US20140118139A1 - Personal Assistance Monitoring System - Google Patents

Abstract

A personal assistance monitor for estimating whether a person needs assistance or not, and for requesting assistance, when appropriate. Some embodiments of the present invention can request help for a person even if the person is unconscious or paralyzed. The illustrative embodiment comprises two bracelets—one is worn on a person's right wrist and the other is worn on the left wrist. Each bracelet comprises an acceleration sensor that detects the acceleration of the wrist to which it is affixed. The measures of motion detected by both bracelets are analyzed for insight into the person's well-being. When the illustrative embodiment estimates that the person needs assistance, the illustrative embodiment prompts the person to decline assistance. When the person declines assistance, the illustrative embodiment continues monitoring the person. In contrast, when the person fails to decline the offer of assistance, the illustrative embodiment requests help.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit of:
• • 1. U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/544,796, filed Oct. 7, 2011 (attorney docket 107-241us), and
  • 2. U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/548,268, filed Oct. 18, 2011 (attorney docket 107-242us),
    both of which are incorporated by reference. In any case in which this specification is inconsistent with either provisional application, this specification prevails.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to medical devices, in general, and in particular to an apparatus for monitoring the well-being of a person and for transmitting a request for assistance when the person needs assistance.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• One of the hazards of living alone, especially for seniors, is the possibility of a medical emergency, such as a fall, that renders the person unable to reach a telephone and call for help. To address this problem, personal assistance monitoring systems have been invented and marketed.
• One popular personal assistance monitoring system is the Lifeline® Medical Alert system, which comprises a pendant that is worn around the person's neck, and a device that comprises a two-way speaker that is attached to a wireline telephone. When the person suffers a medical emergency, he or she can push a button on the pendant, which transmits a radio signal that prompts the device to place a call, via the wireline telephone, to an assistance monitoring facility. A call center agent answers the call, and attempts to ascertain, via the two-way speaker, whether the person needs assistance. When the person indicates that he or she needs assistance, the agent dispatches emergency medical services to the person's residence.
• Personal assistance monitors in the prior art are valuable and have undoubtedly saved lives, but they have costs and disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides a technique for estimating whether a person needs assistance, and for transmitting a request for assistance, when appropriate, without some of the disadvantages of personal assistance monitoring systems in the prior art. For example, some embodiments of the present invention can determine that a person needs assistance regardless of whether the person is awake, asleep, conscious, unconscious, functioning, or paralyzed and can transmit a request for assistance for the person without the person's participation.
• The present invention is based on the insight that a person's movements, when measured and analyzed carefully in the context of other facts about the person, reveal a great deal about their well-being. The illustrative embodiment comprises two bracelets—one is worn on a person's right wrist and the other is worn on the left wrist. Each bracelet comprises a motion sensor that detects the motion of the wrist to which it is affixed. The illustrative embodiment also comprises sensors that measure other facts about the person (e.g., the attitude of the person's body, the blood oxygen saturation level, the location of the person, etc.) and facts about the environment surrounding the person (e.g., the ambient light level, the ambient sound level, etc.). The bracelets and other sensors are worn by the person continuously. The motion detected by both bracelets, the facts about the person, and the facts about the environment are continually analyzed—both day and night—to generate an estimate of the whether the person needs assistance.
• When the estimate of whether the person needs assistance indicates that the person does need assistance, the illustrative embodiment prompts the person to decline assistance. When the person declines assistance, the illustrative embodiment notes its error, adjusts the parameters it uses for generating the estimate of whether the person needs assistance, and continues monitoring the person.
• In contrast, when the person does, in fact, require assistance, by failing to decline the offer of assistance, the illustrative embodiment transmits a request for assistance.
• The illustrative embodiment comprises: receiving, from a motion sensor, a measure of motion of a location on a person's body; generating, by a processor, a motion profile based on the measure of motion; when the motion profile exhibits a sign of distress, generating, with a first output device, a prompt for the person to decline assistance; and when the person fails to decline assistance, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100,
• FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of the salient components ofmaster unit101 in accordance with the illustrative embodiment.
• FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of the salient components of ancillary unit102-i, wherein iε{1, 2}, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment.
• FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of the salient components oflocal monitoring apparatus104, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask501—initializingmaster unit101, ancillary unit102-1, ancillary unit102-2,cell phone103,assistance monitoring facility105, andlocal monitoring apparatus107.
• FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask502—collect measures of motion forperson100 and generate the motion profile.
• FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask503—generating an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance, when the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, transmitting a request for assistance.
• FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask802—generating an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance.
• FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask902—increasing the parameter E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance.
• FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask901—increasing the parameter E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by exhibiting a pattern of distress.
• FIG. 12 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 in task10121—increasing the parameter E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by failing to reach a threshold of well-being.
• FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask804—promptingperson100 to decline assistance.
• FIG. 14 depicts a graph of the intensity of the prompt as a function of time.
• FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask806—modifying a sign of distress, when appropriate.
• FIG. 16 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask807—transmitting a request for assistance forperson100.
• FIG. 17 depicts a schematic diagram of the first alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• FIG. 18 depicts a schematic diagram of the second alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• FIG. 19 depicts a schematic diagram of the third alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• FIG. 20 depicts a schematic diagram of the fourth alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100. The illustrative embodiment comprisesmaster unit101, ancillary unit102-1, ancillary unit102-2,cell phone103,cellular telecommunications network104,assistance monitoring facility105, emergencymedical services106,local monitoring apparatus107, and beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3.
• Master unit101 is a wireless apparatus that:
• • continually receives measures of motion forperson100 from motion sensor302-1 (shown inFIG. 3) in ancillary unit102-1;
  • continually receives measures of motion forperson100 from motion sensor302-2 (shown inFIG. 3) in ancillary unit102-2;
  • continually receives measures of attitude from attitude sensor202 (shown inFIG. 2);
  • continually receives measures of blood oxygen saturation level forperson100 from pulse oximeter205 (shown inFIG. 2);
  • continually receives measures of ambient sound level from microphone203 (shown inFIG. 2);
  • continually receives measures of ambient light level from light sensor204 (shown inFIG. 2);
  • continually receives estimates of the location ofperson100 from location finder211 (shown inFIG. 2);
  • continually generates a motion profile forperson100 based on the measures of motion collected by ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2;
  • continually generates estimates of the attitude ofperson100 based on the measures of motion and the measures of attitude;
  • continually generates estimates of well-being ofperson100 based on the measures of motion, the estimates of attitude, the measures of blood oxygen saturation level, the measures of ambient sound level, and the ambient light level;
  • continually generates estimates of whetherperson100 needs assistance based on the estimates of well-being and signs of distress; and when the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, transmits a request for assistance forperson100.
    The details ofmaster unit101, and the functions it performs, are described below and in the accompanying figures.
• Ancillary unit1024, wherein iε{1, 2}, are each a wireless apparatus that:
• • continually generates measures of motion for person100 (with motion sensor302-ishown inFIG. 3);
  • continually transmits the measures of motion tomaster unit101; and
  • vibrates (with tactile vibrator303-ishown inFIG. 3) under the direction ofmaster unit101.
    The details of ancillary unit102-i, and the functions it performs, are described below and in the accompanying figures.
• A goal of the illustrative embodiment is to request assistance forperson100 when he or she does, in fact, need assistance and to refrain from requesting help forperson100 when he or she does not, in fact, need assistance. This implies that there are two types of errors that a personal assistance monitor can make.
• First, the illustrative embodiment can estimate thatperson100 needs assistance when, in fact, he or she does not. This is a “false positive” error. Second, the illustrative embodiment can estimate thatperson100 does not need assistance when, in fact, he or she does. This is a “false negative” error. Both types of errors are undesirable.
• A false positive error is a false alarm. If it occurs occasionally, it is generally not a problem, but if it occurs more often, it becomes a significant problem. A false negative error is like a fire alarm that is broken. If a fire occurs even once and the fire alarm does nothing, it is a significant problem. Therefore, the illustrative embodiment employs several mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of false positive errors and to eliminate the likelihood of false negative errors.
• One way that the illustrative embodiment reduces the likelihood of false positive errors and false negative errors is to collect measures of motion at two locations onperson100's body. It will be clear to those skilled in the art however, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that measure the motion of any number of locations onperson100's body (e.g., one location, three locations, four locations, five locations, six locations, eight locations, ten locations, twelve locations, etc.). In general, as the number of locations where measures of motion are collected increases, the likelihood of false positive and false negative errors decreases.
• Another way that the illustrative embodiment reduces the likelihood of false positive errors and false negative errors is to collect measures of motion on two ofperson100's limbs (i.e., an arm or a leg). For example, each measure of motion can be collected at any combination of the right upper arm, the left upper arm, the right elbow, the left elbow, the right forearm, the left forearm, the right wrist, the left wrist, the right hand, the left hand, any finger, the right thumb, the left thumb, the right index finger, the left index finger, the right middle finger, the left middle finger, the right ring finger, the left ring finger, the right pinky, the left pinky, each individual finger joint, the right thigh, the left thigh, the right knee, the left knee, the right lower leg, the left lower leg, the right ankle, the left ankle, the right foot, the left foot, each individual toe, and each individual toe joint. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, however, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which measures of motion are collected at a location that is not on a limb (e.g., on a person's head, neck, and/or trunk, etc.).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, measures of motion are collected at one location onperson100 by ancillary unit102-1 and at a second location onperson100 by ancillary unit102-2.Master unit101, ancillary unit102-1, and ancillary unit102-2 are tangibly-distinct units and connected only via radio. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, however, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which one tangible unit collects measures of motion at two or more locations onperson100. Furthermore, it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that collect measures of motion at only one location on a person. In other words, some alternative embodiments of the present invention might avoid multiple units for any number of reasons (e.g., economics, personal comfort, ability of the embodiment to perform adequately without multiple units, etc.).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,person100 is left-handed (i.e., left-hand dominant). The illustrative embodiment operates independently of hand (and foot) dominance, but it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that consider and take into account hand (and foot) dominance.
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-1 is affixed to the left wrist ofperson100 so that all of the movements of the left wrist are transferred to and sensed by motion sensor302-1 (shown inFIG. 3) in ancillary unit102-1. Furthermore, ancillary unit102-1 is affixed to the left wrist ofperson100 so that motion sensor302-1 is on the lunate bone (i.e., top of the left wrist bone). In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-1 is configured as a bracelet. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which ancillary unit102-1 is affixed to a different location on the person's body. Furthermore, it will be clear to those skilled in those skilled in the art how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which ancillary unit102-1 has a different configuration and is affixed with a different method (e.g., an adhesive, subdermally, in clothing, etc.).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-2 is affixed to the right wrist ofperson100 so that all of the movements of the right wrist are transferred to and sensed by motion sensor302-2 (shown inFIG. 3) in ancillary unit102-2. Furthermore, ancillary unit102-2 is affixed to the right wrist ofperson100 so that motion sensor302-2 is on the lunate bone (i.e., top of the right wrist bone). In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-2 is configured as a bracelet. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which ancillary unit102-2 is affixed to a different location on the person's body. Furthermore, it will be clear to those skilled in those skilled in the art how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which ancillary unit102-2 has a different configuration and is affixed with a different method (e.g., an adhesive, subdermally, in clothing, etc.).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,master unit101, ancillary unit102-1, and ancillary unit102-2 communicate via a low-power, energy-efficient radio protocol (e.g., ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc.), but it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in whichmaster unit101, ancillary unit102-1, and ancillary unit102-2 communicate via wireline.
• Master unit101, ancillary unit102-1, and ancillary unit102-2 are each waterproof and designed to be comfortable when worn byperson100 all of the time (i.e., when awake, when asleep, when showering, driving, watching television, doing the dishes, etc.).Master unit101, ancillary unit102-1, and ancillary unit102-2 are to be worn all of the time because:
• • (i) they are not useful when they are not worn, and
  • (ii) the accuracy of the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance is improved when they are worn all of the time.
• Cell phone103 is a wireless telecommunications device, as is well known to those skilled in the art and currently sold by companies such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, and others.Cell phone103 comprises a Bluetooth® radio and is capable of being paired withmaster unit101 in such a way thatmaster unit101 is capable of initiating and conducting voice and data communications toassistance monitoring facility105 viacell phone103 andnetwork104. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usecell phone103.
• Cellular telephone network104 is a publicly-switched wireless telecommunications system as currently operated by companies such as AT&T Wireless, Verizon Wireless, and others. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usecellular telephone network104.
• Assistance monitoring facility105 is a building that houses people and telecommunications equipment that:
• • (i) receives requests for assistance forperson100 frommaster unit101,
  • (ii) deploys emergency medical services, when appropriate, and
  • (iii) transmits software updates tomaster unit101.
    Assistance monitoring facility105 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Emergencymedical services106 are personnel and facilities that are dispatched byassistance monitoring facility105 to the location ofperson100. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and use emergencymedical services106.
• Local monitoring apparatus107 is hardware and software that alerts people in the vicinity ofperson100 whenmaster unit101 transmits a request for assistance forperson100.Local monitoring apparatus107 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3 are low-power radio transmitters that are dispersed throughout an area whereperson100 spends time. The radio signal from each of beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3 is transmitted with a fixed power and is encoded so that they are distinguishable from each other. The purpose of beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3 is to assist location finder211 (shown inFIG. 2) in estimating the location ofmaster unit101. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that employ any number of beacons.
• The interaction ofmaster unit101, ancillary unit102-1, ancillary unit102-2,cell phone103cellular network104,assistance monitoring facility105, emergencymedical services106,local monitoring apparatus107, and beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of the salient components ofmaster unit101 in accordance with the illustrative embodiment.Master unit101 comprises:processor201,attitude sensor202,microphone203,light sensor204,pulse oximeter205,tactile vibrator206,display207,speaker208,panic button209, radio transmitter andradio receiver210,location finder211, andpower source212, interconnected as shown.
• Processor201 comprises general-purpose programmable hardware, memory, a real-time clock, and software that enablesmaster unit101 to perform the functionality described in this disclosure. The real-time clock enablesprocessor201 to know the real time t, date, day of the week, month, and year at each moment. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and useprocessor201.
• Attitude sensor202 is a hardware input device that generates a three-dimensional measure of acceleration designated {right arrow over (γ)}, which can be sampled byprocessor201. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,attitude sensor202 is a precision three-dimension micro-electro-mechanical systems accelerometer with 0.001 g resolution that directly measures acceleration. For example and without limitation,attitude sensor202 is similar to the ADXL203 available from Analog Devices. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the measure of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} is a three-dimensional vector measure of acceleration, which comprises both magnitude and direction. The output ofattitude sensor202 is in units of g≈9.806 meters/second².
• The first purpose ofattitude sensor202 is to help the illustrative embodiment to ascertain the angular orientation or “attitude” of person100 (i.e., ifperson100 is upright, lying prone or supine, lying on his or her left or right side, etc.). Among other things, the attitude ofperson100 is an indication of whetherperson100 is sleeping or unwell, which when combined with other data is a factor in estimating the well-being ofperson100.
• The second purpose ofattitude sensor202 is to help some alternative embodiments of the present invention compensate for the disparity in the angular orientation of motion sensors302-1 and302-2 (which are shown inFIG. 3). This is described in detail below.
• The third purpose ofattitude sensor202 is to generate additional measures of mot on for a third location onperson100 for some alternative embodiments of the present invention.
• The vector {right arrow over (γ)} output fromattitude sensor202 is expressed in the coordinate system ofattitude sensor202, and, therefore,attitude sensor202 is affixed toperson100 with a fixed angular orientation so that it is indicative of the attitude ofperson100. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and useattitude sensor202.
• Microphone203 is hardware that converts the ambient sound level into an electrical signal that can be sampled byprocessor201. Among other things, the ambient sound level in the vicinity ofperson100 is a factor in estimating whetherperson100 is sleeping and whetherperson100 needs assistance or not. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usemicrophone203.
• Light sensor204 is hardware that converts the ambient light level into an electrical signal that can be sampled byprocessor201. Among other things, the ambient light level in the vicinity ofperson100 is a factor in estimating whetherperson100 is sleeping and whetherperson100 needs assistance or not. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and uselight sensor204.
• Pulse oximeter205 is hardware that continually detects the blood oxygen saturation level ofperson100 and converts it into an electrical signal that can be sampled byprocessor201. Among other things, the blood oxygen saturation level ofperson100 is a factor in estimating whetherperson100 needs assistance or not. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usepulse oximeter205.
• Tactile vibrator206 is a hardware output device under the control ofprocessor201 that vibrates under the command ofprocessor201. In particular,processor201 can control the intensity with whichtactile vibrator206 vibrates and the timing of whentactile vibrator206 vibrates. For example, tactile vibrator is capable of vibrating:
• • (1) below an intensity X,
  • (2) above the intensity X and below an intensity Y, and
  • (3) above the intensity Y,
• wherein:
• • (i) X and Y are real positive numbers,
  • (ii) X is an intensity threshold above whichperson100, while sleeping, is likely to elicit a response by, for example and without limitation, moving his or her body, and
  • (iii) Y is an intensity threshold below whichperson100 is unlikely to waken and above whichperson100 is likely to waken.
    It is well known to those skilled in the art how to make and controltactile vibrator206.
• Display207 is a hardware output device under the control ofprocessor201 that provides:
• • (i) a visual indication of the state ofmaster unit101,
  • (ii) a programming interface tomaster unit101, and
  • (iii) a visual alert toperson100 thatmaster unit101 believes thatperson100 needs assistance and is promptingperson100 to decline assistance.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usedisplay207.
• Speaker208 is a hardware output device under the control ofprocessor201 that provides an acoustic output formaster unit101.Speaker208 is used, for example and without limitation, to provide:
• • (i) an audible alert toperson100 thatmaster unit101 believes thatperson100 needs assistance and is promptingperson100 to decline assistance, and
  • (ii) an audible (local) alarm that requests assistance forperson100 whenperson100 fails to decline assistance, and
  • (iii) an acoustic output for people or equipment atassistance monitoring facility105 to speak toperson100.
    It is well known to those skilled in the art how to make and usespeaker208.
• Panic button209 is a hardware input device that, when activated byperson100 or another person, directsprocessor201 to transmit a request for assistance immediately. It is well known to those skilled in the art how to make and usepanic button209.
• Radio210 is a hardware output device that comprises a radio transmitter and a radio receiver that are capable of:
• • (i) communicating with ancillary units102-1 and102-2 via a low-power, energy-efficient radio protocol to receive measures of motion from them, to direct ancillary units102-1 and102-2 to vibrate, and to provide programming updates to ancillary units102-1 and102-2,
  • (ii) communicating via the Bluetooth® protocol withcell phone103 to provide the functionality described in this disclosure, and
  • (iii) communicating withlocal monitoring apparatus107 via a low-power, energy-efficient radio protocol to provide the functionality described in this disclosure.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and useradio210.
• Location finder211 is hardware and software for determining the location ofmaster unit101. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,location finder211 is a combination GPS receiver and RF Fingerprinting unit that is capable of resolving the location ofmaster unit101 to within 1 meter. To accomplish this,location finder211 relies on the signals transmitted by beacons108-1,108-2, and108-3.
• Location finder211 is useful in two distinct ways. First, whenmaster unit101 determines thatperson100 needs assistance,location finder211 enablesmaster unit101 to informassistance monitoring facility105 whereperson100 is located. Second, the location ofperson100 is helpful in estimating whetherperson100 is asleep and whetherperson100 needs assistance. For example, ifperson100 is prone and in the kitchen, then it is more likely thatperson100 needs assistance than whenperson100 is prone in bed. For this reason, the location ofperson100 is a factor in estimating whetherperson100 needs assistance, as described below. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that use other location technologies for locatingmaster unit101. In some alternative embodiments of the present invention, the output oflocation finder211 is a one-bit indication of whetherperson100 is in bed. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and uselocation finder211.
• Power source212 is an electrochemical battery and solar cell that supplies electrical energy to everything inmaster unit101. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in whichpower source212 comprises other sources of energy, for example “kinetic capture” as in Rolex® Oyster® Perpetual watches, wireless power, etc. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usepower source212.
• FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of the salient components of ancillary unit102-i, wherein iε{1, 2}, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment. Ancillary unit102-icomprises: processor301-i, motion sensor302-i, vibrator303-i, radio304-i, and power source305-i, interconnected as shown.
• Processor301-icomprises general-purpose programmable hardware, memory, a real-time clock that is synchronized with the real-time clock inmaster unit101, and software to enable ancillary unit102-ito perform the functionality described herein. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use processor301-i.
• Motion sensor302-iis a hardware input device that generates a three-dimensional measure of motion designated {right arrow over (Sι)} which can be sampled by processor301-i. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, motion sensor302-iis a precision three-dimension micro-electro-mechanical systems accelerometer with 0.001 g resolution that directly measures acceleration. For example and without limitation, motion sensor302-iis similar to the ADXL203 available from Analog Devices. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the measure of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} is a three-dimensional vector measure of acceleration that comprises both magnitude and direction. The output of motion sensor302-iis in units of g≈9.806 meters/second².
• It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which motion sensor302-idirectly measures acceleration in only one or two dimensions. In these embodiments, the measure of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} is a one- or two-dimensional vector measure of acceleration, respectively.
• It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which motion sensor302-idirectly measures velocity (in one, two, or three dimensions). It will be clear to those skilled in the art that velocity can be directly measured in several ways. In these alternative embodiments, the direct measurements of velocity can be expressed and processed in terms of velocity or, alternatively, they can be converted into either estimates of acceleration or position with respect to time for processing.
• It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which motion sensor302-idirectly measures position with respect to time (in one, two, or three dimensions). It will be clear to those skilled in the art that position can be directly measured in several ways. In these alternative embodiments, the direct measurements of position with respect to time can be expressed and processed in terms of position with respect to time or, alternatively, they can be converted into either estimates of acceleration or velocity for processing.
• The measure of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} output from motion sensor302-iis a three-dimensional vector that is expressed in the coordinate system of motion sensor302-i. As motion sensor302-irotates in space, its coordinate system also rotates (i.e., the coordinate system is fixed relative to the motion sensor). The measure of motion output from motion sensor302-iis denoted {right arrow over (Sι)} and is expressed in the coordinate system of motion sensor302-i.
• Tactile vibrator303-iis a hardware output device that vibrates under the direction of processor301-i. In particular, processor301-ican control the intensity with which tactile vibrator303-ivibrates and the timing of when tactile vibrator303-ivibrates. For example, tactile vibrator is capable of vibrating:
• • (1) below an intensity X,
  • (2) above the intensity X and below an intensity Y, and
  • (3) above the intensity Y,
• wherein:
• • (i) X and Y are real positive numbers,
  • (ii) X is an intensity threshold above whichperson100, while sleeping, is likely to elicit a response by, for example and without limitation, moving his or her body, and
  • (iii) Y is an intensity threshold below whichperson100 is unlikely to waken and above whichperson100 is likely to waken.
    It is well known to those skilled in the art how to make and control tactile vibrator303-i.
• Radio304-iis a hardware output device that comprises a radio transmitter and radio receiver that is capable of transmitting measures of motion tomaster unit101, receiving instructions frommaster unit101, and performing the function described in this disclosure. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which ancillary unit102-icommunicate withmaster unit101 through acoustic signaling and/or free-space optical signaling rather than radio. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and use radio304-i.
• Power source305-iis identical topower source212 and provides electrical energy to everything in ancillary unit102-i. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and use power source305-i.
• FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of the salient components oflocal monitoring apparatus104, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. Local monitoring apparatus comprisesprocessor401,microphone402,speaker403,radio404, andpower source405, interconnected as shown.
• Processor401 comprises general-purpose programmable hardware, memory, a real-time clock that is synchronized with the real-time clock inmaster unit101, and software to enablelocal monitoring apparatus104 to perform the functionality described herein. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and useprocessor401.
• Microphone402 is a hardware input device that converts sound into an electrical signal that: can be sampled byprocessor401. Among other things, the ambient sound level in the vicinity ofperson100 is a factor in estimating whetherperson100 needs assistance or not. Furthermore,microphone402 enablesperson100 to speak toassistance monitoring facility105. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and usemicrophone402.
• Speaker403 is a hardware output: device under the control ofprocessor401 that provides an acoustic output forlocal monitoring unit104.Speaker403 is used, for example and without limitation, to provide:
• • (i) an audible alert: toperson100 thatmaster unit101 believes thatperson100 needs assistance and is promptingperson100 to decline assistance, and
  • (ii) an audible (local) alarm that requests assistance forperson100 whenperson100 fails to decline assistance, and
  • (iii) an acoustic output for people or equipment atassistance monitoring facility105 to speak toperson100.
    It is well known to those skilled in the art: how to make and usespeaker403.
• Radio404 comprises a radio transmitter and a radio receiver that are capable of communicating withmaster unit101 to provide the functionality described in this disclosure. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and useradio404.
• Power source406 is a wire line power source that is plugged into a 60 Hz wall plug. It will be clear to those skilled in the art how to make and use power source406.
• FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
• Attask501,master unit101, ancillary unit102-1, ancillary unit102-2,cell phone103,assistance monitoring facility105, andlocal monitoring apparatus107 are initialized.Task501 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figure.
• Attask502,processor201 inmaster unit101 collects empirical measures aboutperson100 and generates an estimate of well-being forperson100. For example and without limitation, processor201:
• • (1) continually receives a temporal series of measures of motion from motion sensor302-1 (e.g., {right arrow over (S1(c−1))},{right arrow over (S1(c))},{right arrow over (S1(c+1))}, etc.);
  • (2) continually receives a temporal series of measures of motion from motion sensor302-2 (e.g., {right arrow over (S2(c+1))},{right arrow over (S2(c))},{right arrow over (S2(c+1))}, etc.);
  • (3) continually receives a temporal series of measure of attitude ofperson100 from attitude sensor202 (e.g., {right arrow over (γ(c−1))},{right arrow over (γ(c))},{right arrow over (γ(c−1))}, etc.);
  • (4) continually receives a temporal series of measures of ambient sound level from microphone203 (e.g., {right arrow over (β(c−1))},{right arrow over (β(c))},{right arrow over (β(c−1))}, etc.);
  • (5) continually receives a temporal series of measures of ambient light level from light sensor204 (e.g., {right arrow over (δ(c−1))},{right arrow over (δ(c))},{right arrow over (δ(c−1))}, etc.);
  • (6) continually receives a temporal series of measures of blood oxygen saturation level ofperson100 from pulse oximeter205 (e.g., {right arrow over (φ(c−1))},{right arrow over (φ(c))},{right arrow over (φ(c−1))}, etc.);
  • (7) continually receives a temporal series of estimates of the location ofmaster unit101 from location finder211 (e.g., {right arrow over (ω(c−1))},{right arrow over (ω(c))},{right arrow over (ω(c−1))}, etc.);
  • (8) continually generates estimates of the attitude ofperson100 based on the measures of motion and the measures of attitude;
  • (9) continually generates estimates of well-being ofperson100 based on the measures of motion, the estimates of attitude, the measures of blood oxygen saturation level, the measures of ambient sound level, and the ambient light level;
  • (10) continually generates estimates of whetherperson100 needs assistance based on the estimates of well-being and signs of distress; and
  • (11) when the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, transmits a request for assistance forperson100.
• In particular,processor201samples attitude sensor202,microphone203,light sensor204,pulse oximeter205, andlocation finder211 every 10 seconds. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which each of these are sampled at a different rate.
• Furthermore, processor301-i, wherein iε{1, 2}, samples motion sensor302-ievery 40 milliseconds, which yields25 measures of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} per second. Ancillary unit102-ithen transmits the measures of motion {right arrow over (Sι)} tomaster unit101 for analysis.
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 each generate a measure of motion at a constant 25 samples per second. A sampling rate of 25 samples per second gleans most of the useful motion data regarding the well-being ofperson100 and yet generates a manageable amount of data for today's inexpensive microprocessors and microcontrollers. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, however, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that sample at:
• • (i) a higher constant rate (e.g., 40 samples per second, 60 samples per second, 100 samples per second, etc.),
  • (ii) a lower constant rate (e.g., 12.5 samples per second, 6 samples per second, 1 sample per second, etc.), or
  • (iii) a variable rate (e.g., a slow sampling rate when the measure of motion is changing less rapidly and a higher sampling rate when the measure of motion is changing more rapidly, etc.).
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, that a higher sampling rate might glean more useful information but increases the amount of data that must be stored and analyzed. In contrast, a lower sampling rate might, in some cases, miss useful information but decreases the amount of data that must be stored and analyzed. A variable sampling rate can capture most of the useful information without extraneous data but might complicate the programming ofmaster unit101.
    Task502 is performed continually and concurrently withtask503.Task502 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Attask503, processor201:
• • (i) generates an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance, and
  • (ii) when the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, transmits a request for assistance forperson100.
    Task502 is performed continually and concurrently withtask503.Task503 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask501—initializingmaster unit101, ancillary unit102-1, ancillary unit102-2,cell phone103,assistance monitoring facility105, andlocal monitoring apparatus107.
• Attask601,master unit101 is paired withcell phone103 via the Bluetooth® protocol so thatmaster unit101 can use cell phone103:
• • to transmit a request for assistance forperson100,
  • to transmit the location ofperson100.
  • to transmit information (e.g., the estimate of well-being ofperson100, the motion profile, etc.) regarding the well-being ofperson100 toassistance monitoring facility105,
  • to receive data and programming updates fromassistance monitoring facility105, and
  • to enable voice communications betweenassistance monitoring facility105 andperson100.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to performtask601.
• Attask602,person100 andmaster unit101 are registered withassistance monitoring facility105 so thatassistance monitoring facility105associates person100 withcell phone103 and telemetry frommaster unit101. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to performtask602.
• Attask603,master unit101 is paired withlocal monitoring apparatus107 via a low-power, energy-efficient radio protocol (e.g., ZigBee, Z-Wave, etc.).Master unit101 is paired withlocal monitoring apparatus107 so thatmaster unit101 can:
• • (i) trigger, when appropriate, visual and audible alarms inlocal monitoring apparatus107 to request assistance forperson100, and
  • (ii) trigger, when appropriate, a visual and audible stimulus that promptsperson100 to decline assistance.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to performtask603.
• Attask604,master unit101 is paired with ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 so that:
• • ancillary unit102-ican transmit andmaster unit101 can receive the measures of motion {right arrow over (Sι)},
  • master unit101 can transmit and ancillary unit102-ican receive a direction to vibrate tacitile vibrator303-i, and
  • master unit101 can transmit and ancillary unit102-ican receive other instructions, data, and software updates.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to performtask604.
• Attask605, ancillary unit102-1 is firmly affixed to a first location onperson100 so that there is little independent motion of ancillary unit102-1 with respect to the first location. Furthermore, ancillary unit102-2 is firmly affixed to a second location onperson100 so that there is little independent motion of ancillary unit102-2 with respect to the second location. Ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-1 should be affixed toperson100 so that they are comfortable but also so that the vast majority of the motion ofperson100 at their location causes the units to move accordingly.
• Master unit101 is firmly affixed to a third location onperson100 so that there is little independent motion ofmaster unit101 with respect to the third location. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,master unit101 has an angular orientation (becauseattitude sensor202 shown inFIG. 2 has an angular orientation). Therefore,master unit101 is affixed toperson100 so that the angular orientation ofperson100's trunk is transferred to, and can be detected by,attitude sensor202.Master unit101 should be affixed toperson100 so that it is comfortable but also so that the angular orientation of the person at the third location is detected bymaster unit101.
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, ancillary unit102-1 is affixed to the left wrist ofperson100, ancillary unit102-2 is affixed to the right wrist ofperson100, andmaster unit101 is affixed to the chest ofperson100 at the upper sternum (as shown inFIG. 1).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 are on opposite sides of the mid-Sagittal plane. This is advantageous because some ailments and indications of well-being (e.g., strokes, some tremors, etc.) are easier to diagnose when measures of motion are made on opposites sides of the mid-Sagittal plane. In contrast, in some alternative embodiments of the present invention, ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 are on the same side of the mid-Sagittal plane (e.g., ancillary unit102-1 on the right wrist and ancillary unit102-2 on the right ankle, ancillary unit102-1 on the left wrist and ancillary unit102-2 on the left ankle, etc.).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention, ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 are on the same side of the transverse plane. In contrast, in some other embodiments of the present invention, ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 might be on opposite sides of the transverse plane (e.g., ancillary unit102-1 on the right wrist and ancillary unit102-1 on the left ankle, ancillary unit102-1 on the right ankle and ancillary unit102-1 on the left wrist, etc.), which can be advantageous for diagnosing some ailments (e.g., nocturnal leg cramps, etc.).
• In some alternative embodiments of the present invention, one or both of the ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 are on the head ofperson100. In some alternative embodiments of the present invention, one or both of the ancillary unit102-1 and ancillary unit102-2 are on the same limb ofperson100. Whenever ancillary unit102-1 or ancillary unit102-2 are affixed or re-affixed on person100 (e.g., moved from a wrist to an ankle, etc.), task506 must be performed.
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,master unit101 is located on the mid-Sagittal plane, but it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in whichmaster unit101 is located elsewhere on person101 (e.g., the back, the neck, the head, etc.).
• Attask606,master unit101, ancillary unit1024, and ancillary unit102-2 are initialized. As part oftask606, several parameters are reset. In particular,
• • (i) the first threshold of well-being parameter T₁is set to 0.001,
  • (ii) the second threshold of well-being parameter T₂is set to 0.003,
  • (iii) the third threshold of well-being parameter T₃is set to 0.005,
  • (iv) the value of parameter B, which is associated with the second pattern of distress, is set to 0.002, and
  • (v) a counter c is initialized to zero.
    It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to performtask606. It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art that some other embodiments of the present invention might employ different initial threshold values for one or more of parameters B, T₁, T₂, and T₃(e.g., based on whetherperson100 is known to move very little in his or her sleep, etc.), and it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use such alternative embodiments.
• FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask502 collect empirical measures forperson100 and generate the estimate of well-being.
• Attask701,processor201 increments the counter c by one.
• Attask702, processor201:
• • (i) receives a measure of motion {right arrow over (S1(c))} from motion sensor302-1, and
  • (ii) receives a measure of motion {right arrow over (S2(c))} from motion sensor302-2.
• Attask703,processor201 generates a scalar value M(c), which equals:
• 
  M(c)=abs(∥({right arrow over (S1(c))}−{right arrow over (S1(c−1))})−({right arrow over (S1(c))}−{right arrow over (S1(c−1))})∥)  (Eq. 1)
• wherein abs(∥{right arrow over (x)}∥) is the absolute value of the magnitude portion of the vector x. The inventors have recognized that M(c) is convenient for two reasons. First, M(c) is a scalar and is computationally easier to work with than {right arrow over (S1(c))} and {right arrow over (S2(c))}, which are vectors, and yet M(c) reflects both translational and rotational motion in both {right arrow over (S1)} and {right arrow over (S2)}. Second, the formula for M(c) is designed so that values of M(c) emphasize motion caused byperson100's muscles and de-emphasize motion caused by external forces. This is important because the inventors recognized that the movement due to an external force onperson100 is substantially reflected throughoutperson100 while the movement due to a muscle is substantially isolated to the location near the muscle. For example, when a person rides in an accelerating elevator, the same acceleration is detectable everywhere on the person. But when a man scratches his nose with his right hand on the accelerating elevator, the acceleration due to the muscles of the right hand is substantially confined to the right arm and substantially absent in the left hand. The question then arises, how can the acceleration from the elevator be distinguished from the acceleration of the muscles of the right hand?
• The answer—the inventors recognized—is that the motion due toperson100's muscles can be substantially isolated from the motion onperson100 due to external forces by:
• • (i) simultaneously collecting measures of motion at two locations that are substantially muscularly independent (e.g., the two wrists, an ankle and a wrist, etc.), and
  • (ii) computing the difference between the simultaneously-collected measures of motion.
    Because external forces are reflected equally in both {right arrow over (S1)} and {right arrow over (S2)}, their difference is substantially free of the effects of external forces and yet reflects the motion due to muscular movement. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in some other embodiments of the present invention information from vectors {right arrow over (S1(c))} and {right arrow over (S2(c))} might be combined in some alternative fashion, rather than by computing a vector difference, and it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use such alternative embodiments. Furthermore, it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments that use more than two sensors and in which multiple pair-wise differences are computed between some or all of the individual measures of motion.
• Attask704,processor201 determines if c is an integral multiple of 10 (e.g., 10, 20, 30, etc.). If it is, then control proceeds totask705; otherwise control proceeds totask701.
• Attask705, processor generates the value A(z), where:
• $\begin{array}{cc}z=c/10& \left(\mathrm{Eq}.2\right)\\ A\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{10}\sum _{i=0}^9M\left(c-i\right)& \left(\mathrm{Eq}.3\right)\end{array}$
• The value A(z) is an average of M(c) for the last 400 milliseconds or 10 values of Upon the completion of705, a new motion profile is generated, which comprises:
• • (i) the most recent 120 seconds of the measures of motion, which is {right arrow over (S1(c−2999))} through {right arrow over (S1(c))}, the most recent 120 seconds of the measures of motion, which is {right arrow over (S2(c−2999))} through {right arrow over (S2(c))},
  • (iii) the most recent 120 seconds of the values of M( ), which is M(c−2999) through M(c), and
  • (iv) the most recent 30 minutes of the values of A( ) which is A(z−4499) through A(z).
    It will clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which the motion profile has a different composition.
• Attask706,processor201 determines if c is a multiple of 250 (e.g., 250, 500, 750, etc.). If it is, then control proceeds totask707; otherwise control proceeds totask701.
• Attask707, processor201:
• • (i) receives a measure of attitude γ(z) ofperson100 fromattitude sensor202,
  • (ii) receives a measure of ambient sound level β(z) frommicrophone203,
  • (iii) receives a measure of ambient light level δ(z) fromlight sensor204,
  • (iv) receives a measure of blood oxygen saturation level φ(z) ofperson100 frompulse oximeter205, and
  • (v) receives an estimate of the location ofmaster unit101 ω(z) fromlocation finder211.
• Attask708,processor201 generates an estimate of the attitude of person100 {right arrow over (α(z))} based on:
• • (i) the measure of motion {right arrow over (S1(c))}, which in accordance with the illustrative embodiment is a three-dimensional measure of acceleration,
  • (ii) the measure of motion {right arrow over (S2(c))}, which in accordance with the illustrative embodiment is a three-dimensional measure of accelerations, and
  • (iii) the measure of attitude {right arrow over (γ(z))}, which in accordance with the illustrative embodiment is a three-dimensional measure of acceleration.
    In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the estimate of the attitude ofperson100 equals:
• $\begin{array}{cc}\overrightarrow{\alpha \left(z\right)}=\overrightarrow{\gamma \left(z\right)}+\frac{\overrightarrow{S1\left(c\right)}+\overrightarrow{S2\left(c\right)}}{4}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}.4\right)\end{array}$
• It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that generate the estimate of the attitude ofperson100 in accordance with another formula. For example, in embodiments of the present invention that do not compriseattitude sensor202, the estimate of the attitude ofperson100 would not comprise a value for {right arrow over (γ(z))}.
• On the completion oftask708, a new estimate of the well-being ofperson100 is generated, which comprises:
• • (i) the motion profile,
  • (ii) the most recent value of the estimate of attitude {right arrow over (α(z))}.
  • (iii) the most recent measure of ambient sound level β(z) frommicrophone203,
  • (iii) the most recent measure of ambient light level δ(z) fromlight sensor204,
  • (iv) the most recent measure of blood oxygen saturation level φ(z) ofperson100 frompulse oximeter205, and
  • (v) the most recent estimate of the location ofmaster unit101 ω(z) fromlocation finder211.
    It will clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which the estimate of well-being has a different composition.
• FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed by the illustrative embodiment intask503—generating an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance, and when the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, transmitting a request for assistance.
• Attask801,processor201 determines if a new estimate of well-being has been generated (i.e., hastask708 has been performed). If it has, control proceeds totask802; otherwise control proceeds back totask801. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,task802 is performed after each time thattask708 is performed, but it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which it is performed at a different me.
• Attask802,processor201 generates an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance.Task802 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Attask803,processor201 determines if the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, this is accomplished by determining if the value of E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance—generated intask802 equals or exceeds ten (10). It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that determines if the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance in another way. Whenprocessor201 determines that the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance, control passes totask804; otherwise control passes totask801.
• Attask804,processor201prompts person100 to decline assistance. The purpose oftask804 is to preventmaster unit101 from transmitting a request for assistance forperson100, when, in fact, assistance is not needed (i.e., committing a false positive error). In other words, just becauseprocessor201 determined intask803 that the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance indicates thatperson100 does need assistance does not guarantee that it is correct. Therefore,task804 serves as a check to prevent the illustrative embodiment from committing a false positive error.Task804 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Attask805,processor201 affects control based on whetherperson100 has declined assistance intask804. Whenprocessor201 determines thatperson100 has declined assistance, control proceeds totask806; otherwise, control proceeds totask807.
• Attask806,processor201 modifies the criteria used to evaluate the estimate of well-being (e.g., the sign(s) of distress observed in the motion profile, etc.) intask803 based on the fact that it yielded a false positive error. By modifying the criteria used to evaluate the estimate of well-being that yielded the false positive error, the likelihood of future false positive errors is reduced.Task806 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Attask807,processor201 transmits a request for assistance forperson100.Task807 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask802—generating an estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance.
• Attask901,processor201 sets a parameter E to zero. At the end oftask802, the parameter E is a scalar that represents the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance.
• Attask902, processor increases the value of the parameter E when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, there are two distinct signs of distress:
• • (i) patterns of distress, and
  • (ii) failures to reach a threshold of well-being.
• The first sign of distress—a pattern of distress—is a pattern in the estimate of well-being that suggests thatperson100 is in need of assistance. Some patterns of distress are periodic and detect, for example and without limitation, tremors, shuddering, shivering, etc. Some patterns of distress are not periodic and detect, for example and without limitation, falls, etc. The illustrative embodiment tests for both periodic and non-periodic patterns of distress.
• The second sign of distress—a failure of the estimate of well-being to reach a threshold of well-being—is self explanatory. This is based on the recognition that a person who is not in need of assistance, even when asleep, will exhibit some level of a trait (e.g., some minimum level of motion, some minimum blood oxygen saturation level, etc.). Therefore, each threshold of well-being is the minimum level of a trait, such as motion or blood oxygenation saturation level, that is acceptable without suggesting thatperson100 is in distress.
• To reduce the likelihood of both false-positive errors and false-negative errors, some of the signs of distress are characterized by one or more parameters. The illustrative embodiment adaptively modifies the parameters based on time, past estimates of well-being, and occurrences ofperson100 declining assistance intask805.
• Task902 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask902—increasing the parameter E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance—when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress.
• Attask1001,processor201 determines whether the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by exhibiting a pattern of distress.Task1001 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• Attask1002,processor201 determines whether the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by failing to reach a threshold of well-being.Task1002 is described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
• FIG. 11 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask1001 increasing the parameter E the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by exhibiting a pattern of distress.
• Attask1101,processor201 determines whether the motion profile in the estimate of well-being exhibits a first pattern of distress. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the first pattern of distress is designed to detect a fall byperson100. The estimate of well-being exhibits the first pattern of distress when both (i) and (ii), wherein:
• • (i) Either (A) or (B) or (A) and (B):
    • (A) the absolute value of the magnitude of any one value of {right arrow over (S1(c−14))} through {right arrow over (S1(c))} is less than 0.5 g followed by the absolute value of the magnitude of any one value of {right arrow over (S1(c−14))} through {right arrow over (S1(c))} is greater than 1.5 g,
    • (B) the absolute value of the magnitude of any one value of {right arrow over (S2(c−14))} through {right arrow over (S2(c))} is less than 0.5 g followed by the absolute value of the magnitude of any one value of {right arrow over (S2(c−14))} through {right arrow over (S2(c))} is greater than 1.5 g; AND
  • (ii) the estimate of attitude {right arrow over (α(c))} that indicates thatperson100 is not upright. Whenprocessor201 determines that the motion profile exhibits the first pattern of distress, the parameter E is increased by ten (10), which guarantees that the estimate of well-being ofperson100 will indicate thatperson100 does need assistance intask803. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that uses another pattern of distress to detect a fall byperson100.
• Attask1102,processor201 determines whether the motion profile in the estimate of well-being exhibits a second pattern of distress. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the second pattern of distress is a sinusoidal frequency component with a magnitude of greater than parameter B in M(c−1023) through M(c) having a frequency between 4 Hz and 11 Hz. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that this can be determined by performing a Fourier Transform on M(c−1023) through M(c). The second pattern of distress is designed to detect shivering, tremors, and shaking byperson100 and is an example of a sign of distress that is characterized by a parameter—the parameter B. Whenprocessor201 determines that the motion profile exhibits the second pattern of distress, the parameter E is increased by the magnitude of the strongest sinusoidal frequency component divided by 0.00025. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that use another pattern of distress to detect shivering, tremors, shaking, etc.
• The illustrative embodiment tests for two patterns of distress—one periodic and one aperiodic—but it will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that test for any number of patterns of distress.
• FIG. 12 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask1002—increasing the parameter E—the estimate of whetherperson100 needs assistance when the estimate of well-being exhibits a sign of distress by failing to reach a threshold of well-being.
• Attask1201,processor201 determines if the motion profile in the estimate of well-being fails to reach the first threshold of well-being. To accomplish this,processor201 generates:
• 
  E₁(k)=|A(k)−W₁|  (Eq. 6)
• wherein k equals each value of z−V₁through z, wherein:
• 
  V₁=f₁(T₁,α(z),β(z),δ(z),φ(z),ω(z),t,C(t))  (Eq. 7)
• 
  and
• 
  W₁=g₁(T₁,α(z),β(z),δ(z),φ(z),ω(z),t,C(t))  (Eq. 8)
• and wherein T₁is the first threshold of well-being parameter and C(t) is a calendrical trait of time t. The purpose of the test intask1202 is to quickly (e.g., within 30 seconds of an event that would require assistance forperson100, etc.) determine ifperson100 is in need of assistance. The value of V₁is nominally75 (for 30 seconds of motion profile) but is increased as values of α, β and δ, t, and C(t) suggest thatperson100 is sleeping. The value of W₁is nominally T₁but is decreased as the blood oxygen saturation level φ ofperson100 decreases. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that use another test based on other functions and other inputs. If every value of E₁(k) is negative, then the estimate of well-being fails to reach the first threshold of well-being and the parameter E is increased by ten (10).
• Attask1202,processor201 determines if the motion profile in the estimate of well-being fails to reach the second threshold of well-being. To accomplish this,processor201 generates:
• 
  E₂=|A(k)−W₂|  (Eq. 9)
• wherein k equals each value of z−V₂through z, wherein:
• 
  V₂=f₂(T₂,α(z),β(z),δ(z),φ(z),ω(z),t,C(t))  (Eq. 10)
• 
  and
• 
  W₂=f₂(T₂,α(z),β(z),δ(z),φ(z),ω(z),t,C(t))  (Eq. 11)
• and wherein T₂is the second threshold of well-being parameter. The purpose of the test intask1203 is to determine ifperson100 is in need of assistance over a medium value of time. The value of V₂is nominally750 (for 5 minutes of motion profile) hut is increased as values of α, β and δ, t, and Ca) suggest thatperson100 is sleeping. The value of W₂is nominally T₂but is decreased as the blood oxygen saturation level co ofperson100 decreases. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that use another test based on other functions and other inputs. If every value of E₂(k) is negative, then the estimate of well-being fails to reach the first threshold of well-being and the parameter E is increased by seven (7).
• Attask1203,processor201 determines if the motion profile in the estimate of well-being fails to reach the third threshold of well-being. To accomplish this,processor201 generates:
• 
  E₃=|A(k)−W₃|  (Eq. 12)
• wherein k equals each value of z−V₂through z, wherein:
• 
  V₃=4499  (Eq. 13)
• 
  and
• 
  W₃=f₃(T₃,α(z),β(z),δ(z),φ(z),ω(z),t,C(t))  (Eq. 14)
• and wherein T₃is the third threshold of well-being parameter. The purpose of the test intask1204 is to determine ifperson100 is in need of assistance over a longer value of time. The value of W₃is nominally T₃but is decreased as the blood oxygen saturation level φ ofperson100 decreases. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention that use another test based on other functions and other inputs. If every value of E₃(k) is negative, then the estimate of well-being fails to reach the first threshold of well-being and the parameter E is increased by nine (9).
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the initial values of the thresholds of well-being parameters are set to a constant pre-determined value intask501 and modified as described herein. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, however, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which one or more thresholds of well-being parameters are established empirically and on an ongoing basis. For example,processor201 can continually analyze the person's measures of motion and use econometric analysis to determine the probability function of nominal values of the measures of motion, as a function of α(z), β(z), δ(z), φ(z), ω(z), t, CV). Then,processor201 can establish a threshold of well-being parameter, for a given set of parameters α(z), β(z), δ(z), φ(z), ω(z), t, C (t) at a value that is unlikely to occur when the person does not need assistance.
• Attask1204,processor201 determines if the blood oxygen saturation level φ(z) fails to reach a threshold of well-being. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment, the threshold of well-being for the blood oxygen saturation level is 94%. Whenprocessor201 determines that the blood oxygen saturation level φ(z) is below 94%, thenprocessor201 increases the parameter by104−φ(z).
• FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask804—promptingperson100 to decline assistance.
• Attask1301,processor201 generates a prompt forperson100 to decline assistance. In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,task1301 is performed by: havingprocessor201 directtactile vibrator206, tactile vibrator303-1, and tactile vibrator303-2 to vibrate with increasing intensity, as depicted inFIG. 14. Initially and during the first time interval, the intensity of the vibration is below the threshold X. Because the threshold X is an estimate, the purpose of the first time interval is to promptperson100 for 10 seconds and give him or her the highest chance to decline assistance without waking, if they are asleep.
• Thereafter, during the second time interval, the intensity of the vibration is increased until it is above the threshold X and yet below the threshold Y. Because the threshold Y is an estimate, the purpose of the second interval is to promptperson100 for 10 seconds and give him or her a reasonable chance to decline assistance without waking, if they are asleep.
• Thereafter, during the third time interval, the intensity of the vibration is increased until it is above the threshold Y. The purpose of the third time interval is to prompt person for 10 seconds and give him or her a last chance to decline assistance. The vibration is clearly annoying during the third time interval, and, therefore, if the person does not respond during the third time interval he or she is clearly not responsive, and, therefore, in need of assistance.
• As part oftask1301,processor201 directsspeaker208 to output an acoustic signal with increasing intensity, as depicted inFIG. 14. The acoustic signal crosses the threshold X at the same time that the intensity of vibration crosses the threshold X, and the acoustic signal crosses the threshold Y at the same time that the intensity of the vibration crosses the threshold Y.
• A parameter S is set to the value of c whentask1301 begins. As soon astask1301 begins,task1302 begins andtask1301 continues until ended bytask1305.
• Attask1302,processor201 generates an estimate of whether a response to the prompt has been received based on the motion profile generated sincetask1301 began. Recall thattask502 is performed continually and concurrently withtask503, and, therefore,processor201 is receiving measures of motion and generating motion profiles continually duringtask804.
• In accordance with the illustrative embodiment,person100 responds to the prompt and declines assistance by moving or shaking either ancillary unit302-1 or ancillary unit302-2 or both. This motion is then reflected in the motion profile generated sincetask1301 began.
• Because the consequences of a false negative error are so high, the amount of motion deemed sufficient to constitute a response to decline assistance must be significant. Therefore, in accordance with the illustrative embodiment,processor201 generates an estimate of whether the response to the prompt has been received by determining whether any value of A(0.9) through A(z) exceeds T₃. It will be clear to those skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, how to make and use alternative embodiments of the present invention in which another test is used to estimate whether the response to the prompt has been received.
• Attask1303, when the estimate of whether the response has been received exhibits a response, then control proceeds totask1305; otherwise control proceeds totask1304.
• Attask1304, when a timer for receiving a response has timed out (i.e., the end of the third time interval inFIG. 14), then control proceeds totask1305; otherwise control proceeds back totask1302.
• Attask1305,processor201 ends the prompt and control proceeds totask805.
• FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart of the salient: tasks performed byprocessor201 intask806—modifying a sign of distress, when appropriate. The purpose oftask806 is to modify or adapt: some of the signs of distress to reduce the number of false positive decisions that the illustrative embodiment makes intask803.
• Whentask806 is reached because the motion profile exhibited a sign of distress by exhibiting the second pattern of distress,processor201 at:task1501 increases the value of B by 1%.
• Whentask806 is reached because the motion profile exhibited a sign of distress by failing to reach the second threshold of well-being,processor201 attask1502 increases the value of T₂by 1%.
• FIG. 16 depicts a flowchart of the salient tasks performed byprocessor201 intask807—transmitting a request for assistance forperson100.
• Attask1601,processor201 directs radio transmitter andreceiver210 todirect cell phone103 to initiate a communications session withassistance monitoring facility105.
• Attask1602,processor201 transmits estimate of well-being, the motion profile, the parameters α(z), β(z), δ(z), φ(z), ω(z), t, C(t), B, and T₂, toassistance monitoring facility105 along with the identity ofmaster unit101, the location ofmaster unit101, the identity ofperson100, and a request for assistance forperson100.
• Attask1603,processor201 directs radio transmitter andreceiver210 to directlocal monitoring apparatus107 to soundalarm404, which is a local request for assistance forperson100.
• FIG. 17 depicts a schematic diagram of the first alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• In accordance with the first alternative embodiment, there is nomaster unit101. In accordance with the first alternative embodiment, ancillary units102-1 and102-2 perform the same functions as they did in the illustrative embodiment, andlocal monitoring apparatus1707 performs the functions performed bymaster unit101 in the illustrative embodiment, except that some or all ofattitude sensor202,microphone203,light sensor204,pulse oximeter205,display207,speaker208,panic button209, andlocation finder211 are incorporated into ancillary unit102-1 or ancillary unit102-2 or are incorporated intolocal monitoring apparatus1707 or are omitted altogether.
• FIG. 18 depicts a schematic diagram of the second alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• In accordance with the second alternative embodiment, one unit—monitoringunit1802—performs the functionality of bothmaster unit101 and ancillary unit102-1, and there is no ancillary unit102-2.Local monitoring apparatus107 is identical to that in the illustrative embodiment.
• FIG. 19 depicts a schematic diagram of the third alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• In accordance with the third alternative embodiment, there is only one ancillary unit, ancillary unit102-1, which performs the same functions as it did in the illustrative embodiment. There is nomaster unit101, and ancillary unit102-1 interacts withlocal monitoring apparatus1907, which performs the functions performed bymaster unit101 in the illustrative embodiment, except that some or all ofattitude sensor202,microphone203,light sensor204,pulse oximeter205,display207,speaker208,panic button209, andlocation finder211 are incorporated into ancillary unit102-1 or ancillary unit102-2 or are incorporated intolocal monitoring apparatus1907 or are omitted altogether. And still furthermore,local monitoring apparatus1907 has a wireline connection toassistance monitoring facility105 that it can use rather than usecell phone103.
• FIG. 20 depicts a schematic diagram of the fourth alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is used in conjunction withperson100.
• In accordance with the third alternative embodiment, there is only one ancillary unit, ancillary unit102-1, which performs the same functions as it did in the illustrative embodiment.Cell phone103, which is a “smart” phone performs all of the processing functions performed byprocessor201 in the illustrative embodiment.
Markman Definitions
• Accelerometer—For the purposes of this specification, an “accelerometer” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that measures:
• • (i) the magnitude, or
  • (ii) the direction, or
  • (iii) the magnitude and the direction
    of acceleration in one, two, or three dimensions.
• Attitude sensor—For the purposes of this specification, an “attitude sensor” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that generates a one, two, or three-dimensional measure of the angular orientation or “attitude” of a person. The attitude sensor described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than an attitude sensor in the claims.
• Based on—For the purposes of this specification, the phrase “based on” is defined as “being dependent on” in contrast to “being independent of”. Being “based on” includes both functions and relations.
• Calendrical trait—For the purposes of this specification, a “calendrical trait” of time t is defined as a characterization of the time t. In this specification, a calendrical trait of time t is designated as C(t). For example and without limitation, the calendrical traits of time t include the day of the week, the day of the month, the month of the year, the season of the year, whether it is daytime or nighttime, whether t falls on a holiday, etc.
• Cell phone—For the purposes of this specification, a “cell phone” should be given the ordinary and customary meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention. A cell phone is a synonym for a mobile station (in 3GPP nomenclature).
• Display—For the purposes of this specification, a “display” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that converts an electromagnetic signal that might or might not be visible to a human eye into an electromagnetic signal that is visible to a human eye. The display described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a display in the claims.
• Estimate of Well-Being—For the purposes of this specification, an “estimate of well-being” is defined as a characterization of the:
• • (i) physical status, or
  • (ii) mental status, or
  • (iii) physical status and mental status
    of a person.
• Estimate of attitude—For the purposes of this specification, an “estimate of attitude” is defined as a one, two, or three-dimensional measure of the angular orientation or physical uprightness of a person. A person who standing straight upright has a different attitude than a person who is lying prone or supine.
• Failure to reach a threshold of well-being—For the purposes of this specification, a “failure to reach a threshold of well-being” is defined as a level of activity of a person that suggests the person needs assistance.
• Light sensor—For the purposes of this specification, a “light sensor” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that converts a light level into an electromagnetic signal. The light sensor described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a light sensor in the claims.
• Limb—For the purposes of this specification, a “limb.” is defined as an arm or leg.
• Location finder—For the purposes of this specification, a “location finder” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that is capable of determining a location in one, two, or three dimensions. The location finder described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a location finder in the claims.
• Location on a person's body—For the purposes of this specification, the phrase “location on a person's body” is defined as a point or region inside or on the surface of a person's body.
• Measure of acceleration—For the purposes of this specification, a “measure of acceleration” is defined as:
• • (i) the magnitude, or
  • (ii) the direction, or
  • (iii) the magnitude and the direction
    of acceleration in one, two, or three dimensions.
• Measure of motion—For the purposes of this specification, a “measure of motion” is defined as:
• • (i) the magnitude, or
  • (ii) the direction, or
  • (iii) the magnitude and the direction
    of:
  • (a) acceleration, or
  • (b) velocity
    in one, two, or three dimensions.
• Microphone—For the purposes of this specification, a “microphone” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that converts an acoustic vibration into an electromagnetic signal. The microphone described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a microphone in the claims.
• Motion profile—For the purposes of this specification, a “motion profile” is defined as data and/or statistics regarding the motion of a person.
• Motion sensor—For the purposes of this specification, a “motion sensor” is defined as hardware that directly measures:
• • (i) the magnitude, or
  • (ii) the direction, or
  • (iii) the magnitude and the direction
    of at least one of:
  • (a) acceleration, or
  • (b) velocity
    in one, two, or three dimensions.
• Output device—For the purposes of this specification, an “output device” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that transmits a signal.
• Panic button—For the purposes of this specification, a “panic button” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that when activated directs the transmission of a request for assistance. The panic button described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a panic button in the claims.
• Pattern of distress—For the purposes of this specification, a “pattern of distress” is defined as a pattern in an estimate of well-being that suggests that aperson100 is in need of assistance. Some patterns of distress are periodic and detect, for example and without limitation, tremors, shuddering, shivering, etc. Some patterns of distress are not periodic and detect, for example and without limitation, fails, etc.
• Processor—For the purposes of this specification, a “processor” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that performs mathematical and/or logical operations. The processor described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a processor in the claims.
• Pulse oximeter—For the purposes of this specification, a “pulse oximeter” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that measures a blood oxygen saturation level and converts it into an electromagnetic signal. The pulse oximeter described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a pulse oximeter in the claims.
• Radio—For the purposes of this specification, a “radio” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that is capable of telecommunications via an unguided (i.e., wireless) electromagnetic signal. The radio described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a radio in the claims.
• Sign of distress—For the purposes of this specification, a “sign of distress” is defined as:
• • (i) a pattern of distress, or
  • (ii) a failure to reach a threshold of well-being.
• Speaker—For the purposes of this specification, a “speaker” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that converts an electromagnetic signal into an acoustic vibration. The speaker described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a speaker in the claims.
• Tactile vibrator—For the purposes of this specification, a “tactile vibrator” is defined as hardware or hardware and software that vibrates under the control of an electromagnetic signal. The tactile vibrator described in the illustrative embodiment might have more limitations than a tactile vibrator in the claims.
• Threshold of well-being—For the purposes of this specification, a “threshold of well-being” is defined as a level of activity of a person that, when attained, suggests that the person does not need assistance.
• To Exhibit—For the purposes of this specification, the infinitive “to exhibit” and its inflected forms (e.g., “exhibiting”, “exhibits”, etc.) is defined as “to manifest or make evident.”
• To Generate—For the purposes of this specification, the infinitive “to generate” and its inflected forms (e.g., “generating”, “generation”, etc.) should be given the ordinary and customary meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
• To Receive—For the purposes of this specification, the infinitive “to receive” and its inflected forms (e.g., “receiving”, “received”, etc.) should be given the ordinary and customary meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
• To Transmit—For the purposes of this specification, the infinitive “to transmit” and its inflected forms (e.g., “transmitting”, “transmitted”, etc.) should be given the ordinary and customary meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention.
• When—For the purposes of this specification, the word “when” is defined as “upon the occasion of.”

Claims (23)

What is claimed is:

1-12. (canceled)

13. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, an estimate of well-being of the person based on the first measure of motion;

when the estimate of well-being fails to reach a threshold of well-being, generating, with a first output device, a prompt to decline assistance;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion;

generating, based on the second measure of motion, an estimate of whether the person has declined assistance in response to the prompt to decline assistance; and

when the estimate of whether the person has declined assistance indicates that the person has failed to decline assistance, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

14. The method ofclaim 13 wherein the first output device is a tactile vibrator.

15. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising:

receiving an estimate of the location of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the estimate of the location of the person.

16. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient light level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient light level.

17. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient sound level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient sound level.

18. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, a first estimate of well-being based on the first measure of motion;

when the first estimate of well-being fails to reach a threshold of well-being as characterized by a first parameter, generating, with a first output device, a first prompt for the person to decline assistance;

when the person declines assistance in response to the first prompt, modifying the first parameter to generate a second parameter;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion of the location on the person's body;

generating a second estimate of well-being based on the second measure of motion;

when the second estimate of well-being fails to reach a threshold of well-being as characterized by the second parameter, generating, with the first output device, a second prompt for the person to decline assistance; and

when the person fails to decline assistance in response to the second prompt, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

19. The method ofclaim 18 wherein the first output device is a tactile vibrator.

20. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising:

receiving an estimate of the location of the person; and

wherein the first estimate of well-being is also based on the estimate of the location of the person.

21. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient light level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the first estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient light level.

22. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient sound level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the first estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient sound level.

23. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, a first motion profile based on the first measure of motion;

when the first motion profile exhibits a first sign of distress as characterized by a first parameter, generating, with a first output device, a first prompt for the person to decline assistance, wherein the first sign of distress suggests distress that is independent of a fall;

when the person declines assistance in response to the first prompt, modifying the first parameter to generate a second parameter;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion of the location on the person's body;

generating a second motion profile based on the second measure of motion;

when the second motion profile exhibits a second sign of distress as characterized by the second parameter, generating, with the first output device, a second prompt for the person to decline assistance; and

when the person fails to decline assistance in response to the second prompt, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

24. The method ofclaim 23 wherein the first output device is a tactile vibrator.

25. The method ofclaim 23 further comprising:

receiving an estimate of the location of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the estimate of the location of the person.

26. The method ofclaim 23 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient light level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient light level.

27. The method ofclaim 23 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient sound level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient sound level.

28. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, a first estimate of well-being based on the first measure of motion;

when the first estimate of well-being fails to reach a threshold of well-being as characterized by a first parameter, generating, with a first output device, a first prompt for the person to decline assistance;

when the person declines assistance in response to the first prompt, modifying the first parameter to generate a second parameter;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion of the location on the person's body;

generating a second estimate of well-being based on the second measure of motion; and

when the second estimate of well-being fails to reach a threshold of well-being as characterized by the second parameter, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

29. The method ofclaim 28 wherein the first output device is a tactile vibrator.

30. The method ofclaim 28 further comprising:

receiving an estimate of the location of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the estimate of the location of the person.

31. The method ofclaim 28 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient light level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient light level.

32. The method ofclaim 28 further comprising:

receiving a measure of ambient sound level in the vicinity of the person; and

wherein the estimate of well-being is also based on the measure of ambient sound level.

33. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, a first estimate of well-being based on the first measure of motion;

when the first estimate of well-being fails to reach a first threshold of well-being, generating, with a first output device, a first prompt for the person to decline assistance;

when the person declines assistance in response to the first prompt, modifying the first threshold of well-being to generate a second threshold of well-being;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion of the location on the person's body;

generating a second estimate of well-being based on the second measure of motion;

when the second estimate of well-being fails to reach the second threshold of well-being, generating, with the first output device, a second prompt for the person to decline assistance; and

when the person fails to decline assistance in response to the second prompt, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

34. A method comprising:

receiving, from a motion sensor, a first measure of motion of a location on a person's body;

generating, by a processor, a first estimate of well-being based on the first measure of motion;

when the first estimate of well-being fails to reach a first threshold of well-being, generating, with a first output device, a first prompt for the person to decline assistance;

when the person declines assistance in response to the first prompt, modifying the first threshold of well-being to generate a second threshold of well-being;

receiving, from the motion sensor, a second measure of motion of the location on the person's body;

generating, by the processor, a second estimate of well-being based on the second measure of motion; and

when the second estimate of well-being fails to reach the second threshold of well-being, transmitting, with a second output device, a request for assistance for the person.

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