide variety of form factors to meet the needs of particular applications.FIG. 1 shows a single-flame candle implementation whereas the implementations ofFIGS. 3-6 demonstrate lamp-base form factors that can be used as a bulb alternative with many conventional lighting fixtures. Embodiments of the invention can vary in scale to meet the functional and aesthetic needs of a particular application. Power supplies described herein may be provided by batteries, AC/DC power supplies, solar cells, or other available power sources. Although the invention involves complex interactions between many forces, it is typically preferred that the elements of the invention be implemented simply to enhance reliability and longevity of the product. Accordingly, although specific examples of particularly robust construction and components are described herein, actual implementations may vary in complexity.
• FIG. 1 shows a cut-away perspective view of an embodiment of akinetic flame device100 in accordance with the present invention that resembles a conventional wax candle such as a pillar, taper, container candle, votive, tea light and the like depending on the scale and dimensions of the particular application.FIG. 1 shows a two stage assembly for convenience in manufacture, but the invention can be implemented as a unitary, single stage body, in two stages as shown inFIG. 1, or as three or more stages if desired. Additional stages affect the form factor as well as the range, speed and variability of the light produced. A stage may damp or amplify these characteristics depending on the particular geometry of the elements within the particular stage.
• A drive mechanism (or electrically driven motion engine)101 is provided that acts to create a time-varying magnetic field, M₁, and this mechanism may take a variety of forms such as a coil as shown inFIG. 1. Drive mechanism orcoil101 at the base of the embodiment inFIG. 1 includes a wound wire coil, which may be formed, for example, using a conductive wire coated with an insulator. The windings ofcoil101 may be held in place with tape, adhesive, epoxy or other material (not shown) that holds the wire together in a desired shape. Thecoil101 may be generally circular as shown inFIG. 1 or any other convenient shape such as oval, square, triangular, or an irregular shape.Coil101 may have an air core or hollow space/void as shown inFIG. 1, or may use a magnetic core such as iron, iron alloys, ferrite, permalloy and other available magnetic core materials. The core may be substantially centrally located withincoil101 with a generally cylindrical shape or may be off-center in particular applications with a differing or similar shape.
• In some embodiments, permanent magnets (not shown) may be integrated in, placed on the surface of, or otherwise placed in proximity tocoil101 to provide a static magnetic field that is cumulative with the time varying electromagnetic field produced whencoil101 is energized (as shown inFIG. 2). Although asingle coil101 is shown inFIG. 1, it is contemplated that two or more independently or synchronously energized coils may also be used that are distributed symmetrically or asymmetrically about a central axis of the candle device (e.g., an axis that extends upward through the first andsecond stage housings102,104 and in some cases through pendulums orpendulum members111,121) so as to produce more complex magnetic fields; however, this complexity and attempt to explicitly control the magnetic field shape may offer diminishing returns or even detrimentally effect the convincing result produced by the single coil implementation shown inFIG. 1.
• In operation,coil101 is energized by a time-varying electric current to produce a time-varying magnetic field, M₁, in the vicinity ofcoil101. In some embodiments, core material is used to focus and direct the magnetic field that is produced and to alter the power requirements for the operation of the present invention. In the same or other embodiments, permanent magnets are used in or near thecoil101 to superimpose a static magnetic field on top of the time-varying field, M₁, created by energizingcoil101. The additional static magnetic field may be used to alter power requirements as well as to selectively modify or define the shape of the magnetic field, M₁, in the vicinity ofcoil101.
• Thefirst stage103 serves to translate the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁, produced bycoil101 into kinetic motion, D1_Kinetic. Thefirst stage103 is positioned such that at least its base is within the electromagnetic field, M₁, produced fromcoil101 and elements withinfirst stage103 are magnetically coupled tocoil101 when its electromagnetic field, M₁, is present. Specifically, amagnet114 positioned or mounted at a lower end of pendulum or firststage pendulum member111 is within the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁. Magnet114 is preferably a small permanent magnet with sufficient magnetic field strength to be moved in response to either repulsive or attractive forces resulting from interaction with the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁, produced bycoil101 such that thependulum member111 is displaced in a random or kinetic manner as shown with arrows D1_Kinetic. For example, thependulum member111 may have an elongate body such as a thin planar design with a rectangular, elliptical, or other shape that may be formed of plastic or other non-ferrous material (e.g., a plastic rectangle with a width of about 0.25 to 2 inch width, a length of about 0.5 to 4 inches, and a thickness of 0.2 inches or less). The displacement, D1_Kinetic, may vary widely to practice the invention but may be a random pattern with movements of up to 0.5 inches or more in any direction from an original or at rest position.
• While the present invention operates with any polar alignment ofmagnet114, the polar alignment ofmagnet114 and that of the electromagnetic field produced bycoil101 is coordinated or selected to produce desired results or kinetic movement/displacement, D1_Kinetic, of the lower or firststage pendulum member111. For example, whencoil101 produces a north pole facing upward then aligning magnet114 (which may be termed as a first or lower magnet of the lower pendulum member herein) with a south pole facing downward will increase the net attractive coupling force, whereas aligningmagnet114 with a north pole facing downward will increase the net repulsive coupling force, and either arrangement may be useful in some embodiments of thedevice100. Aligningmagnet114 at an angle will have a predictable effect on the mix between attractive and repulsive coupling forces and may be suitable or desirable in particular applications. Rare earth permanent magnets, ferrite magnets, ceramic magnets and the like are suitable formagnet114. It is also possible to replacemagnet114 with a ferrous material that is attractively coupled to the electromagnetic field.
• First stage orlower housing102 may be generally tubular in shape with a sidewall defining an interior space or void for containing thelower pendulum member111 and an interaction space or area for the magnetic field/forces, M₁, and thelower magnet114 ofpendulum member111. Thehousing102 may have a sidewall formed of plastic, glass, ceramic, molded epoxy, or other material that can be formed into a desired shape for the particular application.Housing102 may in some cases, include metal, however, some metals may affect the electromagnetic field.Housing102 may be open at each end as shown or on one end, or, in some cases, it may be sealed at upper and/or lower ends with a magnetically permeable material such as glass, plastic, or the like. First stage orlower housing102 may be sealed with a vacuum and/or may be sealed and contain air or fluid so as to manipulate or control the damping ofpendulum111 to obtain a desired responsive kinetic or random displacement/motion, D1_Kinetic, in response to the input magnetic field, M₁, fromcoil101. In some cases, thefirst stage housing102,pendulum111, and thesupport113 may also be considered or called a coupling member that is provided in the drive mechanism or motion engine101 (or coupled to such mechanism, engine, or coil), and, additionally, thesecond pendulum member121 along with itsflame silhouette125 may be considered a flame body.
• Lower or firststage pendulum member111 is pivotally mounted within or pivotally supported by a support element provided withinfirst stage housing102. Such pivotal support may be provided in a variety of ways to allow the pendulum to be kinetically displaced, D1_Kinetic, about the pivot point or mounting location. For example, but not as a limitation, thependulum member111 may have apivot hole112 formed to allow apendulum support113, such as a rod, axle, wire, string, or the like, to pass through. In some embodiments, thesupport113 is flexible and/or has a range or span of travel to allow it to move with the pivotally supportedmember111, e.g., a string or thread that is flexible and is able to move side-to-side some amount (not completely taut) to introduce more chaotic movement to thelower pendulum member111. For example, thesupport element113 may be a flexible wire, line, or thread with a length greater than a diameter of the housing (or the distance between the sidewalls of housing102) such that it has a bit of play or slack that allows it to move in any direction from an at rest or original position (e.g., move 360 degrees from an at rest position a distance or displacement such as up to 0.5 inches or more but often less than about 0.25 inches). In other embodiments, though, it is preferable that thesupport element113 is rigid or semi-rigid and does not move with thependulum member111.
• Hole112 is formed in the upper half ofpendulum111 such that more of the mass ofpendulum111 is below thepivot hole112 than is above pivot hole112 (e.g., at 0.1 to 0.45 times the length of thependulum member111 as measured from the top edge or the like). Note, as the location of pivot point approaches equilibrium near the center ofpendulum111,pendulum111 becomes increasingly unstable and exhibits increasingly chaotic motion. With this in mind, in the exemplary embodiment shown inFIG. 1, the pivot point or location ofhole112 is moved upward with respect to the midpoint of pendulum111 (e.g., in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 of the pendulum length), which increases stability and decreases the movement, D1_Kinetic, of the flame illusion, but this positioning of the pivot point orhole112 decreases the range of motion of the upper end ofpendulum111, which may be desirable in some embodiments. The location ofpivot point112 can be selected to meet the needs of a particular application. This arrangement allowspendulum111 to hang in a stable position absent the affects of the electromagnetic field and allows gravity to act on the mass ofpendulum member111 andlower magnet114 attached topendulum111. Other mechanisms, such as a gimbal or other joint(s), allowing multi-axis movement may be used as an alternative to the pivotal mounting provided by the combination of thepivot hole112 andsupport element113.
• Pendulum support wire113 is attached to the walls ofhousing102 for support at locations selected to placependulum111 generally in the center of the hollow space defined by walls ofhousing102 so thatsupport wire113 spans a diameter whenhousing102 has a circular cross section. In some preferred embodiments,support element113 may include a rigid or semi-rigid wire such as a steel or steel alloy wire or rod and is preferably bent to form a low spot at a location where it is desired forpendulum111 to rest (e.g., the mounting locations for the ends of thewire113 may be about 0.1 to 0.5 or more inches above the low, center point or pivotal supporting portion of the wire113).Hole112 inpendulum member111 is sufficiently larger than the diameter ofsupport wire113 such thatpendulum111 swings or pivots freely aboutsupport wire113 but at the same time is held in generally the same location and orientation unlesspendulum111 is perturbed by the electromagnetic field, M₁. In this manner, the top portion ofpendulum member111 is able to move back and forth with pendulum movement, D1_Kinetic, within a generally cone-shapedextent having hole112 as an apex, as well as flutter.
• A smallpermanent magnet115, which may be similar in composition and alignment tomagnet114, is positioned at the upper end ofpendulum111, e.g., between thehole112 and an upper side or edge of thependulum member111.Pendulum member111 is sized with respect tohousing102 such that it moves freely withinhousing102 about the pivot location defined by the apex, dip, low point, or valley insupport wire113. In the particular embodiment, the length ofpendulum111 is selected such that when assembled as shown inFIG. 1 the lower portion ofpendulum111 is above the lowest portion ofwall102 and the upper portion ofpendulum111 is below the highest portion ofwall102. This arrangement inhibits or prevents the mechanical interaction between elements in the first andsecond stages103 and105 as well as mechanical interaction betweenpendulum111 andcoil101. Although some mechanical interaction can be tolerated, by preventing mechanical interaction the end result or kinetic flame effect is believed to be smoother while more kinetic/random and realistic.
• In operation, the electromagnetic field causesmagnet114 to move either repulsively or attractively. That motion, D1_Kinetic, is translated throughpendulum111 to whichmagnet114 is affixed. The extent of motion of the lower end ofpendulum111 is greater than the extent of motion of the upper end ofpendulum111 to a degree determined by the position of hole112 (e.g., D1_Kineticfor thependulum111 may be thought of as having a lower component that is greater than an upper component such as two to four times as much in the lower component or the like). Gravity tends to returnpendulum111 to an upright position whereas the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁, may continuously perturbpendulum111 and may be used to prevent a steady state return to the upright position. In a particular example of using a sinusoidal varying electromagnetic field,pendulum111 dances about quite energetically and in random directions with varying magnitudes of displacement, D1_Kinetic.
• Air resistance acting on the surface area ofpendulum111 damps the motion ofpendulum111. Accordingly, the size and shape ofpendulum111 can be altered to provide the speed and degree of kinetic movement desired for a particular application. In some embodiments, air resistance is controlled by using a more irregular shape such as an hour glass shapedmember111 and in other cases air dampening is controlled by providing one or more mesh or porous sections to allow air flow through the body ofmember111. In other cases, the lower portion of thependulum member111 may be made heavier with more surface area/mass or with addition of weights to achieve a desired and tunable kinetic movement/displacement, D1_Kinetic, of themember111.
• Second stage105 comprises ahousing104 that preferably has a composition and size that is substantially similar tohousing102 so that thestages103 and105 (or the correspondinghouses102,104) can be mated or coupled together to form a candle or device body with solitary or unitary appearance.Second stage105 generally serves to couple to the kinetic energy in the moving upper end ofpendulum111 and translate that kinetic energy into motion of flame silhouette element orextension125. The construction and operation ofsecond stage105 is similar to that offirst stage103. Upperstage pendulum member121, which is slightly shorter than the length ofhousing104, is pivotally mounted via apivot hole122 on apendulum support element123, e.g., a rigid or semi-rigid wire or the like in some embodiments with a lower supporting portion or area in the center of theelement123. Thesupport element123 is mounted at each end to the sidewall of the housing104 (such as at the upper edges of the sidewall at opposite locations to stretch across the space or void defined within the sidewall of housing104). A first or lower magnet124 (similar in composition, size, and alignment to the first orlower magnet114 of the firststage pendulum member111 and second orupper magnet115 of the first stage pendulum member as described hereinbefore) is mounted at a lower (or first) portion or end ofpendulum member121.Magnet124 is positioned so as to be magnetically coupled tomagnet115 or influenced by magnetic field or forces, M₂. The magnetic coupling, M₂, is preferably repulsive, but it may also be attractive or a mix between attractive and repulsive coupling. For example, in one useful implementation, the magnetic couplings are attractive, and gravity is used to bring the pendulum members back to a central or neutral position. In use, the coil in such a case may provide a donut shaped magnetic field such that attractive magnetic coupling provides an auto-start upon power up as it moves the nearby pendulum away from the neutral position.
• Flame silhouette element125 comprises a flat or dimensional body of material preferably formed with a flame-shaped outline or peripheral pattern.Flame silhouette element125 extends outward from an edge or side of the upper (or second) portion/end of the secondstage pendulum member121.Element125 may include a sheet of material such as paper or plastic and/or is formed of the same or differing material as the body ofpendulum member121.Flame silhouette element125 may be two dimensional or a distorted sheet material that extends in three dimensions, or may be a fully three dimensional object. The mass and air resistance offlame silhouette125 adds to the mass and air resistance ofpendulum121 and so its configuration is typically taken into consideration when locatingpivot hole122 relative to the upper or second end of thependulum member121.
• In operation, the magnetic field, M₂, produced bymagnet115 causesmagnet124 to move either repulsively or attractively. That motion is translated throughpendulum121 to whichflame silhouette125 is affixed as shown with second kinetic or random motion or displacement, D2_Kinetic. As with thependulum member111 of thefirst stage103, the extent or magnitude of motion or kinetic displacement of the lower end ofpendulum121 is greater than the extent of motion of the upper end ofpendulum121 to a degree determined by the position ofhole122 relative to the edge of the upper portion of pendulum121 (e.g., the kinetic displacement, D2_Kinetic, has a larger component in the lower or first end/portion of thependulum121 than in the upper or second end/portion of thependulum121 such as 2 to 4 times as much movement or the like in the lower or first end/portion). In one embodiment, the first stage orlower pendulum member111 is longer ranging while theupper pendulum121 is shorter ranging, and this may be controlled by selecting the distance of each of thesependulum members111,121 from their pivot point (e.g., make thelower pendulum111 have more movement by havingpivot hole112 farther away from magnet/ferromagnetic material component114 thanpivot hole122 from component124).
• In some embodiments,pivot hole122 is provided at a location comparable to the base of a wick in a combustion candle (e.g., 0.1 to 1 inch or more below upper lip or edge of the second stage housing104). Gravity tends to returnpendulum121 to an upright position whereas the magnetic influence, M₂, of movingmagnet115 continuously perturbspendulum121 and inhibits a steady state return to the upright position. Air resistance acting on the surface area ofpendulum member121 andflame silhouette element125 damps the motion, D2_Kinetic, ofpendulum member121. Accordingly, the size and shape ofpendulum member121 can be altered to provide the speed and degree of kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, desired for a particular application or embodiment ofdevice100. Note, that thecomponents114,115,124 may be magnets or ferromagnetic material with one embodiment providing a ferromagnetic tag forelement114 and then a ferromagnetic tag forelement115 or124 while another embodiment uses a magnet forelement114 and ferromagnetic material forelement115 or124 (e.g., only one of each magnetic coupling pair of components is a magnet to provide desired driving forces).
• Although the arrangement described hereinbefore produces kinetic motion inflame silhouette125, it is not this motion or the shape ofelement125 alone that produces a convincing flame simulation. The nature of the light reflected from or produced by thedevice100 is also significant in producing the convincing effect, not the motion and shape of its elements. To this end, some embodiments of thedevice100 may include aflame silhouette element125 that is shaped as a simple geometrical shape such as a triangle, circle, or arbitrary shape to produce a desirable effect while the illustratedelement125 has a shape or peripheral pattern similar to a candle or solitary flame.
• In theparticular implementation100 ofFIG. 1, aspotlight107 mounted aboveflame silhouette125 is aimed to direct light108 toward theelement125 to produce a spot of light127 on the surface offlame silhouette element125. One or morelight sources107 may be used, and, when used, the multiple light sources may be aligned so that their produced spots oflight127 are aligned with each other in the vicinity ofsilhouette element125 even assilhouette element125 moves in normal operation with the kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, of upper or secondstage pendulum member121.
• Light source107 includes, for example, a light emitting diode(s) (LED(s)) or other efficient low power light source coupled with a converging lens to optically direct the produced light into a desired size and shape. An incandescent light, organic light emitting diode (OLED), or other device is also suitable forlight source107. Alternatively, a narrow beam light source, even a laser, may be used with a diverging lens to produce the desired shape and size oflight spot127, e.g., a shape similar to the pattern/shape of theelement125 and size similar to or smaller than theelement125 to control blow by. Thelight source107 may also include fiber optic light pipes to transport light from a remote light-emitting device to a desired location and angle.Light source107 may project downward as shown inFIG. 1, or upward, or at any angle to meet the needs of a particular application or implementation ofdevice100. In some cases,flame silhouette125 can be bent slightly out of a vertical alignment or alignment withpendulum121 so as to reflect light fromlight source107 to an expected location of a viewer.
• Light source107 may be colored using a colored light source or filters.Light source107 may comprise multiple light sources to produce several colors, and the light sources may be energized statically or dynamically to provide color variation. These types of controlled light production may enhance the effect of the present invention but are not necessary in most instances and may actually detract from the effect in certain applications because, as noted hereinbefore, simulating flame effects with direct modulation and control by itself does not produce suitable results in many instances. However, as an augmentation of the basic kinetic light movement principle in accordance with the present invention such direct manipulation and control of the light output may produce desirable results in particular applications.
• Alternatively, or in addition, the surface offlame silhouette125 is colored with a single color, gradient color, or a color pattern including yellows, oranges, reds, and/or blues used alone, together, or in addition to white light emitting devices insource107. In some cases, the coloring may be a fluorescent color (e.g., a day glow type color(s)) to achieve a desired result such as a feel of heat or raised temperature associated with a real flame. White or coloredlight spot127 onelement125 reflects light having a color dependent on both the color of the light produced bylight source107 and the color of the surface ofsilhouette element125 where thelight spot127 falls. Assilhouette element125 moves in space with kinetic displacement, D2_Kinetic, ofpendulum member121, its angle with respect tolight source107 continuously changes and, in response or concurrently, the intensity of the reflected light changes in a complex, kinetic manner. This effect can be modified whensilhouette element125 is distorted or three dimensional in configuration. To get front and back lighting with onesource107, the element125 (and its coloring/materials) may be chosen such that a portion of the received light108 is reflected and a portion is allowed to pass through to an opposite or back side. For example, the texture, color, and/or material of theelement125 may be such that about 40 to 60 percent of the light (e.g., about half) is reflected while the remaining light (e.g., about half) is passed through with theelement125 being at least partially translucent. In this manner, both the front and back of thedisplay element125 is lighted by light108 from asingle source107.
• FIG. 2 schematically illustrates asimple drive device200 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention such as for use with kinetic flame device100 (with components offlame device100 having like numbers in drive200). In the implementation ofFIG. 2, apower source201 is provided that may include batteries, an AC/DC power supply, solar power supply, or a combination or variant thereof that produces power of sufficient voltage, current, and frequency content for use by light source orengine107 andsignal generator203. In some exemplary embodiments, bothlight engine107 andsignal generator203 are driven by direct current and are not explicitly managed or controlled. Alternatively, a controller circuit (not shown) may be included and operated to vary the output tolight engine107 and/orsignal generator203 to produce varied results.
• In one embodiment,signal generator203 generates a sinusoidal output in the exemplary embodiments, but, in other cases, it may produce a square wave, pulse modulated, amplitude modulated, frequency modulated, or other output form with expected effect on the electromagnetic field, M₁, produced bycoil101. In one preferred embodiment, thegenerator203 provides a square wave that is intermittently interrupted (e.g., every so many pulses (such as 32 pulses) it drops off and then restarts after a pause/interruption to enhance the chaotic effect). In another exemplary implementation,signal generator203 is similar to a conventional clock circuit producing a 60 Hz sinusoidal output coupled tocoil101. Whenmultiple coils101 are used,signal generator203 may be adapted to produce multiple outputs that may be synchronous or asynchronous. It is contemplated that whenpower source201 is coupled to AC mains or a line source that a simple transformer may be used to produce a desired waveform forcoil101 and eliminate need forsignal generator203.
• FIG. 3 andFIG. 4 show an alternative embodiment ofkinematic flame device300 in which a mechanism in accordance with the present invention is embodied in a form factor that is compatible with standard light fixtures with standard light sockets. As such, theembodiment300 shown inFIG. 3 andFIG. 4 enables a screw-in replacement for conventional bulbs that transforms a conventional lighting fixture into a bulb or device with a flickering candle-like flame appearance.FIG. 3 andFIG. 4 show the same embodiment ofdevice300 from perspectives that differ approximately orthogonally. Like numbered elements correspond to similar elements in the two figures. In general, the materials, construction and operation of the embodiment shown inFIG. 3 andFIG. 4 are analogous to that described in reference to the stand-alone candle implementation ofFIG. 1 (e.g., with interaction of magnets and an electrically generated magnetic field used to create a first kinematic motion/displacement that is then passed to a second stage pendulum member via interaction between two permanent magnets).
• Abulb base305 is configured to electrically couple to a light socket such as a standard screw-in type bulb base. However, the invention is readily adapted to other types of bulb bases including two prong press fit, bayonet, candelabra base, miniature screw, and varieties of bases used for halogen and low voltage lighting systems.Housing302 comprises a transparent or translucent material such as plastic or glass and is used to provide the first and second stages described with reference todevice100 ofFIG. 1. Unlike conventional bulbs it is not necessary to maintain reduced pressure within the bulb (within housing302), so a wider variety of materials and construction technology can be used for the present invention as compared to conventional bulb technology. However, it may be desirable in some implementations to contain a gas withinhousing302 or its sidewall(s) or to contain reduced pressure withinbulb302. In such an embodiment ofdevice300, an airtight seal betweenbase305 andhousing302 may be provided. Housing302 (or at least its translucent sidewall(s)) may be coated with a colored film, a fluorescent or phosphorescent film, or other coating either in whole or in part, in a gradient, as well as in a regular or irregular pattern to meet the needs of aparticular application300.
• Although not shown inFIG. 3 andFIG. 4, devices to implement the functionality ofpower source201 andsignal generator203 can be embedded inbase305. A typical embodiment in accordance with the invention uses low power as compared to conventional light bulbs, and the components necessary to implement that functionality can be very small and readily assembled within or integrated withbase305 and coupled to drivecoil301. Lower or firststage pendulum member311 moves about apendulum support312 that extends throughhole313 inmember311. Thependulum member311 has alower magnet314 and anupper magnet315 that are analogous in position, function, composition, and construction to lowermagnet114 andupper magnet115 described in reference toFIG. 1. Operation ofpendulum member311 is analogous to the movement and operation ofpendulum111 shown inFIG. 1, withlower magnet314 being driven by magnetic field, M₁, by coil/components embedded inbase305. A magnetic field, M₂, produced by upper orsecond magnet315 is coupled to alower magnet324 onupper pendulum member321.Upper pendulum321 is attached to or integrated with aflame silhouette325 and operates in a manner akin toupper pendulum121 inFIG. 1 with asupport element322 extending throughhole323 to pivotally mount thependulum member321.
• In operation, alight source307 such as an LED receives power from conductors (not shown) running up frompower supply201 inbase305. These conductors may run along the interior or exterior wall ofhousing302. Light output fromlight source307 is formed into a spot of desired size and directed downward onto a surface of flame silhouette325 (as discussed, for example, with reference to device100) such as with lens/concentrator317. Alternatively, the light output fromlight source307 can be redirected using reflectors formed on the interior surface ofhousing302 so that the light reflects and is directed towardsflame silhouette325 at an angle.Light source307 may also be located inbase305 and directed upward either directly or using reflectors to form a spot on the surface offlame silhouette325. For example, by making the upper end ofhousing302 reflective with a parabolic or other convex shape it will have a focal point which can be adjusted to occur at a location where the light spot is desired. A relatively diffuselight source307 located in the vicinity ofbase305 will transmit diffuse light upward which is then concentrated into a spot occurring atflame silhouette325.
• FIG. 5 andFIG. 6 show an alternative embodiment in which a mechanism/device500 in accordance with the present invention is embodied in a form factor that is compatible with standard light fixtures with standard light sockets, but in which themechanism500 is arranged so that thebase505 is above the kinetic movement mechanism (first and second stage arrangement for transmitting kinetic motion via magnetic field interactions through pivotally mounted pendulum members) that provides driving motion of aflame silhouette element525.FIG. 5 andFIG. 6 show the same embodiment from perspectives that differ approximately orthogonally. Like numbered elements correspond to similar elements inFIG. 5 andFIG. 6. Like the embodiment shown inFIG. 3 andFIG. 4, the embodiments ofFIG. 5 andFIG. 6 desirably enable a screw-in replacement for conventional bulbs that transform a conventional lighting fixture into a flickering candle-like flame appearance. In general, the materials, construction and operation of the embodiment shown inFIG. 5 andFIG. 6 are analogous to that described in reference to the stand-alone candle implementation ofFIG. 1 and the bulb implementations ofFIG. 3 andFIG. 4.
• Abulb base505 is configured to electrically couple to a light socket such as a standard screw in type bulb base, although the invention is readily adapted to other types of bulb bases including two prong press fit, bayonet, candelabra base, miniature screw as well as varieties of bases used for halogen and low voltage lighting systems.Housing502 includes a transparent or translucent material such as plastic or glass. Unlike conventional bulbs, it is not necessary to maintain reduced pressure within thebulb housing502, so a wider variety of materials and construction technology can be used for the present invention as compared to conventional bulb technology. However, it may be desirable in some implementations to contain a gas or to contain reduced pressure withinbulb502 in which case an airtight seal betweenbase505 andhousing502 may be provided.Housing502 may be coated with a colored film, a fluorescent or phosphorescent film, or another coating either in whole or in part, in a gradient, as well as in a regular or irregular pattern to meet the needs of a particular application.
• Devices to implement the functionality ofpower source201 andsignal generator203 may be embedded inbase505 in some embodiments, e.g., to selectively generate driving magnetic field, M₁. Atypical embodiment500 in accordance with the invention uses low power as compared to conventional light bulbs, and the components necessary to implement that functionality can be very small and readily assembled within or integrated withbase505 and coupled to drivecoil501.First stage pendulum511 moves about apendulum support512 extending throughhole513 to pivotally mount orsupport pendulum511. Thependulum511 has a first or “lower”magnet514 and a second or “upper”magnet515 that are analogous in position, function, composition, and construction to lowermagnet114 andupper magnet115 described in reference toFIG. 1, e.g.,first magnet514 interacts with magnetic field, M₁, to create kinetic displacement or motion, D1_Kinetic, ofpendulum511. Operation ofpendulum511 is analogous to the movement and operation ofpendulum111 shown inFIG. 1. A magnetic field, M₂, produced byupper magnet515 is coupled to alower magnet524 onupper pendulum521 to cause it to move chaotically or with kinetic/random displacement or motion, D2_Kinetic.Upper pendulum521 is attached to or integrated with aflame silhouette element525 and operates in a manner akin toupper pendulum121 inFIG. 1 as it is pivotally mounted viahole523 through whichsupport element522 extends.Flame silhouette element525 may include an inverted cone that may be, for example, a hollow blow molded part (e.g., a3D body in this example).
• In operation, alight source507 such as an LED receives power from conductors (not shown) running down from power supply inbase505. These conductors may run along the interior or exterior wall ofhousing302. Light output fromlight source507 is formed, such as by lens/concentrator517, into aspot518 of desired size and directed upward onto a surface offlame silhouette525. Alternatively, the light output fromlight source507 can be redirected using reflectors (not shown) formed on the interior surface ofhousing502 so that the light reflects and is directed towardsflame silhouette525 at an angle.Light source507 may also be located inbase505 and directed downward either directly or using reflectors to form a spot on the surface offlame silhouette element525.
• The present invention is amenable to many variations in implementation to meet the needs of a particular application. The form factor, for example, can be altered to serve as a nightlight, table light, wall sconce, or any form factor where a flickering flame light output is desired. The invention may be applied in fixed and portable outdoor lighting, ceiling mounted fixtures, wall mount fixtures, landscape lighting, holiday lighting, handheld lighting, and the like. Additionally, a number of the kinetic flame elements as shown as100 inFIG. 1 may be driven by a single assembly that includes a signal generator and power source and that may be plugged into a wall socket or other power source.
• Multiple light sources may be used, and the effect in accordance with the present invention may be enhanced by light sources on or in the flame silhouette element to directly emit light in addition to or in place of light projected onto the silhouette element. Other optical elements may be included in the light path from the light source such as scattering devices, reflectors and masks to shape the light source. Similarly, the device housing can be augmented with scattering devices, reflectors, and masks to alter the light reflected from the flame silhouette.
• In one embodiment, thekinetic flame assembly100 is positioned within an outer housing or cup that supports the first andsecond stage housings102,104. These housings may be replaced by a single internal support such as a candle-shaped column that may be useful when the outer housing or cup is formed of optically clear/translucent material such that the “candle” is visible to a user, and the candle-shaped support may have an inner shaft or channel in which thependulums111,121 are supported as shown inFIG. 1 or at some offset, e.g., thesupport123 may be rotated relative to thesupport113 such thesesupports113,123 are not generally parallel but are at some angular offset such as being transverse or even orthogonal when viewed from above or below. In some implementations, the magnetic/ferromagnetic tags/components114,115,124 are provided on the body of thependulums111,121 while in some cases it may be useful to have these extend from the pendulum bodies such as by having a magnet holder that is rigidly or pivotally supported by a bottom portion of theupper pendulum121 or the like. Thelight source107 may be an LED or similar device, and one or more lenses may be positioned between thelight source107 and theflame125 to shape the light108 to achieve a particular effect (e.g., to be about the size and/or shape of the flame125). The cup/outer housing may include a valance above the candle-shaped column to support the light source/lens107 and to also hide these from view from a user (e.g., this valance may be opaque such as with a decorative chrome or other exterior coloring so as to disguise the presence of light source107).
• As discussed above with reference toFIG. 1, the invention can be implemented as a unitary, single stage body instead of using two stages as shown inFIG. 1. Generally, this may be achieved by removing thefirst stage103 from theassembly100.FIG. 7 shows a cut-away perspective view of a single stage embodiment of akinetic flame device700 in accordance with the present invention that resembles a conventional wax candle such as a pillar, taper, container candle, votive, tea light and the like depending on the scale and dimensions of the particular application. In thedevice700, asingle pendulum member121 is provided with a magnet (or ferrous member)124 on one end (the lower end) and with aflame silhouette element125 on the other end (or upper end). This device may derive more of its motion from the nature of the varying electromagnetic field, M₁, and, as a result, thedevice100 may benefit from a more complex EM field anddriver101. However, thedevice100 may be useful for providing a more robust and less expensive assembly.
• As with thedevice100, adrive mechanism101 is provided that acts to create a time-varying magnetic field, M₁. Drive mechanism101 at the base of the embodiment inFIG. 1 includes a wound wire coil, for example. In some embodiments, permanent magnets (not shown) may be integrated in, placed on the surface of, or otherwise placed in proximity tocoil101 to provide a static magnetic field that is cumulative with the time varying electromagnetic field produced whencoil101 is energized (as shown inFIG. 2). Although asingle coil101 is shown inFIG. 7 (and as discussed with reference toFIG. 1), it is contemplated that two or more independently or synchronously energized coils may also be used that are distributed symmetrically or asymmetrically about a central axis of the candle device (e.g., an axis that extends upward through thesingle stage housing104 and in some cases through pendulums or pendulum member121).
• In operation,coil101 is energized by a time-varying electric current to produce a time-varying magnetic field, M₁, in the vicinity ofcoil101. In some embodiments, core material is used to focus and direct the magnetic field that is produced and to alter the power requirements for the operation of the present invention. In the same or other embodiments, permanent magnets are used in or near thecoil101 to superimpose a static magnetic field on top of the time-varying field, M₁, created by energizingcoil101. The additional static magnetic field may be used to alter power requirements as well as to selectively modify or define the shape of the magnetic field, M₁, in the vicinity ofcoil101.
• Thesingle stage105 serves to translate the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁, produced bycoil101 into kinetic motion, D1_Kinetic. Thestage105 is positioned such that at least its base is within the electromagnetic field, M₁, produced fromcoil101 and elements withinsingle stage105 are magnetically coupled tocoil101 when its electromagnetic field, M₁, is present. Specifically, amagnet124 positioned or mounted at a lower end of pendulum or singlestage pendulum member121 is within the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁. Magnet124 is preferably a small permanent magnet with sufficient magnetic field strength to be moved in response to either repulsive or attractive forces resulting from interaction with the time varying electromagnetic field, M₁, produced bycoil101 such that thependulum member121 is displaced in a random or kinetic manner as shown with arrows D1_Kinetic. For example, thependulum member121 may have an elongate body such as a thin planar design with a rectangular, elliptical, or other shape that may be formed of plastic or other non-ferrous material (e.g., a plastic rectangle with a width of about 0.25 to 2 inch width, a length of about 0.5 to 4 inches, and a thickness of 0.2 inches or less). The displacement, D1_Kinetic, may vary widely to practice the invention but may be a random pattern with movements of up to 0.5 inches or more in any direction from an original or at rest position.
• Single stage housing104 may be generally tubular in shape with a sidewall defining an interior space or void for containing thependulum member121 and an interaction space or area for the magnetic field/forces, M₁, and themagnet124 ofpendulum member121. Thehousing104 may have a sidewall formed of plastic, glass, ceramic, molded epoxy, or other material that can be formed into a desired shape for the particular application.Single stage105 generally serves to translate the magnetic field/forces, M1, (that cause its lower end via magnet/ferrous tag124 to move chaotically) into kinetic energy or motion of flame silhouette element orextension125.
• Single stage pendulum member (or flame body)121, which is slightly shorter than the length ofhousing104, is pivotally mounted via apivot hole122 on apendulum support element123, e.g., a rigid or semi-rigid wire or the like in some embodiments with a lower supporting portion or area in the center of theelement123. Thesupport element123 is mounted at each end to the sidewall of thehousing104. The magnet124 (similar in composition, size, and alignment to the first orlower magnet114 of the firststage pendulum member111 and second orupper magnet115 of the first stage pendulum member as described hereinbefore with regard toFIG. 1) is mounted at a lower (or first) portion or end ofpendulum member121.Magnet124 is positioned so as to be magnetically coupled to or influenced by magnetic field or forces, M₁. The magnetic coupling, M₁, is preferably repulsive, but it may also be attractive or a mix between attractive and repulsive coupling. For example, in one useful implementation, the magnetic couplings are attractive, and gravity is used to bring the pendulum members back to a central or neutral position. In use, the coil in such a case may provide a donut shaped magnetic field such that attractive magnetic coupling provides an auto-start upon power up as it moves the nearby pendulum away from the neutral position.
• Flame silhouette element125 includes a flat or dimensional body of material preferably formed with a flame-shaped outline or peripheral pattern.Flame silhouette element125 extends outward from an edge or side of the upper (or second) portion/end of the secondstage pendulum member121.Element125 may include a sheet of material such as paper or plastic and/or is formed of the same or differing material as the body ofpendulum member121.Flame silhouette element125 may be two dimensional or a distorted sheet material that extends in three dimensions, or may be a fully three dimensional object. The mass and air resistance offlame silhouette125 adds to the mass and air resistance ofpendulum121 and so its configuration is typically taken into consideration when locatingpivot hole122 relative to the upper or second end of thependulum member121.
• In operation, the extent or magnitude of motion or kinetic displacement of the lower end ofpendulum121 is greater than the extent of motion of the upper end ofpendulum121 to a degree determined by the position ofhole122 relative to the edge of the upper portion of pendulum121 (e.g., the kinetic displacement, D1_Kinetic, has a larger component in the lower or first end/portion of thependulum121 than in the upper or second end/portion of thependulum121 such as 2 to 4 times as much movement or the like in the lower or first end/portion). In some embodiments,pivot hole122 is provided at a location comparable to the base of a wick in a combustion candle (e.g., 0.1 to 1 inch or more below upper lip or edge of the second stage housing104).
• Gravity tends to returnpendulum121 to an upright position whereas the magnetic influence, M₁, continuously perturbspendulum121 and inhibits a steady state return to the upright position. Air resistance acting on the surface area ofpendulum member121 andflame silhouette element125 damps the motion, D1_Kinetic, ofpendulum member121. Accordingly, the size and shape ofpendulum member121 can be altered to provide the speed and degree of kinetic movement, D1_Kinetic, desired for a particular application or embodiment ofdevice700. Thedevice700 may include aflame silhouette element125 that is shaped as a simple geometrical shape such as a triangle, circle, or arbitrary shape to produce a desirable effect while the illustratedelement125 has a shape or peripheral pattern similar to a candle or solitary flame.
• In theparticular implementation700 ofFIG. 7, aspotlight107 mounted aboveflame silhouette125 is aimed to direct light108 toward theelement125 to produce a spot of light127 on the surface offlame silhouette element125. One or morelight sources107 may be used, and, when used, the multiple light sources may be aligned so that their produced spots oflight127 are aligned with each other in the vicinity ofsilhouette element125 even assilhouette element125 moves in normal operation with the kinetic movement, D1_Kinetic, of singlestage pendulum member121. Assilhouette element125 moves in space with kinetic displacement, D1_Kinetic, ofpendulum member121, its angle with respect tolight source107 continuously changes and, in response or concurrently, the intensity of the reflected light changes in a complex, kinetic manner.
• In the above description, it was explained that it may be useful in some embodiments or applications to have the light source project upward (or from within the device body or housing interior) onto the flame silhouette element. It was also discussed that some embodiments may utilize additional magnet elements to shape or alter the movements of the pendulum elements such as by providing permanent magnets near thedrive mechanism101 or by placing magnets at one or more locations within the interior of thehousings102,104. Briefly, some embodiments may include a pillar-style or bulb-style kinetic flame device where the flame member is lit from below (or from within the housing). A downside of such an implementation may be blow by of light that is visible from above, but, for a wall sconce or lighting that is above the viewer, such from-below lighting may provide a useful or even more pleasing effect.
• FIG. 8 illustrates akinetic flame device800 that includes components similar to those shown in thedevice100 ofFIG. 1 but modified to utilize a from-below or in-housing lighting assembly807 and to also include side-mounted (or interior-placed)magnetic elements840,842 to alter the movement of theupper pendulum member121. In some embodiments, only one of these two new aspects may be utilized and the number or specific location of these components may be varied to practice the device800 (e.g., only use onemagnet840,842 or use more magnets, place the magnets either higher or lower in thehousing104 or withinhousing102, use more than onelight source808, use thelight source808 in combination with thelight source107 ofFIG. 1, and so on).
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 8, thedevice800 lightsflame silhouette element125 from below (or from the interior space defined byhousings102,104) using alighting assembly807 that is mounted within the interior space ofhousings102,104. Thelighting assembly807 includes a lighting source808 (such as a monochromatic LED or multiple color LED or the like) that is mounted on the inner surface of first stage housing102 (but may, in some embodiments, be placed apart from the housing sidewall or in second stage housing104). Thelighting source808 projects light809 upward (e.g., in a funnel or light source housing as shown) where it is focused in this embodiment bylens810 to providefocused light811, which may be focused to provide a beam(s) oflight811 about the size/shape of spot127 (e.g., smaller in size than about the size/shape ofelement125 to limit blow by out of the device800).
• Thelighting assembly807 may also include a reflector ormirror814 that is configured to reflect or redirect the light811 as shown at815 on to theelement125 to provideilluminated spot127. Themirror814 may be positioned near the top of thesecond stage housing104 such that the light815 is striking theflame silhouette element125 at an incidence angle that is nearer orthogonal to further limit blow by such as at an angle over 45 degrees such as 60 to 80 or more degrees. In some embodiments, though, themirror814 is not included and the light811 is focused by thelens810 directly onto theelement125.
• In addition to the drive mechanism101 (e.g., an EM coil) providing time-varying magnetic field, M₁, thekinetic flame device800 includesmagnets840,842 positioned within the interior ofdevice800 defined byhousings102,104. As shown, themagnets840,842 are side-mounted magnets (e.g., permanent magnets, electromagnetic devices, or the like) that generate magnetic fields M₃and M₄to effect the kinetic movements, D2_Kineticof theupper pendulum member121. Themagnets840,842 may be affixed to the inner surfaces ofsecond stage housing104 proximate to the lower end of thependulum121 and magnetic member orferrous tag124.
• Themagnets840,842 may be positioned opposite each other as shown or offset to achieve a desired result. In some embodiments, the magnetic fields, M₃and M₄, are of equal strength but in opposite directions such that the magnetic fields, M₃and M₄, both act to similarly repel (or attract) themagnet124, which may have a north (or south) pole facing onemagnet840 and a south (or north) pole facing anothermagnet842. In this manner, the kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, may be dampened (or amplified) when compared to its magnitude in response only to magnetic field, M₂. In other embodiments, three or more magnets are positioned on the inner surfaces or in the interior ofhousing104 to create a desired movement, D2_Kinetic, ofupper pendulum121 andflame element125, with the strength of the magnets being similar in some cases and differing in others. In other embodiments, asingle magnet840 or842 is used in thedevice800. Themagnets840,842 may be permanent magnets in some embodiments while others may utilize electromagnetic coils similar to that used fordrive mechanism101 such that the fields, M₃and/or M₄, may be varied over time and/or turned completely on or off to change the movement, D2_Kinetic.
• As shown, thekinetic flame device800 includesmagnets840,842 on sides of a candle body such as onsecond stage housing104. The inclusion ofmagnets840,842 creates static magnetic fields, M₃and M₄, when themagnets840,842 are permanent magnets or a non-time varying EM device is used. The static magnetic field(s) can be used to aid the chaos and to interact with the dynamic magnetic field, M₂. Static magnets840,842 may be shaped (or selected so as) to produce a shaped magnetic field, M₃and M₄, to more effectively dampen, heighten, or otherwise modify the magnitude of the kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, or its chaotic nature (e.g., make the movement, D2_Kinetic, more unpredictable). The use of permanent magnets formagnets840,842 may allow thedrive mechanism101 to only be operated periodically such as to initiate kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, followed by a period where movement, D2_Kinetic, is only caused by the momentum of thependulum121 and fields, M₃and M₄, on magnet/tag124. After a period of time, thedrive mechanism101 may be restarted to bring kinetic movement, D2_Kinetic, back up to some desired maximum amount and thedrive mechanism101 then shut down again (and this process repeated on a regular or irregular cycle).
• FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate a particular implementation of a kineticflame effect device900, withFIG. 9 showing thedevice900 in an operating or on mode andFIG. 10 showing the device in a non-operating or off mode. Thedevice900 makes use of components ofdevice100 ofFIG. 1 anddevice800 ofFIG. 8, and these components have like numbers. For example, thedevice900 includes first andsecond stage housings102,104 that may be provided as a unitary, cylindrical structure as shown and are used to define an interior space or volume for containing the lower or firststage pendulum member111 onsupport113 and upper or secondstage pendulum member121 on support123 (which may be part of flame refraction bar or member974). Also, thedevice900 includes adrive mechanism101 with power source orbattery902 driving or poweringcoil904 to selectively produce time-varying magnetic field, M₁, which movespendulum111 chaotically (which then uses magnetic field, M₂, to couple withpendulum121 and cause it andflame silhouette element125 to move chaotically on support123).
• Thedevice900 further includes an outer casing orcandle body950 to support and hide the other working components/parts of thedevice900. Theouter casing950 includes atubular sidewall952 that supports thedrive mechanism101 and ahousing102/104 platform such that thestage housings102 and104 are centrally positioned within thecasing950. Thehousings102 and104 extend upward from thedrive mechanism101 toward a candle top or cover954 that may have irregular sidewalls (as shown) simulating melted wax of a conventional wax candle and further include a planar portion with a centrally located opening orhole955 through which theflame silhouette element125 may extend. In this manner, of the kinetically moving components, only theflame silhouette element125 extends outward from thecasing950 and is readily visible by a viewer.
• Thedevice900, as shown fordevice800, includes a light assembly orengine807 positioned within thecasing sidewall952 to illuminate a surface orside916 of theflame element125 from below or from within the casing950 (e.g., from above if a bulb implementation as shown inFIGS. 5 and 6). Thelight engine807 includes an LED or otherlight source808 operable (as shown) to generate light809 that is focused bylens810 to provide focused light811 to illuminate a spot or all/most offlame silhouette element125 as it moves withpendulum element121 in response to varying magnetic field, M₂. The hole/opening955 may be sized and shaped to allow the light811 to reach theelement125, but small enough that blow by is controlled or limited.
• The hole/opening955 may also purposely block all or portions of the light811 in a range of positions of theelement125 to further vary lighting ofelement125 to cause more of a flickering light effect (e.g., such as to at least partially block light811 when thesilhouette element125 moves “forward” or to the left from a vertical position as shown inFIG. 9). Hence, theflame element125 may be more dimly lit (or unlit) in one third to half of its range of movement and brightly lit in the other half to two thirds of its range of movement.
• Thedevice900 is also adapted to allow theflame silhouette element125 to be retracted below thecover954 and an unlit wick to be displayed when thedevice900 is turned off (or no power is provided to thecoil101 and LED/light source808 (as shown inFIG. 10)).FIG. 9 illustrates thedevice900 with a cover/cap assembly980 removed from thecasing950. In this position, the retractingassembly970 usesspring972 onsecond stage housing104 to swing the retraction/positioning bar974 to an up or raised position where a trailing end or stop may contact the outer sidewall of housing104 (as shown). A slot (not shown) may be provided in the sidewall ofhousing104 to allow thebar974 to move through a range of movement between the up/raised position shown inFIG. 9 and the down/retracted position shown inFIG. 10. Thesupport member123 for theflame element125 may be provided as an integral portion of thebar974, with thebar974 being linked to (or formed with) the return/positioning spring972.
• When thedevice900 is turned off, the cover/cap assembly980 may be used to manually retract theflame element125 and cover/plug the hole/opening955 of thecasing950. Thecap assembly980 includes an elongatedcylindrical body982 formed with a sidewall that may extend only part way about circumference so as to leave an opening for receiving theflame element125 and/orpendulum member121 and retraction bar974 (e.g., similar in shape to many tent/camping stakes or the like). Thecap assembly980 also includes a cap ortop portion984 extending orthogonally out frombody982, and awick986 extending upward or vertically fromcap984. Thecap assembly980 is manually positionable as shown witharrow981 inFIG. 9 to be inserted into (or removed from) thecasing950.
• When thecap body982 is inserted into thehole955, its tip or end contacts theretraction bar974 and pushes thebar974 downward or into thehousing104. This causes the spring/hinge972 to rotate973 about its axis or mounting locations onhousing104. As theretraction bar974 is moved into thehousing104, thependulum121 also is pushed into thehousing104, which causes the attachedflame element125 to be pulled through the hole955 (or at least partially as it may be desirable for at least a tip or portion of theflame element125 to extend out of thehole955 to avoid binding upon removal of cap assembly980). As shown, thecap984 has its sides or edges abutting the sides of opening955 to provide relatively tight/press fit intotop954 ofcasing950. In this position, thewick986 is visible on the top954 so as to appear as an unlit wick as found in conventional wax candles rather than an unlit flame element125 (which may diminish the overall candle simulation). The retracting functionality is manual in thedevice900 and thecap assembly980 is removable, but, in other embodiments, thecap assembly980 is automatically positioned upon powering off of thedrive101 and is retained when not used in thecasing950 such as opposite thelight assembly807.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a particular implementation of an upper pendulum member (or single stage pendulum member)1121 that may be used in thedevices100,700,800, and900. The body of themember1121 is hour glass in shape. Themember1121 includes a lower, wider portion1122 that contains the magnet/ferrous tag124, a narrowermiddle portion1123, and an upperwider portion1124 that may provide the flame silhouette element illuminated by a light engine. Thesupport hole122 may be provided in themiddle portion1123 or in the end of the lower, wider portion1122 near themiddle portion1123. The thickness of theelement1121 may be relatively constant throughout in some embodiments or be varied, e.g., to provide a thicker and heavier lower, wider portion1122. In some cases, the upper,wider portion1124 that provides the flame silhouette element is concave and/or includes a recessedsurface1125 to provide a more desirable light receiving surface (e.g., to provide a curved portion to receive/reflect light from a light engine/source).
• In some embodiments, it may be desirable to simulate a scented candle. In such cases, a scent reservoir or solid scent component (not shown) may be positioned within thehousing102 or incasing sidewall952. The scent may be released more rapidly when the kinetic flame device such asdevice900 is operating as waste heat from thedrive mechanism101 may be used to heat the scent reservoir/component. In other words, the scent component may be positioned on or near the drive mechanism platform or near the coil such that when these components become warmer they also heat the scent component to more rapidly release scented fumes. The scented fumes may also be disseminated by movements of the pendulum members such as lower andupper pendulums111,121 with their kinetic movements, D1_Kineticand D2_{Kinetic, fanning the scented fumes about and upward out of the housing 102, 104.}
• As discussed above, some embodiments of kinetic flame effect devices may utilize two, three, or more light sources to achieve a desired flame animation or simulation.FIG. 17 illustrates one such embodiment of adevice1700 that includes a first light source orengine807 and a second light source orengine1707. Thedevice1700 may be considered a modification of thedevices800 and/or900 ofFIGS. 8-10 such that similar elements are labeled with like numbers. In other case, the components ofdevice1700 such as thelight engine controller1750 may be used in theflame effect devices100,300, and/or500. Generally, thedevice1700 is useful for providing two ormore lighting assemblies807,1707 (such as LEDs) that allow an improved illumination of the flame paper orpendulum member121 to better or differently simulate a real flame.
• For example, thedevice1700 may be operated throughcontroller1750 to vary the intensity (brighter/dimmer) of one or both of the lighting assemblies orengines807,1707 or to turn one or both of theengines807,1707 off (alternating which is on/off, for example) to create a chaotic lighting of the movingflame element125 ofpendulum member121. The addition of thesecond lighting assembly1707 also achieves a desirable effect by lighting bothsides1733,1735 of the body ofpendulum121. In some cases, one or both of thelighting assemblies807,1707 includes an LED or otherlight source808,1708 that is capable of changing colors and thecontroller1750 may control this color changing to achieve a desired coloring of theflame element125 or of the light reflected from itssurfaces1733,1735.
• As shown, thedevice1700 lightsflame silhouette element125 from below (or from an interior space defined by a housing such ashousings102,104 or950) using afirst lighting assembly807 and also asecond lighting assembly1707. Theseassemblies807,1707 may both be mounted within the interior spaces of a housing on opposite sides of the housing's interior walls or in other positions to lightopposite sides1733,1735 of theflame silhouette125 ofpendulum member121. In some embodiments, though, one or both of theassemblies807,1707 is positioned to light thesilhouette125 from above and/or to cause light811,1711 to strike asame side1733 or1735 (which may be flat/planar or concave).
• Thelight assemblies807,1707 each are shown to include alighting source808,1708 that projects light809,1709 that is focused or diffused bylens810,1710 to provide light811,1711 that is projected uponopposite surfaces1733,1735 offlame silhouette125. Each of thelight sources808,1708 may be LEDs. TheLEDs808,1708 may be of the same color, e.g., a monochromatic LED, or may be different in color, which may be useful in cases where the body of flame element/silhouette125 is at least partially translucent (e.g., up to about half (or more) of the light811,1711 is transmitted through the material of the element125) to mix the colors of the twolight streams811,1711.
• In other cases, one or both of thelight sources808,1708 is a bi-color or multi-color source such as an LED capable of providing light809,1709 of two or more colors. In these cases, thesources808,1708 may be controlled or operated to switch between the colors to vary the color of the illumination ofsurface1733,1735 over time. For example, thesource808 and/or1708 may be a bi-color LED that has any two of yellow, orange, or red (or other colors that may even include blue, green, white, purple, turquoise, or the like, which may be flickered more briefly to achieve a particular coloring/lighting effect) LEDs housed near thelens810,1710, and each of these colored LEDs may be selectively used to provide light809,1709. In other cases, one or bothlight sources808,1708 may be a multi-color LED light bulb that can transition in response to control/driver signals1766,1767 through a plurality of color (and brightness) combinations (e.g., thecontroller1750 can select an individual color or brightness forlight809,1710 (which may be the same or different at any particular operating time of device1700)).
• Further, it is typically preferable that the brightness or intensity of the light809,1709 may be controlled by thecontroller1750 over time to vary the lighting of thesurfaces1733,1735. For example, one or both ofsources808,1708 may be switched between on and off (e.g., to flicker or flash or pop). Also, thesources808,1708 may be selectively operated to have other brightness transition effects such as strobing, fading in and out in a smooth manner from a minimum (or first) intensity to a maximum (or second) intensity, and the like.
• To provide these varying lighting effects, thedevice1700 is further shown to include alight engine controller1750 that is connected to thesources808,1708 to provide driving orcontrol signals1766,1767 (or may be connected to LED drivers or the like to affect such control overassemblies807,1707). Thecontroller1750 is shown to include a processor1752 (e.g., a microchip or the like) and a power supply1754 (which may be the same or different from that used to drivesources808,1708). Theprocessor1752 manages memory1756 of thecontroller1750, which may contain aflame lighting program1760. Thecontroller1750 typically is contained within the housing with thelighting assemblies807,1707 (such as within the base of a housing proximate to a power source such as a battery).
• Theprogram1760 may take the form of code or software in nearly any programming language that is executed by theprocessor1752 to cause it to selectively transmitcontrol signals1766,1767 to drive or operate thelight sources808,1708. For example, theprogram1760 may include a simulation algorithm(s)1764 that is useful for simulating or emulating a real flame withlight809,1709 by causing thecontroller1750 to issuesignals1766,1767. In some embodiments, thecontroller1750 may be replaced with or include manual controls that allow an operator to manually tune the color and/or intensity of thelight sources808,1708 or to select among algorithms1764 (e.g., a rapidly flickering candle, a dim and slowly moving flame, a bright and larger flame effect, and so on).
• In one embodiment, thependulum member121 and itsflame element125 take the form of a sheet of Mylar (e.g., BoPET) or the like that is colored (e.g., plum or the like). Such a metalized film providesreflective surfaces1733,1735 that reflect received light811,1711 to a viewer or observer of the kineticflame effect device1700 in a desirable manner. In this or other embodiments, thesimulation algorithm1764 acts to randomly (or seemingly randomly) transition at least the intensity/brightness of one and, more preferably, bothsources808,1708 over time.
• Typically, one or bothsources808,1708 provideslight809,1709 of two or more colors and the control signals1766,1767 are generated bycontroller1750 to switch the color oflight809,1709 over time, too, such as transition between orange and white over time. The transitions ofsources808,1708 may occur concurrently or these transitions may differ over time. For example, thesource1708 may be providing alight1709 of a first color varying based on a first transition pattern (e.g., rapid flickering white or light blue light) while thesource808 is operated withsignals1766 to provide a light809 of second and third colors that vary based on a second transition pattern (e.g., a slow fade in and out between yellow and red).
• In the above examples of kinetic flame effect devices, the chaos engine or drive mechanism was described as being configured to provide a time-varying electromagnetic field. For example, thedrive mechanism101 in theflame effect device100 ofFIG. 1 created a time-varying magnetic field, M₁, that interacted with the lower or firststage pendulum member111 in thefirst stage housing102. In such embodiments, thedrive mechanism101 was typically described as including a coil with or without a magnetic core that was operated to provide the magnetic field, M₁.
• In other embodiments, however, it may be useful or desirable to replace or supplement such a drive mechanism with one or more differing drive mechanisms or chaos engines that are used to move a pendulum member in a chaotic manner that creates the kinetic flame effect described above. Specifically, thedrive mechanism101 of thedevices100,300,500,700,800,900 may be replaced with one or more of the chaos engines or drive mechanism described below.
• Each drive mechanism being described in relation to a schematic figure of the mechanism, with the understanding that the drive mechanism may be contained within the housing of thedevice100,300,500,700,800, or900 so as to be positioned proximate to a particular pendulum member to impart a chaotic or kinetic movement in the pendulum member. For example, the drive mechanism1201 shown inFIG. 12 may be provided within thesidewall952 of thedevice900 in place of (or in addition to) thedrive mechanism101 so as to selectively drive movement oflower pendulum member111 to create magnetic field, M₂, to moveupper pendulum member121. Hence, the following discussion concentrates mainly upon the drive mechanism components rather than repeating discussions of the arrangement of the pendulum members, the selective lighting of flame silhouette elements, and other components of the overall kinetic flame effect devices that would work in cooperation with the following drive mechanisms to provide useful kinetic flame devices.
• FIG. 12 illustrates a drive mechanism1201 that may be used in any of the kinetic flame effect devices described herein, and the drive mechanism1201 may be considered to be a fan or airflow-based chaos engine. To this end, the drive mechanism1201 includes a housing support afan1204, and thefan1204 is used to move thependulum111 withairflow1210 rather than with a magnetic field (e.g., the field, M1, is removed and the pendulum such aspendulum111 would not need the lower magnetic coupling member114). Thefan1204 has ablade1206 that can be rotated as shown at1209 at a particular rate or fan speed, n (e.g., a particular number of revolutions per minute (RPM)) by amotor1208. Themotor1208 is in turn operated or controlled by afan controller1214. The drive mechanism1201 is positioned in a housing of a flame effect device (such asdevice100 ofFIG. 1) so as to provide itsoutput airflow1210 to flow over a pendulum member of the device. Thelower pendulum member111 is shown inFIG. 12 (as well as the following figures), but the drive mechanism1201 may also be used to chaotically move other pendulum members such asmembers311,511,121 (ofFIG. 7).
• To this end, theoutput airflow1210 has a volume flow rate, Q (e.g., cubic feet per minute (CFM)) that causes thependulum member111 to move. To create chaotic movement ofmember111 onsupport113, thefan controller1214 may use a counter/oscillator circuit, a switching circuit, and the like to change the fan speeds, n, to createairflows1210 with varying volumetric flow rates, Q, over an operating period of a device including the drive mechanism1201. The changes in the fan speed, n, typically will be done in rather irregular or random manner so as to cause themember111 to move chaotically rather than to become fixed in differing positions or to move in a predictable manner. Thefan controller1214 may also turn themotor1208 on and off to vary theoutput flow1210 to cause the movement of thependulum member111 to be more chaotic (or to achieve a desired flame effect or movement of a magnetically coupledmember121 to move in response to kinetic movement, D1, of member111).
• FIG. 13 illustrates another fan-baseddrive mechanism1301 that may be utilized in kinetic flame effect devices. Themechanism1301 may be thought of as a modified version of drive1201, and like components are numbered similarly and not described in detail again here. Specifically, thedrive mechanism1301 includes afan1204 that may use a fan controller1214 (e.g., one with switch circuitry) to change fan speeds, n, over time to create a varying (chaotic) flow rates, Q, of thefan output airflow1210. Further, though, thedrive mechanism1301 includes anairflow direction assembly1330 with one, two, or more vanes/louvers (or wind directors)1332 that may be mounted onelements1333 so as to be fixed or moved/pivoted. Thevanes1332 may be a combination of movable and fixed onmounts1333 in some cases to create a desiredflow1338. In some cases, the movement ofvanes1332 is in response toairflow1210 while in other cases motors and controllers (not shown) are provided indrive1301 to selectively position the vanes/directors1332 to vary and control theairflow1338.
• Theairflow direction assembly1330 uses its vanes/directors1332 to redirect theairflow1210 to provide redirecteddriving airflow1338 that contacts and moves thependulum member111 in a chaotic manner. The use of thedirectors1332 may allow thefan controller1214 to run themotor1208 at fewer varying speeds, n, or even a constant speed, n, and still provide achaotic driving airflow1338. However, in some embodiments, the fan controller will still change the fan speeds, n, and/or turn themotor1208 on and off over time to varying the volumetric flow rate, Q, of thefan output airflow1210 to create more unpredictable movement of themember111.
• In other embodiments, the drive mechanism may manually move the pendulum member through repeated contacts or striking of the lower end of its body. For example, a paddle wheel type drive mechanism may be provided with paddles or strikers that contact a lower end of the pendulum member to cause it to pivot on its support member. To obtain a more chaotic movement, the paddles/strikers may purposely not be equally spaced apart about the circumference or periphery of the wheel (e.g., differing angular offsets between adjacent paddles/strikers). Further, the paddles/strikers may be of differing lengths so as to contact the pendulum member at different times and with differing forces/effects. Still further, chaotic and kinetic movement of the pendulum member may be achieved by having the paddles/strikers contact the pendulum member at differing locations along its width. This can be achieved by having paddles/strikers that are not as wide as the pendulum member (e.g., smaller diameter pins or rods) that strike the pendulum surface at center, off-center to the right (at one or more offset distances), and off-center to the left (at one or more offset distances), which will cause the pendulum member to not only move in the direction of rotation of the wheel but also to twist or pivot relative to the support member (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the pendulum member based on the offset). Still further, chaotic movement may be caused by varying the speed and/or direction of rotation of the wheel.
• FIGS. 14A and 14B provide side and front views of a paddle wheel-type drive mechanism1401. Thedrive mechanism1401 includes ahousing1403, which may be supported in a kinetic flame effect device housing so as to position thedrive mechanism1401 proximate to an end of a pendulum member such asmember111 as shown. Thedrive mechanism1401 includes amotor1402 that is selectively operated by a motor controller1404 (e.g., at particular rotation speeds and directions). Themotor1402 rotates adrive shaft1407 to rotate awheel1406 in one or two directions as shown witharrow1408.
• Significantly, thewheel1406 includes a plurality of paddles or strikers that contact the edge or end of the body of thependulum member111 causing it to have kinetic movement, D1_Kinetic. To achieve chaotic movement, thewheel1406 may be rotated1408 in differing directions and at differing speeds bymotor1402 and itscontroller1404. Further, though, a number of the paddles/strikers may have differing lengths and/or be at differing angular offsets from each other. For example, it may be preferably to unequally space the paddles about the periphery or circumference to thewheel1406 to change the timing of contacts or strikes onpendulum member111 even at a constant rotation rate of thewheel1406.
• Also, the rods/strikers may have differing lengths. This is shown with paddles/strikers1410,1412,1414, which are shown to have three lengths, L1, L2, and L3. The first length, L₁, ofrod1410 is long enough to allow therod1410 to strike the pendulum member111 (at least at the lowest or most proximate position of themember111 such as hanging straight down or up) but so as to be shorter than the second length, L₂, ofrod1412. Likewise, the third length, L₃, ofrod1414 is longer such that thispaddle1414 may strike thependulum member111 even when it has been moved or swung through a relatively large angle onsupport member113. The threerods1410,1412,1414 are shown as being equidistally separated onwheel1406 but may be spaced apart at unequal angular offsets as shown with other paddles/strikers on wheel1406 (e.g.,paddle1410 may be at an offset of 15 degrees frompaddle1412 which may at an offset of 30 degrees frompaddle1414 or the like). The variance in the lengths of thepaddles1410,1412,1414 and their relative positioning about the periphery ofwheel1406 may be varied widely to practice the invention and to achieve a desired movement of thependulum member111 with the important aspect being that variance in rotation speed, spacing of the paddles, length of the paddles, and other factors being useful for achieving an irregular or chaotic movement of the pendulum member111 (e.g., one similar to that achieved with time-varying magnetic field, M₁).
• To increase the chaotic characteristics of kinetic movement, D1_Kinetic, the paddles/strikers may be arranged on thewheel1406 so as to strike thependulum member111 at differing locations (i.e., not all at the center of the body of member111).FIG. 14B shows that the paddles/strikers1410,1412,1414 may take the form of rods or pins each having a diameter that is smaller than the width of the body of thependulum member111. Further, thepaddles1410,1412,1414 are spaced apart at differing locations along the support or mounting surface of thewheel1406. As shown, thepaddle1410 is centrally located so as to strike the body of thependulum member111 near or at the center point between edges/sides1461,1463. In contrast,paddle1412 is offset a distance from thepaddle1410 towards an edge of the mounting surface of thewheel1406 so as to strike the body ofpendulum member111 nearedge1463 whilepaddle1414 is offset a distance from thepaddle1410 in the other direction toward another edge of the mounting surface of thewheel1406 so as to strike the body ofpendulum member111 nearedge1461. In this manner, thependulum member111 is moved in more than just two directions (along support113) but is also caused to rotate about its support point.
• Thedrive mechanism1401 provides a drive process in which a motor moves a wheel and the moving wheel (or rods attached to it) hit the bottom of the pendulum member (or flame element in some cases) at various times. The contact times are determined based on the differing lengths of the paddles or rods that are placed at various points along the circumference of the wheel's circumference, and these varying contacts and irregularly timed intervals cause chaotic movement of the pendulum member. The wheel movement can be reversed to change directions (counterclockwise to clockwise and vice versa) and the wheel can be rotated at differing speeds by motor controller. Further, the wheel may rotate fully or may simply move back and forth (e.g., rotate1408 the rod/shaft1407 from a first angular position to a second angular position such as through 90 to 180 degrees or more). The paddles/strikers (such aspaddles1410,1412,1414) may be thin pin-like rods with small diameters that hit the pendulum member (e.g., faux paper flame bottom) on the left, middle, or right side to move it angularly on the support member and also causing the body to rotate as well (e.g., to cause a light receiving surface of a flame silhouette to move in three dimensions to appear to flicker as a real flame would). In some cases, thewheel drive mechanism1401 is modified to include the fan-baseddrive mechanism1301 to achieve desired movement of thependulum member111.
• With the use of thedrive mechanism1401, thependulum member111 is not required to include the magnetic coupling member orelement114. However, there may be applications where it is desired to avoid or reduce physical contact between the paddles or strikers (such asstrikers1410,1412,1414) and thependulum member111 and to rely again on interaction with a magnetic field. To this end,FIGS. 15A and 15B provide two schematic views of a chaos engine ordrive mechanism1501 that may be thought of as a modified version ofmechanism1401 to include magnetic coupling members on the ends of the paddles/strikers to magnetically interact with a magnetic coupling member on an end of the pendulum member.
• Specifically, thependulum member111 is shown to include the magnetic coupling member orelement114, which may be a permanent magnet or ferrous tag or the like as discussed above. Each of (or a subset of) the paddles onwheel1406 include magnetic coupling members (such as a permanent magnet when thecoupling member114 is a ferrous tag or magnet or a ferrous tag when themember114 is a permanent magnet). For example,paddle1410 is shown to include amagnetic coupling member1511 near its end (or portion that contacts or nearlycontacts pendulum member111 and its coupling member114),paddle1412 is shown to include a magnetic coupling member1513 near its end, andpaddle1414 is shown to include amagnetic coupling member1515 near its end.
• Then, as thepaddles1410,1412,1414 rotate withwheel1406 to be positioned near thependulum member111, a driving magnetic field/magnetic interaction, M₁, is created that causes thependulum member111 to have chaotic motion, D1_Kinetic. In this embodiment, the coupling or interaction is typically repulsive so as to move thependulum111 away from approaching paddles/strikers1410,1412,1414 but without actual physical contact (as was case for drive mechanism1401). When thecoupling members1511,1513,1515 are permanent magnets these magnets may have the same or differing strengths to further cause chaotic movement, and, in some cases, the pole direction may vary among the coupling members/vanes to move the pendulum member with alternating or varying magnetic fields, M1 (attractive, repulsive, repulsive, attractive, or any other desired pattern of varying field direction).
• As with themechanism1401, the paddles may be spaced apart at differing angular offsets, the paddles may have one, two, or more lengths, the paddles may be spaced apart from the center of the wheel so as to rotate thependulum member111, and the motor may rotate the wheel in one or two directions at one, two, or more speeds that may be varied over time. The moving wheel may have magnets of various powers on the vanes/paddles thus moving the pendulum member (with its magnetic coupling member) in chaotic directions. The wheel movement may be reversed in direction and be moved/rotated at differing speeds. The wheel motion may be circular (full rotations) or simply be slow back and forth (clockwise and counterclockwise) movements. The rods/paddles may have small pin-like diameters and be arranged on the wheel mounting surface so as to apply the magnetic field in-line or off-line/offset a distance to the left or right so as to turn the surface of the pendulum member.
• In some embodiments, a kinetic flame effect device such asdevice100 ofFIG. 1 may be modified to replace thedrive mechanism101 with one that utilizes heat to move the pendulum member.FIG. 16 illustrates a heat-baseddrive mechanism1601 that includes ahousing1602 that may be positioned within a housing of a kinetic flame effect device such asdevice100 such that an end that exposes paddles or vanes of arotating wheel1606 are exposed to and proximate to apendulum member111. As shown, thedrive mechanism1601 includes awheel1606 that is pivotally mounted (e.g., mounted on a shaft or axle for free rotation1608 about its center axis) in thehousing1602. From thewheel1606, a number of paddles orvanes1610 extend outward a distance and each paddle/vane1610 includes amagnetic coupling member1611 such as a permanent magnet or a ferrous tag (when thecoupling member114 is a magnet). Thecoupling members1611 interact magnetically with amagnetic coupling member114 on thependulum member111 as shown with arrows M₁.
• Thedrive mechanism1601 further includes aheat source1620 that is run or driven by a controller1622 (e.g., operated periodically to vary its temperature or amount of heat it generates to vary the movement1608 ofwheel1606 to enhance the chaotic movement of pendulum member111). Theheat source1620 generates heat that causeshotter air1626 to rise out of a stack orair guide1624 so as to be directed upward toward thewheel1606. At this point, the movinghot air1626 strikes the paddles/vanes1610 and causes thewheel1606 to rotate1608. The paddles/vanes1608 in this embodiment may be shaped and sized to provide greater surface area than inmechanisms1401,1501 to facilitate being driven by movingair1626. Again, when permanent magnets are used formembers1611, they may be of differing strengths, sizes, and direction to vary the interaction, M₁. Theheat source1620 may be an LED, a resistor, or other heat generator.
• As can be seen, many variations to the above-described embodiments are possible, and these variations may include mixing and matching the features shown and/or described. For example, the drive mechanisms may include more than one of the drive coils (or other drive devices) such as two or more side-by-side or angularly arranged coils to create the driving magnetic field, M₁.
• The wheels shown in the drive mechanisms may be replaced with an elliptical camshaft that is driven/rotated by a motor and motor controller to periodically contact a pendulum member (directly or with strikers) or to place two, three, or more magnetic coupling member in proximity to the magnetic coupling member of the pendulum member. A dampening spring or other motion dampener may be attached to one or both of the pendulum members to modulate or control their chaotic movement within a desired motion envelope and/or to limit its speed of movement on its support.
• The housing/body may be cylindrical as shown or another shape such as tapered such that the upper pendulum member is in a smaller diameter portion of the housing (e.g., the upper/second stage is smaller than or tapers inward from the lower/first stage). The power sources used may also be varied widely and may include solar power sources and/or rechargeable power sources (e.g., provide a kinetic flame device in the form of a rechargeable and/or solar powered tea light, votive candle, and the like).

Claims (20)

We claim:

1. An apparatus for simulating a flickering flame effect, comprising:

a housing including an interior space;

a pendulum member pivotally mounted within the interior space and having a flame element extending from the housing;

a first light source that emits light onto the flame element; and

a drive mechanism, positioned in the interior space of the housing, comprising a movable structure having a set of one or more magnets, wherein movement of the wheel provides kinetic motion to the pendulum member.

2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the movable structure is a wheel that is rotatable within the housing.

3. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising a controller configured to reverse a direction of movement of the structure.

4. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising a controller configured to change a speed of rotation of the structure.

5. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the structure is coupled to a motor that causes movement of the wheel.

6. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the pendulum member is pivotally mounted within the interior space using a pendulum support member attached at each end to sidewalls of the housing and wherein the pendulum support member extends through a hole in the pendulum member.

7. The apparatus ofclaim 6, wherein the pendulum support member comprises a rigid, V-shaped wire.

8. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the light source is positioned within the housing to transmit the light onto the flame element at an upward angle.

9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the pendulum member is displaced in a random pattern over time in response to the drive mechanism.

10. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the pendulum member further comprises a magnet that interacts with the set of one or more magnets as the structure moves.

11. An apparatus for simulating a flickering flame effect, comprising:

a housing including an interior space;

a pendulum member mounted within the interior space, the pendulum member including first and second ends, wherein the pendulum member further includes a flame element extending from a second end opposite the first end, such that at least a portion of the flame element extends outwardly from the housing;

a first light source that transmits light onto the flame element; and

a drive mechanism comprising a movable piece having one or more magnets, wherein the drive mechanism operates to provide kinetic motion to the first end of the pendulum member.

12. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the movable piece comprises a wheel that rotates within the housing.

13. The apparatus ofclaim 12, wherein the wheel is coupled to a motor that causes movement of the wheel.

14. The apparatus ofclaim 11, further comprising a controller configured to change a direction of movement of the movable piece from a first direction to a second direction.

15. The apparatus ofclaim 11, further comprising a controller configured to change a speed of rotation of the movable piece.

16. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the pendulum member is pivotally mounted within the interior space using a pendulum support member attached at each end to sidewalls of the housing and wherein the pendulum support member extends through a hole in the pendulum member.

17. The apparatus ofclaim 16, wherein the pendulum support member comprises a rigid, V-shaped wire.

18. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the light source is positioned within the housing to transmit the light onto the flame element at an upward angle.

19. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the pendulum member is displaced in a random pattern over time in response to the drive mechanism.

20. The apparatus ofclaim 11, wherein the movable piece comprises a paddle extending outward from the movable piece, the movable piece being positioned within the housing such that an end of the paddle contacts the first end of the pendulum member.

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