US20130226761A1 - Market-based view of probability of default - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods are provided for providing a credit default futures market. A system providing the credit default futures market includes a processor, memory and an interface. The interface is configured to display credit default futures contracts that subscribe to a set of standard terms and conditions. The processor is configured to settle certain credit futures contracts in kind and other in cash, depending on, at least in part, the maturity date of the futures contract. A method is presented for electronically clearing and settling probability of default futures contracts.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/783,485 entitled ELECTRONIC BOND RECOVERY RATE FUTURES MARKET, filed May 19, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,321,328, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/186,321 entitled ELECTRONIC CREDIT DEFAULT FUTURES MARKET, filed Aug. 5, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,970,670, the entire contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
• Aspects of the present inventions relate to methods and systems useful for electronic brokerage services and, more particularly, to methods and systems for providing an electronic market for futures contracts and associated instruments.
• Buyers and sellers of various financial instruments currently transact business within a variety of established markets. Some of these established markets are over the counter markets that operate using voice or electronic communication among trading desks, some are traditional, brick and mortar exchanges with a trading floor, and others are virtual, electronic exchanges.
• A particular example of an over the counter market is the current market for credit default swaps (CDSs) and other related instruments such as fixed recovery CDS and recovery locks (also referred to as recovery default swaps (RDS)). A credit default swap is a contract between a buyer and a seller which shifts the financial risk that a reference entity may experience a credit default event from the buyer to the seller. In exchange for assuming this risk, the seller receives some form of consideration from the buyer, such as periodic cash payments or the combination of an upfront cash payment and standardized periodic cash payments. In addition to the default risk, the seller of CDS also has exposure to the recovery rate of the underlying bond since the loss on default will depend on the amount recovered for the bond. Fixed recovery CDS shift some of this risk back to the buyer of the CDS as they function exactly like ordinary CDS with the exception of having a fixed recovery rate that is a pre-specified percent of notional negotiated by the counterparties at inception. The seller's obligation in a CDS, whether it is a regular CDS or a fixed recovery CDS, is triggered if the reference entity defaults on a credit obligation, such as by entering bankruptcy.
• A recovery lock is an over-the-counter instrument that allows traders to lock-in or speculate on the recovery rate on the obligations of a corporation or government entity upon the occurrence of a credit event. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, either the buyer or the seller will have an obligation to pay its counterparty, depending on the difference between the realized and fixed recovery rate. Typically, recovery locks are structured such that no consideration is paid by either party at any point during the term of the contract if the reference entity does not experience a credit event.
• Along with the three above mentioned over the counter credit derivatives that consist the foundation of the over the counter credit derivatives market, this market includes many other financial instruments. Thus, the current over the counter credit derivatives market provides sundry instruments for executing financial tactics such as hedging and speculation.
• Public markets also offer similar instruments or have attempted to do so in the past. In particular, these products include the CME credit event futures, the CBOE credit event binary option and the Eurex credit futures. The CME credit event futures are not currently offered for trading. They were futures contracts that allowed the transfer of credit risk from buyer to seller on a futures exchange without any consideration transferred from buyer to seller at the outset of the trade. The gain or loss was made based on the starting and final settlement price of the futures contract, which was a function of both the state of the reference entity and the recovery rate on the debt of the underlying reference entity. The CBOE credit event binary options are option contracts that allow buyers to obtain protection in the event of a default by the reference entity or defaults by a basket of reference entities in exchange for the upfront payment of a premium. Upon the occurrence of one or more defaults, the contracts are automatically exercised and provide a pre-determined cash payoff to the buyer. Similar options are also offered on a basket of reference entities, with payoffs occurring either upon each occurrence or at expiration based on the default history of the basket of reference entities. Lastly, the credit futures traded on the Eurex are index futures linked to iTraxx®. The final settlement value of these contracts are determined by the number of names contained in the index, the default status of the reference entities are determined by the ISDA® rules and the ISDA® committee.
• Together, these contracts provide some publically traded instruments to move credit risk among participants on an exchange facility.
• There are related markets for the transfer of natural catastrophe risk, where the final value of the instrument or the payoff in the case of an option structure depend on the occurrence of natural catastrophes such as hurricanes, earth quakes and floods. Examples of such markets include the over the counter markets for insurance or reinsurance swaps, catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) and industry loss warrants (ILWs) and the traditional electronic market for insurance futures.
• The over the counter markets for insurance or reinsurance swaps, CAT bonds and ILWs function like the market for CDS and related products. Insurance or reinsurance swaps are contracts between a buyer and a seller that shift the financial risk from the buyer to the seller in the event of the occurrence of a natural catastrophe, as defined in the contract. In some cases, the mere occurrence of the event is not the trigger, but rather payment from the seller to the buyer may depend on the losses incurred as a result of the event breaching a certain threshold. In exchange for assuming this risk, the seller receives some form of consideration from the buyer, such as periodic cash payments. Catastrophe bonds are financial instruments where a buyer of the bond, an investor, lends funds to the seller, typically an insurance company, in exchange for periodic interest payments. In the event of a default and, in some cases in the event that the losses realized by the seller meets certain criteria such as exceeding a threshold, the seller only returns a portion of the principal, if any remains after the amount defined in the debenture is retained. CAT bonds are also traded in the secondary market after they are issued. ILWs are options on natural disasters. In exchange for a premium, a buyer receives the right to a pre-defined payoff in the event that a natural disaster causes a pre-specified amount of industry loss. There are many variations on the exact terms and triggers of these over the counter insurance products that allow market participant to receive tailored or generic hedges and to speculate on events.
• Insurance futures are traded on exchanges such as the Insurance Futures Exchange, and have a binary settlement value determined by the occurrence of a natural catastrophe. The final settlement value may also depend on the level of industry losses caused by the natural catastrophe. For example, the Florida Hurricane contracts traded on the Insurance Futures Exchange settle at 100, in the event of a Florida hurricane causing more than $US 20 Billion in industry losses. Otherwise, if either no events occur or if the event does not cause more than $US 20 Billion in industry losses, the contract settles at 0.
SUMMARY
• According to one embodiment, a method for exchanging credit futures and bond recovery rate contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on a probability of default (POD™) futures contract or bond recovery rate (REC) futures contract, the POD™ futures or the REC futures having a reference entity, a maturity date and a settlement value at the maturity date based at least in part on the solvency of the reference entity for both types of futures and also on the realized recovery rate for the REC futures in the event of a default for the reference entity, receiving a second trade order requesting a short position on the POD™ futures or REC, futures matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order.
• In the method, the act of receiving the first trade order may include an act of receiving the first trade order from a first party, and the method may further include an act of determining whether the first party has sufficient resources to meet a margin requirement for the position requested in the first trade order. Moreover, the act of receiving the first trade order may include an act of receiving the first trade order from a first party and the act of receiving the second trade order may include an act of receiving the second trade order from a second party. The method may further include an act of recording a clearing house as a counterparty to both the first party and the second party.
• The method may further include an act of settling the POD™ futures to zero or any other fixed amount, including a value near zero, when the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date. Additionally, the method may include an act of settling the POD™ futures to face value when the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date. Similarly, the method may include an act of settling the REC futures to zero, or any other fixed amount, including a value near zero, when the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date and an act of settling the REC futures to the realized bond recovery rate value when the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date, the realized recovery rate being determined either from public sources such as a public auction or by a survey of market participants. Moreover, the method may include an act of settling the POD™ futures or the REC futures in kind at a time prior to the maturity date. The act of settling the POD™ futures or the REC futures in kind may include an act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures in kind based at least in part on a comparison between the maturity date and an identified date. More particularly, the act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures in kind may include an act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures in kind when a difference between the maturity date and the identified date is 3 years, or some other arbitrary time period.
• In the method, the act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures in kind may also include settling the POD™ futures or REC futures into a series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts, each of the series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts having a reference entity, a maturity date and a settlement value at the maturity date based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity for both types of futures and also on the realized recovery rate for the REC futures in the event of a default for the reference entity, none of the series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts sharing a common maturity date. The act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures into the series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts may include an act of settling the POD™ futures or REC futures into a series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts with each of the series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts having a shorter time to maturity than the contract exchanged, for example settling an annual maturity contract into a series of quarterly maturity date contracts. Further, the method may include an act of settling each of the series of POD™ futures subsequent to one of the series of POD™ futures when the one of the series of POD™ futures settles to zero or any other fixed value, including a value near zero. Similarly for REC futures, the method may include an act of settling each of the series of REC futures subsequent to one of the series of REC futures when one of the series of REC futures settles to the realized recovery rate.
• According to another embodiment, another method for exchanging futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction including at least one first trade order, at least one second trade order and clearing the completed transaction using a clearing house. In the method, the act of recording may include an act of recording at least one first trade order that requests a long position on a series of futures contracts, each of the series of futures contact having at least one of reference entity and a settlement value at a maturity date, the settlement value at the maturity date being based at least in part on solvency of at least one reference entity and also on the realized bond recovery rate for the REC futures in the event of a default for the reference entity, none of the series of futures contracts sharing a common maturity date. Furthermore, the act of recording may include an act of recording at least one second trade order that requests a short position on the series of futures contracts.
• In the method, the act of recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction may include an act of recording at least one first trade order requesting a long position on a series of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts. Furthermore, the act of recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction may include an act of recording a long position on a series of probability of default index futures contracts or recovery index futures contracts. In addition, the act of recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction may include an act of recording a long position on a series of probability of default index tranche futures contracts or on a series of recovery index tranche futures.
• According to another embodiment, another method for exchanging futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving at least one first trade order requesting a long position on a futures contract, the futures contract having a binary reference event, a maturity date and a settlement value at the maturity date, the binary reference event having two possible outcomes and the settlement value at the maturity date being based at least in part on which of the two possible outcomes occurs with a time period ending at the maturity date and also potentially being based on the value of a random variable contingent on the occurrence of one of states of the reference event, receiving at least one second trade order requesting a short position on the series of futures contracts, matching at least one first trade order with at least one second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction indicating at least one first trade order and indicating at least one second trade order. The method may further include an act of settling subsequent futures contracts of the series after one of the two possible outcomes occurs.
• According to another embodiment, a computer readable medium comprising computer readable instructions that, as a result of being executed by a processor, instruct the processor to perform a method is provided. The method executed by the processor includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on a POD™ futures contract or REC futures, the POD™ futures and the REC futures having a reference entity, a maturity date and a settlement value at the maturity date based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity and the REC futures having a settlement value also being based at least in part on the realized bond recovery rate for the REC futures in the event of a default for the reference entity, receiving a second trade order requesting a short position on the POD™ futures, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order.
• According to another embodiment, a system providing a credit futures contract and REC futures exchange is provided. The system includes an order interface configured to receive trade requests for positions on a futures contract, the POD™ futures and the REC futures having at least one reference entity, a maturity date and a settlement value at the maturity date based at least in part on solvency of at least one reference entity and the REC futures having a settlement value also being based at least in part on the realized bond recovery rate for the REC futures in the event of a default for the reference entity, a portion of the trade requests being offsetting trade requests, an auction engine configured to match the offsetting trade requests and store the offsetting trade requests as completed transactions and a settlement engine configured to settle at least a portion of the completed transactions. In the system, the futures contract may include at least one of a POD™ futures, a REC futures, a probability of default index futures contract and a probability of default index tranche futures contract.
• According to another embodiment, a method for exchanging an index of credit futures contracts or an index of bond recovery rate contracts or an index of a combination of credit futures contracts and bond recovery rate futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on one of the index contracts, the index having a settlement value based at least in part on a plurality of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts or a combination of POD™ futures and REC futures contracts, receiving a second trade order requesting a short position on the index, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order.
• The method may further include an act of settling the index in kind at a time prior to a maturity date of the index. In the method, the act of the index in kind comprises settling the index in kind based at least in part on a comparison between the maturity date and an identified date. Moreover, the act of settling the index in kind may include an act of settling the index in kind when a difference between the maturity date and the identified date is 3 years, or some other arbitrary time period. Additionally, the act of settling the index in kind may include an act of settling the index into a series of index contracts, each of the series of index contracts having a settlement value based at least in part on a plurality of POD™ futures or REC futures contracts or a combination of POD™ futures and REC futures contracts, none of the series of index contracts sharing a common maturity date.
• Furthermore, the act of settling the index into the series of index contracts may include an act of settling the index into a series of index contracts, each of the series of index contracts having a quarterly maturity date. The method may also include an act of settling each of the series of index contracts subsequent to one of the series of index contracts when one of the series of index contracts settles to zero for an index of POD™ futures or when one of the series of index contracts experiences sufficient defaults to cause all of its members to be settled early for an index of REC futures.
• According to another embodiment, a method for exchanging a tranche in an index of credit futures contracts or an index of bond recovery rate futures contracts or an index of a combination of credit futures contracts and bond recovery rate futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on the tranche, the tranche having a settlement value based at least in part on a settlement value of the index, receiving a second trade order requesting a short position on the tranche, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order.
• The method may further include an act of settling the tranche in kind at a time prior to a maturity date of the tranche. In the method, the act of settling the tranche in kind may include an act of settling the tranche in kind based at least in part on a comparison between the maturity date and an identified date. Further, the act of settling the tranche in kind may include an act of settling the tranche in kind when a difference between the maturity date and the identified date is 3 years, or some other arbitrary time period. Additionally, the act of settling the tranche in kind may include an act of settling the tranche into a series of tranche contracts, each of the series of tranche contracts having a settlement value based at least in part on the settlement value of the index, none of the series of tranche contracts sharing a common maturity date. Moreover, the act of settling the tranche into the series of tranche contracts may include an act of settling the tranche into a series of tranche contracts, each of the series of tranche contracts having a quarterly maturity date. The method may also include an act of settling each of the series of tranche contracts subsequent to one of the series of tranche contracts when the one of the series of tranche contracts settles to zero or to another fixed value, which may be close to zero, for an index of POD™ futures or when one of the series of index contracts experiences sufficient defaults to cause all of its members to be settled early for an index of REC futures or an index of a combination of POD™ futures and REC futures contracts.
• According to another embodiment, another method for exchanging a series of futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on at least one of the series of futures contracts, the series of futures contracts having a risk period substantially equivalent to a risk period of a previously traded futures contract, each of the series of futures contracts having a maturity date, none of the series of futures contracts sharing a common maturity date, receiving a second trade order requesting a short position on at least one of the series of futures contracts, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order. In the method, the act of receiving a first trade order may include an act of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on at least one of the series of futures contracts, each of the series of futures contracts having a quarterly maturity date.
• According to another embodiment, another method for exchanging a series of futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on one of the series of POD™ futures contract, receiving a second trade order requesting a long position on at least one of the series of REC futures, both futures having substantially the same risk period and the same underlying name, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order. In the method, the act of receiving a first trade order may include an act of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on at least one of the series of futures contracts, each of the series of futures contracts having a quarterly maturity date. Similarly, the method may be applied to the case where short positions are taken for both the REC futures and the POD™ futures.
• According to another embodiment, another method for exchanging a series of futures contracts is provided. The method includes acts of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on one index of credit futures contract, receiving a second trade order requesting a long position on at least one index of bond recovery rate futures contracts, both futures having substantially the same risk period and the same reference entities, matching the first trade order with the second trade order and recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order and the second trade order. In the method, the act of receiving a first trade order may include an act of receiving a first trade order requesting a long position on at least one of the series of futures contracts, each of the series of futures contracts having a quarterly maturity date. Similarly, the method may be applied to the case where short positions are taken for both the index of credit futures and the index of REC futures.
• Still other aspects, embodiments, and advantages of these exemplary aspects and embodiments, are discussed in detail below. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing information and the following detailed description are merely illustrative examples of various aspects and embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and embodiments. The accompanying drawings are included to provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings, together with the remainder of the specification, serve to explain principles and operations of the described and claimed aspects and embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various FIG. s is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
• FIG. 1A is a block diagram of one example of a network environment that includes a POD™ futures contract market system;
• FIG. 1B is a block diagram of another example of a network environment that includes a POD™ futures contract market system;
• FIG. 2 is a visual representation of a logical architecture of a PODM system according to one embodiment;
• FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a process for settling POD™ futures and REC futures contracts according to one embodiment;
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process for settling POD™ index futures contracts and bond recovery rate index futures contracts according to another embodiment;
• FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process for settling POD™ index tranche futures contracts and bond recovery rate index tranche futures contracts according to another embodiment;
• FIG. 6 is flow chart of a process for forming a credit default or bond recovery rate contract according to another embodiment;
• FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a process for receiving trade orders of credit futures contracts or bond recovery rate contracts according to an embodiment;
• FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a process for matching trade orders of credit futures contacts or bond recovery rate contracts according to an embodiment;
• FIG. 9 is flow chart of a process for clearing credit future contract or bond recovery rate contract transactions according to an embodiment;
• FIG. 10 shows a general-purpose computer system upon which various embodiments may be practiced;
• FIG. 11 illustrates a storage device of a general-purpose computer system suitable for implementing various embodiments; and
• FIG. 12 depicts a network of general-purpose computer systems in which various embodiments may be practiced.
• It will be recognized that some or all of the FIG.s are schematic representations for purposes of illustration and do not necessarily depict the actual relative sizes or locations of the elements shown. The FIG.s are provided for the purpose of illustrating one or more embodiments with the explicit understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• As discussed below, aspects and embodiments disclosed herein provide for a probability of default futures contract market (PODM) system and methods that allow investors to trade credit and bond recovery rate based futures contracts. The formulation of useful systems and methods for managing these transactions is impacted by the unique manner in which a PODM system may be structured and organized. The credit based futures contracts may include probability of default (POD™) futures contracts, which may be standardized in order to ease usage in a PODM system, and futures contracts derived from POD™ futures, such as POD™ indexes futures and POD™ index tranche futures. The bond recovery rate based futures contracts may include the recovery rate (REC) futures contracts, which may be standardized in order to ease usage in a PODM system, futures contracts derived from REC futures, such as REC index futures and REC index tranche futures, and futures derived from combinations of POD™ futures and REC futures contracts. Each of these credit futures contracts may have specialized attributes that may make each suited for one or more particular investment tactics, such as speculation or hedging, in the context of a system built for PODM.
• According to certain aspects of the present invention, a facility is provided for trading of futures contracts with a settlement value based at least in part on a binary reference event or on the combination of a binary reference event and the value of a random variable when one of the two potential outcomes occurs. A binary reference event may be an event that is defined such that the event has only two potential outcomes. As one example, a binary reference event may be an event that occurs or does not occur within a specified time frame. In some embodiments, a random variable may be defined as any variable that determines the final price of the futures contract and that is not pre-determined prior to the occurrence or non-occurrence of the binary event. More particularly, according to certain aspects, a facility allowing for the trading of credit default futures and bond recovery rate futures is provided. Various embodiments related to the provision of these services can address or permit a variety of advantages to allow trading these interests. For example, one embodiment provides for the trading of standardized POD™ futures and other futures contracts based thereon and for the trading of standardized REC futures and other futures contracts based thereon. As is discussed further below, POD™ futures and REC futures contracts allow market participants to financially express their views on the likelihood of default of a given reference entity over a specified period of time and the REC futures also allow market participants to financially express their views on the bond recovery rate in the event of a default of a given reference entity over a specific period of time. Certain other embodiments are directed toward systems and methods for providing an electronic PODM system. A PODM system may use software and hardware to provide buyers and sellers of credit futures contracts and bond recovery rate futures contracts a virtual exchange in which to transact trades. The PODM system may include methods and facilities to match trade requests, monitor investor positions and report information related to those positions to interested entities. The PODM may also include a clearing house function that provides a well established counterparty to market participants.
• For instance, the PODM system may provide an order request interface to both buyers and sellers. This order interface may be used by the buyers and sellers to post trade requests on the PODM system. The PODM system may match offsetting order requests and consummate transactions based on the matched orders. Additionally, the PODM system may provide a facility for a market maker to provide bids and offers in the market, thereby enhancing liquidity for other market participants. Also, a clearing house function may insert a clearing house as the buyer to every seller and as the seller to every buyer. Consequently, in regards to clearing and settlement, both of the original parties to the contract may be, in fact, dealing with the central counterparty, with consideration and performance flowing appropriately between all three parties according to the rights and obligations of the contract.
• Furthermore, the PODM system may maintain near real-time indications of the current trading prices, such as bid prices and ask prices, of various instruments, such as POD™ futures, options and indexes. The PODM system may also maintain an accounting of investor positions and may report this accounting through various interfaces to external entities, such as users or other systems, or may take other actions depending upon the PODM system configuration. For instance, the PODM system may expose user and system interfaces to summarized market data. This market data may include trading volumes, futures contract prices and the market's view on the probability of default of various reference entities. This information may be provided to external entities, by the administrator of the PODM system, in exchange for a fee.
• The aspects disclosed herein, which are in accord with the present invention, are not limited in their application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. These aspects are capable of assuming other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations are provided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. In particular, acts, elements and features discussed in connection with any one or more embodiments are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in any other embodiments. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
• According to one embodiment, a standard form of contract may be provided for specification of a credit default futures contract. One example of certain terms for a credit default futures contract is explained with reference to Table 1a.

• TABLE 1a
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value of default exposure on a specific corporate, government,
  institutional or financial entity (reference entity) for a specific Risk Period, ending at
  11:59 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement
  Month.
  A Reference Entity will be declared to be in default if a Credit Event has occurred
  as defined in section 4.1. of the 2003 Credit Derivatives Definitions where section 4.2.
  (Bankruptcy) and section 4.5. (Failure to Pay) shall only apply.
  Contract Name
  “[Entity name] probability of default (POD ™) futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle with a final settlement price of zero (0) if there has been a
  Credit Event or at one hundred (100) if there has been no Credit Events. Since the contract
  size is $1,000,000 the price will be multiplied by $10,000 to obtain the value of the
  contract.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly for three years: March, June, September, December;
  and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December (“Settlement Month”)
  Risk Period
  1. Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 3 months before the Settlement Month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT)
  on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of the
  month that is 12 months before the Settlement Month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on
  the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading terminates upon the earlier of the Credit Event Determination Date or the
  close of business on the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month. If the 20thcalendar
  day of the Settlement Month is a non-business day, trading shall cease on the last business
  day preceding the 20thcalendar day of the settlement month.
  Credit Event Determination Date
  The Credit Event Determination Date will be the third business day following the
  earlier of (a) the announcement of the occurrence of a Credit Event on the exchange's
  website or (b) the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. The Credit Event
  Determination Date may be postponed (“Postponement”) by up to four additional business
  days if the exchange is not satisfied of the state of the Reference Entity by 9:15 p.m.
  (GMT). In the event of a Postponement, the Credit Event Determination Date will be the
  Date on which a final determination is announced by the exchange.
  Under special circumstances (“Special Circumstances”), the exchange may delay
  the Credit Event Determination Date until a conclusive determination can be made.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  1. Credit Event
  Upon the declaration of a Credit Event for the Reference Entity, the exchange will
  post an announcement on its website. This determination is considered preliminary. Any
  evidence to the contrary must be presented to the exchange by 5:00 p.m. (GMT) on the
  Credit Event Determination Date. Under normal circumstances, the final determination of
  the exchange shall be made by 9:15 p.m. (GMT) and a cash settlement shall occur on the
  following business day if it is determined that a Credit Event did occur or if the contract
  has expired. In the event of a Postponement, the final determination shall be announced
  by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the
  following business day if it is determined that a Credit Event did occur or if the contract
  has expired.
  2. No Credit Event
  If no Credit Event is declared by the exchange by the 20thcalendar day of the
  Settlement Month at 11:59 p.m. (GMT), the exchange will post on its website the
  determined final settlement price of the expiring contract to be one hundred (100). This
  determination is considered preliminary. Any evidence to the contrary must be presented
  to the exchange by 5:00 p.m. (GMT) on the Credit Event Determination Date. Under
  normal circumstances, the final determination of the exchange shall be made by 9:15 p.m.
  (GMT) and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business day. In the event of a
  Postponement, the final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a
  decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business day.
  3. Special Circumstances
  A ruling may be delayed if a conclusive determination cannot be made by the
  seventh business day at 9:15 p.m. (GMT) following the announcement of a Credit Event.
  If the contract has expired, a new contract would be issued for the purpose of position
  transfer. The final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a
  decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the day
  following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Early Settlement:
  All later contracts in any series of contracts will immediately settle at 100 if any
  early contract in the series settles at zero.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts:
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity.
  They will settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly
  equivalent contracts each at the following function of the last traded price of the annual
  contract in question. Each quarterly contract will initially be priced at P = (price of annual
  contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• In this example, the contract is for a credit default future in an individual credit contract, denoted as “[Entity name]” which corresponds to the entity for which a default contract is purchased. In this example, the face value is the monetary value of the settlement in the event that the entity referred in the contract does not suffer a default event (bankruptcy or insolvency) in the specified time period. In this example, the face value of the contract is $1,000,000, and in this particular example, the face value of each contract monitored for exchange by a PODM system, is the same.
• In alternative embodiments, the face values may be constrained to a limited number of potential face values, e.g., two or three (although other embodiments may have more or unlimited possibilities). By constraining the face value of the contract (or other terms of the contract) to a fixed number of possibilities, the ability to establish a uniform, automated exchange facility is promoted. In other embodiments, the exchange may be structured by fixing aspects of the contract other than the face value.
• In this example, another contract term that is constrained is the period for which a futures contract is made. In this example, the face value is fixed at $1,000,000 for specific periods of time (which are constrained in this example to quarterly contracts for the first three years and annual contracts for an additional seven years). If at the end of the specified period no default has occurred, the long receives and the short position pays a final settlement based on a final settlement price equal to the face value of the futures contract. On the other hand, if a default does occur in the specified time period, then the long pays and the short receives a final settlement based on a final settlement price equal to a value of zero or any other fixed value, including a value near zero. In this example, as indicated in “early settlement,” if a default occurs in advance of the specified time period for a particular contract on a particular reference entity, an early settlement is triggered on these later contracts where the long position receives and the short pays a final settlement based on a final settlement price equal to the face value of those later contracts. In this embodiment, the risk associated with short term default is separated from the risk associated with a default in the longer term (assuming there is no short-term default). Thus, with this embodiment, tightness in the short term credit market may not spill over to the same degree to the long term credit market.
• In other embodiments, an earlier default could result in the contract taking a final settlement value of zero or a fixed number close to zero. Also, other embodiments may manifest different relationships between defaults and obligations to pay. For example, in one embodiment, final settlement at the face value of the contract may be obliged when a reference entity defaults within a specified time period. In another embodiment, final settlement at the face value of the contract may be obliged when a reference entity defaults in a particular manner (for example, filing for bankruptcy) within a specified time period.
• In other embodiments, payments may be based on events other than default and, depending on the nature of the possibility of multiple occurrences of these events, may or may not have a similar “early settlement” provision for later contracts. More specifically, embodiments in accord with the present invention may provide for contracts valued by occurrence or non-occurrence of a single occurrence event, i.e. a binary reference event, and may provide for similar “early settlement” of particular single occurrence futures contracts.
• Other time periods for the futures contracts may be fixed and the face value could either be the same, or different, for different time periods. For example, a POD™ futures could be limited only to quarterly, to quarterly for some time frames and annual for others (as in the example illustrated in Table 1a), or may permit quarterly and annual (or other time frame) contracts to be placed at any particular time through the PODM.
• In one embodiment, the probability of default associated with these contracts is determined by the market based on the trading price for the particular POD™ futures, and the price of the contracts is set accordingly. In this example, the pricing mechanism used by the market for these contracts may be (100−(P×100)) to two decimal places, where P is the probability of default as determined by the market for the period specified. In this example, the multiplier is $10,000 and the tick size is 0.01. Changes in contract prices may be cleared and settled daily. Thus, the profit or loss that a trader incurs on a given day of trading is based upon the change in the market's perception of the value of P at the end of that day. For example, if the P_pat the end of the previous trading day was 8% and the P_cat the end of the current trading day is 10% the amount of money lost by the long position (and the amount of money gained by the short position) on a $1,000,000 face value contract would be $20,000 as shown by the following calculations:
• $\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100-\left(P_c\times 100\right)\right)=\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100-\left(\mathrm{.10}\times 100\right)\right)=\mathrm{\$900},000$$\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100-\left(P_p\times 100\right)\right)=\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100-\left(\mathrm{.08}\times 100\right)\right)=\underset{\_}{\mathrm{\$920},000}$$\left(\mathrm{\$20},000\right)$
• In this embodiment, price at contract maturity may be determined in the same manner. For example, at maturity the P is either 1 or 0. Thus, where P=0 the settlement price of the contract would be:
• 
  $10,000×(100−(0×100))=$1,000,000
• Similarly, were the P=1, the settlement price of the contract would be 0. Thus, the amount of money gained or lost by the long on the maturity date would be the difference between either the face value of the contract or zero and the contract price at the end of the previous day multiplied by $10,000, and the amount gained or lost by the short on the maturity date would be the difference between the contract price at the end of the previous day multiplied by $10,000 and either the face value of the contract or zero.
• Since the value of P is determined by the market, in this example, in establishing the price of a contract with a face value of $1,000,000, rather than expressly agreed upon as such or set by an external entity, different entities in the market may arrive at different estimates of the value of P and, therefore, wish to enter into or exchange a credit default contract for this reason (of course, other reasons may exist for motivating a sale or purchase). Additionally, other models may be applied for determining price, e.g., the model above was linear and nonlinear models may be applied. Moreover, other factors (such as time value of money, tolerance to risk or currently held assets/positions) may be reflected in a trader determining a price point at which they are willing to enter the market.
• The tick size, or smallest unit of increasing or decreasing the change of the price of a particular contract, in this example, is 0.01 and therefore corresponds to $100. Establishing a tick size can assist in facilitating the setting of prices and trading of interests.
• In this example, there is a fixed time for permitting trading of futures contracts and a fixed time and mechanism identified for establishing whether a default has occurred, as illustrated in Table 1a. This permits orderly trading and administration of futures contracts and settlement of futures contracts.
• As described above, in this example and for quarterly contracts, if there is no default in the time period specified in a futures contract, the settlement is in cash at a final settlement value equal to the face amount of the contract (e.g., 100 times the multiplier of $10,000 which is $1,000,000). If there is a default, the final settlement value is zero.
• In this example, annual contracts may also be purchased for time periods more than three years out. These contracts could also be settled in cash at the end of the specified period, with a final settlement value equal to a face amount when there is no default occurring in the specified period as for quarterly contracts.
• In an alternative embodiment, and in particular the one illustrated in Table 1a, the annual contract may instead be settled in kind (e.g., in exchange for other futures contracts) when its final maturity is within an identified period of time from the present which may be any period of time greater than the shortest risk period available. For example, when the final maturity is three years out, an annual futures contract could be converted into four quarterly futures contracts, one for each of the four quarters leading up to the final maturity date. Thus, the entire series, taken as a whole, may have the same risk period as the previously traded futures contract, e.g. one year. In this example, the face amount of the quarterly contract would be equal to the face value of the annual contract.
• In an alternative embodiment, the futures contracts for time periods farther than three years out may also be maintained as separate quarterly contracts. For those periods, the PODM may require trading of contracts in blocks of four, one for each quarter of the applicable calendar year. This would achieve a similar effect, without a formal in-kind settlement of annual futures contracts into quarterly ones. In other embodiments as described above, such a restriction could be omitted and only quarterly (or some other time unit) time periods employed for all periods of time for which a futures contract may be specified.
• By allowing sale of credit default futures contracts in specified time periods, an institution may hedge when considering entering into a loan transaction with a company. For example, if an institution is considering making a large loan but is concerned about a short-term default event, the institution may make the loan and sell default futures contracts to cover the risk of a short term default. Any increase from the sale price of the contracts would be the net cost of the hedging in the event no default occurs, but in the event of a default, the institution will net the decrease from sale price of the contract, which could provide a hedge in addition to covering the margin between sale price and the face values of any other futures contracts that were sold (i.e., cover the payout for those time periods where no default occurred, either before or after the actual default). Thus, this type of facility can permit institutions to continue to make long-term loans even in the face of fear of short-term default by providing a vehicle for an institution to hedge against short-term default risk.
• An example of an alternative set of standard terms for a credit futures contract is given in Table 1b.

• TABLE 1b
  Contract Description
  $100,000 in face value of default exposure on a specific corporate, government,
  institutional or financial entity (reference entity), for a Specific Risk Period beginning
  from the listing date and ending at 11:59 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) on the 20th
  calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  A Reference Entity will be declared to be in default if a Credit Event has occurred
  as defined in section 4.1. of the 2003 Credit Derivatives Definitions where section 4.2.
  (Bankruptcy) and section 4.5. (Failure to Pay) shall only apply.
  Contract Name
  “[Entity name] probability of default (POD ™) futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle with a final settlement price of zero (0) if there has been a
  Credit Event or at one hundred (100) if there has been no credit events. Since the contract
  size is $100,000 the price will be multiplied by $1,000 to obtain the value of the contract.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $10 of value.
  Multiplier
  $1,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly for five years: March, June, September, December
  Risk Period
  A period beginning from the initial date of listing of the contract and ending at
  11:59 pm (GMT) on the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading terminates upon the earlier of the Credit Event Determination Date or the
  close of business on the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month. If the 20thcalendar
  day of the Settlement Month is a non-business day, trading shall cease on the last business
  day preceding the 20thcalendar day of the settlement month.
  Credit Event Determination Date
  The Credit Event Determination Date will be the third business day following
  the earlier of (a) the announcement of the occurrence of a Credit Event on the
  exchange's website or (b) the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. The Credit
  Event Determination Date may be postponed (“Postponement”) by up to four
  additional business days if the exchange is not satisfied of the state of the Reference
  Entity by 9:15 p.m. (GMT). In the event of a Postponement, the Credit Event
  Determination Date will be the Date on which a final determination is announced by
  the exchange.
  Under special circumstances (“Special Circumstances”), the exchange may delay
  the Credit Event Determination Date until a conclusive determination can be made.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  1. Credit Event
  Upon the declaration of a Credit Event for the Reference Entity, the exchange will
  post an announcement on its website. This determination is considered preliminary. Any
  evidence to the contrary must be presented to the exchange by 5:00 p.m. (GMT) on the
  Credit Event Determination Date. Under normal circumstances, the final determination of
  the exchange shall be made by 9:15 p.m. (GMT) and a cash settlement shall occur on the
  following business day if it is determined that a Credit Event did occur or if the contract
  has expired. In the event of a Postponement, the final determination shall be announced
  by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the
  following business day if it is determined that a Credit Event did occur or if the contract
  has expired.
  2. No Credit Event
  If no Credit Event is declared by the exchange by the 20thcalendar day of the
  Settlement Month at 11:59 p.m. (GMT), the exchange will post on its website the
  determined final settlement price of the expiring contract to be one hundred (100). This
  determination is considered preliminary. Any evidence to the contrary must be presented
  to the exchange by 5:00 p.m. (GMT) on the Credit Event Determination Date. Under
  normal circumstances, the final determination of the exchange shall be made by 9:15 p.m.
  (GMT) and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business day. In the event of a
  Postponement, the final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a
  decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business day.
  3. Special Circumstances
  A ruling may be delayed if a conclusive determination cannot be made by the
  seventh business day at 9:15 p.m. (GMT) following the announcement of a Credit Event.
  If the contract has expired, a new contract would be issued for the purpose of position
  transfer. The final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a
  decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the day
  following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Early Settlement:
  All later contracts in any series of contracts will immediately settle at 0 if the
  exchange determines that a Credit Event has occurred for the Reference Entity.

• In this example, all contracts on a reference entity have exposure to the default of the reference entity from the first date that they are listed until the 20^thcalendar day of the settlement month of the contract. Contracts also have a smaller notional outstanding of $100,000.
• According to one embodiment of the present inventions, a standard form of contract may be provided for specification of a bond recovery rate futures contract. One example of certain terms for a bond recovery rate futures contract is explained with reference to Table 2. In this example, Credit Event shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a); Special Circumstances shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a); and Credit Event Determination Date shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a).

• TABLE 2a
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value linked to the recovery rate of a specific corporate, government,
  institutional or financial entity (reference entity) for a specific period in the event that a Credit
  Event occurs for the Reference Entity causing the POD ™ Futures for the Reference Entity to settle at
  zero(0).
  Contract Name
  “[Entity name] bond recovery rate (REC) futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle at 100 × R to two decimal places, where R is the recovery rate of the
  Reference Entity (“Settlement Recovery Rate”) and is a number from 0 to 1 inclusive.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly contracts for three years: March, June, September, December; and
  contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December (“Settlement Month”)
  Risk Period
  Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of the month that
  is 3 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on the 20th calendar day of the
  Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of the month that is
  12 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on the 20th calendar day of the
  Settlement Month.
  Recovery Rate Determination Date
  The Recovery Rate Determination Date shall not occur any later than 45 calendar days
  after the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month unless Special Circumstances (“Special
  Circumstances”) apply.
  1. Credit Event
  If ISDA ® also recognizes the Credit Event for a specific Reference Entity and determines
  that it will have an auction, the Recovery Rate Determination Date (“Recovery Rate Determination
  Date”) will be the date of the ISDA ® auction. If ISDA ® does not hold an auction either because it
  determines that it will not hold an auction, because it cancels an auction, or because it does not
  recognize the Credit Event, the Recovery Rate Determination Date will be the later of a) third
  business day following a decision by ISDA ® not to hold an auction or to cancel an auction or b) the
  third business day following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  2. No Credit Event
  If the exchange determines that no Credit Event has occurred prior to the expiration of the POD ™
  Futures on the Reference Entity, the Recovery Rate Determination Date shall be the Credit Event
  Determination Date.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading terminates on the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to Friday. For
  expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  The settlement of the REC Futures is dependent upon the settlement of the POD ™ Futures for the
  Reference Entity, whose settlement price shall be determined as described in the contract specification of
  the POD ™ Futures.
  1. Credit Event
  If it is determined that a Credit Event did occur, the exchange will post an announcement on its
  website detailing the anticipated settlement process. This procedure is considered preliminary. If there is
  an ISDA ® auction, the Settlement Recovery Rate shall be the result of the ISDA ® auction. A cash
  settlement shall occur on the business day following the Recovery Rate Determination Date, which shall
  be the date of the ISDA ® auction. If there is no ISDA ® auction, either because ISDA ® determines that
  it will not hold an auction or cancels an auction, or because ISDA ® does not recognize the default, the
  Recovery Rate shall be the average bid price for $US 50 million of bonds on the third business day
  following the Credit Event Determination Date, as determined by the average of five dealer quotes,
  excluding the highest and lowest. The result will be announced by 9:15 p.m. (GMT) on the Recovery
  Rate Determination Date. A cash settlement shall occur on the business day following the Recovery Rate
  Determination Date.
  2. No Credit Event
  If it is determined that no Default Credit Event did occur prior to the expiration of the POD ™
  Futures, the Settlement Recovery Rate, and consequently the settlement price will be zero (0). A cash
  settlement shall occur on the business day following the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  3. Special Circumstance
  A ruling may be delayed if a conclusive determination cannot be made by the seventh business
  day at 9:15 p.m. (GMT) following the announcement of a Credit Event. If the contract has expired, a new
  contract would be issued for the purpose of position transfer. The final determination shall be announced
  by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business
  on the day following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Early Settlement:
  All later contracts in any series of contracts will immediately settle at 0 if any early contract in the
  series settles at a realized recovery rate following a default by the reference entity.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts:
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity. They will
  settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly equivalent contracts each at the
  following function of the last traded price of the annual contract in question. Each quarterly contract will
  initially be priced at P = (price of annual contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• In this example, the contract is for a bond recovery rate future in an individual credit contract, denoted as “[Entity name]” which corresponds to the entity for which a bond recovery rate contract is purchased. In this example, the face value is the value on which the realized recovery rate is applied to determine the settlement value in the event of a default (bankruptcy or insolvency) by the entity referred in the contract in the specified time period. In this example, the face value of the contract is $1,000,000, and in this particular example, the face value of each contract monitored for exchange by a PODM system, is the same.
• In alternative embodiments, the face values may be constrained to a limited number of potential face values, e.g., two or three (although other embodiments may have more or unlimited possibilities), generally (although not necessarily) face values that are easily divisible in the face value of the POD™ futures. By constraining the face value of the contract (or other terms of the contract) to a fixed number of possibilities that may be divisible in the face value of the POD™ futures, the ability to establish a uniform, automated exchange facility for the bond recovery rate contract and for combinations of one or more bond recovery rate contract and one or more POD™ futures is promoted. In other embodiments, the exchange may be structured by fixing aspects of the contract other than the face value of the contract.
• In this example, another contract term that is constrained is the period for which a futures contract is made. In this example, the face value is fixed at $1,000,000 for specific periods of time (which are constrained in this example to quarterly contracts for the first three years and annual contracts for an additional seven years). If at the end of the specified period no default has occurred, the long pays and the short receives a settlement based on a settlement value of zero. On the other hand, if a default does occur in the specified time period, the exchange determines the realized recovery rate based on publically available information or based on a survey of market participants. The settlement value is the product of the face value of the futures contract and the realized recovery rate determined by the exchange. At a later date, the long receives and the short pays a settlement based on the final settlement value. In this example, as indicated in “early settlement,” if a default occurs in advance of the specified time period for a particular contract belonging to a particular series, an early settlement is triggered on these later contracts where the long position pays and the short receives a settlement based on the face value of those later contracts. In this embodiment, the risk associated with short term default is separated from the risk associated with a default in the longer term (assuming there is no short-term default). Thus, with this embodiment, tightness in the short term credit market may not spill over to the same degree to the long term credit market.
• In other embodiments, an earlier default could result in all contracts on the reference entity being settled early at the realized recovery rate. Also, other embodiments may manifest different relationships between defaults and obligations to pay. For example, in one embodiment, payment of the realized recovery rate may be obliged when a reference entity defaults within a specified time period. In another embodiment, payment of the realized recovery rate may be obliged when a reference entity defaults in a particular manner (for example, filing for bankruptcy) within a specified time period.
• In other embodiments, payments may be based on events other than default or based on other variables than the recovery rate upon default and, depending on the nature of the possibility of multiple occurrences of these events, may or may not have a similar “early settlement” provision for later contracts. More specifically, embodiments in accord with the present invention may provide for contracts valued by occurrence or non-occurrence of a single occurrence event, i.e. a binary reference event, and may provide for similar “early settlement” of particular single occurrence futures contracts.
• Other time periods for the futures contracts may be fixed and the face value could either be the same, or different, for different time periods. For example, a Recovery Rate Futures could be limited only to quarterly, to quarterly for some time frames and annual for others (as in the example illustrated in Table 1a), or may permit quarterly and annual (or other time frame) contracts to be placed at any particular time through the PODM.
• In one embodiment, the probability of default and expected recovery rate associated with these contracts are determined by the market based on the trading price for the particular REC futures, and the price of the contracts is set accordingly. In this example, the pricing mechanism used by the market for these contracts may be (100×P×R) to two decimal places, where P is the probability of default as determined by the market for the period specified and R is the recovery rate expected by the market for the senior unsecured funded debt of the reference entity. In this example, the multiplier is $10,000 and the tick size is 0.01. Changes in contract prices may be cleared and settled daily. Thus, the profit or loss that a trader incurs on a given day of trading is based upon the change in the market's perception of the P and R at the end of that day. For example, if P_pat the end of the previous trading day was 8%, R_pat the end of the previous trading day was 40%, the P_cat the end of the current trading day is 10%, and R_cat the end of the current trading day is 42%, the amount of money gained by the long position (and the amount of money lost by the short position) on a $1,000,000 face value contract would be $10,000 as shown by the following calculations:
• $\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100\times P_c\times R_c\right)=\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100\times \mathrm{.10}\times 0.42\right)=\mathrm{\$42},000\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100\times P_p\times R_p\right)=\mathrm{\$10},000\times \left(100\times \mathrm{.08}\times 0.40\right)=\underset{\_}{\mathrm{\$32},000}$$\mathrm{\$10},000$
• In this embodiment, price at contract maturity may be determined in the same manner. For example, at maturity the P is either 1 or 0 and the expected recovery rate is indeterminate as the bond neither defaulted nor matured (except under unusual circumstances, in which case the recovery would be 100%). Thus, where the value of P=0 the settlement price of the contract would be:
• 
  $10,000×(100×0×R_m)=$0.
• Where the value of P=1, the settlement price of the contract would be determined once a realized recovery rate can be established. In this embodiment, the realized recovery rate will be either the ISDA® determined recovery rate if ISDA® holds a public auction for the bonds or the average of 3 of 5 bids for $50 million face value of senior unsecured bonds, where the greatest and lowest bids are excluded. Thus, the amount of money gained or lost by the long would be the difference between either the realizedrecovery rate times 100 multiplied by $10,000 in the event of a default or zero otherwise and the contract price at the end of the previous day multiplied by $10,000, and the amount of money gained or lost by the short would be the difference between either the realizedrecovery rate times 100 multiplied by $10,000 in the event of a default or zero otherwise and the contract price at the end of the previous day multiplied by $10,000.
• Since P and R are determined by the market, in this example, in establishing the price of a contract with a face value of $1,000,000, rather than expressly agreed upon as such or set by an external entity, different entities in the market may arrive at different estimates of P and R and, therefore, wish to enter into or exchange a bond recovery rate contract for this reason (of course, other reasons may exist for motivating a sale or purchase). Additionally, other models may be applied for determining price, e.g. the model above was a function of the product of the probability of default and the expected recovery rate, other functions could be used. Moreover, other factors (such as time value of money, tolerance to risk or currently held assets/positions, cash bond prices, phase of the economic cycle) may be reflected in a trader determining a price point at which they are willing to enter the market.
• The tick size, or smallest unit of increasing or decreasing the change of the price of a particular contract, in this example, is 0.01 and therefore corresponds to $100. Establishing a tick size can assist in facilitating the setting of prices and trading of interests.
• In this example, there is a fixed time for permitting trading of futures contracts and a fixed time and mechanism identified for establishing whether a default has occurred, as illustrated in Table 1a. This permits orderly trading and administration of futures contracts and settlement of futures contracts.
• As described above, in this example and for quarterly contracts, if there is no default in the time period specified in a futures contract, the settlement is in cash and the final settlement value is zero. If there is a default, the final settlement value is the realized recovery rate multiplied by 100 and by the multiplier of $10,000.
• In this example, annual contracts may also be purchased for time periods more than three years out. These contracts could also be settled in cash at the end of the specified period, with a final settlement value equal to zero when there is no default occurring in the specified period as for quarterly contracts.
• In an alternative embodiment, and in particular the one illustrated in Table 2, the annual contract may instead be settled in kind (e.g., in exchange for other futures contracts) when its final maturity is within an identified period of time from the present which may be any period of time grater than the shortest risk period available. For example, when the final maturity is three years out, an annual futures contract could be converted into four quarterly futures contracts, one for each of the four quarters leading up to the final maturity date. Thus, the entire series, taken as a whole, may have the same risk period as the previously traded futures contract, e.g. one year. In this example, the face amount of the quarterly contract would be equal to the face value of the annual contract.
• In an alternative embodiment, the futures contracts for time periods farther than three years out may also be maintained as separate quarterly contracts. For those periods, the PODM may require trading of contracts in blocks of four, one for each quarter of the applicable calendar year. This would achieve a similar effect, without a formal in-kind settlement of annual futures contracts into quarterly ones. In other embodiments as described above, such a restriction could be omitted and only quarterly (or some other time unit) time periods employed for all periods of time for which a futures contract may be specified.
• By allowing sale of bond recovery rate futures contracts in specified time periods, an institution may hedge recovery risk when considering using POD™ futures to hedge a bond. For example, if an institution is considering hedging the default risk and the risk of a lower than expected realized bond recovery rate on a bond with a POD™ futures and a REC futures by selling default futures and bond recovery rate futures contracts to cover the risk of a short term default and bond recovery rate risk. Any increase from the sale price of the POD™ futures less the decrease in the price of the REC futures would be the net cost of the hedging in the event no default occurs, but in the event of a default, the institution will net the decrease from sale price of the POD™ futures less the increase from sale price of the REC futures, which could provide a precise hedge for the bond in addition to covering the margin between sale price and the face values of any other futures contracts that were sold (i.e., cover the payout for those time periods where no default occurred, either before or after the actual default). Adding a REC futures to the trade will allow the institution to ensure that the gain on the trade in an event of default matches the loss on the bonds of the reference entity and to cheapen the cost of the hedge by avoiding over hedging. Thus, this type of facility can permit institutions to continue to hold bonds, while hedging the short-term default and recovery risk.
• An example of an alternative set of standard terms for a bond recovery rate futures contract is given in Table 2b. In this example, the terms Credit Event shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1b); Special Circumstances shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures(Table 1b); and Credit Event Determination Date shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures(Table 1b).

• TABLE 2b
  Contract Description
  $100,000 in face value linked to the recovery rate of a specific corporate,
  government, institutional or financial entity (reference entity) in the event that a Credit Event
  occurs for the Reference Entity causing the POD ™ Futures for the Reference Entity with the same
  Risk Period to settle at zero(0).
  Contract Name
  “[Entity name] bond recovery rate (REC) futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle at 100 × R to two decimal places, where R is the recovery rate of the
  Reference Entity (“Settlement Recovery Rate”) and is a number from 0 to 1 inclusive.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $10 of value.
  Multiplier
  $1,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly contracts for three years: March, June, September,
  December; and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December (“Settlement
  Month”)
  Risk Period
  A period starting from the date of the listing of the contract and ending at 11:59 pm
  (GMT) on the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Recovery Rate Determination Date
  The Recovery Rate Determination Date shall not occur any later than 45
  calendar days after the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month unless Special
  Circumstances (“Special Circumstances”) apply.
  1. Credit Event
  If ISDA ® also recognizes the Credit Event for a specific Reference Entity and
  determines that it will have an auction, the Recovery Rate Determination Date
  (“Recovery Rate Determination Date”) will be the date of the ISDA ® auction. If
  ISDA ® does not hold an auction either because it determines that it will not hold an
  auction, because it cancels an auction, or because it does not recognize the Credit
  Event, the Recovery Rate Determination Date will be the later of a) third business
  day following a decision by ISDA ® not to hold an auction or to cancel an auction or
  b) the third business day following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  2. No Credit Event
  If the exchange determines that no Credit Event has occurred prior to the
  expiration of the POD ™ Futures on the Reference Entity, the Recovery Rate
  Determination Date shall be the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading terminates on the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the Last Trading Day.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  The settlement of the REC is dependent upon the settlement price of the POD ™
  Futures for the Reference Entity, whose settlement shall be determined as described in the
  contract specification of the POD ™ Futures.
  1. Credit Event
  If it is determined that a Credit Event did occur, the exchange will post an
  announcement on its website detailing the anticipated settlement process. This procedure
  is considered preliminary. If there is an ISDA ® auction, the Settlement Recovery Rate
  shall be the result of the ISDA ® auction. A cash settlement shall occur on the business
  day following the Recovery Rate Determination Date, which shall be the date of the
  ISDA ® auction. If there is no ISDA ® auction, either because it determines that it will not
  hold an auction or cancels an auction after recognizing the default or because it does not
  recognize the default, the Recovery Rate shall be the average bid price for $US 50 million
  of bonds on the third business days following the Credit Event Determination Date, as
  determined by the average of five dealer quotes, excluding the highest and lowest. The
  result will be announced by 9:15 p.m. (GMT) on the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  A cash settlement shall occur on the business day following the Recovery Rate
  Determination Date.
  2. No Credit Event
  If it is determined that no Default Credit Event did occur, the Settlement Recovery
  Rate, and consequently the settlement price will be zero (0). A cash settlement shall occur
  on the business day following the Recovery Rate Determination Date.
  3. Special Circumstance
  A ruling may be delayed if a conclusive determination cannot be made by the
  seventh business day at 9:15 p.m. (GMT) following the announcement of a Credit Event.
  If the contract has expired, a new contract would be issued for the purpose of position
  transfer. The final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a
  decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the day
  following the Credit Event Determination Date.
  Early Settlement:
  All later contracts in any series of contracts will settle early at 100 × R if the
  exchange determines that a Credit Event has occurred for the Reference Entity.

• In this example, all contracts on a reference entity have exposure to the default of the reference entity from the first date that they are listed until the 20^thcalendar day of the settlement month of the contract. The notional value of the futures contract also differs.
• In addition (or instead) to permitting individual credit default futures contracts or bond recovery rate futures contracts, a PODM may permit exchange of futures contracts for an index of possible entity default events and/or an index of possible entity bond recovery rate following entity default events. An index may, for example, be established to track the default risk of a group of financial institutions. Similarly, an index may be formed from a variety of individual POD™ futures contracts to correspond to an index on the general probability of default in the market. Indices may also be formed using the corresponding REC futures contracts. Such recovery indices may be, for example, established to track the bond recovery rates of a group of industrial names or for an index on the general recovery rate in the market. Indices may be included as part of a PODM, and traded in a fashion similar to the individual contracts described above with reference to Tables 1 and 2. An example of a set of contract terms and system constraints for an index called High Grade POD™ Futures Index are included Table 3. Like other provided examples, Special Circumstance shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a or Table 1b).

• TABLE 3
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value linked to the final settlement price of a specific basket of
  POD ™ Futures with High Grade Reference Entities.
  Contract Name
  “High Grade POD ™ index futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle at the sum of the POD ™ Futures settlement prices contained
  in the index divided by the original number of POD ™ Futures in the index.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of
  settlement value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly for three years: March, June, September, December;
  and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December
  Risk Period
  Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 3 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on
  the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of the
  month that is 12 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on
  the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  The next business day following the determination of the final settlement price.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure for Quarterly Contracts
  The settlement of the POD ™ Index Futures is dependent upon the settlement of
  each individual POD ™ Futures contained in the index, whose settlement prices shall be
  determined as described in the contract specification of the POD ™ Futures.
  The exchange will post on its website a preliminary settlement price of the POD ™
  Index Futures by 4:30 p.m. (GMT) on the Last Trading Day. This settlement price is
  based on the preliminary settlement prices of the POD ™ Futures and considered
  preliminary. Contracts that have been settled early due to Credit Events will be assigned a
  settlement price of zero (0). The normal final determination of the exchange is made by
  9:30 p.m. (GMT) on the third business day following the 20th calendar day of the
  Settlement Month. A cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the
  following business day. If the final settlement price of any of the POD ™ Futures
  contained in the index is not available, the exchange may postpone (“Postponement”) the
  announcement of the final settlement price of the POD ™ Index Futures by up to four
  additional business days. The final settlement price of the POD ™ Index Futures will be
  announced by the exchange as soon as the final settlement prices for all the POD ™
  Futures contained in the index have been determined. A cash settlement shall occur on the
  close of business on the following business day.
  Special Circumstance
  The determination of the final settlement price of the POD ™ Index Futures may be
  delayed beyond the seventh business day following the announcement of a Credit Event if
  Special Circumstances apply to the settlement of any of the POD ™ Futures contained in
  the index. If the contract has expired, a new contract would be issued for the purpose of
  position transfer. The final settlement price shall be announced by the exchange as soon
  as the final settlement prices of all POD ™ Futures contained in the index are available and
  a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following business day.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity.
  They will settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly
  equivalent contracts each at the following function of the last traded price of the annual
  contract in question. Each quarterly contract will be priced at P = (price of annual
  contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• In this example, the index corresponds to n different institutions/set of default contracts, each being weighted equally in the index. Thus, the pricing mechanism corresponds to an average price of a futures contract for the applicable time period of each of the n entities in the index. As with POD™ futures contracts, changes in index contract prices may be cleared and settled daily. Thus, the profit or loss that a trader incurs on a given day of trading is based upon the change in price of the individual POD™ futures contained in the index at the end of that day. For settlement at maturity, at the end of the quarterly (in this example) period for a quarterly contract, the index is priced and settled as though it were composed of n contracts in the n individual entities—each having a face value in the amount of the face value of the index (here, $1,000,000) divided by the number of entities (here, n).
• In this example annual contracts are converted in-kind to quarterly contracts in a manner similar to that described above.
• Since an index futures contract is itself a futures contract, the index contract may correspond to various listed individual contracts but it may also be established in the abstract. That is, for example, an index can be created including entities that do not have individual contracts being traded since it is possible for the market to determine a price for the index as a whole and it is possible to settle a contract by ascertaining the default status of an individual entity whether or not the entity happens to also have individual futures contracts listed on the PODM.
• In the example of Table 3, the index is linearly weighted; that is, each listed entity contributes the same weight to the index as a whole. In alternative embodiments, the fund could be weighted in some other fashion, e.g., with the weight of one entity included in the index participating in the value (for price and return) more than another.
• In the example of Table 3, the index is linked to the POD™ futures contracts with contract specifications given in Table 1a. In alternative embodiments, the POD™ index futures may be linked to POD™ futures contracts with contract specifications given in Table 1b or with other specifications.
• In the example of Table 3, the face amount, trading times, settlement dates are the same as in Table 1a. Some aspects may facilitate trading, such as permitting trading at the same times for a system that includes both indexes and individual entity futures contracts (some systems may include only one or the other). This is not a requirement, however. Similarly, indexes could have different face amounts from each other or from individual futures contracts.
• An example of a set of contract terms and system constraints for an index called High Grade recovery index futures are included Table 4. As with other examples, Special Circumstance shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a or Table 1b).

• TABLE 4
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value linked to the final settlement price of a specific basket of
  REC Futures with High Grade Reference Entities
  Contract Name
  “High Grade recovery (REC) index futures”
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle at the sum of the REC Futures settlement prices contained in
  the index divided by the original number of REC Futures in the index.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of
  settlement value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contracts Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly for three years: March, June, September, December;
  and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December
  Risk Period
  Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 3 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on
  the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of the
  month that is 12 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT) on
  the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading ceases on the earlier of the day that the Settlement Recovery Rate is
  determined for all REC Futures contained index and 45 calendar days following the end of
  the Risk Period
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the determination of the final settlement price.
  Trading Hours
  The settlement of the REC Index Futures is dependent upon the settlement of each
  individual REC Futures contained in the index, whose settlement prices shall be
  determined as described in the contract specification of the REC Futures.
  The exchange will post on its website a preliminary settlement price of the REC
  Index Futures by 4:30 p.m. (GMT) on the Last Trading Day. This settlement price is
  based on the preliminary settlement prices of the REC Futures and considered preliminary.
  Contracts that have been settled early due to Credit Events will be assigned a settlement
  price of zero (0). The normal final determination of the exchange is made by 9:30 p.m.
  (GMT) on the third business day following the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  A cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following business day. If
  the final settlement price of any of the REC Futures contained in the index is not available,
  the exchange may postpone (“Postponement”) the announcement of the final settlement
  price of the REC Index Futures by up to four additional business days. The final
  settlement price of the REC Index Futures will be announced by the exchange as soon as
  the final settlement prices for all the REC Futures contained in the index have been
  determined. A cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following
  business day.
  Special Circumstance
  The determination of the final settlement price of the REC Index Futures may be
  delayed beyond the seventh business day following the announcement of a Credit Event if
  Special Circumstances apply to the settlement of any of the REC Futures contained in the
  index. If the contract has expired, a new contract would be issued for the purpose of
  position transfer. The final settlement price shall be announced by the exchange as soon
  as the final settlement prices of all REC Futures contained in the index are available and a
  cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following business day.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity.
  They will settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly
  equivalent contracts each at the following function of the last traded price of the annual
  contract in question. Each quarterly contract will be priced at P = (price of annual
  contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• In this example, the index corresponds to n different institutions/set of bond recovery rate contracts, each being weighted equally in the index. Thus, the pricing mechanism corresponds to an average price of a futures contract for the applicable time period of each of the n entities in the index. As with POD™ futures, REC futures and POD™ index futures, changes in bond recovery rate index contract prices may be cleared and settled daily. Thus, the profit or loss that a trader incurs on a given day of trading is based upon the change in the recovery rate index the end of that day. For settlement at maturity, at the end of the quarterly (in this example) period for a quarterly contract, the index is priced and settled as though it were composed of n contracts in the n individual entities—each having a face value in the amount of the face value of the index (here, $1,000,000) divided by the number of entities (here, n).
• In this example annual contracts are converted in-kind to quarterly contracts in a manner similar to that described above.
• Since a recovery index futures contract is itself a futures contract, the index contract may correspond to various listed individual contracts but it may also be established in the abstract. That is, for example, an index can be created including entities that do not have individual contracts being traded since it is possible for the market to determine a price for the index as a whole and it is possible to settle a contract by ascertaining the default status and realized bond recovery rate of an individual entity whether or not the entity happens to also have individual futures contracts listed on the PODM.
• In the example of Table 4, the index is linearly weighted; that is, each listed entity contributes the same weight to the index as a whole. In alternative embodiments, the fund could be weighted in some other fashion, e.g., with the weight of one entity included in the index participating in the value (for price and return) more than another.
• In the example of Table 4, the face amount, trading times, settlement dates are the same as in Table 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3. Some aspects may facilitate trading, such as permitting trading at the same times for a system that includes both indexes and individual entity futures contracts (some systems may include only one or the other). This is not a requirement, however. Similarly, indexes could have different face amounts from each other or from individual futures contracts.
• A PODM may also permit trading of indexes of POD™ futures and/or REC futures in tranches. In one example of an index of POD™ futures, a tranche is a slice of the index corresponding to an order of defaults. For example, the first 0-3% of defaults in an index for the specified time period could be assigned to one (highest risk) tranche. The next 3-10% of the defaults could correspond to the next tranche, etc. Similarly, in one example, a tranche is a slice of the index corresponding to an order of defaults on the reference entities of the REC futures contained in the index and the settlement values of the futures are linked to the bond recovery rates realized on the bonds of the entities contained in an index tranche. For example, the first 0-3% of defaults in an index for the specified time period could be assigned to one (highest risk) tranche and the settlement value of the tranche would be linked to the recovery rates of the bonds of the names in the tranche once defaults are realized. The next 3-10% of the defaults could correspond to the next tranche, etc.
• In these examples, the credit futures contract and the bond recovery rate futures contract are divided not just based on number of defaults but also temporally, e.g., a tranche may be sold covering a tranche of risk (e.g., the first 0-3% of defaults in the index and their corresponding recovery rates) that occur in a specified time period such as a particular quarter. These tranches may also be formed and traded as default futures contracts or bond recovery rate contracts on a PODM.
• Table 5 provides one example of set of contract and system specifications for one example of a credit tranche futures contract. In this example, Credit Event Determination Date shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a or Table 1b); Special Circumstance shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures.

• TABLE 5
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value of default exposure linked to the final settlement price of
  a specific tranche of a named index of probability of default futures.
  Contract Name
  “[Tranche name] on [index name] probability of default futures”
  Series:
  0%-3%, 3%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-100%
  Final Settlement Price
  Contracts will settle at 100[1 − min(max((D − LB), 0), (UB − LB))/(UB − LB)] to
  two decimal places where D is the realized percentage of POD ™ Futures contained in the
  index with a final settlement price of zero (0) from the start of the series and UB and LB
  are the upper and lower bounds of the tranches, expressed in percentage, respectively. In
  other words, the percentage loss on the index is first allocated to the lowest tranche (the
  0-3% tranche) to the degree the loss does not exceed the detachment point. Then the next
  lowest tranche is attached and so on until the loss is fully assigned. Once the loss
  assigned to a tranche is known, its settlement price equals 100 less the percent of the
  tranche represented by its assigned loss. Since the contract size is $1,000,000 the price
  will be multiplied by $10,000 to obtain the settlement value.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of
  settlement value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contract Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly contracts for three years: March, June, September,
  December; and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December
  Risk Period
  Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 3 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT)
  on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 12 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT)
  on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  For each tranche, trading shall terminate on the earlier of the Credit Event Determination
  Date of the POD ™ Futures that has (have) caused the percentage loss to equal or exceed the
  upper bound of the tranche, or the close of business on the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement
  Month. If the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month is a non-business day, trading shall
  cease on the last business day preceding the 20thcalendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the determination of the final settlement price..
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  The settlement of the POD ™ Index Tranche Futures is dependent upon the
  settlement of each individual POD ™ Futures contained in the index, whose settlement
  prices shall be determined as described in the contract specification of the POD ™
  Futures.
  1. Sufficient number of Credit Events to cause the loss to equal or exceed the
  upper bound
  Upon the declaration of a Credit Event or Credit Events that may cause the
  percentage of POD ™ Futures contained in the index with a final settlement price of zero
  (0) to equal or exceed the upper bound of a POD ™ Index Tranche Futures, thereby
  causing an Early Settlement on the POD ™ Index Tranche Futures (“Early Settlement”),
  the exchange shall post an announcement on its website. This determination is
  considered preliminary. Under normal circumstances, the final determination on the
  Early Settlement shall be announced by 9:30 p.m. (GMT) on the third business day
  following the announcement and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business
  day if it is determined that the Credit Event(s) did occur and cause the percentage of
  POD ™ Futures contained in the index with a final settlement price of zero (0) to equal or
  exceed the upper bound or if the contract has expired. In the event of a Postponement or
  Postponement(s) for the POD ™ Futures, the POD ™ Index Tranche Futures shall also be
  postponed by up to four additional business days. In the event of a Postponement, the
  final determination shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached
  and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business day if it is determined that a
  Credit Event(s) did occur and cause the percentage of POD ™ Futures contained in the
  index with a final settlement price of zero (0) to equal or exceed the upper bound or if the
  contract has expired.
  2. Insufficient number of Credit Events to cause the loss to equal or exceed the
  upper bound
  The exchange will post on its website a preliminary settlement price by 4:30 p.m.
  (GMT) on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. This settlement price is
  considered preliminary and based on the preliminary settlement prices of the POD ™
  Futures. The normal final determination of the exchange is made by 9:30 p.m. (GMT) on
  the third business day following the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. In the
  event of a Postponement, the final settlement price will be announced by the exchange as
  soon as it is available and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the
  day following the final determination of the settlement price.
  3. Special Circumstances
  The determination on an Early Settlement or of the final settlement price of a
  POD ™ Index Tranche Futures may be delayed beyond the seventh business day
  following the announcement of a Credit Event if Special Circumstances apply to a
  POD ™ Futures contained in the index. If the contract has expired, a new contract would
  be issued for the purpose of position transfer. The final determination or final settlement
  price shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached and a cash
  settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following business day.
  Early Settlement:
  In any quarter when a tranche reaches its detachment point all contracts of that
  same tranche for later quarters will immediately settle at 100.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts:
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity.
  They will settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly
  equivalent contracts each at the following function of the last traded price of the annual
  contract in question. Each quarterly contract will be priced at P = (price of annual
  contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• As for the other contract examples, the tranche is set up with the same face value, operating times, etc., although this is not intended to be limiting.
• While in the embodiments disclosed above, the face value and accompanying multiplier are $1,000,000 and $10,000 respectively, other embodiments may use other face values and multipliers. For example, in one embodiment the face value and multiplier of futures contracts are $100,000 and $1,000 respectively. Further, different futures contracts may use different face values or multipliers and the invention is not limited to any specific face value or multiplier.
• In one embodiment, tranche prices may be modeled as follows. The tranche boundaries represent a percent of losses and may be denoted by a_m, m=0, . . . , M, where a₀=0% and a_M=100%, such that there are M tranches in the structure and the n^thtranche accounts for the losses between a_n-1and a_n, n=1, . . . , M. The realized incremental loss percentage to be allocated among the tranches at each expiration time s may be denoted as x_s, s=1, . . . , S so that the cumulative loss percentage of the index at expiration time t may be expressed as
• $\stackrel{t}{\sum _{s=1}}x_s.$
• The settlement price of the contract corresponding to the n^thtranche that expires at expiration time t is denoted by P_n,tand corresponds to the percentage of the tranche interval that was not invaded by the incremental loss between expiration times t−1 and t. It is described by a function P_n,t=ƒ(x₁, . . . , x_t; a₀, . . . , a_M). This function may be iteratively specified by considering five cases enumerated below.
• For each case, assume the cumulative loss percentage at the t^thexpiration time lies between the tranche boundaries of the q^th-tranche, such that
• $a_{q-1}\le \sum _{s=1}^tx_s<a_q,$
• and the cumulative loss percentage up to the (t−1)^thexpiration period lies between the boundaries of the p^thtranche such that
• $a_{p-1}\le \sum _{s=1}^{t-1}x_s<a_p,$
• where p≦q. Then, the expiration price of the futures contract on the n^thindex tranche expiring at time t is determined by:
• If n>q, P_n,t=100. In other words, at expiration time t, all tranches higher than the q^thtranche that expire at time t settle at 100 since the cumulative loss does not invade their range.
• $\mathrm{if}n=q,P_{n,t}=\{\begin{array}{cc}100\frac{a_n-a_{n-1}-x_t}{a_n-a_{n-1}},& \mathrm{if}\sum _{s=1}^{t-1}x_s>a_{n-1}\\ 100\frac{a_n-\sum _{s=1}^tx_s}{a_n-a_{n-1}},& \mathrm{if}\sum _{s=1}^{t-1}x_s\le a_{n-1}.\end{array}$
• The equation used to calculate the percentage of the n^thtranche that has not been invaded between the (t−1)^thand t^thexpiration dates depends upon whether the cumulative loss in the previous period had invaded the tranche. If the n^thtranche was assigned a loss in the (t−1)^thperiod (top equation), the numerator corresponds to the maximum total loss percentage range of the tranche minus the incremental loss occurring in period t; otherwise if the first time the n^thtranche is assigned a loss is in the t^thexpiration period (lower equation), the numerator can be calculated as the difference between the upper bound of the tranche and the cumulative loss.
• $\mathrm{if}n<q,P_{n,t}=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,& \mathrm{if}n>\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="p"\; filenames="US20130226761A1-20130829-D00000.png,US20130226761A1-20130829-D00001.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">p</figure-callout>}\\ 100\frac{\sum _{s=1}^{t-1}x_s-a_{n-1}}{a_n-a_{n-1}},& \mathrm{if}n=p.\end{array}$
• For contracts below tranche q, the expiration price depends on whether the tranche is above or below tranche p, which was the highest tranche to be assigned a loss in period t−1. If the tranche lies between tranches p and q, the expiration value is 0 since its entire range is subsumed by the current period's incremental loss. For contracts on tranche p, the settlement price is 100 times the fraction of the tranche losses previously allocated as of the last period, which therefore cannot be re-allocated this period. (Note that contracts on tranches below the p^thtranche that were initially to expire at the end of period t already will have settled, since all future-expiring contracts on a tranche are settled in the period in which the cumulative loss first exceeds the maximum total loss percentage of its upper bound.)
• The expiration price of the futures contract on the n^thindex tranche expiring in future periods (i.e., s>t) is determined by:
• If q>n≧p, P_n,s=P_p,s=100. In other words, contracts expiring in future periods on tranches for which the maximum total percentage loss is exceeded during period t have settlement values of 100, since no further losses can be assigned to contracts on these tranches. In this embodiment, these contracts are also settled at time t since their value is known with certainty at that time.
• All other contracts expiring in future periods that have not been settled early due to excess cumulative losses will have values that are market determined (i.e. for example, a function of the last daily traded price and/or bid-ask prices as per the rules of the exchange). Market prices will depend upon, among other factors, the expected future incremental losses x_s, s>t.
• Table 6 provides one example of set of contract and system specifications for one example of a bond recovery rate tranche futures contract. In this example, Special Circumstance shall have the meaning ascribed in the contract specification of the POD™ Futures (Table 1a or Table 1b).

• TABLE 6
  Contract Description
  $1,000,000 in face value linked to the recovery rates of a tranche of a named
  index of probability of default futures.
  Contract Name
  “[Tranche name] on [index name] bond index recovery rate futures”
  Series:
  0%-3%, 3%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30%, 30%-100%
  Final Settlement Price
  Prices will be quoted will have a range of 0 to 100 inclusive. Once the individual
  REC Futures settlement prices have been determined the individual REC Futures will be
  assigned to a tranche based on the order of date and time of default starting with the
  lowest tranche (for example the 0-3% tranche) to the degree that it has not been assigned
  a REC Futures in a previous quarter in the same series and to the degree the loss does not
  exceed the detachment point. Once the detachment point is reached, that is once the
  number of defaults reaches the maximum number allowable for the tranche, the next
  lowest tranche is then attached and so on until all the REC Futures with defaults are
  allocated. The other REC Futures are all settled at 0, and therefore are not assigned in
  any particular order. For each tranche, the settlement price is 100 times the average
  settlement price of the REC Futures assigned to the tranche. Since the contract size is
  $1,000,000 the price will be multiplied by $10,000 to obtain the settlement value.
  Tick Size
  Minimum price fluctuations will be .01. A tick of .01 will represent $100 of
  settlement value.
  Multiplier
  $10,000
  Contract Listed
  Contracts expiring quarterly contracts for three years: March, June, September,
  December; and contracts expiring annually for 7 additional years: December
  Risk Period
  Quarterly Contracts
  A period of one quarter beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 3 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT)
  on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Annual Contracts
  A period of one year beginning at 12:00 am (GMT) on the 21st calendar day of
  the month that is 12 months before the settlement month and ending at 11:59 pm (GMT)
  on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month.
  Last Trading Day
  Trading ceases on the earlier of the day that the Settlement Recovery Rate is
  determined for all REC Futures contained index and 45 calendar days following the end
  of the Risk Period.
  Settlement Day
  The next business day following the determination of the final settlement price.
  Trading Hours
  Electronic Trading from 6:30 pm to 4:00 pm (New York time) time Sunday to
  Friday. For expiring contracts last trade on the last trading day will be at 12:00 noon
  (New York time).
  Settlement Procedure
  The settlement of the POD ™ Index Recovery Tranche Futures is dependent upon
  the settlement of each individual REC Futures contained in the index, whose settlement
  prices shall be determined as described in the contract specification of the REC Futures.
  1. Sufficient number of Credit Events to cause the loss to equal or exceed the
  upper bound
  Upon the declaration of a Credit Event or Credit Events that may cause the
  percentage of REC Futures contained in the index with a final settlement price of zero (0)
  to equal or exceed the upper bound of a POD ™ Index Recovery Tranche Futures, thereby
  causing an Early Settlement on the POD ™ Index Recovery Tranche Futures (“Early
  Settlement”), the exchange shall post an announcement on its website. This
  determination is considered preliminary. Under normal circumstances, the final
  determination on the Early Settlement shall be announced by 9:30 p.m. (GMT) on the
  third business day following the announcement and a cash settlement shall occur on the
  following business day if it is determined that the Credit Event(s) did occur and cause the
  percentage of REC Futures contained in the index with a final settlement price of zero (0)
  to equal or exceed the upper bound or if the contract has expired. In the event of a
  Postponement or Postponement(s) for the REC Futures, the POD ™ Index Recovery
  Tranche Futures shall also be postponed by up to four additional business days. In the
  event of a Postponement, the final determination shall be announced by the exchange as
  soon as a decision is reached and a cash settlement shall occur on the following business
  day if it is determined that a Credit Event(s) did occur and cause the percentage of REC
  Futures contained in the index with a final settlement price of zero (0) to equal or exceed
  the upper bound or if the contract has expired.
  2. Insufficient number of Credit Events to cause the loss to equal or exceed the
  upper bound
  The exchange will post on its website a preliminary settlement price by 4:30 p.m.
  (GMT) on the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. This settlement price is
  considered preliminary and based on the preliminary settlement prices of the REC
  Futures. The normal final determination of the exchange is made by 9:30 p.m. (GMT) on
  the third business day following the 20th calendar day of the Settlement Month. In the
  event of a Postponement, the final settlement price will be announced by the exchange as
  soon as it is available and a cash settlement shall occur on the close of business on the
  day following the final determination of the settlement price.
  3. Special Circumstances
  The determination on an Early Settlement or of the final settlement price of a
  POD ™ Index Recovery Tranche Futures may be delayed beyond the seventh business
  day following the announcement of a Credit Event if Special Circumstances apply to a
  POD ™ Futures contained in the index. If the contract has expired, a new contract would
  be issued for the purpose of position transfer. The final determination or final settlement
  price shall be announced by the exchange as soon as a decision is reached and a cash
  settlement shall occur on the close of business on the following business day.
  Early Settlement:
  In any quarter when a tranche reaches its detachment point all contracts of that
  same tranche for later quarters will immediately settle at 0.
  Settlement Procedure for Annual Contracts:
  Annual contracts will settle on the delivery date with three years to final maturity.
  They will settle in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly
  equivalent contracts each at the following function of the last traded price of the annual
  contract in question. Each quarterly contract will be priced at P = (price of annual
  contract − 100) ÷ 4) + 100.

• As for the other contract examples, the REC futures tranche is set up with the same face value, operating times, etc., although this is not intended to be limiting.
• While in the embodiments disclosed above, the face value and accompanying multiplier are $1,000,000 and $10,000 respectively, other embodiments may use other face values and multipliers. For example, in one embodiment the face value and multiplier of futures contracts are $100,000 and $1,000 respectively. Further, different futures contracts may use different face values or multipliers and the invention is not limited to any specific face value or multiplier.
• In one embodiment, tranche prices may be modeled as follows. The tranche boundaries represent a number of defaulted names and may be denoted by b_m, m=0, . . . , M, where b₀=1 and b_M=100, such that there are M tranches in the structure and the n^thtranche accounts for the default numbers between b_n-1and b_n, n=1, . . . , M.
• The settlement price of the contract corresponding to the n^thtranche that expires at expiration time t is denoted by P_n,tand corresponds to the average bond recovery rate of the REC futures assigned to the tranche, all of which have exposure to defaults occurring between t−1 and t. It is described by a function P_n,t=ƒ(R₁, . . . , R₁₀₀; b₀, . . . , b_M), where R_i, denotes the realized recovery rate of the i^thcontract contained in the index and i=1, . . . , 100 for an index of 100 names. The settlement values of R_iare assigned up to the maturity date of the tranche as defaults occur. If a default on a name in index occurs prior to t−1, then for the purpose of pricing the n^thtranche that expires at expiration time t, the name will take on the index i, starting from i=1 for the first default and taking on the next largest value of i for each subsequent default and its recovery rate, R_i, will be set at zero. Between t−1 and t, the settlement values of R_iassigned begin with the next value of i as at t−1. The settlement value of the recovery rate for the i^thname is the realized recovery rate on the name, as determined to price the single name REC futures contained in the index that default within the period. At the end of the period, all other names in the index that have not defaulted during the risk period specified for the contract are assigned a realized recovery rate of 0. In other words, once a name in the index has been assigned to a tranche, it continues to be assigned to the tranche with that index i and takes on a settlement recovery rate of 0 to price all futures on the tranche expiring in subsequent periods.
• For each tranche, the final settlement price is given by:
• $P_{n,t}=100\frac{\sum _{j=b_{n-1}}^{b_j}R_j}{b_n-b_{n-1}}.$
• The three following examples are provided to illustrate the method. Although not limiting, embodiments of the present inventions shown in these examples include five tranches (n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5) expiring at the end of five periods (s=1, 2, 3, 4, 5). In all three examples, settlement prices are given at each maturity date, (t=1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and the vector of tranche boundaries for the credit futures may be expressed as:
• 
  a=[0 3 10 20 30 100],
• such that tranche n=1 corresponds to the 0-3% cumulative loss level or equivalently of defaults since the there are 100 names in the index according to this embodiment, n=2 to the 3-10% cumulative loss, etc.
Example 1
• In this first example, small numbers of defaults take out the first tranche and portions of the second tranche over the five periods. Assume the vector of numbers of defaults, or equivalently of incremental percentage loss (since the index in this example contains 100 names) is:
• x=[1 2 1 1 2], and also assume that the recovery rates achieved for these names are given by:
• Recoveries=(40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%, 30%, 45%)
• in chronological order of default occurrence, with the first default occurring in period 1, the next two defaults occurring in period 2, etc. as illustrated in the vector x.
• In this example, the matrices of settlement prices for the credit futures and recovery rate futures at the end of each period are given in Tables 7 through 16 and may be found using the above pricing algorithms. All tables show the settlement prices ordered by seniority from top to bottom, with the most senior (30-100%/30-100 defaults) at the top and the most junior (0-3%/1-3 defaults) at the bottom, and by expiration date from left to right, with contracts expiring in period 1 in the leftmost column and contracts expiring at the end of period 5 in the rightmost column. As such, the number of columns decreases by one each hypothetical period. In all cases, MDDS represents a market determined daily settlement price as explained in the above algorithm.

• TABLE 7
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  66.67	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS

• Table 7 shows the settlement prices of the credit futures contracts expiring in all periods at the end of period 1. In this example, the first tranche absorbs 1% of loss assigned to the structure, leaving 2%/3% of the tranche unassigned and none of the other tranches maturing at the end of period 1 absorb any losses. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 8
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  13.33	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS

• Table 8 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts expiring in all periods at the end of period 1. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 1, R₁=40%, while R₂to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 0-3% tranche will be, 100*0.4/3=13.33, while all other tranches will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 9
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	33.33	100	100	100

• Table 9 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 2 to 5 at the end of period 2. As shown, in this example, the first tranche continues to absorb all of the losses in period 2; however this exhausts the tranche as the total loss now equals 3%. In this embodiment, the futures on the same tranche with later maturity dates are settled early at the end of period 2 at a settlement price of 100. After the 2% loss is assigned to the lowest tranche, 1%/3% of the tranche is unassigned during the period. All other futures maturing in period 1 settle at 100. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 10
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	20	0	0	0

• Table 10 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts that expire in periods 2 to 5 at the end of period 2. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 2, R₁=0%, R₂=35%, R₃=25% while R₄to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 0-3% tranche will be, 100*(0+0.35+0.25)/3=20, while all other tranches maturing at the end of period 2 will have final settlement prices of 0. In this embodiment, the futures on the same tranche with later maturity dates are settled early at the end of period 2 since the maximum number of defaults of the tranche has been reached. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 11
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  85.71	MDDS	MDDS
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 11 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire inperiods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3. As shown, in this example, the second tranche begins to attach as the first tranche was exhausted by previous defaults. The unused portion of the tranche at the end of the period is 6%/7%. Contracts on the other tranches maturing at the end of period 2 have a settlement value of 100. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange. Note that the 0-3% tranche futures were settled early. For clarity, the table shows these contracts as Settled.

• TABLE 12
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  7.86	MDDS	MDDS
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 12 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts that expire inperiods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3. In this example, for the contracts expiring inperiod 3, R₄=55% while R₁to R₃and R₅to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 3-10% tranche will be, 100*0.55/7=7.86, while all other tranches expiring at the end ofperiod 3 will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange. Note that the 0-3% tranche was settled early.

• 	TABLE 13
  	100	MDDS
  	100	MDDS
  	100	MDDS
  	85.71	MDDS
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 13 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 4 and 5 at the end of period 4. As shown, in this example, the losses continue to be assigned to the 3-10% tranche. The unassigned loss remaining at the end of period 4 is 6%/7%. The other contracts maturing at the end of period 4 have settlement values of 100. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 14
  	0	MDDS
  	0	MDDS
  	0	MDDS
  	9.29	MDDS
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 14 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts that expire in periods 4 and 5 at the end of period 4. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 4, R₅=65% while R₁to R₄and R₆to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 3-10% tranche will be, 100*0.65/7=9.29, while all other tranches will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 15
  100
  100
  100
  71.45
  Settled

• Table 15 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in period 5 at the end of period 5. As shown, the second tranche absorbs all of the losses in this period and 5%/7% of the loss in this contract is unassigned at the end of period 5. At that time, in this example, all contracts on the index mature.

• TABLE 16
  0
  0
  0
  10.71
  Settled

• Table 16 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts that expire in period 5 at the end of period 5. In this example, for the contracts expiring inperiod 3, R₆=30%, R₇=45% while R₁to R₅and R₈to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 3-10% tranche will be, 100*(0.30+0.45)/7=10.71, while all other tranches will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.
Example 2
• This example illustrates the case where the loss in the first period exhausts the maximum potential loss of the lowest tranche as well as some boundary cases where the cumulative loss in some intermediate periods corresponds to the lower boundary of tranche q. Assume the numbers of defaults, or equivalently of incremental default percentages (since the index in this example contains 100 names) is given by:
• 
  x=[5 5 5 5 5].
• and the recovery rates achieved for these names are given by:
• Recoveries=(40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%, 40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%, 40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%, 40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%, 40%, 35%, 25%, 55%, 65%) in chronological order of default occurrence.
• Tables 17 through 26 illustrate the settlement prices of the credit default and bond recovery rate contracts at the end of periods 1 through 5 with the same ordering as in example 1.

• TABLE 17
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  71.43	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	100	100	100	100

• Table 17 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts at the end of period 1. As shown, the incremental loss of 5% exhausts the maximum potential loss of 3% of the 0-3% tranche. As a result, the contract on this tranche expiring in period 1 settles with a value of 0 and contracts on this tranche expiring in future periods settle at 100 and are settled early at the end of period 1. The remaining 2% of incremental loss is assigned to the next lowest tranche, leaving 5%/7% of the loss for the 3-10% tranche unassigned. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 18
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  17.14	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  33.33	0	0	0	0

• Table 18 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts at the end of period 1. For the purpose of determining the final settlement prices of these contracts the realized recovery rates are as follows: R₁=40%, R₂=35%, R₃=25%, R₄=55%, R₅=65% while R₆to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. As shown, the occurrence of 5 defaults in period 1 exhausts the 0-3% default tranche. This contract settles at 100×(0.40+0.35+0.25)/3=33.33. Since the maximum allowable number of default is exceeded, all other futures contracts of this tranche are settled early with a value of 0. The 3-10% tranche settles at 100×(0.55+0.65)/7=17.14 and all other recovery contracts expiring at the end of period 1 settle at 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 19
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	28.57	100	100	100
  	Settled	Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 19 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 2 to 5 at the end of period 2. For clarity, the expired contracts of the 0-3% tranche are also included in the table. As shown, the second tranche absorbs all of its remaining incremental losses, leaving 2%/7% of the tranche unassigned in period 2. Since this loss exhausts the tranche all contracts of the second tranche expiring in future periods are settled at a value of 100 at the end of this period. For calculation purposes, note that at expiration period t=2 the middle tranche is tranche q in the notation of our previous equations, and that its lower boundary is just touched by the cumulative loss. Thus condition 2 of the algorithm correctly gives a settlement price of 100 for this tranche. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 20
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	31.43	0	0	0
  	Settled	Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 20 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts at the end of period 2. For the purpose of determining the final settlement prices of these contracts the realized recovery rates are as follows: R₆=40%, R₇=35%, R₈=25%, R₉=55%, R₁₀=65% while R₁to R₅and R₁₁to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. As shown, the occurrence of 5 defaults in period 2 exhausts the 3-10% default tranche. This contract settles at 100×(0.40+0.35+0.25+0.55+0.65)/7=31.43. Since the maximum allowable number of default is exceeded, all other futures contracts of this tranche are settled early with a value of 0. All other recovery contracts expiring at the end of period 2 settle at 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 21
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  50	MDDS	MDDS
  Settled	Settled	Settled
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 2 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire inperiods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3 as well as the settled contracts of the lowest two tranches. As shown, the middle tranche absorbs all of the 5% incremental losses in this period, leaving 5%/10% of the tranche unused. All other futures expiring at the end ofperiod 3 settle at 100. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 22
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  22	MDDS	MDDS
  Settled	Settled	Settled
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 22 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts at the end ofperiod 3. For the purpose of determining the final settlement prices of these contracts the realized recovery rates are as follows: R₁₁=40%, R₁₂=35%, R₁₃=25%, R₁₄=55%, R₁₅=65% while R₁to R₁₀and R₁₆to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. This contract settles at 100×(0.40+0.35+0.25+0.55+0.65)/10=22. All other recovery contracts expiring at the end ofperiod 3 settle at 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 23
  	100	MDDS
  	100	MDDS
  	50	100
  	Settled	Settled
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 23 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 4 and 5 at the end of period 4 as well as the previously settled contracts of the lowest two tranches. As shown, the middle tranche absorbs all of the remaining loss, and all other middle tranche contracts expire this period with a settlement price of 100. As in Table 19, tranche q (i.e., the fourth tranche) is not assigned a loss, as calculated using condition 2 of the algorithm. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 24
  	0	MDDS
  	0	MDDS
  	22	0
  	Settled	Settled
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 24 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts at the end of period 4. For the purpose of determining the final settlement prices of these contracts the realized recovery rates are as follows: R₁₆=40%, R₁₇=35%, R₁₈=25%, R₁₉=55%, R₂₀=65% while R₂₁to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The defaults occurring in period This contract settles at 100×(0.40+0.35+0.25+0.55+0.65)/10=22. This exhausts the 10-20% tranche, such that all other bond recovery rate contracts on this tranche are settled early at a settlement value of 0. All other recovery contracts expiring at the end of period 4 settle at 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 25
  100
  50
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled

• Table 25 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in period 5 at the end of period 5. As shown, the fourth tranche absorbs all of the incremental loss of the fifth period and thus settles with 5%/10% of its loss allocation unassigned in period 5. Note that all remaining contracts expire at the end of this period.

• TABLE 26
  0
  22
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled

• Table 26 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts at the end of period 5. For the purpose of determining the final settlement prices of these contracts the realized recovery rates are as follows: R₂₁=40%, R₂₂=35%, R₂₃=25%, R₂₄=55%, R₂₅=65% while R₁to R₂₀and R₂₆to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The contract on the 20-30% tranche settles at 100×(0.40+0.35+0.25+0.55+0.65)/10=22. All other recovery contracts expiring at the end of period 5 settle at 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.
Example 3
• In the final example, we demonstrate the situation where the incremental loss in an intermediate period overwhelms a mezzanine tranche. This example also shows that all tranches may experience losses by the last maturity date. The following vector of number of defaults per period, or equivalently of incremental loss percentages (since the index in this example contains 100 names) may be used:
• 
  x=[1 4 12 27 40].
• and, for simplicity, we assume that all realized recovery rates are 40%.
• Tables 27 through 36 provide the settlement prices at the end of periods 1 though 5, ordered as in the previous two examples.

• TABLE 27
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  66.67	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS

• Table 27 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts at the end of period 1. As shown, the incremental loss of 1% is absorbed by the lowest tranche, which settles with 2%/3% unused, while the other tranches maturing at the end of period 1 settle at 100 and all other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 28
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  13.33	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS

• Table 28 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts expiring in all periods at the end of period 1. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 1, R₁=40%, while R₂to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement prices of the 0-3% tranche will be, 100*0.4/3=13.33, while all other tranches expiring at the end of period 1 will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 29
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	100	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	71.43	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	33.33	100	100	100

• Table 29 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 2 to 5 at the end of period 2. As shown, the incremental loss exhausts the maximum capacity of the lowest tranche and the remainder of the loss is assigned to the second tranche. In particular, 2% of the incremental loss is assigned to the lowest tranche, which settles with 1%/3% unused this period, and 2% of the incremental loss is assigned to the second tranche, which settles with 5%/7% unassigned. In this embodiment, all contracts of the lowest tranche expire at the end of this period at an expiration value of 100, all other contracts expiring at the end of period 1 settle at 100, and all other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 30
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	0	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	11.43	MDDS	MDDS	MDDS
  	26.66	0	0	0

• Table 30 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery ratecontracts expiring periods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3. In this example, for the contracts expiring inperiod 3, R₁=0%, R₂=R₃=R₄=R₅=40%, while R₆to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement price of the 0-3% tranche expiring in period 2 will be 100×(0.4+0.4)/3=26.66 and the futures contracts on this tranche expiring in later periods are settled early at a settlement value of 0. The settlement price of the 4-10 default tranche expiring in period 2 will be 100×(0.4+0.4)/7=11.43. All other tranches expiring at the end of period 2 will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 31
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  100	MDDS	MDDS
  30	MDDS	MDDS
  28.57	100	100
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 31 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire inperiods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3. The table also includes the previously settled contracts of the lowest tranche. As shown, the incremental percentage loss exhausts the maximum remaining loss of the second tranche of 5% and the middle tranche absorbs the remainder of the incremental percentage loss. Since 5% is assigned to the second tranche, it settles with 2%/7% unallocated inperiod 3. The middle tranche settles with 3%/10% unallocated as it receives the remaining 7% of the incremental loss for this period. All contracts of the second tranche settle at the end ofperiod 3, with contracts with later initially determined expiration dates settling at 100. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 32
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  0	MDDS	MDDS
  28	MDDS	MDDS
  28.57	0	0
  Settled	Settled	Settled

• Table 32 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery ratecontracts expiring periods 3 to 5 at the end ofperiod 3. In this example, for the contracts expiring inperiod 3, R₆= . . . =R₁₇=40%, while R₁to R₅and R₁₈to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement price of the 0-3% tranche expiring inperiod 3 will be 100×(5×0.4)/7=28.57 and the futures contracts on this tranche expiring in later periods are settled early at a settlement value of 0. The settlement price of the 10-20% tranche expiring inperiod 3 will be 100×(7×0.4)/10=28. All other tranches expiring at the end ofperiod 3 will have final settlement prices of 0. All other settlement prices are market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 33
  	80	MDDS
  	0	100
  	70	100
  	Settled	Settled
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 33 shows the settlement prices of the credit default contracts that expire in periods 4 and 5 at the end of period 5 as well as the settled contracts of the lowest two tranches. As shown, the middle tranche absorbs its remaining portion of the incremental percentage loss, 3%, and its capacity is exhausted. The capacity of the fourth tranche, 10%, is completely exhausted in this period and thus it settles at 0. The remainder of the loss, 14%, is assigned to the most senior tranche, using up 14%/70% of its loss capacity. The futures contracts of the middle and fourth tranches expiring in period 5 are settled at the end of period 4 at a value of 100 and the only remaining contract expiring in period 5 has a settlement price that is market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• 	TABLE 34
  	8	MDDS
  	40	0
  	12	0
  	Settled	Settled
  	Settled	Settled

• Table 34 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts expiring periods 4 and 5 at the end of period 4. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 4, R₁₈= . . . =R₄₄=40%, while R₁to R₁₇and R₄₅to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement price of the 10-20% tranche expiring in period 4 will be 100×(3×0.4)/10=12 and the futures contracts on this tranche expiring in later periods are settled early at a settlement value of 0. The settlement price of the 20-30% tranche expiring in period 4 will be 100×(10×0.4)/10=40 and the futures contracts on this tranche expiring in later periods are settled early at a settlement value of 0. The settlement price of the 30-100% tranche expiring in period 5 will be 100×(14×0.4)/70=8 and the only remaining contract expiring in period 5 has a settlement price that is market determined as per the usual daily settlement procedure of the exchange.

• TABLE 35
  42.86
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled

• Table 35 shows the settlement prices of the one surviving credit default contract that expires in period 5 at the end of period 5 and the settled contracts for the four lower tranches. As shown, the senior layer absorbs all of the incremental loss of the fifth period, leaving 30%/70% of the tranche unassigned in period 5. This contract matures this period.

• TABLE 36
  22.86+=
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled
  Settled

• Table 36 shows the settlement prices of the bond recovery rate contracts expiring period 5 at the end of period 5. In this example, for the contracts expiring in period 5, R₄₅= . . . =R₈₄=40%, while R₁to R₈₄and R₈₅to R₁₀₀take on the value of 0. The settlement price of the 30-100% tranche expiring in period 4 will be 100×(40×0.4)/70=22.86. This contract matures this period.
• FIG. 1A provides a context diagram that includes an embodiment of aPODM system112 and various entities with which the embodiment may interact. The sundry computer systems shown inFIG. 1A, which includepersonal computing devices104 and106, afinancial institution system110, afirewall114, anorder system118, aclearing system120 and anauction engine122, may include one or more computing devices that have at least one processor or controller, memory and an interface. Computer systems and devices are disclosed with further detail with regard toFIG. 10 below.
• ThePODM system112 may include a variety of components such as afirewall114, anorder system118, aclearing system120 and anauction system122 interconnected through aprivate network116. As shown, thePODM system112 may interact a variety of external entities, includingpersonal computing devices104 and106 andfinancial institution system110, via apublic network108. Furthermore, thePODM system112 may also provide thepersonal computing devices104 and106 with interfaces that enable users, such asfutures contract traders100 and102, to communicate with thePODM system112. For example, in one embodiment, thePODM system112 may serve browser-based interfaces to thepersonal computing devices104 and106 to allowfutures contract traders100 and102 to place trade requests with thePODM system112.Futures contract traders100 and102 may be entities taking long or short positions or may be representatives of these market participants, e.g. dealers or brokers. To ensure secure transactions, the trade requests may be transmitted through thepublic network108 using a variety of security measures including TSL, SSL and/or VPN among other security techniques. ThePODM system112 may serve the user interfaces using any suitable protocol including HTML, DHTML, XML and PHP among others.
• Both thepublic network108 and theprivate network116 may include any communication network through which member computer systems may exchange data. For example, in one embodiment,public network108 may be a TCP/IP based network employing both wired and wireless connections, such as the Internet.Private network116 may further restrict member computer systems based on one or more characteristics of each member computer system. For example,private network116 may restrict member computer systems to only those devices collocated in the same computing facility and/or rack enclosure. Furthermore, whileFIG. 1A depicts the communication conduit between entities and components as networks, any form of communication conduit may be used including specialized and/or standard computing bus technologies such as IDE, SCSI, PCI and InfiniBand.
• As is discussed further below, in one embodiment, the credit futures or bond recovery ratefutures contract traders100 and102 may authorize a trading session by logging into theorder system118 viapersonal computing devices104 and106. Once the trading session is authorized, thefirewall114 may allow data originating onpersonal computing devices104 and106 to pass into theprivate network116. This data may be associated with specific transaction requests, such as requests to trade various credit futures or bond recovery rate contracts, addressed to theorder system118. After processing the transaction request, theorder system118 may transmit the requested transaction to theauction engine122 for further handling.
• Theauction engine122 may facilitate the completion of transactions by matching potentially countervailing trade requests. Upon finding suitable matches, theauction engine122 may automatically finalize the matched trade requests and pass the completed transaction to theclearing system120.
• Theclearing system120 may ensure the financial integrity of the market in various ways. For instance, theclearing system120 may act as an electronic central clearing and settlement agent for a portion or all of the transactions completed by theauction engine122. In one embodiment, theclearing system120 may monitor the positions of market participants and the pricing of the various market credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts. Based on the continual monitoring, theclearing system120 may issue reports to market participants and may issue margin calls to market participants. In another embodiment, theclearing system120 may also exchange financial data withfinancial institution system110, such as receiving a deposit in response to a margin call.
• WhileFIG. 1A depicts the physical components of the PODM system as separate, distinct computing devices, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that each of these components may be implemented in any combination of hardware and/or software, such as a computer system including multiple computing devices. Embodiments implementing these components using a variety of physical configurations exist. For example, in one embodiment, the components of the PODM system may reside on a single computing device.
• FIG. 1B illustrates another embodiment in which security is administered via an alternate firewall configuration. More specifically,FIG. 1B incorporates many of the elements ofFIG. 1A, but replaces thefirewall114 withfirewalls1012,1014 and1016. Thefirewalls1012 and1014 help secure theorder system118 and theclearing system120 from unauthorized access through thepublic network108. As shown, theauction engine112 benefits from increased protection due to both the presence of thefirewall1014 and the isolated connection of thefirewall1014 with theorder system118 and theclearing system120. In addition to increased security, this configuration may also support the distribution of these system elements to several different physical locations.
• FIG. 2 provides a more detailed illustration of the logical elements of one embodiment of aPODM system112. Any of the system elements shown inFIG. 2 may be implemented in hardware, software or any combination thereof. Software elements may be implemented using customized software code or using existing software including email, FTP, batch system interface, database system data movement tools, middleware, any combination thereof, or otherwise. Moreover, the system structure and content recited below is for exemplary purposes only and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific structure shown inFIG. 2. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, many variant system structures can be architected without deviating from the scope of the present invention. The particular modular arrangement presented inFIG. 2 was chosen to promote clarity.
• Information may flow between these elements, components and subsystems using any technique known in the art. Such techniques include passing the information over the network via TCP/IP, passing the information between modules in memory and passing the information by writing to a file, database, or some other non-volatile storage device.
• As disclosed above, thePODM system112 in some embodiments includes three primary subsystems, theorder entry system118, theclearing system120 and theauction engine122. According to the embodiment depicted inFIG. 2, theorder entry system118 may include anorder interface202, atrade requests database204, a trader accountsdatabase206 and a completedtransactions database210. Theorder interface202 may receive trader and trade request information and may provide the trader and trade request information to thetrade requests database204 and the trader accountsdatabase206. Theorder interface202 may also receive information regarding completed transactions from the completedtransactions database210 and may provide that information totrader200. Thetrade requests database204 may include information regarding open trade requests including the type of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract to be traded, the type of trade (buy or sell) and any price restriction information. The trader accountsdatabase206 may include trader logon credentials, identification and contact information as well as account positions in currency and holdings. These system elements are described in more detail below.
• In one embodiment, theorder interface202 may present thetrader200 with less information than conventional credit derivative trading systems. More specifically, as will be discussed further below, embodiments disclosed herein provide for credit futures or bond recovery rate contracts that employ standardized terms and conditions, such as standard face values, terms, expiration dates and settlement procedures. Consequently, thetrader200 is not required to configure the standard terms and conditions when placing trade requests. This standardization may enable a morestreamlined order interface202 compared to conventional order interfaces.
• Theorder interface202 may accept user credentials, such as a user identifier and a password, from atrader200 and authenticate thetrader200 by comparing the user credentials to user information received from the trader accountsdatabase206. After thetrader200 has been authenticated, theorder interface202 may accept trade requests from thetrader200. In one embodiment, theorder interface202 may validate, using information stored in the trader accountsdatabase206 or elsewhere, that thetrader200 has sufficient financial resources to complete the trade request prior to storing the trade request in thetrade requests database204. If thetrader200 has insufficient financial resources to complete the trade request, theorder interface200 may notify the trader of his insufficiency. Theorder interface200 may also provide facilities for a trader to augment the financial resources he has allocated to trading activity.
• In another embodiment, theorder interface202 may also enable thetrader202 to place various price restrictions on trade requests. A non-limiting list of price restrictions includes market orders, limit orders, stop limit orders, stop loss orders, trailing stop loss orders and trailing stop limit orders. Providing for multiple price restriction options enables traders to customize their trade requests to suit their particular needs.
• Theorder interface202 may present thetrader200 with a choice of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts from which to choose when requesting a trade. A non-limiting list of these credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts may include POD™ futures, REC futures, POD™ index futures, REC index futures, POD™ index tranche futures, and REC index tranche futures. Thetrader200 may use theorder interface202 to take long or short positions respective to any of these credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts. As discussed above, the settlement values of these positions are based on the whether one or more reference entities are in a state of credit default at an identified point in the future. To help provide for a more transparent market for thetrader200, according to one embodiment, theorder interface202 may present credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts that conform to a standardized set of contract terms and conditions. These terms and conditions may be specific to each type of futures contract and may include, among other contractual attributes, face value, entities referenced, maturation period and settlement procedures.
• For example, according to one embodiment, theorder interface202 may present POD™ futures, REC futures, POD™ index futures, REC Index futures, POD™ index tranche futures, and REC index tranche futures with face values of $1,000,000 or any other pre-determined value, including $100,000 or $10,000, each. In another embodiment theorder interface202 may present POD™ futures, REC futures, POD™ index futures and REC index futures that have a face value of $1,000,000 each and may present POD™ indexes tranche futures and REC index tranche futures that have a face value of $500,000 or any other pre-determined value, including $100,000 or $10,000. The standards enforced by theorder interface202 may also include that the credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract have standard term, for example, quarterly or annual, and that the entity referenced by the POD™ futures or the REC futures be any of an identified list of corporate, government, institutional and/or financial entities. With particular regard to POD™ index tranche futures and REC index tranche futures, the order interface may present a set of standard tranche series. For instance, in one embodiment, the standard set of tranche series may include 0%-3%, 3%-10%, 10%-20%, 20%-30% and 30%-100%. Furthermore, standard maturity periods for POD™ futures and REC futures contracts traded by thePODM system112 may include three years for quarterly contracts and up to an additional seven years for annual contracts.
• In one embodiment, theorder interface202 may restrict trading of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts after an identified point in time. For example, quarterly contracts may be restricted from trading after the 20^thday of the settlement month of the quarterly contract. In another embodiment, annual contracts may be restricted from trading after the 20^thday of December in the year that is three years before the settlement year. As is discussed further below, according to another embodiment, settlement procedures may also be subject to standardization by a settlement engine.
• In another embodiment, theorder interface202 may also provide, to thetrader200, market information received from the completedtransactions database210. For example, theorder interface202 may provide the current trading volume and prices of various credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts traded on thePODM system112. Additionally, theorder interface202 may provide the view of the PODM as to the probability of default of various reference entities to external entities. Furthermore, theorder interface202 may provide recent historical trading activity regarding POD™ futures sharing a common characteristic, such as a common reference entity.
• Theorder interface202 may also receive financial data, such as an electronic deposit of cash and/or other liquid instruments. Theorder interface202 may update the account balances included in the trader accountsdatabase206 to reflect any deposits received. Thus, traders are provided with a convenient method of managing account balances.
• With continued reference toFIG. 2, as discussed above, theauction engine122 may match buy and sell trade requests and steward the trade requests into completed transactions. More particularly theauction engine122 may periodically or continually scan thetrade requests database204 for potentially matching offsetting trade requests, such as, for example, a market buy and a market sell of a POD™ futures associated with a particular reference entity. In one embodiment, theauction engine122 may only actively attempt to complete transactions during an identified time window. For instance, theauction engine122 may be configured to operate from 6:30 PM to 4:00 PM, Eastern Standard Time, Sunday to Friday of each week. Furthermore, the auction engine may be configured to stop trading of expiring contracts on the last trading day at 12:00 PM, Eastern Standard Time.
• Additionally, according to one embodiment, the auction engine may give priority to trade requests with certain characteristics. For example, a market buy may be given priority to a limit buy. Once matching trade requests are determined, theauction engine122 may record them as complete and insert them into the completedtransaction database210. Completed transactions are settled and cleared by theclearing system120.
• Again referring toFIG. 2, theclearing system120 may include aclearing interface214, a trader accountsdatabase216, asettlement engine220 and a completedtransactions database222. The completedtransactions database222 may receive data from the completedtransactions database210 by replication or other data transfer methods and may provide transactional information to thesettlement engine220 and theclearing interface214. Thesettlement engine220 may exchange information with the completedtransactions database222, the trader accountsdatabase216 and theclearing interface214. The trader accountsdatabase216 may receive trader account information from the trader accountsdatabase206 by replication or other data transfer methods. These system elements are discussed further below.
• According to one embodiment, thesettlement engine220 may periodically attempt to settle any unsettled transactions included in the completedtransactions database222. The processes used by thesettlement engine220 may vary based, at least in part, on the type of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract being settled because each type of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract has different characteristics. For example, as discussed above, the value of a POD™ futures is based on the probability of default of a reference entity as determined by the market, while the value of a POD™ index futures is based on the values of POD™ futures referencing several entities. According to one embodiment, changes to credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract prices may cause daily settlement. As discussed above, daily settlement causes the changes in futures contract price to be settled to the accounts of owners of long and short positions after each trading day. This practice may help manage risk by ensuring that relatively smaller increments of money are exchanged more frequently, thus limiting the exposure of all participants to a daily amount.
• FIG. 3 illustrates of aprocess300 used to settle POD™ futures and REC futures contracts daily, in kind and at maturity. Atblock302,process300 begins. Atblock304, each POD™ futures or REC futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine if the entity referenced in the POD™ futures or REC futures is in a credit default state as of 11:59 PM, Greenwich Mean Time, on the maturity date. A credit default state may be any indication that an entity may be insolvent. According to one embodiment, an entity is deemed to be in a credit default state if that entity is either bankrupt or insolvent as evidenced by the failure to pay principal payments due on loans or bonds and which payment requirements are beyond their contractual cure period. Each processed POD™ futures or REC futures that references an entity deemed to be in a credit default state may be targeted for processing byblock306. Each processed POD™ futures or REC futures that references an entity deemed to not be in a credit default state may be targeted for processing byblock312.
• Atblock306, each POD™ futures or REC futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine whether the default occurred during its risk period. According to one embodiment, a POD™ futures or REC futures contract's risk period is from the beginning of a specific quarter, starting on the 21^stcalendar day of March, June, September or December, to the end of the quarter, which will be the business day before the 21^stcalendar day of the next quarterly settlement month in the cycle. Annual POD™ futures and REC futures contracts would have exposures beginning on the 21^stcalendar day of December at 12:00 AM Greenwich Mean Time and ending at 11:59 PM Greenwich Mean Time on the 20^thcalendar day of December the following year. Thus the settlement engine breaks up credit and bond recovery rate exposures into short term exposures, which allows market participants to express their credit market view with greater temporal precision. If the reference entity defaulted during the risk period of the contract, then the contract proceeds to block308. If the reference entity defaulted in a period that is earlier than the beginning of the risk period of the contract, then it proceeds directly to block320.
• Atblock308, each POD™ futures or REC futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine if it is a POD™ futures or a REC futures. Each contract that is deemed to be a REC futures is targeted for processing atblock310. Atblock310, the settlement recovery rate is determined for each REC futures and the REC futures then proceeds to block320 with a settlement price that is at least in part determined by the settlement recovery rate. Each contract that is deemed to be a POD™ futures is directly targeted for processing atblock320.
• Atblock312, each POD™ futures or REC futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine if the POD™ futures or REC futures has a maturity date equal to an identified date and an exposure period equal to a certain time period. For example, the identified date may be three years from the current settlement date and a one-year exposure period. If the POD™ futures or REC futures has the identified maturity date and exposure period, the POD™ futures or REC futures proceeds to block314. Atblock314, the POD™ futures or REC futures is settled in kind, with short positions delivering short positions on four quarterly equivalent contracts and vice versa. Asystem executing block314 may record this settlement by updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the new long or short positions. The quarterly contracts will be priced according to equation (1):
• 
  P_Quarterly=(Last traded price of annual contract−Face value price of annual contract)/4+Face value price of quarterly contract  (1)
• After processing atblock314, the POD™ futures or REC futures proceeds to block316. If a POD™ futures or REC futures has a maturity date that is not equal to an identified date and an exposure period equal to a certain time period, then it proceeds directly to block316.
• Atblock316, the maturity date of each unsettled transaction may be compared to the current date. In this example, the method may target all transactions for settlement daily. In one embodiment, the final settlement dates of each POD™ futures and REC futures are fixed to one of a set of standard settlement dates. For example, POD™ futures may have a final settlement date of the second business day after the 21^stday of a settlement month and REC futures may have a final settlement date of the business day after 45 calendar days following the final settlement date of the POD™ futures on the name for the same risk period. For quarterly POD™ futures, settlement months may include March, June, September and December. Correspondingly, REC futures settlement months for REC futures, in this example, would be February, May, August and November. For annual POD™ futures, the settlement month may be December and annual REC futures may have settlement months in February. If a contract is not maturing, it proceeds to block318. Atblock318, the settlement engine assigns the contract a daily settlement price based on recent market trading activity. The act of settling contracts daily may include updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the inflow or outflow of cash from the settled contracts, if any. If a contract is maturing, it proceeds to block320.
• Atblock320, each POD™ futures or REC futures targeted for processing is given its final settlement value and cash settled. The act of settling may include updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the retirement of the POD™ futures and inflow of cash from the settled contracts, if any. POD™ futures contracts coming fromblocks306 and316 are cash settled at a settlement price of $100, while POD™ futures contracts coming fromblock308 are cash settled at a settlement price of $0. REC futures contracts coming fromblocks306 and316 are settled at a settlement price of $0, while REC futures contracts coming fromblock310 are settled at a settlement price that is related to the realized recovery rate.
• Atblock322,process300 ends.
• In another embodiment, thesettlement engine220 may settle POD™ index futures and REC index futures, both daily and at maturity. Daily settlement of POD™ index futures may be performed based on the change in POD™ index futures market value, as discussed above.FIG. 4 illustrates aprocess400 used to settle POD™ index futures daily, in kind and at maturity. Atblock402,process400 begins. Atblock404, the settlement date of each unsettled transaction may be compared to the current date. For each unsettled transaction with a maturity date equal to the current date, the method targets that transaction for processing atblock406.
• In one embodiment, the settlement date of each POD™ futures or REC futures index is fixed to one of a set of standard settlement dates. For example, POD™ futures or Recovery indexes may have a settlement date of the second business day after the 21^stday of a settlement month. For quarterly POD™ futures or REC futures indexes, settlement months may include March, June, September and December. For annual POD™ futures or REC futures indexes, the settlement month may be December. Thus the settlement engine breaks up credit exposures into short term exposures, which allows market participants to express their credit market view with greater temporal precision.
• Atblock406, the term of each POD™ futures or REC futures index targeted for final settlement will be given its final settlement price. In this embodiment, the final settlement price of an index of POD™ futures will be the sum of the final settlement prices of the POD™ futures contained in the index, divided by the initial number of names in the index. Similarly, the final settlement price of an index of REC futures will be the sum of the final settlement prices of the REC futures contained in the index, divided by the initial number of names in the index. Once they have received their final settlement price, contracts proceed to block408.
• Atblock408, each POD™ futures or REC futures index targeted for processing may be settled to the POD™ futures or REC futures index final settlement price in cash. The act of settling may include updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the inflow of cash from the settled contracts, if any. Following cash settlement, the contract proceeds to block416.
• If the current date is not the maturity date of the POD™ futures or REC futures index contract, then the contract proceeds to block410. Atblock410, the contract's risk period and time to maturity may be compared to an identified risk period and time to maturity to determine subsequent processing actions. In this example, for each POD™ futures or REC futures index targeted for settlement whose term is equal to the identified time to maturity or risk period, for example, three years and one year, the method may target that POD™ futures or REC futures index for processing byblock412.
• Atblock412, each POD™ futures or REC futures index targeted for processing is settled in kind, with both long and short positions delivering four quarterly equivalent contracts each. Asystem executing block412 may record this settlement by updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the new long and short positions. The quarterly contracts will be priced according to equation (1):
• 
  P_Quarterly=(Last traded price of annual contract−Face value price of annual contract)/4+Face value price of quarterly contract  (1)
• Once they are settled in kind, contracts proceed to block414. Contracts that do not have a term equal to the identified risk period and a time to maturity equal to the identified time to maturity proceed directly to block414. Atblock414, contracts targeted for processing are cash settled based on the daily change in their market value. Contracts then proceed to block416.
• Atblock416,process400 ends.
• In still another embodiment, thesettlement engine220 may settle POD™ index tranche futures only at maturity.FIG. 5 illustrates of aprocess500 used to settle POD™ index tranche futures and REC tranche futures daily, in kind and at maturity. Atblock502,process500 begins. Atblock504, the maturity date of each contract may be compared to the current date. For each contract with a maturity date equal to the current date, the method targets that transaction for processing atblock506.
• Atblock506, each POD™ or REC index tranche futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine if it is a POD™ or a REC index tranche futures. Each contract that is deemed to be a REC index tranche futures is targeted for processing atblock508. Atblock508, the Recovery rates that will be averaged are assigned to each tranche based on the order of the occurrence of the defaults. In this embodiment, recovery rates are assigned a value of 0 if the default occurred in a previous period, while keeping their rank. Recovery rates occurring in the current period are given a rank and take the value used to settle their corresponding REC futures contracts. For example, if 5 defaults occur in the current period and one default has occurred on the index in the previous period, R₁takes the value of 0, R₂to R₆take the values of the recovery rates determined for the corresponding REC futures and R₇to R₁₀₀take the value of 0 to price the expiring REC tranche index futures. REC index tranche futures contracts then proceeds to block512 with a settlement price that is the average of the recovery rates assigned to the tranche. Each contract that is deemed to be a POD™ index tranche futures contract is targeted for processing atblock510.
• Atblock510, each POD™ index tranche futures targeted for processing may be allocated losses up to the detachment point of the POD™ index tranche futures. Each POD™ index tranche futures may be reviewed to determine the settlement price for the POD™ index futures referenced by the POD™ index tranche futures. A POD™ index futures loss calculation may be performed. In one embodiment, the POD™ index futures loss may be the difference between the face value of the POD™ index futures and the settlement price of the index. The POD™ index futures loss may be first allocated to the lowest tranche, for example a 0-3 tranche, to the degree that it has not been allocated to in previous quarters in the same series and to the degree the loss does not exceed the detachment point for the POD™ index tranche futures. In this embodiment, the final settlement price of a POD™ index tranche futures is the face value of the tranche minus any POD™ index futures loss allocated to the tranche. Once a POD™ index tranche futures contract is assigned its final settlement price, it proceeds to block512. Atblock512, expiring contracts are targeted for final cash settlement and proceed to block522.
• If the current date is not the maturity date of the POD™ futures or Recovery futures, the tranche futures proceeds to block514. Atblock514, the contract is reviewed to determine whether it has reached its exhaustion point. If it has, it proceeds to block506. Otherwise, it proceeds to block516.
• Atblock516, each POD™ futures or REC futures index tranche futures targeted for processing may be reviewed to determine if the POD™ futures or REC futures tranche index futures has a maturity date equal to an identified date and an exposure period equal to a certain time period. For example, the identified date may be three years from the current settlement date and a one-year exposure period. If the POD™ or REC tranche index futures has the identified maturity date and exposure period, the POD™ or REC tranche index futures proceeds to block518. Atblock518, the POD™ or REC index tranche futures is settled in kind, with short positions delivering short positions on four quarterly equivalent contracts and vice versa. Asystem executing block518 may record this settlement by updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the new long positions. The quarterly contracts will be priced according to equation (1):
• 
  P_Quarterly=(Last traded price of annual contract−Face value price of annual contract)/4+Face value price of quarterly contract  (1)
• After processing atblock518, the POD™ or REC index tranche futures proceeds to block520. If a POD™ or REC index tranche futures has a maturity date that is not equal to an identified date and an exposure period equal to a certain time period, then it proceeds directly to block520.
• Atblock520, the settlement engine assigns the contract a daily settlement price based on recent market trading activity. The act of settling contracts daily may include updating the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect the inflow or outflow of cash from the settled contracts, if any. Contracts then proceed to block522.
• Atblock522,process500 ends.
• In another embodiment, thesettlement engine220 may settle the changes in the price of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts, only at maturity or on a less frequent basis. For example, in at least one embodiment, thesettlement engine220 may settle the changes in the price of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts only after their last trading day. As discussed above, each type of credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract has a particular pricing mechanism. Thesettlement engine220 may employ any of these mechanisms and/or others to determine the final settlement price based on the state of the reference entity and possibly another variable for bond recovery rate futures contract traded each day. Thesettlement engine220 may then update the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect inflows or outflows of cash based on the change of the price of each credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract at maturity.
• Each ofprocesses300,400 and500 depicts one particular sequence of acts in a particular embodiment. Other actions can be added, or the order of actions can be altered in these methods without departing from the scope of the present invention.
• Referring again toFIG. 2, theclearing interface214 may monitor account positions included in the trader accountsdatabase216 to ensure traders are able to honor their contractual commitments. More specifically, theclearing interface214 may process completed transaction information retrieved from the completedtransactions database222 to maintain near real-time pricing information regarding the various credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contracts traded using thePODM system112. Furthermore, theclearing interface214 may access the impact of changing market conditions on trader accounts included within the trader accountsdatabase216. If changing market conditions will take a trader's account resources below an identified level, theclearing interface214 may issue a margin call to the trader. In one example, the margin call may be issued to a dealer who, in turn, is responsible to the clearing house for executing the margin call with the entity holding the long or short position. The margin call may use any form of communication including email, fax, pager, POTS and VIOP among others.
• Theclearing interface214 may also receive financial data, such as an electronic deposit of cash and/or other liquid instruments, in response to the margin call. Theclearing interface214 may update the account balances included in the trader accountsdatabase216 to reflect any deposits received. Moreover, the clearing interface may be configured to issue the margin call directly to thefinancial institution system110. Thus providing an automated method of replenishing trader account resources as needed.
• Theclearing interface214 may also interact with other exchanges. More particularly, theclearing interface214 may be configured to execute trading strategies in response to changing market conditions and information. For example, in one embodiment theclearing interface214 may issue a buy order for stock of in a reference entity when the probability of default implied by the POD™ futures price for the reference entity to be below a defined level for a defined series of contracts. Similarly, theclearing interface214 may issue a sell order for the stock of a reference entity when probability of default implied by the POD™ futures price for the reference entity to be above a defined level for a defined series of contracts.
• Theclearing interface214 may also perform transaction clearing functions. In one embodiment, for example, theclearing interface214 may record the long and short positions of market participants after for each completed trade transaction. This record may be made in the trader accountsdatabase216. Alternatively, theclearing interface214 may clear a transaction, and record the resulting long and short positions, after ensuring that the buyer's credit is sufficient to limit the risk of default, such as when the buyer is trading on margin.
• In one embodiment, theclearing interface214 may also transfer funds from and to the accounts of holders of long and short positions daily, after daily settlement has been completed. This funds transfer may be made to the trader accountsdatabase216 or may be made using an interface to a financial institution.
• In another embodiment, theclearing interface214 may perform clearing functions using a central clearing entity as a counterpart to both parties of a transaction. For example, the clearing interface may transfer funds between the holders of long and short positions and the central clearing entity. In another embodiment, the central clearing entity may be a PODM exchange. Use of a central clearing entity may provide market participants with increased confidence that transactions conducted on the exchange will be honored.
• Thedatabases204,206,210,216 and222 may take the form of any logical construction capable of storing information on a computer readable medium including flat files, indexed files, hierarchical databases, relational databases and/or object oriented databases. The data may be modeled using unique and foreign key relationships and indexes. The unique and foreign key relationships and indexes may be established between the various fields and tables to ensure both data integrity and data exchange performance.
• Theorder interface202 and theclearing interface214 each exchange information with various providers and consumers. These providers and consumers may include users and system interfaces. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated inFIG. 2, thetrader200 exchanges information with both theorder interface202 and theclearing interface214. In an alternative embodiment, this information may be exchanged with other applications or storage media using system interfaces exposed by each of these elements. Each of these elements may both restrict input to a predefined set of values and validate any information entered prior to using the information or providing the information to other components.
• ThePODM system112 may be used to perform various processes in accord with the present inventions. For example,FIG. 6 illustrates one such embodiment,process600. Atblock602,process600 begins. Atblock604, asystem executing process600 receives a trade order. The trade order may be any trade request as discussed above including a request to buy a credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract or a request to sell a credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract. The trade order may be subject to price restrictions, as discussed above. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment, the system may receive the trade order via theorder interface202.
• More particularly,FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of aprocess700 for placing a trade request, by which asystem executing process600 may receive a trade order. Atblock702,process700 begins. Atblock704, a trader may enter information required to place a trade into a user interface. This information may include various characteristics of the credit futures or bond recovery rate futures contract, including futures contract type (e.g. POD™ futures, REC futures, POD™ index futures, REC index futures, or POD™ index tranche futures), face value, term, entity or entities referenced, tranche series, price restrictions and position sought (long or short) etc. . . .
• Atblock706, the trader may submit the trade request by actuating a user interface element designated for submission of trade requests. After the trader submits the trade request, asystem executing process600 may further process the trade request as discussed further below. Alternatively, atblock708, a trader may cancel the trade request by actuating a user interface element designated for cancellation of trade requests. Atblock710,process700 ends.
• Referring back toFIG. 6, atblock606, asystem executing process600 stores the order. The system may store the order in any computer readable medium including volatile and non-volatile memory implemented in magnetic media, optical media or otherwise. Furthermore, the system may store the order in any logical data structure including flat files, indexed files or databases. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment the system may store the order in thetrade requests database204.
• Atblock608, asystem executing process600 may match countervailing orders. The system may perform this matching continuously or periodically. As discussed above, in one embodiment, the matching process may actively only during specified time periods, for example 6:30 PM to 4:00 PM, Eastern Standard Time, Sunday to Friday of each week. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment, the system may match orders using theauction engine122 and may move completed transactions to the completedtransactions database210.
• More particularly,FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a process800 for matching trade requests. At block802, process800 begins. At block804, a system executing process800 may determine a matching methodology. In one embodiment, trade requests may be matched continuously and may be given priority on a first-come, first-served basis. In another embodiment, the system may attempt to match all trade requests belonging to by priority group or tier, prior to matching other trade requests. Membership in a tier may be based on any characteristic of trade requests, such as, for example, the price restrictions included in a trade request. For instance, the system may group all market buy and sell orders into a first tier and attempt match the first tier requests prior to identifying and matching other tiers. This embodiment may provide for a more efficient matching process as market buy and sell orders are less restrictive than other types of orders, and thus are more likely to be matched by the system.
• Other embodiments may employ other matching methodologies and may combine matching methodologies, for example, one embodiment may use tier based priority matching with first-come, first-served matching within each tier.
• At block806, a system executing process800 may employ the matching methodology to match offsetting orders based at least in part on any of the characteristics that may vary according to credit futures or bond recovery rate contract. For example, the system may match based on the futures contract type (e.g. POD™ futures, REC futures, POD™ index futures, REC index futures or POD™ index tranche futures), face value, term, entity or entities referenced, tranche series and price restrictions. The system may employ indexes into the trade orders while searching for matches. In one embodiment, the system may search using the most statistically discriminating index first, followed by other indexes or sequential searching until a match for the current target trade request is found. Once a match is found, the two offsetting orders may form the basis of a completed transaction. At block808, process800 ends.
• Referring back toFIG. 6, atblock610, asystem executing process600 may complete a transaction including the matched orders. In one embodiment, asystem executing process600 may complete the transaction by modifying the trade orders to have a “complete” status. In another embodiment, the system may also complete a transaction by removing the orders from their current storage location and placing the orders, or some transformation of them, in the same or a different logical or physical storage location. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment, the system may complete a transaction by, at least in part, removing the orders that make up the transaction from thetrade requests database204 and storing the completed transaction in the completedtransactions database210.
• Atblock612, asystem executing process600 may clear a transaction.FIG. 9 shows, with more particularity, one embodiment of aprocess900 for clearing a transaction. Atblock902,process900 begins. Atblock906, the system may insert the central clearing entity as the counterparty for each original party to the transaction. Record of the introduction of a central clearing entity may be made in a database administered by the system, such as completedtransactions database222. As central clearing entities are typically well capitalized institutions, this aspect may provide less risk to each original party.
• Atblock910, the system may determine if one of the parties to the transaction has sufficient credit and/or holdings within their account to meet margin requirements prior to continuing with the clearing process. These margin requirements may be set by various industry or exchange standards. If the margin requirements are not met, the system may abort thetransaction using block614.
• Atblock912, asystem executing process900 may clear the transaction by transferring currency from one trading account to another. More specifically, the system may transfer funds to or from the counterparty of the seller to the seller. The system may also transfer funds to or from the buyer to the counterparty of the buyer. Alternatively, the system may clear a transaction by requesting a funds transfer through a user or system interface to a separate financial institution.
• Atblock914process900 ends. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment, the system clears transactions using theclearing interface214.
• Referring again toFIG. 6, atblock614, asystem executing process600 may abort a transaction. In one embodiment, the system may notify the party that is unable to honor the transaction of its deficiency. The system may request that the deficient party remedy its current state by providing any resources required to complete the transaction, for example by issuing a margin call to the deficient party. As previously discussed, the system may also have replaced the deficient party with another party, such as a central clearing entity, thus enabling partial settlement of the transaction with the non-deficient party. In one embodiment, if the deficient party does meet its margin call obligations, asystem executing process600 may close the deficient party's positions via appropriate trade orders. Referring back toFIG. 2, in one embodiment, the system may abort a transaction using theclearing interface214.
• Atblock616, asystem executing process600 forms a contract. In one embodiment, the system forms the contract by recording each party's contractual long and short positions.
• Atblock618,process600 ends.
• Each ofprocess600,700,800 and900 depicts one particular sequence of acts in a particular embodiment. Other actions can be added, or the order of actions can be altered in these methods without departing from the scope of the present invention.
• As discussed above, various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as specialized software executing in acomputer system1000 such as that shown inFIG. 10.Computer system1000 may include one ormore output devices1001, one ormore input devices1002, aprocessor1003 connected to one ormore memory devices1004 through aninterconnection mechanism1005 and one ormore storage devices1006 connected tointerconnection mechanism1005.Output devices1001 typically render information for external presentation and examples include a monitor and a printer.Input devices1002 typically accept information from external sources and examples include a keyboard and a mouse.Processor1003 typically performs a series of instructions resulting in data manipulation.Processor1003 is typically a commercially available processor such as an Intel Xeon, Itanium, Core, Celeron, or Pentium, AMD Opteron, Sun UltraSPARC, IBM Power5+, or IBM mainframe chip technology, but may be any type of processor.Memory devices1004, such as a disk drive, memory, or other device for storing data is typically used for storing programs and data during operation of thecomputer system1000. Devices incomputer system1000 may be coupled by at least oneinterconnection mechanism1005, which may include, for example, one or more communication elements (e.g., busses) that communicate data withinsystem1000.
• Thestorage device1006, shown in greater detail inFIG. 11, typically includes a computer readable and writeablenonvolatile recording medium1111 in which signals are stored that define a program to be executed by the processor or information stored on or in the medium1111 to be processed by the program. The medium may, for example, be a disk or flash memory. Typically, in operation, the processor causes data to be read from thenonvolatile recording medium1111 into anothermemory1112 that allows for faster access to the information by the processor than does the medium1111. Thismemory1112 is typically a volatile, random access memory such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static memory (SRAM).Memory1112 may be located instorage device1006, as shown, or inmemory device1004. Theprocessor1003 generally manipulates the data within thememory1004,1112 and then copies the data to the medium1111 after processing is completed. A variety of mechanisms are known for managing data movement between the medium1111 and thememory1004,1112, and embodiments are not limited thereto. Embodiments are not limited to aparticular memory device1004 orstorage device1006.
• Computer system1000 may be implemented using specially programmed, special purpose hardware, or may be a general-purpose computer system that is programmable using a high-level computer programming language. For example,computer system1000 may include cellular phones, personal digital assistants and/or other types of mobile computing devices. Moreover, a computing device may include any sort of computer such as a personal computer, a workstation, a mainframe, a networked client, a server, media servers and application servers.Computer system1000 usually executes an operating system which may be, for example, the Windows XP, Windows Vista or other operating systems available from the Microsoft Corporation, MAC OS System X available from Apple Computer, the Solaris Operating System available from Sun Microsystems, or UNIX operating systems available from various sources (e.g., Linux). Many other operating systems may be used, and embodiments are not limited to any particular implementation. For example, an embodiment may process a trade request using a general-purpose computing device with a Sun UltraSPARC processor running the Solaris operating system.
• Althoughcomputer system1000 is shown by way of example as one type of computer system upon which various aspects of embodiments may be practiced, it should be appreciated that embodiments are not limited to being implemented on the computer system as shown inFIG. 11. Various aspects of embodiments may be practiced on one or more computer systems having a different architecture or components than that shown inFIG. 11. To illustrate, one embodiment may receive search criteria using several general-purpose computing devices running Windows Vista with Intel processors and several specialized computing devices running proprietary hardware and operating systems.
• As depicted inFIG. 12, one or more portions of the system may be distributed to one or more computers (e.g., devices1209-1211) coupled tocommunications network1208. These computer systems1209-1211 may also be general-purpose computer systems. For example, various aspects may be distributed among one or more computer systems configured to provide a service (e.g., servers) to one or more client computers, or to perform an overall task as part of a distributed system. More particularly, various aspects may be performed on a client-server system that includes components distributed among one or more server systems that perform various functions according to various embodiments. These components may be executable, intermediate (e.g., IL) or interpreted (e.g., Java) code which communicate over a communication network (e.g., the Internet) using a communication protocol (e.g., TCP/IP). To illustrate, one embodiment may report market information though a browser interpreting HTML forms and may replicate account balance information using a data translation service running on a separate server.
• Various embodiments may be programmed using an object-oriented programming language, such as SmallTalk, Java, C++, Ada, or C# (C-Sharp). Other object-oriented programming languages may also be used. Alternatively, functional, scripting, and/or logical programming languages may be used. Various aspects may be implemented in a non-programmed environment (e.g., documents created in HTML, XML or other format that, when viewed in a window of a browser program, render aspects of a graphical-user interface (GUI) or perform other functions). Various aspects may be implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or any combination thereof. For example, an order interface may be implemented using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet while the auction engine may be written in C++.
• It should be appreciated that a general-purpose computer system may perform functions outside the scope of the invention. For instance, aspects of the system may be implemented using an existing commercial product, such as, for example, Database Management Systems such as SQL Server available from Microsoft of Seattle Wash., Oracle Database from Oracle of Redwood Shores, Calif., and MySQL from MySQL AB of UPPSALA, Sweden and WebSphere middleware from IBM of Armonk, N.Y. If SQL Server is installed on a general-purpose computer system to implement an embodiment, the same general-purpose computer system may be able to support databases for sundry applications.
• Based on the foregoing disclosure, it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention is not limited to a particular computer system platform, processor, operating system, network, or communication protocol. Also, it should be apparent that the present invention is not limited to a specific architecture or programming language.
• Having now described some illustrative aspects of the invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. While the bulk of this disclosure is focused on embodiments including futures contracts with a settlement value based on a credit default state that is trigger by a credit default event, other binary reference events may be the basis of future contracts in accordance to the present invention. For example, according to one embodiment, market participants may deal in futures contracts with a binomial settlement value based on the occurrence, or non-occurrence, of an event that damages insured property, such as a hurricane. Similarly, aspects of the present invention may be used to achieve other objectives including allowing insurance companies to hedge against the occurrence of a hurricane in a specific part of the country. Numerous modifications and other illustrative embodiments are within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the art and are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention. In particular, although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments.

Claims (30)

1-10. (canceled)

11. A method comprising:

maintaining, by a computer, indications of current trading prices of probability of default futures contracts (PODs) relating to a reference entity, the PODs each having a maturity date, the PODs each having first and second potential settlement prices at the maturity date that are predetermined prior to a beginning of a term of the POD, wherein at maturity one of the first and second potential settlement prices is selected to be a final settlement price of the POD based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity, and wherein at maturity a final settlement payment between a first party having a long position on the POD and a second party having a short position on the POD is determined based on the final settlement price, the first party and the second party both being obligated to settle the POD at the final settlement price via a payment of the final settlement payment, the final settlement payment being paid by the first party to the second party if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date and the final settlement payment being paid by the second party to the first party if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date;

providing a market-based view of a probability of default of the reference entity to participants in a credit market, including communicating the current trading price of the PODs for the reference entity to the market participants on at least a daily basis, wherein the current trading price of the PODs for the reference entity is indicative of the market-based view of the probability of default for the reference entity.

12. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be 0 if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date.

13. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be a face value of the POD if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date.

14. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the traded price is (1−(probability of default of the reference entity)) multiplied by a face value of the contract.

15. The method according toclaim 11, further comprising charging a fee to the participants in the credit market for the market-based view of the probability of default of the reference entity.

16. A method comprising:

maintaining, by a computer, indications of current trading prices of probability of default futures contracts (PODs) relating to a reference entity, including, for each probability of default futures contract (POD)

receiving, by the computer, a first trade order from a first party requesting a long position on the POD, the POD having a maturity date, and the POD having first and second potential settlement prices at the maturity date that are predetermined prior to a beginning of a term of the POD,

receiving, by the computer, a second trade order from a second party requesting a short position on the POD,

matching, by the computer, the first trade order with the second trade order,

recording on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order, the second trade order, and a traded price,

determining, by the computer, a daily settlement price for the POD for each day of trading of the POD,

determining, by the computer, a daily settlement payment between the first party and the second party based on the daily settlement price,

selecting one of the first and second potential settlement prices to be a final settlement price of the POD, the selecting being performed based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity,

determining, by the computer, a final settlement payment between the first party and the second party based on the final settlement price, the first party and the second party both being obligated to settle the POD at the final settlement price via a payment of the final settlement payment, the final settlement payment being paid by the first party to the second party if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date and the final settlement payment being paid by the second party to the first party if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date, and

recording on a computer readable storage medium, settlement of the POD at the final settlement price; and

providing a market-based view of a probability of default of the reference entity to participants in a credit market, including communicating the current trading price of the PODs for the reference entity to the market participants on at least a daily basis, wherein the current trading price of the PODs of the reference entity is indicative of the market-based view of the probability of default for the reference entity.

17. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be 0 if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date.

18. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be a face value of the POD if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date.

19. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the traded price is (1−(probability of default of the reference entity)) multiplied by a face value of the contract.

20. The method according toclaim 16, further comprising charging a fee to the participants in the credit market for the market-based view of the probability of default of the reference entity.

21. The method according toclaim 16, the method further comprises recording a clearing house as a counterparty to both the first party and the second party.

22. The method according toclaim 16, further comprising settling the POD in kind at a time prior to the maturity date.

23. The method according toclaim 22, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD in kind based at least in part on a comparison between the maturity date and an identified date.

24. The method according toclaim 23, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD in kind when a difference between the maturity date and the identified date is 3 years.

25. The method according toclaim 22, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD into a series of PODs, each of the series of PODs having a reference entity, a maturity date and a final settlement price at the maturity date based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity, none of the series of PODs sharing a common maturity date.

26. The method according toclaim 25, wherein settling the POD into the series of PODs comprises settling the POD into a series of PODs, each of the series of PODs having a quarterly maturity date.

27. The method according toclaim 25, further compromising settling each of the series of PODs subsequent to one of the series of PODs when the one of the series of PODs settles to 0.

28. A computer readable medium comprising computer readable instructions that, as a result of being executed by a processor, instruct the processor to perform a method, the method comprising:

maintaining, by a computer, indications of current trading prices of probability of default futures contracts (PODs) relating to a reference entity, including, for each probability of default futures contract (POD)

receiving, by a computer, a first trade order requesting a long position on a probability of default futures contract (POD), the POD having a reference entity and a maturity date, the POD having first and second potential settlement prices at the maturity date that are predetermined prior to a beginning of a term of the POD;

receiving, by the computer, a second trade order from a second party requesting a short position on the POD;

matching, by the computer, the first trade order with the second trade order;

recording, on a computer readable storage medium, a completed transaction, the completed transaction indicating the first trade order, the second trade order, and a traded price;

determining, by the computer, a daily settlement price for the POD for each day of trading of the POD;

determining, by the computer, a daily settlement payment between the first party and the second party based on the daily settlement price;

selecting one of the first and second potential settlement prices to be a final settlement price of the POD, the selecting being performed based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity;

determining, by the computer, a final settlement payment between the first party and the second party based on the final settlement price, the first party and the second party both being obligated to settle the POD at the final settlement price via a payment of the final settlement payment, the final settlement payment being paid by the first party to the second party if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date and the final settlement payment being paid by the second party to the first party if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date; and

recording on a computer readable storage medium, settlement of the POD at the final settlement price.

providing a market-based view of a probability of default of the reference entity to participants in a credit market, including communicating the current trading price of the PODs for the reference entity to the market participants on at least a daily basis, wherein the current trading price of the PODs of the reference entity is indicative of the market-based view of the probability of default for the reference entity.

29. The method according toclaim 28, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be 0 if the reference entity is insolvent at the maturity date.

30. The method according toclaim 28, wherein the final settlement price is determined to be a face value of the POD if the reference entity is solvent at the maturity date.

31. The method according toclaim 28, wherein the traded price is (1−(probability of default of the reference entity)) multiplied by a face value of the contract.

32. The method according toclaim 28, further comprising charging a fee to the participants in the credit market for the market-based view of the probability of default of the reference entity.

33. The method according toclaim 28, the method further comprises recording a clearing house as a counterparty to both the first party and the second party.

34. The method according toclaim 28, further comprising settling the POD in kind at a time prior to the maturity date.

35. The method according toclaim 34, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD in kind based at least in part on a comparison between the maturity date and an identified date.

36. The method according toclaim 35, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD in kind when a difference between the maturity date and the identified date is 3 years.

37. The method according toclaim 34, wherein settling the POD in kind comprises settling the POD into a series of PODs, each of the series of PODs having a reference entity, a maturity date and a final settlement price at the maturity date based at least in part on solvency of the reference entity, none of the series of PODs sharing a common maturity date.

38. The method according toclaim 37, wherein settling the POD into the series of PODs comprises settling the POD into a series of PODs, each of the series of PODs having a quarterly maturity date.

39. The method according toclaim 37, further compromising settling each of the series of PODs subsequent to one of the series of PODs when the one of the series of PODs settles to 0.

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