US20140091638A1 - System and method for inductive power provision over an extended surface - Google Patents

Abstract

A power providing system for transferring power from an inductive power outlet to an inductive power receiver. The power providing system includes a targeting apparatus capable of detecting the location of the inductive power receiver adjacent to said extended surface and driving a primary inductor in the vicinity of the inductive power receiver. Optionally, the inductive power outlet includes a moving primary inductor which may move into alignment with the receiver. Alternatively, the inductive power outlet includes an array of primary inductors and a primary inductor may be selected in the locality of the inductive power receiver.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/757,476 filed Apr. 9, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of PCT application Serial No. PCT/IL2008/001347 filed Oct. 12, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. Nos. 60/960,636 filed Oct. 9, 2007; 60/001,106 filed Oct. 31, 2007; 60/996,460 filed Nov. 19, 2007; 60/996,592 filed Nov. 27, 2007; 60/996,922 filed Dec. 11, 2007; 61/006,037 filed Dec. 17, 2007; 61/008,319 filed Dec. 20, 2007; 61/006,132 filed Dec. 26, 2007 and 61/006,238 filed Jan. 2, 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present disclosure relates to an inductive power system and method with an inductive power receiver positioned somewhere over an extended surface.
BACKGROUND
• The provision of electric power where and when needed, is an important consideration when constructing buildings. The number and location of power outlets required for each room is dependent upon how the room will be used. Often, however, the future function of the room is not known during its construction. Consequently, it is often necessary to relocate power outlets long after a building is completed, which can be costly.
• Conventional power outlets are typically situated at strategic points around the walls of rooms. A ring main to which the power sockets are connected may be provided. Such a ring main is typically embedded in the wall, and electrical boxes in/on the wall are connected therewith. The location of power outlets is thus determined by the locations of the fixed electrical boxes. Once the wall has been finished, the relocation of power outlets is difficult.
• To add or relocate power outlets, additional wiring must be provided. The additional wiring may itself be located within or embedded into the wall by chiseling a groove into the surface thereof, running the wiring along the groove and rendering over the wiring, with plaster, pointing compound or the like. Additional power outlets are typically either sunk into depressions cut into the wall surface or alternatively, protruding electrical boxes are screwed or bolted there onto. Another method for relocating power outlets is to attach a power conduit to the outside of the wall and to run wiring through the external conduit, with power outlets being connected to the external conduit. Such a solution is commonly used in schools, colleges, laboratories and other institutions, particularly where the walls are constructed from solid stone, concrete or brick. It will be appreciated that this solution is costly, time consuming and unsightly.
• U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,565 to Price describes an electrical tape and plug connector designed to facilitate and simplify the installation of electrical wiring. Substantially flat or film conductors are sandwiched between insulating layers of protective material. The sandwich construction includes a ground conductor insulated from the two mains current carrying conductors. One surface or side of the tape or cable is coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. A three-prong connector adapts the tape or cable to a utility outlet.
• Price's solution allows wiring to lie flat against a wall surface which makes the wiring less obtrusive and simpler to install. However installation of the utility outlets requires the removal of insulation from the conducting tape and the connection of a special plug. Furthermore, the utility outlet once connected cannot be removed without exposing the conductor.
• An alternative system is described in United States Patent Application No. 2002/0084096 to Chang. Chang describes an electric wire coupling device which includes one or more electric wires having one or more electric cables engaged and received in an outer rubber covering. One or more sockets each has a socket housing and two conductor members secured in the socket housing, which are aligned with the orifices of the socket housing for receiving plugs. The electric wires and/or the sockets each has an adhesive material for attaching to the supporting wall without further fasteners. The socket may include a side opening for coupling to the other electric wires.
• In Chang's system the power strip and outlets are stuck onto a wall surface and protrude there from. Aside from being unsightly, if the protruding sockets are knocked they may become detached from the wall. Because the sockets and wires are supported only by the adhesive and not by additional fasteners, if the sockets become detached from the wall they will only be supported by the wire itself, thereby posing a safety hazard.
• Conventional electrical sockets have holes therein into which the pins of corresponding plugs are inserted to form a conductive coupling. For safety, the power supplying side of the couple is generally the female part, and does not have bare conductive elements protruding therefrom. The plug coupled to the device is the corresponding male part, typically having bare pins. The size of the pins and holes are such that even a small child cannot insert his or her fingers thereinto. In high quality sockets, an earth connection is provided, and, only when a plug with a longer earth pin is inserted there into, is it possible to insert a pin (or anything else) into the holes connected to the current carrying live and neutral wires. Nevertheless, children do occasionally manage to insert pencils, pins and other objects into socket holes, sometimes with fatal results. Water can also cause shorting and may result in electrocution.
• Since sockets are unsightly, the number of sockets installed on a wall is generally limited. Often, their position is not appropriate to changing requirements and extension cords are needed.
• For these and other reasons, there is a need for alternative power provision than occasionally positioned, conventional socket outlets along a wall and the present disclosure addresses this need.
SUMMARY
• It is an aim of the disclosure to provide a solution to a power providing system comprising at least one inductive power outlet incorporated into an extended surface such as a bounding surface of a workspace, the inductive power outlet comprising at least one primary inductor connectable to a power supply via a driver; the driver for providing an oscillating voltage supply to the primary inductor; the primary inductor for inductively coupling with a secondary inductor wired to an electric load. According to various embodiments of the disclosure, the bounding surface is selected from the group comprising: walls, floors, ceilings, sinks, baths, doors and work surfaces.
• Typically, the inductive power outlets are incorporated into prefabricated materials for incorporating into the bounding surfaces. Optionally, the prefabricated materials are selected from the group comprising: plasterboard, paper sheets, wallpaper, plasterers tape, doors, window frames, wall-tiles, fitted cabinets, kitchen counters, sinks, baths, sink surrounds, rugs, fitted carpets, parquet, linoleum, floor-tiles, non-slip matting, tiling, stone, artificial stone and paving.
• According to one embodiment of the disclosure a plasterboard panel is provided for affixing into the bounding surface, the plasterboard panel comprising a layer of gypsum sandwiched between two paper sheets and at least one pair of conductors for connecting the primary inductor to the power supply, the primary inductor being behind at least one of the paper sheets.
• In various embodiments, the plasterboard panel is additionally characterized by at least one feature selected from: a ferromagnetic core for improving flux guidance between the primary inductor and the secondary inductor; at least one primary inductor being printed onto at least one paper sheet; the panel being water-resistant; the panel comprising a heating element; the panel comprising a high resistance primary inductor; and the primary inductor comprising an alloy having relatively high resistance such that oscillating currents therein, produce a heating effect.
• According to another embodiment the disclosure provides a paper sheet for adhering to the bounding surface; the paper sheet comprising the at least one primary inductor; and at least one pair of conductors for connecting the primary inductor to the power supply. Optionally, the paper sheet may be characterized by at least one feature selected from: the paper sheet being a wallpaper; the primary inductor being adhered onto the back of a dielectric layer; the primary inductor comprising a conducting coil printed onto the paper; and the paper sheet comprising an adhesive layer for self-adhering to the bounding surface.
• In another embodiment of the disclosure a tape is provided for affixing onto the bounding surface, the tape comprising: a first layer having an adhesive surface; a second layer comprising: at least one pair of electrical conductors electrically isolated from each other; and the at least one primary inductor being electrically coupled to the pair of electrical conductors; and a third layer overlaying the second layer such that the pair of electrical conductors and the primary inductor are sandwiched between the first layer and the second layer.
• Optionally, the power outlet tape is characterized by at least one feature selected from the group comprising: the second layer comprising a two dimensional array of primary inductors; a release layer releasably engaged to the adhesive surface of the first layer; a coating applied to the outer face of the third layer, the adhesive surface releasably engaging with the coating when the power outlet tape is rolled upon itself; the tape comprising a scrim layer of interwoven fibers; and the tape comprising a ferromagnetic core for improving flux guidance between the primary inductor and the secondary inductor.
• In still another embodiment of the disclosure, a floor surface for the workspace is provided, the primary inductor being embedded therein and wired to the power supply via wiring under the floor surface. Optionally, the floor surface is selected from the group comprising: rugs, fitted carpets, parquet, linoleum, floor-tiles, non-slip matting, tiling, stone, artificial stone and paving.
• According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, an electrical appliance is adapted to draw power inductively from at least one inductive power outlet, the electrical appliance comprising at least one secondary inductor. Typically, the electrical appliance further comprising a power storage means, for storing electrical energy for powering the appliance. Optionally, the power storage means is selected from the group comprising capacitors, accumulators, and rechargeable electrochemical cells.
• In various embodiments, the electrical appliance is selected from the group comprising: standing lamps, video recorders, DVD players, paper shredders, fans, photocopiers, computers, printers, cooking appliances, refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, clothes dryers, heavy machinery, desk lamps, ambient lighting units, fans, wireless telephones, speakers, speaker phones, conference call base units, electric pencil sharpeners, electric staplers, display devices, electrical picture frames, VDUs, projectors, televisions, video players, music centers, calculators, scanners, fax machines, hot plates, electrically heated mugs, mobile phones, hairdryers, shavers, delapidators, heaters, wax-melting equipment, hair curlers, beard trimmers, bathroom-scales, lights and radios, egg beaters, bread-makers, liquidizers, orange juice extractors, vegetable juicers, food-processors, electric knives, toasters, sandwich toasters, waffle makers, electrical barbecue grills, slow cookers, hot-plates, deep-fat fryers, electrical frying pans, knife sharpeners, domestic sterilizers, kettles, urns, radios, cassette players, CD players and electrical can-openers, popcorn makers and magnetic stirrers.
• According to yet another embodiment of the disclosure, a system is provided comprising a power platform that comprises at least one device-mounted inductive power outlet for inductively providing power to electrical loads, the system further comprising at least one secondary inductor for drawing power inductively from at least one inductive power outlet with the power platform being incorporated into an item of furniture. Optionally, the item of furniture is selected from the group comprising chairs, tables, workbenches, partitioning walls cabinets and cupboards.
• In various embodiments of the disclosure, the inductive power outlet comprises a positioning mechanism for moving the primary inductor behind the bounding surface. In various embodiments, the inductive power outlet is further characterized by at least one feature selected from the group comprising: the positioning mechanism comprising a carriage; the primary inductor being mounted upon at least one of the group comprising roller-balls, wheels, skis and levitating magnets; the primary inductor being affixed to at least one guiding cable; the positioning mechanism being motorized; the positioning mechanism being remotely controllable by a user; the primary inductor being affixed to a first magnetic element configured to be pulled by a second magnetic element; the positioning mechanism further comprising a clutch for engaging the primary coil to the back face of the bounding surface, and the positioning mechanism further comprising a release mechanism for disengaging the primary inductor from the back face of the bounding surface.
• Alternatively or additionally, the positioning mechanism comprises at least one rail upon which the primary inductor is slideably mounted. Typically, the rail is slideably supported by at least one of the group comprising tracks and pulleys.
• In other embodiments where the primary inductor is concealed behind a substantially opaque layer; the system further comprising at least one indicator for indicating the location of the primary inductor. Optionally, the system is further characterized by at least one feature selected from: the indicator being incorporated within the bounding surface; the indicator comprising a visual display representing a map of the surface, the location of the primary inductor being indicated upon the map; the indicator further comprising a control panel for adjusting the location of the primary inductor, the location of the primary inductor being indicated upon the control panel; the indicator comprising at least one transmitter configured to transmit a locator beam, the locator beam being detectable remotely; the location of the primary inductor being determinable by external sensors; and the location of the primary inductor being determinable by external sensors selected from the group comprising: proximity sensors, volume sensors, infra-red sensors, ultrasonic sensors, magnetic sensors, Hall probes, inductance sensors and capacitance sensors.
• In certain embodiments, the system includes an indicator comprises an emitter of radiation of a type and intensity capable of penetrating the substantially opaque layer and for allowing detection thereof from in front of the substantially opaque layer. Optionally, the system is further characterized by at least one feature selected from the group comprising: the emitter being incorporated within the primary inductor and the radiation being selected such that the substantially opaque surface translucent to the radiation; the emitter comprising a light emitting diode; the emitter comprising the primary inductor; the radiation being detectable by a photodiode; the radiation comprising at least one of the group comprising: electromagnetic radiation, sound waves and ultrasonic waves; the radiation comprising infra-red radiation; the infra-red radiation being detectable by a digital camera; and the location of the primary inductor being encoded into a location signal and the location signal being transmitted by the radiation.
• It is a further aim of the disclosure to provide a protection system for preventing the power providing system from transmitting power in the absence of the electric load, the system comprising at least one circuit-breaker for disconnecting the primary coil from the power supply. In one embodiment, the protection system further comprises: at least one primary detector for detecting power transmitted by the primary inductor; at least one secondary detector for detecting the secondary inductor inductively coupled to the primary inductor; and at least one controller in communication with both the primary detector and the secondary detector, for triggering the circuit-breaker. Optionally, the primary detector is selected from the group comprising: magnetic sensors, heat sensors, electromagnetic radiation sensors and Hall probes.
• In other embodiments of the disclosure, the primary inductor of the protection system radiates at a characteristic frequency f and the primary detector being configured to detect radiation at frequency f. Optionally, the protection system additionally comprises a modulator for tagging the radiation with a secondary tag indicating that the secondary inductor is inductively coupled to the primary inductor, wherein the secondary detector comprises a processor for demodulating the radiation and isolating the secondary signal. Certain embodiments additionally comprise a modulator for tagging the radiation with a primary tag uniquely identifying the primary inductor.
• It is a further aim of the disclosure to present a method for preventing an inductive power outlet from transmitting power in the absence of an electric load, the inductive power outlet comprising at least one primary inductor wired to a power supply, for inductively coupling with a secondary inductor wired to the electric load, the method comprising the steps of: the primary inductor transmitting power; detecting that the primary inductor is transmitting power; checking that the primary inductor is inductively coupled to the secondary inductor; and disconnecting the primary inductor from the power supply if no secondary inductor is detected.
• Optionally, Step (b) may be selected from at least one of the steps: communicating a signal from the primary inductor to a controller; and detecting a radiation emanating from the primary inductor.
• Optionally, Step (c) may be selected from at least one of the steps: communicating a signal from the secondary inductor to a controller; encoding a secondary signal within radiation emanating from the primary inductor; and monitoring the temperature in the vicinity of the primary inductor and checking for a significant rise in the temperature.
• Optionally, Step (d) comprises sending at least one control signal to a controller indicating that the primary inductor is transmitting power with no secondary inductor present, and sending a trigger signal to a circuit-breaker connected between the power supply and the primary inductor.
• Still further embodiments disclose a power providing system comprising a targeting apparatus comprising a location monitor configured to indicate the location of the inductive power receiver. Optionally, the targeting apparatus comprises: a location monitor configured to monitor the location of the inductive power receiver; and a driver configured to provide an oscillating voltage supply to the at least one local primary inductor in the vicinity of the secondary inductor.
• In embodiments wherein the inductive power outlet comprises an array of primary inductors distributed behind the extended surface, the driver may be further configured to select the local primary inductor from the array the local primary inductor being in the vicinity of the secondary inductor.
• In other embodiments, the inductive power outlet may comprise a positioning mechanism for moving a movable primary inductor behind the extended surface and the driver is further configured to direct the movable primary inductor into the vicinity of the secondary inductor.
• Optionally, the location monitor comprises an array of tracking-signal detectors associated with the inductive power outlet, the tracking-signal detectors configured to detect a signal emitted by at least one tracking-signal emitter carried by the inductive power receiver, and a processor configured to calculate the location of the inductive power receiver using triangulation. Advantageously, the location monitor may further comprise a timing-detector configured to receive a fast-traveling tracking-signal emitted by a second tracking-signal emitter carried by the inductive power receiver.
• It is a further aspect to teach a method for transferring power from an inductive power outlet to an inductive power receiver adjacent to an extended surface, the method comprising the steps: step (I)—providing at least one primary inductor behind the an extended surface; step (II)—locating the inductive power receiver; and step (IV)—providing an oscillating voltage supply to at least one primary inductor coupled to a secondary inductor integral to the inductive power receiver.
• Step (I) of the method may variously comprise: step (I′)—providing an array of primary inductors distributed behind the extended surface, and the method may comprise the additional step: step (III)—selecting at least one local primary inductor from the array, the local primary inductor being in the vicinity of the secondary inductor.
• Alternatively, step (I) of the method may comprise: step (I″)—providing at least one movable primary inductor behind the extended surface, the method comprising the additional step: step (III′)—directing the movable primary inductor into the vicinity of the secondary inductor.
• Optionally, step (II) of locating the inductive power receiver may include the substeps: step (Ha)—the inductive power receiver emitting at least one tracking-signal; step (IIb)—detecting the tracking-signal by an array of tracking-signal detectors; and step (IIc)—calculating the location of the inductive power receiver using triangulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• For a better understanding of the disclosure and to show how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way of example, to the accompanying drawings.
• With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the various embodiments of the present disclosure only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be a useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the disclosure. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the disclosure in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure; the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the disclosure may be embodied in practice. In the accompanying drawings:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a corner of a room, incorporating a power providing system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a plaster board wall panel including a plurality of primary inductive coils and connecting wires for coupling to a mains power supply;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a wall incorporating the plasterboard wall panel ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a wallpaper including a plurality of primary inductive coils and connecting wires for coupling to a mains power supply;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a wall coated with the wallpaper ofFIG. 4;
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a wall incorporating primary inductive coils connected to a control box;
• FIG. 7 shows an exemplary configuration of the electrical components embedded in a section of walling according to a further embodiment of the disclosure;
• FIG. 8ais a schematic representation of a roll of power outlet tape;
• FIG. 8bis a schematic representation of a second, wider power outlet tape having a two dimensional array of primary inductive coils thereupon;
• FIG. 9ais a schematic representation of the power outlet tape ofFIG. 8abeing applied to a wall;
• FIG. 9bis a schematic representation of various appliances provided with dedicated inductive power adaptors, mounted upon the completed wall ofFIG. 9a;
• FIG. 9cis a schematic representation of an inductive power adaptor mounted to a wall;
• FIG. 10ashows a first configuration of the electrical components of the power outlet tape;
• FIG. 10bshows a second configuration of the electrical components of the power outlet tape;
• FIG. 11 shows an under-floor power providing system in accordance with a further embodiment of the present disclosure;
• FIG. 12a-fare schematic representations of various embodiments of electrical appliances provided with secondary coils, adapted to receive power from inductive outlets;
• FIG. 13a-dare schematic representations of further embodiments of electrical appliances, adapted to receive power from inductive outlets;
• FIG. 14ais a schematic representation of a surface incorporating a movable power outlet, with a portable computer inductively coupled therewith according to another embodiment of the current disclosure;
• FIG. 14bis a cross section through a surface layer behind which a power outlet is mounted upon a first embodiment of a positioning mechanism;
• FIG. 15ais a schematic representation of a wall including a linear rail behind the skirting board thereof to which a power outlet is slidably mounted and free to be moved by a second embodiment of a positioning mechanism;
• FIG. 15bis a schematic representation of two power outlets slidably mounted to an extended rail covering a wall;
• FIG. 15cis a schematic representation of a third embodiment of a positioning mechanism wherein a power outlet is mounted upon an adjustable H-frame behind a wall;
• FIG. 15dis a schematic representation of a fourth embodiment of a positioning mechanism wherein a power outlet is movable by four guiding cables behind a surface;
• FIGS. 16aand16bshow sections through a movable inductive outlet including a clutch mechanism engaged and disengaged to the surface;
• FIG. 17ais a schematic representation of a concealed power outlet and an indicator incorporated into a surface for indicating the location of a primary coil concealed behind the surface;
• FIG. 17bis a schematic representation of a computer resting upon the surface ofFIG. 17aand being powered by the concealed primary coil;
• FIG. 17cis a schematic representation of an alternative power outlet, wherein an adjustable primary coil is concealed behind a wall and controllable remotely by a control panel which indicates the location of the primary coil;
• FIG. 18ais a schematic representation of a power outlet, wherein a light emitting diode transmits a location beam which is received by a camera of a mobile phone;
• FIG. 18bis a block diagram representing a power outlet according to another embodiment of the disclosure, wherein a primary coil is configured to transmit a locator beam, carrying an encoded signal identifying the location of the primary coil, to a receiver;
• FIG. 18cis a schematic representation of a location monitor for use with embodiments of the disclosure;
• FIG. 18dis a schematic representation of an embodiment of the location monitor incorporated into an extended power transmission surface having multiple inductive outlets;
• FIG. 18eis a schematic representation of another embodiment of the location monitor incorporated into an alternative extended power transmission surface having a movable inductive power outlet;
• FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a power-leak prevention system for use in a power providing system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
• FIG. 20ais a schematic diagram of an inductive power outlet protected by a local leak prevention system, and a secondary coil, wired to an electric load, inductively coupled thereto, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;
• FIG. 20bis a schematic diagram of the inductive power outlet ofFIG. 20awithout a secondary coil inductively coupled thereto;
• FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of a plurality of inductive power outlets protected by a remote leak prevention system according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure;
• FIG. 22 is a flow-chart illustrating a method for preventing an inductive power outlet from transmitting power in the absence of an electric load coupled therewith, according to still another embodiment of the present disclosure; and
• FIG. 23 is a flowchart showing the main steps in a method for transferring power from an inductive power outlet to an inductive power receiver placed adjacent to an extended surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, various features of the present disclosure as illustrated and described with reference to any one of the Figures may be combined with features illustrated in one or more other Figures to produce embodiments of the present disclosure that are not explicitly illustrated or described. The combinations of features illustrated provide representative embodiments for typical applications. However, various combinations and modifications of the features consistent with the teachings of the present disclosure may be desired for particular applications or implementations.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 1 showing a schematic diagram of a power providing system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Aworkspace1, such as a corner of a room, bounded bywalls2a,2b, aceiling2cand afloor2d, contains a variety of electrical appliances4, such as atelevision set4aand alight fixture4b, for example. Such electrical appliances4 are adapted to draw power frominductive power outlets6. It is a particular feature of one aspect of the disclosure that inductive power outlets are incorporated into the bounding surfaces2 of the room, such as the walls, ceiling and flooring thereof.
• Inductive power coupling allows energy to be transferred from a power supply to an electric load without a conduction path being provided therebetween. A power supply is wired to a primary inductor and an oscillating electric potential is applied across the primary inductor which induces an oscillating magnetic field. The oscillating magnetic field may induce an oscillating electrical current in a secondary inductor placed close to the primary inductor. In this way, electrical energy may be transmitted from the primary inductor to the secondary inductor by electromagnetic induction without the two inductors being conductively connected. When electrical energy is transferred from a primary inductor to a secondary inductor, the pair are said to be inductively coupled. An electric load wired in series with such a secondary inductor may draw energy from the power source when the secondary inductor is inductively coupled to the primary inductor.
• In theinductive power outlets6,primary inductors7 are wired to a power source, such as the electric mains for example, via a controller. The controller provides the electronics to drive the primary coil. Such electronics may include, for example, a switching unit providing a high frequency oscillating voltage across the primary inductor for driving same.
• Electrical devices4 may receive power from the inductive power outlets viasecondary inductors5 configured to inductively couple with theprimary inductors7 of theinductive power outlets6. As will be outlined in greater detail below, in some embodiments of the disclosure,secondary inductors5 may be housed in inductive receiving units wired to the electrical devices2. In other embodiments, secondary inductors may be incorporated into the electrical devices themselves.
• According to various embodiments of the disclosure, inductive power outlets may be incorporated into prefabricated building materials. With reference toFIG. 2, aplasterboard panel100 in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure is shown. Theplasterboard panel100 consists of a layer ofbuilding material102, such as gypsum or the like, sandwiched between facingsheets104,106, that are typically of paper. Built into theplasterboard panel100 are one or more primary inductors108A-F and connecting wires110,112 that extend to the edge of thepanel100 allowing it to be coupled to a mains power supply (not shown).
• If bulky, the primary inductors108A-F may be embedded within thebuilding material102. However, it will be appreciated that the primary inductors such as inductive coils108A-F may be relatively thin and may simply be adhered or stuck onto the facingsheet104 designed to be the outer facing surface of thepanel100.
• The primary inductors108a-fand conducting wires110,112 may be fabricated from wires or metal foil, such as an aluminum or copper sheet. Alternatively, the primary inductive coils108a-fand conducting wires110,112 may be printed or painted onto the facingsheet104 using conductive inks.
• Flux guidance cores may improve the electromagnetic coupling of primary coils108 with secondary coils604 (FIG. 6) brought into proximity with them. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, flux guidance cores (not shown) for example of ferrite or amorphous ferromagnetic material are associated with each primary coil and embedded in the walling. Further components such as ferromagnetic shielding elements or the like may additionally be incorporated therein.
• With reference toFIG. 3, theplasterboard panel100 may be incorporated into awall200, such as a standard drywall comprising panels202 of plasterboard mounted onto aframework204.
• For use in bathrooms and the like, theplasterboard panel100 may usefully be fabricated from ‘green’ water-resistant plasterboard. Indeed, it will be appreciated that the term plasterboard is used rather loosely herewith and may refer to other building materials, particularly those used for dry-walling, such as gypsum, plasterboard, gyproc, sheetrock or the like.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 4 showing a partially unrolled roll ofwallpaper300. Thewallpaper300 comprises aflexible sheet302 of a laminar material that is typically a paper or fabric, thefront surface301 of which may be printed or patterned. On the back304 of theflexible sheet302, a plurality of primaryinductive coils308 are provided. Theprimary coils308 may be fabricated from a metal foil and adhered onto theflexible sheet302, or may comprise conductive inks printed onto theflexible sheet302 by silk screening for example.
• With reference toFIG. 5, thewall paper300 is designed to be stuck onto the surface of awall400. Theprimary coils308 are configured to inductively couple with secondary inductive coils602 (FIG. 6). Such secondaryinductive coils602 may be carried bypower adaptors420 used to provide power outlets attached to thesurface402 of thewall400; with secondary inductive coils wired to electrical devices, such aslight fixtures460 ortelevisions480, for example; or on furniture such as tables and the like (not shown), brought into proximity with the wall, and having conventional power sockets or inductive power outlets thereupon.
• Power adaptors420 may be secured towalls400 using adhesives, or may be screwed or bolted into place. Alternatively, magnets may be embedded into the wall to magnetically couple with corresponding magnets within thepower adaptors420.Power adaptors420 may be readily exchanged between different power points without the need for additional wiring. It will be appreciated thatpower adaptors420 may be incorporated within appliances such as atelevision480, music system or the like. It is further noted that a single appliance such as atelevision480 may span more than one primaryinductive coil308, thereby allowing the appliance to draw power from more than one power point. This may be useful in various applications, such as where the power needed by an appliance is greater than the power that may be supplied by a single primaryinductive coil308, for example.
• Referring back toFIG. 4, the material from which theflexible sheet302 is fabricated may usefully be heavily patterned or textured to conceal electrical components thereunder, such as primaryinductive coils308 on the back thereof, and electrical conducting strips310,312 extending to the edge of thepaper300 for coupling to a mains power supply.
• Optionally, thepaper300 has anadhesive surface306 on the back surface thereof, for adhering to awall400. Self-adhesive, pre-glued wallpapers per se. are known, and technologies thereof may be adapted for the inductive papers described herein. Thus, optionally, a waxy release layer orbacking sheet307, such as a low density polyethylene or the like is adhered to the self-adhesive layer306. Thebacking sheet307 may be peeled off, enabling thepaper300 to be adhered to a surface, such as awall400, via theadhesive surface306 thereby exposed. Alternatively thefront surface301 may be coated with a waxy release material coating, such that when rolled up the self-adhesive layer306 is easily separated manually. Other possibilities will present themselves to wallpaper hangers.
• Referring now toFIG. 6, in certain embodiments of the disclosure,control boxes500, may be hard-wired to a ring main540 to provide the electronics to drive theprimary coils508 embedded or adhered to thewalling510. Driving electronics (not shown) may be provided. For example, these may include a switching unit providing high frequency oscillating voltage supply and an outlet selector for selecting the power outlet to be driven. Thecontrol box500 may be connected to theprimary coils508 bycrimple connectors520 such as flat PCB connectors for example. Optionally connectingpower tape560 may be provided having no primary inductive coils but having conducting strips (not shown) for connecting between the walling510 and acontrol box500.
• Apower adaptor600 may include a secondaryinductive coil602 hard wired to aconventional power jack604 to which a conventional power plug (not shown) may be coupled. Alternatively, the secondaryinductive coil604 may be hardwired directly to an electric load such as alight fixture460 or the like. When the secondaryinductive coil604 in apower adaptor600 is aligned with a primaryinductive coil508 in thewall510, power may be inductively transferred between the coils thereby providing power to a load.
• Referring now toFIG. 7 an exemplary configuration of electrical components is shown within a section of power walling700 according to another embodiment of the disclosure. A commonelectrical conducting strip710 connects with all the primaryinductive coils708 within a column. Acontrol strip712 consists of a bundle of conducting wires each of which is connected to only one of the primary inductive coils708. Wherever the power walling is severed, the commonelectrical conducting strip710 and thecontrol strip712 may be connected to a control box500 (FIG. 5). Thecontrol strip712 thus provides a means for selectively activating each primary inductive coil individually. The configuration of electrical components described above provides control of individual primary coils. It will be appreciated, however, that alternative configurations of electrical components are possible, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art.
• Typically before plastering over a wall, plasterers tape is used to cover over joints in the plaster board. Plasterer's tape, typically a scrim or hessian paper tape, helps to maintain the integrity of the surface and reduces the risk of the plaster cracking along the joints.
• Self-adhesive plasterer's tape is known, such as that described by Stough in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,394. Stough's tape assists in rapid taping of seams between adjacent drywall units, and is provided in rolls. The tape has a first layer of flexible paper material with an inwardly facing pressure-sensitive adhesive coating thereon. A second layer of reinforcing woven fiber material overlies the first layer. A third layer of flexible material overlies the woven fiber material to encapsulate the fiber material between the first layer and the second layer. The third layer has an outwardly facing release coating such that the first layer adhesive will releasably engage the third layer for manual separation of the tape when rolled upon itself. A crease is formed along the center of the tape to facilitate positioning of the tape in a wall corner. The self-release properties of the tape allow it to be easily dispensed and applied without the need to remove a backing. The adhesive is formulated to maintain adhesion even when wetted by an overlying layer of drywall mud. Furthermore the release coating on the third layer accepts and allows the adherence of drywall mud such as jointing compound, plaster and the like.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 8ashowing a roll ofpower outlet tape800 incorporatinginductive power outlets842 according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Thepower outlet tape800 is constructed from three layers. Thefirst layer820 has a pressure sensitiveadhesive surface822 which may be adhered to a surface such as a wall. Thesecond layer840 holds the electrical components which include a series ofpower outlets842 and electrical conducting strips844,846. Thethird layer860 overlies thesecond layer840 thereby sandwiching the electrical components between the first820 andthird layer860.
• The electrical components of thesecond layer840 are electrical conducting strips844,846 and a series of primaryinductive coils842. The primaryinductive coils842 are configured to inductively couple with secondary inductive coils carried by power adaptors which may be used to provide power outlets upon the surface of a wall.
• Theouter surface862 of thethird layer860 may be coated with a waxy release material coating such as a low density polyethylene or the like, such that when rolled up theadhesive surface822 of the first layer is easily separated from theouter surface862 of thethird layer860, typically by hand. Alternatively a releasable cover slip (not shown) covered in a waxy release material may be adhered to theadhesive layer822 to protect the adhesive surface from gathering dust and the like as well as to prevent thetape800 from prematurely sticking to objects.
• FIG. 8bshows an alternative embodiment of apower outlet tape800′ comprising a twodimensional array840′ of primaryinductive coils842′. Three rows of primary inductive coils are provide each having its own pair of conductingstrips844′a-c,846′a-c. It is noted that such a roll oftape800′ may be useful for covering large areas for example table tops, work surfaces or the like. Thus the alternativepower outlet tape800′ may be used to provide an array of remote power points.
• With reference toFIG. 9a, thepower tape800 is shown being applied to awall900. Drywall boards920 of material such as gypsum, plasterboard, gyproc, sheetrock or the like are mounted to aframework940. In order to obscure theseams960 between adjacent drywall boards920, the segments ofpower outlet tape800 are used to bridge between the adjacent drywall boards920. The drywall boards920 and tapedseams960 create a substantially flat surface upon whichplaster980 may be applied. It is noted thatplaster980 containing ferromagnetic material may provide additional flux guidance for the inductive couplings. In the prior art the bridging function has been performed by a paper, hessian or other scrim tape with no embedded electrical components.
• The ends of the power outlet tape segments may be connected to thecontrol box500 by means ofcrimple connectors520 such as flat PCB connectors for example. Optionally connecting power tape (not shown) may be provided having no primary inductive coils but including conducting strips for connecting between thepower outlet tape800 and aremote control box500.
• Control boxes500, which are hard wired to a ring main540, provide the electronics to drive the primary induction coils842, such as a switching unit providing high frequency oscillating voltage supply and an outlet selector for selecting the power outlet to be driven.
• Inductive power adaptors are used to provide power to wall-mounted appliances as shown inFIGS. 9band9c. With particular reference toFIG. 9b, a fully plasteredwall950 is shown, concealing two segments ofpower outlet tape810a,810beach having five power points at each of which is located a primaryinductive coil842a-j. Eachsegment810a,810bis connected to acontrol box500a,500bwhich is hard wired to a ring main540. Various exemplary appliance units include, inter alia: a singlejack power adaptor420, a doublejack power adaptor440, a lightfixture power adaptor460 and a wall mountedtelevision480.Power adaptors420,440,460 may be secured to the walls using adhesives or screwed into place. Alternatively, magnets may be embedded into the wall to magnetically couple with magnets in theadaptors420,440,460. Thepower adaptors420,440,460 are thus readily exchanged between power points without the need for any further wiring.
• It will be appreciated that power adaptors may be embedded in appliances such as atelevision480, a music system or the like. It is noted that a single appliance such as thetelevision480 shown inFIG. 9bmay span more than one primaryinductive coil842g,842h, thereby allowing the appliance to draw power from more than one power point if required, for example where the power needed is greater than the power supplied by a single primaryinductive coil842.
• Referring toFIG. 9c, a representation of aninductive power adaptor600 is shown coupled to apower point842 along a segment of power outlet tape810 which is connected to acontrol box500. In the power adaptor600 a secondaryinductive coil602 is hard wired to aconventional power jack604 which may be coupled to a conventional power plug. Alternatively, the secondaryinductive coil604 may be hardwired directly to an electric load such as a light fixture or the like. When the secondaryinductive coil604 in apower adaptor600 is aligned with a primaryinductive coil842 in thepower outlet tape800, power may be transferred between the coils thereby providing power to a load.
• Two embodiments of the power outlet tape are shown inFIGS. 10aand10b. Referring particularly toFIG. 10a, in the first embodiment, theelectrical components840 are configured such that a commonelectrical conducting strip844 connects with all the primaryinductive coils842 along the tape. Such acontrol strip846 may consist of a bundle of conducting wires each of which is connected to only one of the primary inductive coils842.
• A segment of the power outlet tape is detached from the roll, by severing the tape, perhaps by manual tearing or by using a cutting implement such as a pair of scissors or a knife. Wherever the power outlet tape is severed, the commonelectrical conducting strip844 and thecontrol strip846 may be connected to acontrol box500. With this first configuration, thecontrol strip846 may be used to selectively activate each primaryinductive coil842.
• A second embodiment of theelectrical components640 of the power outlet tape is shown inFIG. 10b. Here, each primary inductive coil642 is connected to its own pair of dedicated conducting strips644,646. The conducting strip pairs from each primary inductive coil642 extend along the power outlet tape for a length sufficient that severing the tape along any line provides access to three pairs of conducting strips. Thus, severing the tape of the second embodiment along the line A for example provides contacts to the pairs of conductingstrips644b-d,646b-dcontrolling each of the following three primaryinductive coils642b,642c,642d. Whereas severing the tape of the second embodiment along the line C for example, provides contacts to the pairs of conductingstrips644d-f,646d-fcontrolling each of the next following three primaryinductive coils642d,642e,642f. It will be appreciated that, although only three primary inductive coils may be individually controlled in the power outlet tape shown here, the number of individually controllable primary inductive coils depends upon the length of the extension of the conducting strips644,646. Thus a range of tapes may be provided with varying conductor extension lengths for providing different numbers of individually controllable primary inductive coils.
• Now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,962 to Reichelt, incorporated herein by reference, describes a heating arrangement that consists of at least one heating element in the form of a flat element with two opposite-lying, essentially parallel conductors and a coating arranged therebetween for the generation of electromagnetic waves. The coating material is comprised of a binding agent, an insulating agent, a dispersion agent, water and graphite. The heating device also comprises a control device with a harmonic generator containing an electric component that has a rapid rate of current rise and is suitable for generating a high harmonic content. The harmonic generator is coupled to both electric conductors of the heating element in order to emit a spectrum of vibrations in natural molecular frequency ranges. A low-cost, highly effective heating system is thus provided, which, in one embodiment, is a flat panel that can be provided in coiled up form similar to wallpaper. Thus flat, wall mounted heating elements that may be incorporated within wallpaper are known.
• Referring back toFIG. 1, it has been surprisingly found to be advantageous to provideinductive coils6 or ferromagnetic shields having relatively high internal resistance, such that in addition to inducing an electrical current, the oscillation of an electrical current therein additionally produces a heating effect. Such a heating effect may be used as a convection heater for heating theroom1, and usefully, inductive coils having high resistivity are situated under thefloor2dor beneath a window, thereby facilitating effective heat circulation in the room.
• In open plan areas, such as offices, factory work floors, exhibition halls, warehouses and the like, it is often to provide power to electrical devices at a distance from the walls. To avoid trailing wires, power may be provided from floor mounted or ceiling mounted sockets, however both of these approaches are problematic. Prior art floor mounted plugs and cables may be kicked or knocked which may damage the connections and even cause injury to bystanders and in many situations it is desirable for the floor to be kept clear of power sockets and trailing wires. Overhead power provision require cables to be lowered from the ceiling which may be unsightly and is impractical where the ceiling is high, such as in large halls and auditoria or for outdoor use, where there is no ceiling.
• Referring toFIG. 11, a solution to the above problem is proposed, wherein floor mountedinductive power outlets1200 are wired viaunderfloor wiring1220 to a power source (not shown) either directly or via a control unit (not shown). The primaryinductive coil units1200 are configured to inductively couple withsecondary coils1300 placed thereabove, that are themselves coupled to electrical loads1320,1325. In this manner, open floor sockets are avoided. It will be appreciated that thesystem1100 as herein described may be used with a variety of flooring types such as rugs, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like.
• Floor mounted devices1320, such as a standinglamp1320aor aphotocopier1320b, withsecondary power coils1300 in the bases thereof may be situated directly above the floor mountedprimary coils1200. Alternatively furniture1325 such as adesk1325aor achair1325bwithsecondary coil1300 therein may be placed over the floor mountedprimary coils1200 and may serve as platforms for providing power to electrical devices1340 placed thereupon such as areading lamp1340a, or desktop appliances1340 such as alaptop computer1340bor anovelty coffee mug1340cwhich directly heats the liquid therein.
• Such devices1340 may be hardwired to furniture1325, plugged into sockets (not shown) on the table top or may themselves include secondary coils1500 and interface withprimary coils1400 on the surface of the table top1326.
• Other electrical devices into whichsecondary coils1200 may be incorporated for aligning withprimary coils1200 of thesystem1100 include household appliances such as standing lamps, televisions, music centers, video recorders, DVDs, and, if suitable wattage is made available, even washing machines, clothes dryers and the like, as well as cooking appliances such as ovens, cookers, hot-plates, fridges and freezers for example. In the workplace, thesystem1100 may be provided to power typically floor mounted devices such as paper shredders, fans, photocopiers, computers, printers or heavy machinery.
• It is further noted that furniture1325 may be provided withprimary coils1400 incorporated therewithin for coupling with secondary coils1500 associated with worktop appliances. Furniture into which such primary coils may be embodied includes chairs, tables, workbenches, partitioning walls, cupboards or such like.
• Worktop appliances having integral secondary coils1500 which may be aligned with theprimary coils1400 incorporated within a tabletop1326 for example include desk lamps, ambient lighting units, fans, wireless telephones, speakers, speaker phones, conference call base units, electric pencil sharpeners, electric staplers, display devices, electrical picture frames, VDUs, projectors, televisions, videos, music centers, computers, calculators, scanners, printers, fax machines, photocopiers, paper shredders, hot plates, electrically heated mugs and mobile phones.
• There are a number of electrical appliances for personal hygiene that are often used in the privacy of the bathroom. These include shavers, toothbrushes, hair-dryers, hair curlers and the like. Other electrical devices are also found in the bathroom, including heaters and lights. Water and electricity should be kept separate however. Electrocution in bathrooms is a real risk, and light switches are usually either located outside the bathroom, or are ceiling mounted with pull cords. These issues may be addressed by battery powered appliances, having disposable or rechargeable batteries. However, disposable batteries are expensive and ecologically damaging. Neither disposable nor rechargeable batteries are particularly reliable in that they seem to run out of power in the middle of tasks.
• Bathroom walls are often tiled with ceramic tiles and sink surrounds are typically fabricated from natural or artificial polished stone, stainless steel, ceramic, or acrylics to provide easily cleaned surfaces that may be repeatedly washed. For safety, bathroom electricity sockets are typically covered with waterproof coverings. It will be appreciated that power outlet sockets, are less easily cleaned than such work-surfaces, since the socket holes for plug pins, and switches must be kept dry to prevent short circuits, or worse, electrocution.
• By providing power to appliances via an inductive couple, the risk of electrocution within the bathroom can be minimized. Indeed, some appliances may be used within the bath.
• With reference toFIG. 12a, a schematic representation of an electrical appliance, such as amusic player2010 is shown. Instead of having a plug on a flex for plugging into a power outlet socket, asecondary coil2012 is provided in thebase2014 thereof. Theelectrical appliance2010 may be powered by placing it on asurface2016, such as a sink surround, incorporating a primaryinductive coil2018, so that thesecondary coil2012 is aligned with theprimary coil2018.
• Theprimary coil2018 is wired to apower supply2019 via adriver2017 which provides the electronics to drive theprimary coil2018. Driving electronics may include a switching unit providing a high frequency oscillating voltage supply, for example.
• It will be appreciated that apart from amusic player2010 this powering solution may be appropriate to a wide range of other appliances and gadgets such as hairdryers, shavers, delapidators, heaters, wax-melting equipment, hair curlers, beard trimmers, bathroom-scales, televisions, radios etc. The primary coil may be concealed behind a facinglayer2015 of the bathroom surface, such as a ceramic sink surround or wall tile. The primary coil may also be incorporated in the wall or door of a bathroom cabinet, behind a vinyl or Formica surface layer, for example. Similarly, a primary coil may be concealed beneath or within the floor such as under or within a rug, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like, enabling an appliance to be placed on the floor and operated without being plugged in by a visible power cord. Indeed, the primary coil may be incorporated within a sink or bathtub, whether ceramic or acrylic.
• FIG. 12bis a schematic representation of anelectrical appliance2210 having asecondary coil2212 connected therewith via aflex2211, with a vacuum sucker arrangement2213 for attaching thesecondary coil2212 to a surface2026, over aprimary coil2218 therewithin. Theprimary coil2218 is connected to apower supply2219 via adriver2217.
• It will be appreciated that bathroom surfaces are often smooth, enabling them to be easily wiped clean. This feature enables suckers2213 to be used to temporarily attach lightweight objects to bathroom surfaces2216. Optionally, one or more suckers2213 are provided in proximity with thesecondary coil2212, for attaching thesecondary coil2212 over theprimary coil2218.
• With reference toFIG. 12c, occasionally shower jets are inadvertently directed atlight fittings2310. Where such light fittings are mains powered, this could result in electrocution, and bathroom light fittings should be fully enclosed. It will be appreciated thatlight fittings2310 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be fully insulated from thepower source2302 by adielectric material2304, and provided with asecondary coil2312. Theprimary coil2318 may be incorporated within green, i.e. water-proof plasterboard2320, for example. Thus an alternative, safe approach to providing light in the bathroom is provided.
• With reference toFIG. 12d, adrawer2400 in abathroom cabinet2405 is shown.Drawer2400 is provided with one or moreprimary coils2418. Indeed, the base2404 thereof may be covered with one large rectangularprimary coil2418 coupled to a mains power supply (not shown). A plurality of rechargeable appliances such aselectrical toothbrushes2424,hair dryers2426 andshavers2428 may be recharged by providing the appliances with secondary coils (not shown) and placing them within thedrawer2400.
• With reference toFIG. 12e, additionally or alternatively, adedicated stand2500 may be provided, with dedicatedprimary coils2518 thereon for recharging specific appliances. For example, atoothbrush holder2500 with aprimary coil2518 therein may be provided for recharging one or moreelectrical toothbrushes2524 storable therewithin, via asecondary coil2512 thereupon.
• With reference toFIG. 12f, adigital bathroom scales2600 with asecondary coil2612 therebeneath may be positioned over aprimary coil2618 embedded in thefloor2620, or placed under a bathmat (not shown).
• Thus some embodiments of the present disclosure do away with conventional power outlet sockets in the bathroom, which are difficult to clean and have an inherent risk of electrocution.
• Certain appliances, such a refrigerators, freezers, stoves and dishwashers are power hungry, large devices that tend to be plugged into dedicated sockets, and are rarely moved, apart from to allow cleaning of the space thereunder and therebehind. Such devices are well served by conventional, conductive power technology.
• Many other domestic kitchen appliances and gadgets, such as egg beaters, bread-makers, liquidizers, orange juice extractors, vegetable juicers, food-processors, electric knives, toasters, domestic sterilizers sandwich toasters, popcorn makers, magnetic stirrers, waffle makers, electrical barbecue grills, slow cookers, hot-plates, deep-fat fryers, electrical frying pans, knife sharpeners, electrical tin-openers and the like, are used occasionally, and may be stored in cupboards when not in use, to keep work-surfaces available for the job in hand.
• Ideally, such devices should be usable on any available work surface, including the draining board by the sink, countertops, table top and the like. The well designed kitchen of the prior art has double power outlet sockets set into the walls above all such work-surfaces, enabling such occasionally used devices to be plugged in and used where desired.
• Kitchens, which are used for the preparation of food for human consumption, should be kept hygienically clean. Walls are often tiled with ceramic tiles and counter tops are typically fabricated from polished stone, stainless steel, or Formica, to provide an easily cleaned surface that may be repeatedly washed. It will be appreciated that power outlet sockets, are less easily cleaned than such work-surfaces, since the socket holes for plug pins, and switches must be kept dry to prevent short circuits, or worse, electrocution.
• Kettles are particularly problematic, as they need to be regularly refilled from the tap (faucet). For safe usage, the kettle should be disconnected from the electric power supply, and in properly designed kitchens, sockets are not located close to sinks, and kettle wires are kept short. To avoid bringing the cord with plug attached to the sink, which is hazardous, the cords of kettles can usually be disconnected at the point of connection to the kettle. Should this point of connection get wet however, there is a real danger of short-circuiting and blowing or tripping a fuse, which is inconvenient, and also prevents a real danger of electrocution which is rather more serious.
• For some applications, these issues may be addressed by battery powered appliances, having disposable or rechargeable batteries. However, disposable batteries are expensive and ecologically damaging. Neither disposable nor rechargeable batteries are particularly reliable in that they seem to run out of power in the middle of tasks, and for high power requiring devices such as kettles and deep fat fryers, battery power is not a practical option.
• With reference toFIG. 13a, a schematic representation is shown of an electrical appliance3120, specifically, a toaster. Instead of having a plug on a flex for plugging into a power outlet socket as with conventional appliances, asecondary coil3124 is provided in thebase3122 thereof. The electrical appliance3120 may be powered by placing it on awork surface3140 incorporating a primaryinductive coil3144, so that thesecondary coil3124 is aligned with theprimary coil3144.
• It will be appreciated that although a toaster is described herein by way of an example, the electrical appliance3120 may be any of a wide range of appliances or gadgets such as egg beaters, bread-makers, liquidizers, orange juice extractors, vegetable juicers, food-processors, electric knives, sandwich toasters, waffle makers, electrical barbecue grills, slow cookers, hot-plates, deep-fat fryers, electrical frying pans, knife sharpeners and domestic sterilizers, kettles, urns, radios, cassette players, CD players and electrical tin-openers.
• Theprimary coil3144 is wired to apower supply3160 via adriver3180 which provides the electronics to drive theprimary coil3144. Driving electronics may include a switching unit providing a high frequency oscillating voltage supply, for example.
• Theprimary coil3144 may be concealed behind a facinglayer3142 of the kitchen work-top, or table. The facing layer may be a sheet of sticky back plastic, vinyl, Formica or wood veneer, for example. Similarly, a primary coil may be concealed beneath or within the floor such as under or within a rug, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like, enabling the domestic appliance to be placed on the floor and operated.
• In one embodiment, primary coils may be placed into a resin that hardens as artificial marble, which is a polymer matrix composite including mineral filler, such as solid surface building materials, for example Corian® or the so-called, Caesar® Stone, manufactured in Israel. Caesar® stone may be cast with sinks and drainers built in. Unlike real stone that needs drilling from behind to provide a primary inductive coil near the upper surface thereof, where desired, Caesar stone and similar composite materials, including concrete, may be cast around inclusions such as metal objects including inductive coils and connecting wires.
• FIG. 13bis a schematic representation of an exemplary electrical appliance3120, again represented by a toaster, having asecondary coil3124 connected therewith via aflex3126, with a vacuum sucker arrangement3128 for attaching thesecondary coil3124 to a work-surface3140, over aprimary coil3144 therewithin.
• As with the embodiment ofFIG. 13a, theprimary coil3144 may be incorporated within ahorizontal surface3140, such as a kitchen worktop. Alternatively, the primary coil may be concealed behind or within a vertical surface such as a wall of a building or a cabinet, for example within ceramic wall tiles, behind wallpaper behind a Formica cupboard door or wall, or the like.
• Kitchen surfaces are often smooth, enabling them to be easily wiped clean. This feature enables suckers or suction cups to be used to temporarily attach lightweight objects to kitchen surfaces. Optionally, one or more suckers or suction cups3129 are provided for attaching the secondary coil over the primary coil.
• The appliances ofFIGS. 13aand13bmay additionally include a socket3128 for connecting a power cable for conductive power supply, by plugging into a conventional, conductive mains power socket.
• Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 13c, aretractable cord3123 that is coilable within thebase3122 of theappliance3120cis provided. Furthermore, as shown inFIG. 13c, but equally applicable toappliances3120aand3120bofFIGS. 13aand13b, a power storage means3125 may be provided, for storing power, enabling the device to be charged and used where no inductive or conductive power is available. This makes appliances in accordance with the disclosure, truly portable, and usable on any work surface.
• Now, generally lead acid accumulators such as used in cars, are designed to produce a high current burst, whereas rechargeable batteries are essentially designed for powering electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers over extensive periods of time. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to appliances including capacitors or electrochemical power storage devices designed to provide appropriate power to power electrical motors for a number of seconds to two or three minutes, and are thus appropriate for powering food processors, toasters, kettles, and the like.
• With reference toFIG. 13d, astorage area3000, such as a drawer or cupboard having primary charging coils3121 in the base thereof is shown. Appliances with a chargeable component3125 (FIG. 13c) may be stored instorage area3000, for removal therefrom and use. In this way thechargeable component3125 is fully charged when needed.
• In the power providing systems above described, the power outlets are generally fixed in predetermined locations. According to other embodiments of the present disclosure, the power outlets are movable to suit changing requirements. With reference toFIG. 14a, amovable power outlet4100, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown, for providing power to an electrical device, specifically acomputer4182. Aprimary coil4120, adjacent to theback face4142 of asurface layer4140, is affixed to apositioning mechanism4160. Theprimary coil4120 is configured to inductively couple with asecondary coil4180 wired to thecomputer4182. Thepositioning mechanism4160 is configured to move theprimary coil4120 behind thesurface layer4140 so that theprimary coil4120 may be repositioned.
• Theprimary coil4120 is wired to a power source typically via a controller (not shown) providing the electronics to drive theprimary coil4120. Driving electronics may include a switching unit, providing a high frequency oscillating voltage supply, for example.
• In some embodiments of the disclosure, thepower outlet4100 may be incorporated into a vertical surface such as a wall of a building or a cabinet. Theprimary coil4120 may be moved behind asurface layer4140 of wall paper or stretched canvas for example. Alternatively thepower outlet4100 may be incorporated behind a facing layer of a horizontal platform such as a desk-top, a kitchen work-top, a conference table or a work bench for example of mica, Formica or wood veneer. In other embodiments theprimary coils4120 are configured to move beneath flooring such as rugs, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like.
• Referring now toFIG. 14b, according to a first embodiment of thepositioning mechanism4160, theprimary coil4120 is sandwiched between thesurface layer4140 and abase layer4162. Theprimary coil4120 is affixed to acarriage4161, mounted upon a roller-ball4163 and is configured to roll over thebase layer4162. Amagnetic element4166, such as iron, steel or a permanent magnet, is affixed to thecarriage4161. Themagnetic element4166 is configured to be pulled by a nearby attractingmagnetic element4168 situated upon thefront face4144 of thesurface layer4140. Moving the attractingmagnetic element4168 across the plane of thesurface4140 drags themagnetic element4166, thereby dragging theprimary coil4120 beneath thesurface layer4140 and positioning it as required.
• It will be appreciated that instead of the roller-ball4163, thecarriage4161 may be mounted upon other elements such as wheels, skis, levitating magnetic elements or the like. Where applicable, movement of thepositioning mechanism4160 may further be assisted by coating abutting surfaces with low-friction materials, such as Teflon® (PTFE).
• In a second embodiment of the positioning mechanism5160, as shown inFIG. 15a, aprimary coil unit5120 is slidably mounted to arail5162. Therail5162 may run horizontally behind the skirting board5141 of a wall5140 for example. Theprimary coil unit5120 is configured to be movable into various positions along therail5162. Theprimary coil unit5120 may be pulled manually by magnets as in the embodiment ofFIG. 15a. Alternatively theprimary coil unit5120 may be mounted upon motorized wheels5164 and configured to drive itself along therail5162.
• It will be appreciated that therail5162 may be straight or curved and may even snake back and forth to cover an extended area of the wall5140, as shown inFIG. 15b. According to still other embodiments, more than oneprimary coil units5120bmay be independently positionable. Alternatively a plurality of primary coil units may all be moved together.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 15cshowing a third embodiment of thepositioning mechanism5160cin which aprimary coil unit5120 is slidably mounted to aboom rail5162, which is slidably supported by a pair of generally perpendicular supporting tracks5164 to form an adjustable H-frame5165. Thus the position of theprimary coil unit5120 may be moved behind a surface layer5140.
• It will be appreciated that in embodiments where the positioning mechanism5160 is orientated vertically, behind a vertical surface layer5140 such as a wall say, the supporting tracks5164 may be replaced by supporting pulleys. Such pulleys may be used to support theboom rail5162 which may be lowered and raised by adjusting the pulleys either manually or by a driving motor. Alternatively, theprimary coil unit5120 may be suspended from a pulley mounted to trolley configured to run horizontally along a fixed gantry beam spanning the width of the wall.
• According to a fourth embodiment of thepositioning mechanism5160d, as shown inFIG. 15d, aprimary coil unit5120 is affixed to four guidingcables5162a-d. The lengths of the guidingcables5162a-dare independently controlled by pulleys5164a-d, located at four points defining the corners of a quadrilateral5166. The position of theprimary coil unit5120 may be manipulated by the pulleys5164 into any position within thequadrilateral5166. It will be apparent that other configurations of three or more pulleys may be used to manipulate theprimary coil unit5120 over two dimensions and two or even one pulley may be used to manipulate a primary coil unit along a line.
• Referring now toFIG. 16a, in a further embodiment of the disclosure, theprimary coil6120 is adjacent to theback face6142 of thesurface layer6140 and is configured to inductively couple with asecondary coil6180 located upon thefront face6142 of thesurface layer6140. Thesecondary coil6180 may be wired to an electrical device such as alight bulb6184 for example.
• In order to maximize the inductive coupling between theprimary coil6120 and thesecondary coil6180, the gap between them should be minimal. Therefore theprimary coil6120 may be pressed tightly against theback face6142 of thesurface layer6140. A clutch may be provided, such as a compressedhelical spring6122 for example, which urges theprimary coil6120 towards theback face6142. Optionally, recesses may be cut into theback plate6142, providingbays6146 therein, wherein the thickness of thesurface layer6140 is reduced. Theprimary coil6120 may be docked at one of thesebays6146 for efficient inductive coupling by minimizing the thickness of the dielectric layer between primary6120 andsecondary coil6180. Aflux guidance core6124, for example comprising ferromagnetic material such as ferrite, may be incorporated into theprimary coil6120, thesecondary coil6180 or even within thesurface layer6140 to optimize the inductive coupling.
• Pressing theprimary coil6120 against theback face6142, however, increases the friction between them and may impede the movement of theprimary coil6120. Therefore, a releasingmechanism6130 may be provided to disengage theprimary coil6120 from theback face6142. According to one embodiment of therelease mechanism6130, theprimary coil6120 is affixed to the distal end of alever6132 which is configured to pivot about a point P connected to acarriage6126. A first attractive magnetic element such as apermanent magnet6134 is affixed to the proximal end of thelever6132 and situated close to theback face6142 of thesurface layer6140.
• As shown inFIG. 16b, therelease mechanism6130 is configured such that a secondmagnetic element6136, which may be adjacent to thefront face6144 of thesurface layer6140, may be brought into proximity with the firstmagnetic element6134. The firstmagnetic element6134 is attracted towards theback surface6142 by the secondmagnetic element6136. Thelever6132 pivots about point P, compressing thespring6122 and disengaging theprimary coil6120 from theback face6142 of thesurface layer6140. Thecarriage6126 is then free to carry theprimary coil6120 to a new position as required. It is noted that the firstmagnetic element6134 and secondmagnetic element6136 may also provide a positioning mechanism6160 as described in the embodiment ofFIG. 14b.
• It will be appreciated that, for automated systems, one embodiment of therelease mechanism6130 may include electromagnets mounted to thecarriage6126 behind thesurface layer6140. The electromagnets may be used to disengage theprimary coil6120 from theback face6142 thereby serving the function of themagnetic elements6134,6136 described above.
• By not requiring holes for coupling pins, the inductive power outlets described above may be disguised effectively and are less obtrusive than conventional power outlets. Generally, the fact that socketless outlets are less obtrusive is advantageous. However, being harder to spot than conventional power outlets has its disadvantages presenting new problems to be solved. Notably, the user must somehow locate the concealed outlet before being able to use it.
• The problem of locating such sockets is particularly acute where the power outlets are behind a concealing surface such as a desk top or wall, and mounted upon positioning mechanisms as described above. Where the position of a power outlet is adjustable by being mounted on a track or arm, within a wall cavity or hollow work surface, and where the surface is opaque, it is not possible to indicate the position of such power outlets by making indicative marks on the concealing surface.
• With reference toFIG. 17aalocatable power outlet7100 is shown in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. Thelocatable power outlet7100 includes avisual display7110 that may be incorporated into asurface7140 such as a wall or work surface, for indicating the location of aprimary coil7120 concealed behind thesurface7140.
• Theprimary coil7120 is wired to a power source typically via a controller (not shown) providing the electronics to drive theprimary coil7120. Driving electronics may include a switching unit providing a high frequency oscillating voltage supply, for example.
• According to certain embodiments of the disclosure, thepower coil7120 may be concealed behind a vertical surface such as a wall of a building or a cabinet. Theprimary coil7120 may be concealed behind asurface7140 of wall paper or stretched canvas for example. Alternatively theprimary coil7120 may be concealed behind a facing layer of a horizontal platform such as a desk-top, a kitchen work-top, a conference table or a work bench for example of mica, Formica or wood veneer. In other embodiments aprimary coil7120 is concealed beneath flooring such as rugs, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like.
• It will be apparent that when the location of theprimary coil7120 is known, asecondary coil7180 may be brought into alignment with it, as shown inFIG. 17b. When so aligned, theprimary coil7120 may inductively couple with thesecondary coil7180, thereby powering an electrical device, such as acomputer7182, wired to thesecondary coil7180.
• In one embodiment, the location of a concealedprimary coil7120 is indicated to the user by avisual display7110 incorporated within thesurface7140. Thevisual display7110 displays amap7112 of thesurface7140 upon which thelocation7114 of theprimary coil7120 is indicated.
• Referring now toFIG. 17c, which schematically shows a power outlet7101 according to another embodiment of the disclosure, comprising an adjustableprimary coil7121, mounted upon an adjustable H-frame7161 and concealed behind a wall. The adjustableprimary coil7121 is controllable remotely from acontrol panel7111 and the location of the adjustableprimary coil7121 is indicated by the position of a marker7125 upon amap7123 represented upon acontrol panel7111.
• It will be appreciated that acontrol panel7111 may be a touch screen upon which the marker7125 is a cursor which may be moved about a virtual map to control a positioning mechanism. The marker7125 therefore both indicates and adjusts the location of theprimary coil7121. Alternatively, thecontrol panel7111 may be a movable mechanical switch, the position of which indicates the location of the concealedprimary coil7121. Although an adjustable H-frame7161 is represented here, it will be apparent that other positioning mechanisms may be applicable.
• With reference now toFIG. 18aa schematic representation is shown of apower outlet8100 according to yet another embodiment of the disclosure.Power outlet8100 includes a concealedprimary coil8120 that incorporates a transmitter, such as alight emitting diode8110. A locator beam L is transmitted by thelight emitting diode8110 to indicate the position of theprimary coil8120. Thesurface8140 is translucent to the wavelength emitted by the LED and thus the locator beam L may be detected by a photodiode responsive to the wavelength. It has been found that Infra-Red radiation emitted by an LED behind a 0.8 mm Formica sheet may be detected by standard digital cameras including digital cameras of the type incorporated in many modernmobile phones8200, for example.
• It is noted thatthin layers8140 of many materials such as plastic, cardboard, Formica or paper sheet, are transparent to infra-red light. Although alight emitting diode8110 transmitting light in the infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible to the human eye, it is readily detectable by digital cameras and, if such an infra-red light emitting diode is incorporated into aprimary coil8120, a standardmobile phone8200 equipped with a digital camera may serve as a detector to locate theprimary coil8120. It will be appreciated, however, that a suitably powerful visible light emitter can be used enabling detection by the naked eye, provided that the covering material selected is transparent/translucent to the specific wavelength at the emission intensity of the emitter and the thickness of thecovering layer8140.
• It will be appreciated that appropriate detectors may be selected and specified for detecting specific electromagnetic wavelengths, including ultra-violet radiation, micro waves, radio waves or even x-ray or shorter wavelengths and thus as long as embedded electromagnetic signal emitter and detector are considered together, there are a very large number of essentially equivalent solutions to this problem. Furthermore, transmitters configured to transmit other types of radiation, including mechanical vibrations such as both audible and inaudible (e.g. ultrasonic) sound waves, could be used for locating the concealed primary coil with the appropriate, corresponding detection means.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 18bshowing a block diagram representing apower outlet8101 according to another embodiment of the disclosure. Aprimary coil8121 is configured to transmit a locator beam L which carries an encoded location signal S identifying the location of theprimary coil8121. A movableprimary coil8121 is connected to apower supply8112 via aswitching unit8114 and amicrocontroller8116. Theswitching unit8114 is configured to intermittently connect thepower supply8112 to theprimary coil8121 with a bit-rate frequency f. Alocation monitor8118 monitors the location of theprimary coil8121 and sends a location signal S to themicrocontroller8116. Themicrocontroller8116 is configured to modulate the bit-rate signal with the location signal S. The voltage applied to theprimary coil8121 may be a modulated variable voltage with a frequency f, carrying an encoded location signal S. It will be appreciated that the variable voltage may produce a radio wave of frequency f which may be transmitted as a locator beam L. Alternatively, the locator beam L may be transmitted by a dedicated transmitter, separate from theprimary coil8121.
• Areceiver unit8201 that includes areceiver8221 may be provided. Thereceiver8221 may be tuned to receive the locator beam L of frequency f. The received locator beam L signal can be cross-correlated with a reference signal of frequency f to isolate the location signal S. The location of theprimary coil8121 may thereby be transmitted to aremote receiver unit8201, which may then output the location of the primary coil unit to a display.
• Although a digital bit-rate modulated locator beam L is described in the fourth embodiment hereinabove, it will be appreciated that the locator beam L may alternatively be modulated in other ways such as by analogue or digital frequency modulation or by amplitude modulation, for example.
• Thelocation monitor8118 may monitor the location of the movableprimary coil8121 directly by keeping track of movements of theprimary coil8121 in relation to some reference points. Alternative external sensors such as proximity sensors based on infra-red sensors, ultrasonic sensors, magnetic sensors (like Hall probes), inductance sensors, capacitance sensors or the like, may be used to monitor the movement of theprimary coil8121 indirectly, by triangulation for example. A particular embodiment of thelocation monitor8300 is represented schematically inFIG. 18c. According to the embodiment, thelocation monitor8300 includes ahost8310 carrying a tracking-signal emitter8320, an array of tracking-signal detectors8340a-cand aprocessor8360. The tracking-signal detectors8340a-care typically arranged in an array having fixed positions relative to each other in communication with theprocessor8360.
• The tracking-signal emitter8320 may be used to indicate the location of a variety of hosts. Accordingly, thelocation monitor8300 may be used to monitor the location of any device hosting the tracking-signal emitter8320, Possible hosts for the tracking-signal emitter8320 may include a movable inductive power outlet such as described hereinabove and/or a movable inductive power receiver such as thereceiver602 described above in relation toFIG. 6. Other host devices will occur to the user.
• Typically, the tracking-signal emitter8320 is configured to emit a tracking-signal ST which is detectable by the each of tracking-signal detectors8340a-c. The array of tracking-signal detectors8340a-cmay be used to determine the location of the tracking-signal emitter8320 relative to the array of tracking-signal detectors8340a-cusing triangulation. Various emitters may be used in thelocation monitor8300 such as emitters of electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves, ultrasonic signals and the like as well as combinations thereof.
• Each tracking-signal detector8340a-cmay register the time at which it detects the tracking-signal ST and communicate this time to theprocessor8360. Theprocessor8360 is configured to use this data to calculate the relative distance of the tracking-signal emitter8320 to each tracking-signal detector8340 and thereby using triangulation to calculate its relative location. Although an array of three tracking-signal detectors8340a-cis described hereinabove, larger arrays may be used in other embodiments for example when the host is movable over a large region of space, or where the tracking-signal ST may be obstructed.
• In various embodiments, the emission-time of the tracking-signal ST may additionally be communicated to theprocessor8360. The emission-time of the tracking-signal ST is the time at which the tracking-signal ST is emitted from its host. Where the tracking-signal emitter8320 is mounted in a moving power outlet, the tracking-signal emitter8320 may itself be connected to the processor3860 via acommunication line8370 such that the emission-time may be communicated directly from the host to the processor3860. Alternatively, data pertaining to the emission-time may be encoded into the tracking-signal and may be communicated to theprocessor8360 via the tracker-signal detectors8340a-c.
• Referring now toFIG. 18d, an alternative embodiment of thelocation monitor8300′ is shown in which the tracking-signal emitter8320′ is mounted upon a movableinductive power receiver8440. Tracking-signal receivers8340′a-dand aprocessor8360′ are associated with an extended inductivepower transmission surface8420 having a plurality ofinductive power outlets8422. The location monitor8301 of the embodiment may be used to locate theinductive power receiver8440 relative to theinductive power outlets8422.
• Theinductive power receiver8440 is configured to draw power inductively from at least oneinductive power outlet8422, interacting wirelessly therewith. It will be appreciated, therefore, that a direct conductive communication line between the tracking-signal emitter8320′ hosted by theinductive power receiver8440 and the outlet-basedprocessor8360′ is inappropriate for a wireless environment.
• In this embodiment, a double tracking-signal may be emitted by dual tracking-signal emitters. According to the embodiment, two tracking-signals ST′, ST″ are transmitted simultaneously: a first tracking-signal ST′ being a slow traveling wave, typically an acoustic wave, and a second tracking-signal ST″ being a relatively fast traveling wave, typically an electromagnetic wave. Because the second tracking-signal ST″ is a fast traveling wave, the emission-time may be recorded by a timing-detector8342 positioned such that it receives the second tracking-signal near-instantaneously. The emission-time may thereby be communicated to theprocessor8360′. Theprocessor8360′ is configured to calculate the position of aninductive power receiver8440 placed in proximity to the inductivepower transmission surface8420.
• It is a particular feature of this embodiment that theprocessor8300′ may be further configured to communicate with an outlet driver8430. Thus the location of theinductive power receiver8440 relative to the array ofinductive power outlets8422 may be communicated to the outlet driver8430. The outlet driver8430 may use this information to select the appropriateinductive power outlet8422 to activate. Typically, theinductive power outlet8422 closest to theinductive power receiver8440 is selected.
• It is noted that the spacing between theinductive power outlets8422 determines the ease with which theinductive power outlet8422 may be aligned to theinductive power receiver8440. Where theinductive power receiver8440 is placed in betweeninductive power outlets8422, the closest outlet is generally selected. In further embodiments, the array ofinductive power outlets8422 may themselves be mounted upon a movable frame (not shown). The movable frame may be used to align theinductive power receiver8440 to the closestinductive power outlet8422. Accordingly, the moveable frame may have a range of movement approximately of the order of the spacing between theinductive power outlets8422 within the array. Various embodiments of the moving frame may be driven by motors, piezoelectric elements, connected to the frame via force transmission mechanisms such as gears and so on as suit requirements.
• Referring now toFIG. 18e, another embodiment of thelocation monitor8300″ is shown. Here the tracking-signal receivers8340″a-cprocessor8360″ are associated with an extended inductivepower transmission surface8420″ having a movableinductive power outlet8422″ such as that described above in relation toFIG. 15c. Optionally, acommunication line8570 may be provided between theprocessor8360″ and the movableinductive power outlet8422″. It will be appreciated that, in thisembodiment processor8360″ may be further configured to determine the required placement of the movableinductive power outlet8422″ and to direct the movableinductive power outlet8422″ accordingly so as to provide power to theinductive power receiver8440″.
• A high power inductive power outlet, when active, produces a large oscillating magnetic field. Where a secondary inductor is inductively coupled to the primary inductor, the resulting flux linkage causes power to be drawn into the secondary inductor. Where there is no secondary inductor to focus the power, the oscillating magnetic field causes high energy electromagnetic waves to be transmitted which may be harmful to bystanders. In addition, whereas in low power systems excess heat may be readily dissipated, an uncoupled high power primary coil or its surroundings may become dangerously hot.
• A high power inductive power outlet, when active, produces a large oscillating magnetic field. Where a secondary inductor is inductively coupled to the primary inductor, the resulting flux linkage causes power to be drawn into the secondary inductor. Where there is no secondary inductor to focus the power, the oscillating magnetic field causes high energy electromagnetic waves to be transmitted which may be harmful to bystanders. In addition, whereas in low power systems excess heat may be readily dissipated, an uncoupled high power primary coil or its surroundings may become dangerously hot.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 19 showing a block diagram of a power-leak prevention system9000 for aninductive power outlet9200 that can be switched on and off, so that theprimary coil9220 therein produces alternating magnetic field only where asecondary coil9260 is positioned to withdraw energy therefrom.
• Theinductive power outlet9200 consists of aprimary coil9220, wired to apower supply9240, for inductively coupling with asecondary coil9260 wired to anelectric load9264. It is a particular feature of this embodiment of the present disclosure that a circuit-breaker9280 is connected in series between the power supply and theprimary coil9220 and configured such that, when actuated, it disconnects theprimary coil9220 from thepower supply9240.
• Theprimary coil9220 is typically wired to apower supply9240 via adriver9230 which provides the electronics to drive theprimary coil9220. Driving electronics may include a switching unit providing a high frequency oscillating voltage supply, for example. Where thepower outlet9200 consists of more than oneprimary coil9220, thedriver9230 may additionally consist of a selector for selecting whichprimary coil9220 is to be driven.
• It is noted that the circuit-breaker9280 may be connected between thedriver9230 and theprimary coil9220, in which case the circuit-breaker9280 disconnects only theprimary coil9220. Alternatively the circuit-breaker may be connected between thepower supply9240 anddriver9230, in which case the circuit-breaker9280 disconnects thedriver9230 itself, together with anyprimary coil9220 connected thereto.
• The circuit-breaker9280 is typically controlled by acontroller9400 configured to receive a primary signal P indicating that theprimary coil9220 is transmitting power, and a secondary signal S indicating that asecondary coil9260 is inductively coupled to theprimary coil9220 and draws power there from. Thecontroller9400 is typically operable to trigger the circuit-breaker9280 thereby disconnecting theprimary coil9220 from thepower supply9240 when a primary signal P is received but no secondary signal S is received.
• FIGS. 20aand20bare schematic diagrams representing aninductive power outlet9201 protected by a localleak prevention system9001, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. With particular reference toFIG. 20a, aprimary coil9221 may be concealed behind a facing layer of ahorizontal platform9641 such as a desk-top, a kitchen work-top, a conference table or a work bench. Such a platform may be fabricated from a wide range of materials, including mica, Formica or wood veneer, for example.
• In other embodiments aprimary coil9221 may be concealed beneath or embedded within flooring materials and coverings such as rugs, fitted carpet, parquet, linoleum, floor tiles, tiling, paving and the like. Alternatively theprimary coil9221 may be embedded within or concealed behind a vertical surface such as a wall of a building or a cabinet, for example behind wallpaper or stretched canvas or the like.
• Theprimary coil9221 may be used to power an electrical device such as acomputer9262 wired to a secondary coil9261; thecomputer9262 being placed upon theplatform9641 such that the secondary coil9261 coupled to thecomputer9262 is aligned to theprimary coil9221 concealed within theplatform9641.
• In various embodiments of the disclosure, a primary detector9421 is located in the locality of theprimary coil9221 and is configured to detect a magnetic field generated by aprimary coil9221 actively transmitting power. The detector9421 may function in accordance with one or more of a variety of principles, including, inter alia, magnetic sensing means Hall probes, etc. Alternatively, the detector may be a heat sensor or electromagnetic sensor configured to detect one or more scientific effects inherent to or associated with the operation of theprimary coil9221.
• A secondary detector9441 is also provided, to detect the presence or operation of the secondary coil9261. The secondary detector9441 may do this by detecting a signal from the secondary coil9261 or by detecting a signal from the primary coil or from its surroundings that indicates directly or indirectly, the presence or absence of a secondary coil inductively coupled therewith.
• The secondary detector may be a heat detector9441 configured to detect a significant temperature rise in theplatform9641 in the vicinity of theprimary coil9221. Alternatively, the secondary detector may be a magnetic sensor, a Hall probe, an electromagnetic sensor, or the like, configured to detect transmissions from the secondary coil9261.
• With reference toFIG. 20a, a specific configuration is shown, such that when a secondary coil9261 is inductively coupled to theprimary coil9221, power transmitted by theprimary coil9221 is received by the secondary coil9261, thereby powering theelectrical device9262. Consequently, the primary detector9421 may detect a magnetic field generated by theprimary coil9221, and send a primary signal P to a controller9401 indicating that power is being transmitted by theprimary coil9221. Because the power is being transferred to theelectrical device9262, where the secondary detector9441 is a temperature probe, it detects no significant temperature rise and can be configured to send a secondary signal S to a controller9401 indicating that an electric load is inductively coupled to theprimary coil9221, or not to send a signal, thereby providing an equivalent indication, depending on the logic programming of the controller9401.
• Thus, if the controller9401 receives a primary signal P, indicating that power is present in theprimary coil9221, and a secondary signal S, indicating that an electric load is present, it does not trigger the circuit-breaker9281 and theprimary coil9221 continues to draw power from the power supply9241.
• When no secondary coil9261 is inductively coupled to theprimary coil9221, as shown inFIG. 20b, power transmitted by theprimary coil9221 is dissipated throughout theplatform9641 as heat. The primary detector9421 again detects a magnetic field generated by theprimary coil9221 and sends a primary signal P to a controller9401 indicating that power is being transmitted by theprimary coil9221. In this case however, the secondary detector9441 does detect a significant temperature rise due to the heat dissipated throughout theplatform9641 and so sends a secondary signal S indicating that no electric load is inductively coupled to theprimary coil9221. The controller9401 receives the primary signal P, indicating that power is being generated, and the secondary signal S, indicating that no electric load is present, consequently the controller9401 triggers the circuit-breaker9281 thereby disconnecting theprimary coil9221 from the power supply9241 and preventing any further power from being transmitted by theprimary coil9221.
• Referring now toFIG. 21, a schematic diagram is presented showing a plurality of inductive power outlets9203 protected by a remoteleak prevention system9003 according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure. An array of primary inductive coils9223 are incorporated within awall9643 and wired to a power supply (not shown) via a driver9233. The primary coils9223 are arranged for inductively coupling withsecondary coils9263 wired to electrical devices, such as alight bulb9262, which are brought into proximity with them.
• When a primary coil9223 is activated, the driver9233 provides it with a variable voltage oscillating at a characteristic frequency f. Consequently, the primary coil9223 transmits radio waves at a frequency of f. The remoteleak prevention system9003 includes a primary detector such as aradio receiver9423 within range of thewall9643, tuned to detect radio waves at the characteristic frequency f. Such radio waves indicate that at least one primary coil9223 is transmitting.
• The power outlet9203 may additionally include asecondary detector9443 for detecting asecondary coil9263 inductively coupled to a primary coil9223. The power transmission may then be modulated with a secondary tag indicating that asecondary coil9263 is inductively coupled to the primary coil9223.
• Theprimary detector9423 may then demodulate the radio waves to identify the secondary tag. If no secondary tag is detected, theprimary detector9423 will communicate a control signal C to acontroller9500 indicating that power is being transmitted by at least one primary coil9223 in the absence of asecondary coil9260. According to a basic embodiment, thecontroller9500 is operable to then trigger a circuit breaker (not shown) thereby disconnecting all the primary coils9223.
• Alternatively, the driver9233 may additionally comprise a modulator (not shown) for tagging the power transmissions of each active primary coil9223a-hwith a primary tag uniquely identifying the active primary coil9223a-hfrom which the radio waves are transmitted. Theprimary detector9423 will then detect the primary tag and thereby identify which rogue primary coil is transmitting power in the absence of a secondary coil. Theprimary detector9423 then communicates this to thecontroller9500 which disconnects only the rogue primary coil.
• A method for preventing an inductive power outlet of embodiments of the disclosure from transmitting power in the absence of an electric load coupled thereto, is presented in the flow chart ofFIG. 22. The method includes the following steps: a primary coil transmits power; the power transmission from the primary coil is detected; a secondary detector searches for a secondary coil inductively coupled to the primary coil; and the primary coil is disconnected from its power supply if no secondary coil is detector.
• With reference now to the flowchart ofFIG. 23, a method is presented for transferring power from an inductive power outlet to an inductive power receiver adjacent to an extended surface. The method includes the principle steps of: step (I)—providing a primary inductor behind the extended surface; step (II)—locating the inductive power receiver placed against the extended surface; and step (IV)—providing an oscillating voltage supply to a local primary inductor coupled to a secondary inductor associated with the inductive power receiver.
• It is noted that, in step (I) various embodiments of the inductive power outlet maybe provided. For example, in the embodiment provided in step (I′), an array of primary inductors are distributed behind the extended surface. Alternatively or additionally, in the embodiment provided in step (I″), a movable primary inductor is provided behind the extended surface.
• According to the various embodiments, additional steps may be included. For example, where an array of primary inductors is provided, the method may include the additional step (III′) of selecting, from the array, a local primary inductor in the vicinity of the secondary inductor. Alternatively, or additionally, where a movable primary inductor is provided, the method may include the additional step (III″) of directing and moving the movable primary inductor into the vicinity of said secondary inductor.
• It is further noted that optionally, step (II) may involve the substeps: step (IIa)—the inductive power receiver emitting a tracking-signal; step (IIb)—an array of tracking-signal detectors detecting the tracking-signal; step (IIc)—calculating the location of said inductive power receiver using triangulation.
• A number of power providing technologies and configurations have been described and set forth hereinabove. These technologies use inductive power supply inductors (primary inductors) coupled to secondary inductors associated with appliances. By virtue of the various embodiments, conductive power supply with the associated sockets and trailing wires may be replaced with elegant, solutions. A number of power providing technologies and configuration have been described and set forth hereinabove. These technologies use inductive power supply inductors (primary inductors) coupled to secondary inductors associated with appliances. By virtue of the various embodiments, conductive power supply with the associated sockets and trailing wires may be replaced with elegant, solutions.
• The scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims and includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereof, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. While the best mode has been described in detail, those familiar with the art will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments within the scope of the following claims. While various embodiments may have been described as providing advantages or being preferred over other embodiments with respect to one or more desired characteristics, as one skilled in the art is aware, one or more characteristics may be compromised to achieve desired system attributes, which depend on the specific application and implementation. These attributes include, but are not limited to: cost, strength, durability, life cycle cost, marketability, appearance, packaging, size, serviceability, weight, manufacturability, ease of assembly, etc. The embodiments discussed herein that are described as less desirable than other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more characteristics are not outside the scope of the disclosure and may be desirable for particular applications.
• In the claims, the word “comprise”, and variations thereof such as “comprises”, “comprising” and the like indicate that the components listed are included, but not generally to the exclusion of other components.
• While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. An inductive power receiver incorporated into a base of a floor mounted device, said inductive power receiver comprising at least one secondary inductor configured to inductively couple with at least one floor mounted primary inductor, and to provide power to at least one electric load.

2. The inductive power receiver ofclaim 1 wherein said floor mounted device comprises an item of furniture.

3. The inductive power receiver ofclaim 2, said item of furniture being selected from a group consisting of chairs, tables, workbenches, partitioning walls cabinets and cupboards.

4. The inductive power receiver ofclaim 1 further comprising a power storage unit configured to store energy received by said secondary inductor.

5. The inductive power receiver ofclaim 4 wherein said power storage unit is selected from a group consisting of: capacitors, accumulators and electrochemical cells.

6. The inductive power receiver ofclaim 1 further comprising at least one device-mounted inductive power outlet for inductively providing power to electrical loads.

7. A power providing system comprising at least one inductive power outlet comprising at least one primary inductor connectable to a power supply via a driver; said driver configured to provide an oscillating voltage supply to the primary inductor; said primary inductor configured to couple inductively with a secondary inductor wired to an electric load wherein said inductive power outlet is incorporated into at least one sheet for incorporating into a bounding surface of a workspace, said sheet comprising said at least one primary inductor; and at least one pair of conductors for connecting said primary inductor to said driver.

8. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said bounding surface is selected from a group consisting of: walls, floors, ceilings, sinks, baths, doors and work surfaces.

9. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said sheet comprises a prefabricated building material for incorporating into a bounding surface of a said workspace.

10. The power providing system ofclaim 9 wherein said prefabricated materials is selected from a group consisting of: plasterboard, paper sheets, wallpaper, plasterers tape, doors, window frames, wall-tiles, fitted cabinets, kitchen counters, sinks, baths, sink surrounds, parquet, linoleum, floor-tiles, non-slip matting, tiling, stone, artificial stone and paving.

11. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said primary inductor is covered by a facing material selected from a group consisting of Formica, veneer, plaster, paint, plastic sheet, stone and artificial stone.

12. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said primary inductor is inserted into a base material and covered by a facing material.

13. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said at least one primary inductor is incorporated into an inductively enabled stowage unit and configured to inductively couple with secondary inductors associated with electrical devices stowed in said stowage unit.

14. The power providing system ofclaim 7 further comprising a flux guidance core for directing magnetic flux from said primary inductor to said secondary inductor coupled thereto.

15. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said sheet comprises a plasterboard panel comprising a layer of gypsum sandwiched between two paper sheets and at least one pair of conductors for connecting said primary inductor to said power supply, said primary inductor being behind at least one of said paper sheets.

16. The power providing system ofclaim 15 additionally being characterized by at least one feature selected from:

a ferromagnetic core for improving flux guidance between said primary inductor and said secondary inductor;

at least one primary inductor being printed onto at least one said paper sheet;

said panel being water-resistant;

said panel comprising a heating element;

said panel comprising a high resistance primary inductor; and

said primary inductor comprising an alloy having relatively high resistance such that oscillating currents therein, produce a heating effect.

17. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said sheet comprises a paper sheet for adhering to the bounding surface.

18. The power providing system ofclaim 7 said sheet being characterized by at least one feature selected from:

said sheet being a wallpaper;

said primary inductor being adhered onto the back of a dielectric layer;

said primary inductor comprising a conducting coil printed onto paper; and

said sheet comprising an adhesive layer for self-adhering to said bounding surface.

19. The power providing system ofclaim 7 wherein said sheet comprises a floor surface for the workspace ofclaim 1, said primary inductor being embedded therein and wired to said power supply via wiring thereunder.

20. The power providing system ofclaim 19, wherein the floor surface is selected from a group consisting of: rugs, fitted carpets, parquet, linoleum, floor-tiles, non-slip matting, tiling, stone, artificial stone and paving.

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