US20130213146A1 - Footwear Having Sensor System - Google Patents

Abstract

A sensor system is adapted for use with an article of footwear and includes an insert member including a first layer and a second layer, a port connected to the insert and configured for communication with an electronic module, a plurality of force and/or pressure sensors on the insert member, and a plurality of leads connecting the sensors to the port.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present invention generally relates to footwear having a sensor system and, more particularly, to a shoe having a force and/or pressure sensor assembly operably connected to a communication port located in the shoe.
BACKGROUND
• Shoes having sensor systems incorporated therein are known. Sensor systems collect performance data wherein the data can be accessed for later use such as for analysis purposes. In certain systems, the sensor systems are complex or data can only be accessed or used with certain operating systems. Thus, uses for the collected data can be unnecessarily limited. Accordingly, while certain shoes having sensor systems provide a number of advantageous features, they nevertheless have certain limitations. The present invention seeks to overcome certain of these limitations and other drawbacks of the prior art, and to provide new features not heretofore available.
BRIEF SUMMARY
• The present invention relates generally to footwear having a sensor system. Aspects of the invention relate to an article of footwear that includes an upper member and a sole structure, with a sensor system connected to the sole structure. The sensor system includes a plurality of sensors that are configured for detecting forces and/or pressure exerted by a user's foot on the sensor.
• Aspects of the invention relate to a sensor system adapted for use with an article of footwear. The sensor system includes an insert member configured to be inserted into a foot-receiving chamber of an article of footwear, the insert member including a first layer and a second layer, a port connected to the insert and configured for communication with an electronic module, a plurality of force and/or pressure sensors on the insert member, and a plurality of leads connecting the sensors to the port.
• The system may also include a pathway providing electrical communication between the first and second layers. The system may further include a housing connected to the insert and configured to support the electronic module in communication with the port. The insert may further include at least one additional layer, such as a spacer layer having holes aligned with the sensors and/or the pathway to permit engagement of such components through the spacer layer.
• According to one aspect, the sensor system includes a first resistor located on the first layer and a second resistor located on the second layer, each connected to one or more of the leads. The port, the pathway, the sensors, the leads, and the first and second resistors form a circuit on the insert member, and the circuit is configured to have a voltage applied between a first terminal and a ground located at the port. The first and second resistors are arranged in parallel between the first terminal and the ground. Each of the resistors may include an inner section connected to a first lead, an outer section connected to a second lead, and a bridge extending between the inner section and the outer section and partially overlapping both the inner section and the outer section, wherein the resistor is configured such that an electronic signal can pass between the first lead and the second lead through the inner section, the bridge, and the outer section.
• According to another aspect, the pathway may further include a substantially annular stiffener positioned around the pathway on at least one of the first and second layers, wherein the stiffener has decreased flexibility compared to the pathway. The pathway may additionally or alternately include a first conductive portion on the first layer and a second conductive portion on the second layer, wherein the first and second conductive portions are in continuous engagement with each other through the hole to provide electrical communication between the first and second layers, with the first and second conductive portions each having a gap extending therethrough and dividing the first and second conductive portions into separate first and second sections. In this configuration, the gap may be elongated and aligned substantially perpendicular to a virtual line extending between a front edge of the first metatarsophalangeal sensor and a rear edge of the fourth metatarsophalangeal sensor. The pathway in this configuration may constitute two separate pathways, on opposite sides of the gap.
• According to another aspect, the spacer layer may include a first hole aligned with one of the sensors to permit at least partial engagement between the first and second contacts of the sensor through the spacer layer, and may further include a channel extending from the hole to a vent in the insert member, wherein the channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the sensor to an exterior of the insert member, through the first vent. The vent may have a selectively permeable closure member positioned to cover the vent. Additionally, the vent may be connected to more than one sensor through additional channels, and/or the insert may contain a second vent connected to one or more sensors in a similar arrangement. An article of footwear incorporating the insert may include a cavity within a sole member of the footwear that is located at least partially below the vent. The cavity extends laterally from the vent to a distal end located outside a peripheral boundary of the insert, such that the cavity is configured to permit the air exiting the first vent to pass away from the insert member. Further, a patch of dielectric material may be connected to one of the first and second layers and may extend across the channel to be positioned between the first and second layers, resisting shorting of one or more conductive members between the first and second layers through the channel.
• According to a further aspect, the insert may include an extension extending into the well and consolidating the ends of the leads to form the interface, the extension having a strip of reinforcing material extending across the ends of the leads. The extension has a bend area where the extension bends downwardly at or near a peripheral edge of the housing and a depending portion that extends downwardly from the bend area into the well. In this configuration, the interface is located on the depending portion within the well, and the strip extends transversely across the bend area to provide reinforcement and wear resistance to the bend area. The system may also contain an interface assembly that includes a base member and a plurality of electrical connectors supported by the base member, where at least a portion of the depending portion is received in the base member and the ends of the leads engage the electrical connectors to form the interface.
• According to yet another aspect, the insert includes a first cut-out on a medial edge of the insert member and a second cut-out on a lateral edge of the insert member, proximate a juncture between the forefoot portion and the midfoot portion. A width of the insert defined between the medial and lateral edges is larger in the midfoot portion than the width measured between the first and second cut-outs and the width measured at the heel portion. The insert may also include a hole in the midfoot portion configured to receive the housing, and the hole may make up less than half the width of the midfoot portion. The insert may also include other cut-out portions.
• Other aspects of the invention relate to sensor systems that include various combinations of the above-discussed features.
• Further aspects of the invention relate to a system that includes an article of footwear with a sensor system as described above, with an electronic module connected to the sensor system, and an external device configured for communication with the electronic module. The module is configured to receive data from the sensors and to transmit the data to the external device, and the external device is configured for further processing the data.
• According to one aspect, the system also includes an accessory device connected to the external device, configured to enable communication between the electronic module and the external device. The accessory device may also be configured for connection to a second external device to enable communication between the electronic module and the second external device.
• Still other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the following drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a side view of a shoe;
• FIG. 2 is an opposed side view of the shoe ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of a sole of a shoe (having a shoe upper removed and a foot contacting member folded aside) incorporating one embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of the sole and the sensor system ofFIG. 3, with a foot contacting member of the shoe removed and an electronic module removed;
• FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of the sole ofFIG. 3, with the foot contacting member of the shoe removed and without the sensor system;
• FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an electronic module capable of use with a sensor system, in communication with an external electronic device;
• FIG. 7 is a top view of an insert of the sensor system ofFIG. 3, adapted to be positioned within the sole structure of an article of footwear for a user's right foot;
• FIG. 8 is a top perspective view of the insert ofFIG. 7;
• FIG. 9 is a top view of the sensor system ofFIG. 3, including the insert ofFIG. 7;
• FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of the sensor system ofFIG. 9;
• FIG. 11 is a magnified top view of a portion of the sensor system ofFIG. 9;
• FIG. 12 is a top view of the sensor system ofFIG. 9 and a similar sensor system adapted for use in the sole structure of an article of footwear for a user's left foot;
• FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of the insert ofFIG. 7, showing four different layers;
• FIG. 14 is a top view of a first layer of the insert ofFIG. 13;
• FIG. 15 is a magnified top view of a portion of the first layer ofFIG. 14;
• FIG. 16 is a top view of a second layer of the insert ofFIG. 13;
• FIG. 17 is a magnified top view of a portion of the second layer ofFIG. 16;
• FIG. 18 is a top view of a spacer layer of the insert ofFIG. 13;
• FIG. 19 is a top view of a bottom layer of the insert ofFIG. 13;
• FIG. 20 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating one embodiment of a circuit formed by the components of the sensor system ofFIG. 9;
• FIG. 21 is magnified cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the area indicated by lines21-21 inFIG. 11;
• FIG. 22A is a bottom view of the sensor system ofFIG. 9;
• FIG. 22B is a bottom view of the sensor system as illustrated inFIG. 22A, having filters connected over vents in the sensor system;
• FIG. 22C is a top view of a spacer layer of another embodiment of an insert for a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention, with broken lines showing positions of sensors;
• FIG. 22D is a bottom view of an insert for a sensor system incorporating the spacer layer ofFIG. 22C, with broken lines showing positions of filters connected to insert;
• FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of the electronic module ofFIG. 6, in communication with an external gaming device;
• FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of a pair of shoes, each containing a sensor system, in a mesh communication mode with an external device;
• FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of a pair of shoes, each containing a sensor system, in a “daisy chain” communication mode with an external device;
• FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a pair of shoes, each containing a sensor system, in an independent communication mode with an external device;
• FIG. 27 is a plot showing pressure vs. resistance for one embodiment of a sensor according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 28 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of the sole and sensor system ofFIG. 4;
• FIG. 29 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of another embodiment of a sole and sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 30 is a top view of the sole ofFIG. 3 with the foot contacting member in operational position;
• FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view schematically depicting the view taken along lines31-31 ofFIG. 10;
• FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view schematically depicting the view taken along lines32-32 ofFIG. 10;
• FIG. 33 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 34 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIGS. 35A and 35B are schematic cross-sectional views of a sensor of the sensor system ofFIG. 7;
• FIG. 36 is a top perspective view of a sole of a shoe (having a shoe upper removed and a foot contacting member folded aside) incorporating another embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 37 is a top perspective view of the sole ofFIG. 36, with the foot contacting member of the shoe removed and without the sensor system;
• FIG. 38 is a top perspective view of the sole and the sensor system ofFIG. 36, with a foot contacting member of the shoe removed and an electronic module removed;
• FIG. 39 is a top view of an insert of the sensor system ofFIG. 36, adapted to be positioned within the sole structure of an article of footwear for a user's right foot;
• FIG. 40 is a top view of a first layer of the insert ofFIG. 39;
• FIG. 41 is a top view of a second layer of the insert ofFIG. 39;
• FIG. 42 is a top view of a spacer layer of the insert ofFIG. 39;
• FIG. 43 is a top view of a bottom layer of the insert ofFIG. 39;
• FIG. 44 is an exploded perspective view of the insert ofFIG. 39, showing four different layers;
• FIG. 45 is a top perspective view of a sole of a shoe (having a shoe upper removed and a foot contacting member folded aside) incorporating another embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 46 is a top perspective view of the sole ofFIG. 45, with the foot contacting member of the shoe removed and without the sensor system;
• FIG. 47 is a top perspective view of the sole and the sensor system ofFIG. 45, with a foot contacting member of the shoe removed and an electronic module removed;
• FIG. 48 is a top view of another embodiment of an insert of the sensor system adapted to be positioned within the sole structure of an article of footwear for a user's right foot, according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 49 is a top view of a first layer of the insert ofFIG. 48;
• FIG. 50 is a top view of a spacer layer of the insert ofFIG. 48;
• FIG. 51 is a top view of a second layer of the insert ofFIG. 48;
• FIG. 52 is a top view of another embodiment of an insert of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 53 is a top view of a first layer of the insert ofFIG. 52;
• FIG. 54 is a top view of a spacer layer of the insert ofFIG. 52;
• FIG. 55 is a top view of a second layer of the insert ofFIG. 52;
• FIG. 56 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines56-56 inFIG. 52;
• FIG. 57 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a method and equipment for forming a well in a sole structure of an article of footwear, according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 58 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the sole structure of the article of footwear ofFIG. 57 with an insert member of a sensor system and a foot contacting member connected thereto;
• FIG. 59 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another embodiment of a sensor system positioned within a sole structure of an article of footwear, according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 59A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another embodiment of a sensor system positioned within a sole structure of an article of footwear, according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 60 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a foot contacting member configured for use with a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIG. 61 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a sensor system according to aspects of the present invention;
• FIGS. 62-64 illustrate a plan view and perspective views of the port in the insert member according to aspects of the invention;
• FIGS. 65-67 illustrate components of a housing of the port;
• FIGS. 68-71 illustrate views of an interface assembly used in the port;
• FIGS. 72-73 illustrate views of the interface assembly operably connected to the insert member;
• FIG. 74 is a partial enlarged plan view of the port connected to the insert member and having a cover member removed;
• FIGS. 75-76 are side elevation views of the port attached to the insert member;
• FIGS. 77-78 are additional views of the module according to aspects of the invention;
• FIGS. 79-80 are perspective views of contacts and a module carrier according to aspects of the invention;
• FIGS. 81-83 are perspective view of components of the module;
• FIG. 84 is a partial cross-sectional view showing over-molding of contacts of an interface of the module;
• FIGS. 85-86 are plan views of the module showing a light assembly according to aspects of the invention;
• FIGS. 87-90 are internal views of the module showing components of the light assembly; and
• FIGS. 91-94 are views of a PCB and a ground plane extender associated with the module according to aspects of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings, and will herein be described in detail, preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the invention to the embodiments illustrated and described.
• Footwear, such as a shoe, is shown as an example inFIGS. 1-2 and generally designated with thereference numeral100. Thefootwear100 can take many different forms, including, for example, various types of athletic footwear. In one exemplary embodiment, theshoe100 generally includes a force and/orpressure sensor system12 operably connected to auniversal communication port14. As described in greater detail below, thesensor system12 collects performance data relating to a wearer of theshoe100. Through connection to theuniversal communication port14, multiple different users can access the performance data for a variety of different uses as described in greater detail below.
• An article offootwear100 is depicted inFIGS. 1-2 as including an upper120 and asole structure130. For purposes of reference in the following description,footwear100 may be divided into three general regions: aforefoot region111, amidfoot region112, and aheel region113, as illustrated inFIG. 1. Regions111-113 are not intended to demarcate precise areas offootwear100. Rather, regions111-113 are intended to represent general areas offootwear100 that provide a frame of reference during the following discussion. Although regions111-113 apply generally tofootwear100, references to regions111-113 also may apply specifically to upper120,sole structure130, or individual components included within and/or formed as part of either upper120 orsole structure130.
• As further shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, the upper120 is secured tosole structure130 and defines a void or chamber for receiving a foot. For purposes of reference, upper120 includes alateral side121, an oppositemedial side122, and a vamp orinstep area123.Lateral side121 is positioned to extend along a lateral side of the foot (i.e., the outside) and generally passes through each of regions111-113. Similarly,medial side122 is positioned to extend along an opposite medial side of the foot (i.e., the inside) and generally passes through each of regions111-113.Vamp area123 is positioned betweenlateral side121 andmedial side122 to correspond with an upper surface or instep area of the foot.Vamp area123, in this illustrated example, includes athroat124 having alace125 or other desired closure mechanism that is utilized in a conventional manner to modify the dimensions of upper120 relative the foot, thereby adjusting the fit offootwear100.Upper120 also includes anankle opening126 that provides the foot with access to the void within upper120. A variety of materials may be used for constructing upper120, including materials that are conventionally utilized in footwear uppers. Accordingly, upper120 may be formed from one or more portions of leather, synthetic leather, natural or synthetic textiles, polymer sheets, polymer foams, mesh textiles, felts, non-woven polymers, or rubber materials, for example. The upper120 may be formed from one or more of these materials wherein the materials or portions thereof are stitched or adhesively bonded together, e.g., in manners that are conventionally known and used in the art.
• Upper120 may also include a heel element (not shown) and a toe element (not shown). The heel element, when present, may extend upward and along the interior surface of upper120 in theheel region113 to enhance the comfort offootwear100. The toe element, when present, may be located inforefoot region111 and on an exterior surface of upper120 to provide wear-resistance, protect the wearer's toes, and assist with positioning of the foot. In some embodiments, one or both of the heel element and the toe element may be absent, or the heel element may be positioned on an exterior surface of the upper120, for example. Although the configuration of upper120 discussed above is suitable forfootwear100, upper120 may exhibit the configuration of any desired conventional or non-conventional upper structure without departing from this invention.
• As shown inFIG. 3, thesole structure130 is secured to a lower surface of upper120 and may have a generally conventional shape. Thesole structure130 may have a multipiece structure, e.g., one that includes amidsole131, anoutsole132, and afoot contacting member133. Thefoot contacting member133 is typically a thin, compressible member that may be located within the void in upper120 and adjacent to a lower surface of the foot (or between the upper120 and midsole131) to enhance the comfort offootwear100. In various embodiments, thefoot contacting member133 may be a sockliner, a strobel, an insole member, a bootie element, a sock, etc. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-5, thefoot contacting member133 is an insole member or a sockliner. The term “foot contacting member,” as used herein does not necessarily imply direct contact with the user's foot, as another element may interfere with direct contact. Rather, the foot contacting member forms a portion of the inner surface of the foot-receiving chamber of an article of footwear. For example, the user may be wearing a sock that interferes with direct contact. As another example, thesensor system12 may be incorporated into an article of footwear that is designed to slip over a shoe or other article of footwear, such as an external bootie element or shoe cover. In such an article, the upper portion of the sole structure may be considered a foot contacting member, even though it does not directly contact the foot of the user. In some arrangements, an insole or sockliner may be absent, and in other embodiments, thefootwear100 may have a foot contacting member positioned on top of an insole or sockliner.
• Midsole member131 may be or include an impact attenuating member, and may include multiple members or elements in some embodiments. For example, themidsole member131 may be formed of polymer foam material, such as polyurethane, ethylvinylacetate, or other materials (such as phylon, phylite, etc.) that compress to attenuate ground or other contact surface reaction forces during walking, running, jumping, or other activities. In some example structures according to this invention, the polymer foam material may encapsulate or include various elements, such as a fluid-filled bladder or moderator, that enhance the comfort, motion-control, stability, and/or ground or other contact surface reaction force attenuation properties offootwear100. In still other example structures, themidsole131 may include additional elements that compress to attenuate ground or other contact surface reaction forces. For instance, themidsole131 may include column type elements to aid in cushioning and absorption of forces.
• Outsole132 is secured to a lower surface ofmidsole131 in this illustratedexample footwear structure100 and is formed of a wear-resistant material, such as rubber or a flexible synthetic material, such as polyurethane, that contacts the ground or other surface during ambulatory or other activities. Thematerial forming outsole132 may be manufactured of suitable materials and/or textured to impart enhanced traction and slip resistance. Theoutsole132 shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 is shown to include a plurality of incisions orsipes136 in either or both sides of theoutsole132, although many other types ofoutsoles132 with various types of treads, contours, and other structures may be used in connection with the present invention. It is understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used in connection with other types and configurations of shoes, as well as other types of footwear and sole structures.
• FIGS. 1-5 illustrate exemplary embodiments of thefootwear100 incorporating asensor system12 in accordance with the present invention, andFIGS. 3-22B illustrate exemplary embodiments of thesensor system12. Thesensor system12 includes aninsert member37 having a force and/orpressure sensor assembly13 connected thereto. Theinsert member37 is configured to be positioned in contact with thesole structure130 of thefootwear100, and in one embodiment, theinsert member37 is configured to be positioned underneath thefoot contacting member133 and over the top of themidsole member131 and in general confronting relation. Thesensor assembly13 includes a plurality ofsensors16, and a communication oroutput port14 in communication with the sensor assembly13 (e.g., electrically connected via conductors). Theport14 is configured for communicating data received from thesensors16, such as to an electronic module (also referred to as an electronic control unit)22 as described below. Theport14 and/or themodule22 may be configured to communicate with an external device, as also described below. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-5, thesystem12 has four sensors16: afirst sensor16aat the big toe (first phalange or hallux) area of the shoe, twosensors16b-cat the forefoot area of the shoe, including asecond sensor16bat the first metatarsal head region and athird sensor16cat the fifth metatarsal head region, and afourth sensor16dat the heel. These areas of the foot typically experience the greatest degree of pressure during movement. Eachsensor16 is configured for detecting a pressure exerted by a user's foot on thesensor16. The sensors communicate with theport14 through sensor leads18, which may be wire leads and/or another electrical conductor or suitable communication medium. For example, in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-5, the sensor leads18 may be an electrically conductive medium that is printed on theinsert member37, such as a silver-based ink or other metallic ink, such as an ink based on copper and/or tin. The leads18 may alternately be provided as thin wires in one embodiment. In other embodiments, theleads18 may be connected to thefoot contacting member133, themidsole member131, or another member of thesole structure130.
• Other embodiments of thesensor system12 may contain a different number or configuration ofsensors16, and generally include at least onesensor16. For example, in one embodiment, thesystem12 includes a much larger number of sensors, and in another embodiment, thesystem12 includes two sensors, one in the heel and one in the forefoot of theshoe100. In addition, thesensors16 may communicate with theport14 in a different manner, including any known type of wired or wireless communication, including Bluetooth and near-field communication. A pair of shoes may be provided withsensor systems12 in each shoe of the pair, and it is understood that the paired sensor systems may operate synergistically or may operate independently of each other, and that the sensor systems in each shoe may or may not communicate with each other. The communication of thesensor systems12 is described in greater detail below. It is understood that thesensor system12 may be provided with computer programs/algorithms to control collection and storage of data (e.g., pressure data from interaction of a user's foot with the ground or other contact surface), and that these programs/algorithms may be stored in and/or executed by thesensors16, themodule22, and/or theexternal device110.
• Thesensor system12 can be positioned in several configurations in the sole130 of theshoe100. In the examples shown inFIGS. 3-5, theport14, thesensors16, and theleads18 can be positioned between themidsole131 and thefoot contacting member133, such as by positioning theinsert member37 between themidsole131 and thefoot contacting member133. Theinsert member37 may be connected to one or both of the midsole and thefoot contacting member133 in one embodiment. A cavity or well135 can be located in the midsole131 (FIG. 5) and/or in thefoot contacting member133 for receiving theelectronic module22, as described below, and theport14 may be accessible from within the well135 in one embodiment. The well135 may further contain ahousing24 for themodule22, and thehousing24 may be configured for connection to theport14, such as by providing physical space for theport14 and/or by providing hardware for interconnection between theport14 and themodule22. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 5, the well135 is formed by a cavity in the upper major surface of themidsole131. As shown inFIG. 5, thesole structure130 may include a compressiblesole member138 that has a hole formed therein to receive thehousing24, which provides access to the well135 and/or may be considered a portion of thewell135. Theinsert37 can be placed on top of the compressiblesole member138 to place thehousing24 in thewell135. The compressiblesole member138 may confront themidsole131 in one embodiment, and may be in direct contact with themidsole131. It is understood that the compressiblesole member138 may confront themidsole131 with one or more additional structures positioned between the compressiblesole member138 and themidsole131, such as a strobel member. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-5, the compressiblesole member138 is in the form of a foam member138 (e.g. an EVA member) located between thefoot contacting member133 and themidsole131, which may be considered a lower insole/sockliner in this embodiment. Thefoam member138 may be bonded to astrobel133A (FIG. 58) of themidsole131 in one embodiment, such as by use of an adhesive, and may cover any stitching on the strobel, which can prevent abrasion of theinsert37 by the stitching. This configuration is shown schematically inFIG. 58. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-5, thehousing24 has a plurality of walls, includingside walls25 and abase wall26, and also includes a flange orlip28 that extends outward from the tops of theside walls25 and is configured for connection to theinsert37. In one embodiment, theflange28 is a separate member that connects to atub29 to form thehousing24, viapegs28A that connect throughholes28B in theinsert37 located at the front end of thehole27. Thepegs28A may be connected via ultrasonic welding or other technique, and may be received in receivers in one embodiment. In an alternate embodiment, an article offootwear100 may be manufactured with thetub29 formed in thesole structure130, and theflange28 may be later connected, such as by a snap connection, optionally after other portions of the port have also been assembled. Thehousing24 may include retaining structure to retain themodule22 within thehousing24, and such retaining structure may be complementary with retaining structure on themodule22, such as a tab/flange and slot arrangement, complementary tabs, locking members, friction-fit members, etc. Thehousing24 also includes afinger recess29A located in theflange28 and/or thetub29, which provides room for the user's finger to engage themodule22 to remove themodule22 from thehousing24. Theflange28 provides a wide base engaging the top of theinsert37, which spreads out the forces exerted on theinsert37 and/or on thefoot contacting member133 by theflange28, which creates less likelihood of severe deflection and/or damage of such components. The rounded corners on theflange28 also assists in avoiding damage to theinsert37 and/or thefoot contacting member133. It is understood that theflange28 may have a different shape and/or contour in other embodiments, and may provide similar functionality with different shapes and/or contours.
• Thefoot contacting member133 is configured to be placed on top of thefoam member138 to cover theinsert37, and may contain anindent134 in its lower major surface to provide space for thehousing24, as shown inFIG. 3. Thefoot contacting member133 may be adhered to thefoam member138, and in one embodiment, may be adhered only in the forefoot region to permit thefoot contacting member133 to be pulled up to access themodule22, as shown inFIG. 3. Additionally, thefoot contacting member133 may include a tacky or high-friction material (not shown) located on at least a portion of the underside to resist slippage against theinsert37 and/or thefoam member138, such as a silicone material. For example, in an embodiment where thefoot contacting member133 is adhered in the forefoot region and free in the heel region (e.g.FIG. 3), thefoot contacting member133 may have the tacky material located on the heel region. The tacky material may also provide enhanced sealing to resist penetration of dirt into the sensor system. In another embodiment, as shown inFIG. 60, thefoot contacting member133 may include a door or hatch137 configured to be located over theport14 and sized to permit insertion and/or removal of themodule22 through thefoot contacting member133. The embodiment of thefoot contacting member133 shown inFIG. 60 may be usable in place of thefoot contacting member133 inFIG. 3,36, or45, to provide access to theport14 and themodule22. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 60, thedoor137 has ahinge137A formed by material attachment along one edge of thedoor137, allowing thedoor137 to be opened and closed by swinging. Additionally, thedoor137 is formed of the same material as thefoot contacting member133 in this embodiment, so that no significant loss of cushioning is lost by inclusion of thedoor137. Further, thedoor137 may have atab137B or other structure to aid in gripping and manipulation of thedoor137 by the user. In one embodiment, thesensor system12 may be positioned on the underside of thefoot contacting member133, and thedoor137 may provide access to theport14 in such an embodiment (not shown). In another embodiment, thedoor137 may have a hinge on another edge, or may open in a different manner, such as by removal, sliding, etc. In one embodiment, thefoot contacting member133 may also havegraphic indicia92 thereon, as described below.
• In one embodiment, as shown inFIGS. 3-5 and7, thefoam member138 may also include arecess139 having the same peripheral shape as theinsert37 to receive theinsert37 therein, and the bottom layer69 (FIG. 13) of theinsert member37 may include adhesive backing to retain theinsert37 within therecess139. In one embodiment, a relatively strong adhesive, such as a quick bonding acrylic adhesive, may be utilized for this purpose. Theinsert37 has a hole orspace27 for receiving and providing room for thehousing24, and thefoam member138 in this embodiment may also allow thehousing24 to pass completely through into and/or through at least a portion of the strobel and/or themidsole131. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-5, thefoot contacting member133 may have a thickness that is reduced relative to a typical foot contacting member133 (e.g. sockliner), with the thickness of thefoam member138 being substantially equal to the reduction in thickness of thefoot contacting member133, to provide equivalent cushioning. In one embodiment, thefoot contacting member133 may be a sockliner with a thickness of about 2-3 mm, and thefoam member138 may have a thickness of about 2 mm, with therecess139 having a depth of about 1 mm. Thefoam member138 may be adhesively connected to theinsert member37 prior to connecting thefoam member138 to the article offootwear100 in one embodiment. This configuration permits the adhesive between thefoam member138 and theinsert37 to set in a flat condition before attaching the foam member to the strobel or other portion of thefootwear100, which is typically bends or curves thefoam member138 and may otherwise cause delamination. Thefoam member138 with theinsert37 adhesively attached may be provided in this configuration as a single product for insertion into an article offootwear100 in one embodiment. The positioning of theport14 inFIGS. 3-5 not only presents minimal contact, irritation, or other interference with the user's foot, but also provides easy accessibility by simply lifting thefoot contacting member133.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-5, thehousing24 extends completely through theinsert37 and thefoam member138, and the well135 also extends completely through thestrobel133A and partially into themidsole131 of thefootwear100 to receive thehousing24, as illustrated schematically inFIG. 58. In another embodiment, the well135 may be differently configured, and may be positioned completely underneath thestrobel133A in one embodiment, with a window through thestrobel133A to permit access to themodule22 in thewell135. The well135 may be formed using a variety of techniques, including cutting or removing material from thestrobel133A and/or themidsole131, forming thestrobel133A and/or themidsole131 with the well contained therein, or other techniques or combinations of such techniques. In one embodiment, ahot knife109 is used to cut through thestrobel133A and into themidsole131 to remove apiece135A of material to form the well135, as illustrated schematically inFIG. 57. In this embodiment, thehot knife109 includes awall109A extending around the periphery of thehot knife109 to define acavity109B that receives thepiece135A to be removed, as well asprongs109C that extend down through the middle of thepiece135A. Thewall109A cuts down into thestrobel133A and themidsole131 to cut the outer boundaries of thepiece135A to be removed. Theprongs109C both weaken the bottom side of thepiece135A to facilitate removal and also assist in retaining thepiece135A within thecavity109B during removal, so thepiece135A can be removed by simply lifting thehot knife109 away from thesole structure130. In one embodiment, thehot knife109 may be heated to a temperature of between 250-260° C. In other embodiments, a hot knife109 (which may be differently configured) may be utilized to form a differently shaped and/or configured well135 in thesole structure130.FIG. 58 schematically illustrates theinsert37 connected to thesole structure130 and thehousing24 received in the well135 after formation. As shown inFIG. 58, thehousing24 fits closely with the walls of the well135, which can be advantageous, as gaps between thehousing24 and the well135 may be sources of material failure. The process of removing thepiece135 may be automated using appropriate computer control equipment.
• The well135 may be located elsewhere in thesole structure130 in further embodiments. For example, the well135 may be located in the upper major surface of thefoot contacting member133 and theinsert37 can be placed on top of thefoot contacting member133. As another example, the well135 may be located in the lower major surface of thefoot contacting member133, with theinsert37 located between thefoot contacting member133 and themidsole131. As a further example, the well135 may be located in theoutsole132 and may be accessible from outside theshoe100, such as through an opening in the side, bottom, or heel of the sole130. In the configurations illustrated inFIGS. 3-5, theport14 is easily accessible for connection or disconnection of anelectronic module22, as described below. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 59, thefoot contacting member133 has theinsert37 connected to the bottom surface, and theport14 and the well135 are formed in thesole structure130, such as in the same configuration described above and shown inFIG. 58. Theinterface20 is positioned on the side of thehousing24 as similarly shown with respect to other embodiments, although it is understood that theinterface20 could be positioned elsewhere, such as for engagement through the top of themodule22. Themodule22 may be altered to accommodate such a change. In this embodiment, thefoot contacting member133 may be provided with an opening for accessing the module22 (such as inFIG. 60) or may be able to be pulled upward to access themodule22, as shown inFIG. 3. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 59A, theinsert37 is positioned below both thefoot contacting member133 and thestrobel133A, and in contact with themidsole member131. In this embodiment, thestrobel133A and/or thefoot contacting member133 may be provided with openings for accessing themodule22 and/or may be able to be pulled upward to access themodule22, as shown inFIG. 3.
• In other embodiments, thesensor system12 can be positioned differently. For example, in one embodiment, theinsert37 can be positioned within theoutsole132,midsole131, orfoot contacting member133. In one exemplary embodiment, insert37 may be positioned within afoot contacting member133 positioned above an insole member, such as a sock, sockliner, interior footwear bootie, or other similar article, or may be positioned between thefoot contacting member133 and the insole member. Still other configurations are possible, and some examples of other configurations are described below. As discussed, it is understood that thesensor system12 may be included in each shoe in a pair.
• Theinsert member37 in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B is formed of multiple layers, including at least afirst layer66 and asecond layer68. The first andsecond layers66,68 may be formed of a flexible film material, such as a Mylar® or other PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film, or another polymer film, such as polyamide. In one embodiment, the first andsecond layers66,68 may each be PET films having thicknesses of 0.05-0.2 mm, such as a thickness of 125 μm. Additionally, in one embodiment, each of the first andsecond layers66,68 has a minimum bend radius of equal to or less than 2 mm. Theinsert37 may further include aspacer layer67 positioned between the first andsecond layers66,68 and/or abottom layer69 positioned on the bottom of theinsert37 below thesecond layer68, which are included in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B. Thelayers66,67,68,69 of theinsert37 are stacked on top of each other and in confronting relation to each other, and in one embodiment, thelayers66,67,68,69 all have similar or identical peripheral shapes and are superimposed on one another (FIG. 13). In one embodiment, thespacer layer67 and thebottom layer69 may each have a thickness of 89-111 μm, such as a thickness of 100 μm. The entire thickness of theinsert member37 may be about 450 μm in one embodiment, or about 428-472 μm in another embodiment, and about 278-622 μm in a further embodiment. Theinsert37 may also include additional adhesive that is 100-225 μm thick, and may further include one or more selective reinforcement layers, such as additional PET layers, in other embodiments. Additionally, in one embodiment, the entire four-layer insert as described above has a minimum bend radius of equal to or less than 5 mm. It is understood that the orientations of the first andsecond layers66,68 may be reversed in another embodiment, such as by placing thesecond layer68 as the top layer and thefirst layer66 below thesecond layer68. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, the first andsecond layers66,68 have various circuitry and other components printed thereon, including thesensors16, theleads18,resistors53,54, apathway50,dielectric patches80, and other components, which are described in greater detail below. The components are printed on the underside of thefirst layer66 and on the upper side of thesecond layer68 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, however in other embodiments, at least some components may be printed on the opposite sides of the first andsecond layers66,68. It is understood that components located on thefirst layer66 and/or thesecond layer68 may be moved/transposed to theother layer66,68. In one embodiment, the components may be printed on thelayers66,68 in a manner so as to limit the total number of printer passes required, and in one embodiment, all the components on anindividual layer66,68 may be printed in a single pass.
• Thelayers66,67,68,69 can be connected together by an adhesive or other bonding material in one embodiment. Thespacer layer67 may contain adhesive on one or both surfaces in one embodiment to connect to the first andsecond layers66,68. Thebottom layer69 may likewise have adhesive on one or both surfaces, to connect to thesecond layer68 as well as to the article offootwear100. The first orsecond layers66,68 may additionally or alternately have adhesive surfaces for this purpose. A variety of other techniques can be used for connecting thelayers66,67,68,69 in other embodiments, such as heat sealing, spot welding, or other known techniques.
• Theinsert37, thefoot contacting member133, and/or other components of thesensor system12 and thefootwear100 may also include a graphic design or other indicia (not shown) thereon. The graphic design may be provided on one or more graphic layers (not shown) that may be connected to theinsert37, such as by overlaying the graphic layer on top of thefirst layer66. The graphic design may correspond to thesensor assembly13, leads18 and the various other components supported by the layer. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG. 60, thefoot contacting member133 hasgraphical indicia92 that forms a graphical depiction of theinsert37 of thesensor system12 that is positioned below thefoot contacting member133. Other graphical designs may be used in other embodiments, including informative, stylistic, and other such designs.
• Theinsert37 illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B has a configuration that may utilize less material than other insert configurations and may provide greater resistance to tearing at common stress points. In this embodiment, theinsert37 has several portions of material cut out of areas of theinsert37 that may be superfluous, such as in the lateral forefoot area or the lateral and medial heel areas. Theinsert37 in this configuration has amidfoot portion37A configured to be engaged by the midfoot region of the user's foot and aforefoot portion37B configured to be engaged by the forefoot (i.e. metatarsal) region of the user's foot, with aheel portion37C extending rearwardly from themidfoot portion37A and afirst phalange portion37D extending forwardly from the forefoot portion, configured to be engaged by the heel region and the first phalange region of the user's foot, respectively.FIGS. 4,8,10, and22A illustrate these features in greater detail. It is understood that, depending on the shape of the user's foot, thefirst phalange portion37D may engage only the first phalange region of the user's foot. In this embodiment, the width of theforefoot portion37B is greater than the width of themidfoot portion37A, and both the midfoot andforefoot portions37A-B have greater width than thefirst phalange portion37D and theheel portion37C, such that thefirst phalange portion37D and theheel portion37C are configured as peninsulas that extend forward or rearward, respectively, from a base at the wider midfoot andforefoot portions37A-B to a free end in elongated manners. As referred to herein, the width of a portion of theinsert37 is measured in the medial-to-lateral direction, and the length is measured in the front-to-rear (toe-to-heel) direction. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, thefirst phalange portion37D has one of thesensors16alocated thereon, to be engaged by the first phalange of the user, and theheel portion37C has another one of thesensors16dthereon, to be engaged by the heel of the user. The remaining twosensors16b,16care located on theforefoot portion37B of theinsert37, specifically at the first metatarsal head region and at the fifth metatarsal head region, to be engaged by the first and fifth metatarsal head regions of the user's foot, respectively. Themidfoot portion37A contains thehole27 for receiving thehousing24 andmodule22, and thehole27 defines twostrips88 that extend between and connect theforefoot portion37B and theheel portion37C. In one embodiment, thestrips88 have minimum widths of 8 mm or widths within a range of 3-5% of the overall length of theinsert37. In this usage, the length of theinsert37 is measured from the forefoot-most end of thefirst phalange portion37D to the heel-most end of theheel portion37C. Thesestrips88 undergo high stresses during use, and this width assists in avoiding failure during use. In other embodiments, thestrips88 may be reinforced by additional structure. For example, in one embodiment, thestrips88 and/or other portions of theinsert37 may be reinforced by fibers or similar structures. As another example, theinsert37 may include an additional structural layer over at least a portion of theinsert37 in one embodiment, such as an additional structural layer that completely surrounds thehousing24 and occupies the entireties of bothstrips88 and the junctures between thestrips88 and the remainder of theinsert37.
• In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-22B, theinsert37 has a peripheral edge defining a periphery of theinsert37, and including amedial edge85 extending along the medial side of theinsert37 from the back of theheel portion37C to the front end of thefirst phalange portion37D, alateral edge86 extending from the back of theheel portion37C to the front of theforefoot portion37B, and afront edge87 extending from thelateral edge86 to thefirst phalange portion37D along second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal areas of theinsert37. Themedial edge85, thelateral edge86, and thefront edge87 each have a cut-out portion in this embodiment, as shown, for example, inFIGS. 8,10, and22A. The cut-outportion87A along thefront edge87 is located between thelateral edge86 and the first phalange portion (i.e. peninsula)37D. The cut-outportions85A,86A along the medial andlateral edges85,86 are located proximate the juncture between theforefoot portion37B and themidfoot portion37A, and the width W1 of the insert37 (defined between the medial andlateral edges85,86) in themidfoot portion37A and the width W2 in theforefoot portion37B are greater than the width W3 of the insert measured between the first and second cut-outs85A,86A. This configuration creates a narrowedneck89 between themidfoot portion37A and theforefoot portion37B that is narrower than either themidfoot portion37A or theforefoot portion37B. The widths W1, W2 of themidfoot portion37A andforefoot portion37B are also greater than the width W4 measured at theheel portion37C, and theforefoot portion37B has the greatest relative width W2. Theheel portion37C in this embodiment includes a widenedtail portion37E that is wider than the more forward portions of theheel portion37C, such that theheel portion37C increases in width from themidfoot portion37A toward the heel end of theinsert member37.
• The cut outportions85A,86A,87A each extend inwardly into the body of theinsert37 and generally have a concave and/or indented shape. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B, each of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A has a smooth and concave inwardly curved (curvilinear) shape, which resists ripping, tearing, or propagation of cracks in theinsert37. In this embodiment, each of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A is at least partially defined by a concave curvilinear edge defining an arc of at least 120°. Additionally, in one embodiment, at least one of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A is at least partially defined by a concave curvilinear edge defining an arc of at least 180°. As seen, for example, inFIGS. 8,10, and22A, at least the medial and lateral cut outportions85A,86A are each at least partially defined by a concave curvilinear edge defining an arc of at least 180°. Additionally, each of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A in this embodiment is bounded on both sides by smoothly curved edges located on the outer periphery of the insert, at the medial, lateral, andfront edges85,86,87. One or both of the smoothly curved edges bounding each of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A in this embodiment defines an arc of at least 90°. The use of the cut outportions85A,86A,87A in these locations and with these configurations can increase the durability and longevity of theinsert37, for example, by resisting ripping, tearing, or propagation of cracks in theinsert37 as described above. In this embodiment, the cut outportions85A,86A,87A are positioned in high stress areas, where this damage resistance is most beneficial. Theinsert37 configured as shown inFIGS. 3-22B may have sufficient fatigue resistance to withstand stresses of up to 20 MPa over at least 500,000 cycles.
• In further embodiments, theinsert37 may have different cut out portions and/or may have cut out portions in the same locations but with different shapes. For example, theinsert37′ shown inFIGS. 22C-D has cut outportions85A,86A,87A in similar locations as compared to theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B, with the cut outportions85A,86A,87A having slightly different peripheral shapes. In this embodiment, the medial cut outportion85A defines a smaller arc as compared to the medial cut outportion85A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. The front cut outportion87A of this embodiment defines a shape that is less symmetrical and evenly curved as compared to the front cut outportion87A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B.
• FIGS. 36-47 illustrate additional embodiments ofsensor systems412,512 withinserts437,537 that have different shapes and configurations than thesensor system12 and theinsert37 described above and shown inFIGS. 3-22B. Thesensor systems412,512 ofFIGS. 36-47 include many structural and functional features in common with thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B. For example, thesensor systems412,512 includesensors16 that are configured and positioned substantially the same and function in a similar manner as thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B. As another example, thesensor systems412,512 include two fixedresistors53,54 in parallel and apathway50 between thelayers66,68, similar to thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B. These and other such common features may not be described again herein for the sake of brevity.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 36-44, theinsert437 has cut outportions85A,86A,87A in similar locations as compared to theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B, with the cut outportions85A,86A,87A having slightly different peripheral shapes. In this embodiment, the medial cut outportion85A defines a smaller arc as compared to the medial cut outportion85A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. The front cut outportion87A of this embodiment is deeper and defines a larger arc as compared to the front cut outportion87A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. The lateral cut outportion86A of this embodiment is shallower and defines a smaller arc as compared to the lateral cut outportion86A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. Additionally, theinsert437 ofFIGS. 36-44 has aheel portion37C with a substantially constant width, and has no widenedtail portion37E.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 45-47, theinsert537 has cut outportions85A,86A,87A in similar locations as compared to theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B, with the cut outportions85A,86A,87A having slightly different peripheral shapes. In this embodiment, the medial cut outportion85A defines a smaller arc as compared to the medial cut outportion85A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. The lateral cut outportion86A of this embodiment is shallower and defines a smaller arc as compared to the lateral cut outportion86A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. Thefront edge87 of theinsert537 ofFIGS. 45-48 is angled steadily from thefirst phalange portion37D toward thefifth metatarsal sensor16c, and defines a substantially straight edge that extends directly into the front cut outportion87A. The resultant front cut outportion87A defines a smaller arc as compared to the front cut outportion87A of theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. Additionally, theinsert537 ofFIGS. 45-48 has aheel portion37C with a substantially constant width, and has no widenedtail portion37E. The leads18 and many other components of thesensor system512 ofFIGS. 45-48 are not illustrated and/or referenced herein, and it is understood that such components may be configured similarly or identically to the corresponding components in thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B and/or thesensor system412 inFIGS. 36-44 (structurally and/or functionally).
• It is understood that inserts37,37′,437,537 may have any number of different configurations, shapes, and structures, and including a different number and/or configuration ofsensors16, and a different insert structure or peripheral shape. For example, any of theinserts37,37′,437,537 described herein may include some or all of the structural features and the functions associated with such structural features as described above, such as the cut-outportions85A,86A,87A and other features of the peripheral shape, while being contoured, dimensioned, and configured differently. Additionally, any of theinserts37,37′,437,537 described herein may include additional or different structural features that may provide different shapes and/or functionalities.
• In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B, thesensors16 are force and/or pressure sensors for measuring pressure and/or force on the sole130. Thesensors16 have a resistance that decreases as pressure on thesensor16 increases, such that measurement of the resistance through theport14 can be performed to detect the pressure on thesensor16. Thesensors16 in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B are elliptical or obround in shape, which enables a single sensor size to be utilized in several different shoe sizes. Thesensors16 in this embodiment each include twocontacts40,42, including afirst contact40 positioned on thefirst layer66 and asecond contact42 positioned on thesecond layer68. It is understood that the figures illustrating thefirst layer66 herein are top views, and that the electronic structures (including thecontacts40, theleads18, etc.) are positioned on the bottom side of thefirst layer66 and viewed through a transparent or translucentfirst layer66 unless specifically noted otherwise. Thecontacts40,42 are positioned opposite each other and are in superimposed relation to each other, so that pressure on theinsert member37, such as by the user's foot, causes increased engagement between thecontacts40,42. The resistance of thesensor16 decreases as the engagement between thecontacts40,42 increases, and themodule22 is configured to detect pressure based on changes in resistance of thesensors16. In one embodiment, thecontacts40,42 may be formed by conductive patches that are printed on the first andsecond layers66,68, such as in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, and the twocontacts40,42 may be formed of the same or different materials. Additionally, in one embodiment, theleads18 are formed of a material that has a higher conductivity and lower resistivity than the material(s) of thesensor contacts40,42. For example, the patches may be formed of carbon black or another conductive carbon material. Further, in one embodiment, the twocontacts40,42 may be formed of the same material or two materials with similar hardnesses, which can reduce abrasion and wear due to differences in hardness of the materials in contact with each other. In this embodiment, thefirst contacts40 are printed on the underside of thefirst layer66, and thesecond contacts42 are printed on the top side of thesecond layer68, to permit engagement between thecontacts40,42. The embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B includes thespacer layer67, which hasholes43 positioned at eachsensor16 to permit engagement of thecontacts40,42 through thespacer layer67, while insulating other portions of the first andsecond layers66,68 from each other. In one embodiment, eachhole43 is aligned with one of thesensors16 and permits at least partial engagement between thecontacts40,42 of therespective sensor16. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 7-18, theholes43 are smaller in area than thesensor contacts40,42, allowing the central portions of thecontacts40,42 to engage each other, while insulating outer portions of thecontacts40,42 and the distribution leads18A from each other (See, e.g., FIGS.13 and35A-B). In another embodiment, theholes43 may be sized to permit engagement between thecontacts40,42 over their entire surfaces. It is understood that the size, dimensions, contours, and structure of thesensors16 and thecontacts40,42 may be altered in other embodiments while retaining similar functionality. It is also understood thatsensors16 having the same sizes may be utilized in different sizes ofinserts37 for different shoe sizes, in which case the dimensions of thesensors16 relative to the overall dimensions of theinsert37 may be different fordifferent insert37 sizes.
• In other embodiment, thesensor system12 may havesensors16 that are differently configured than thesensors16 of the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. For example,FIGS. 33-34 illustrate additional embodiments ofsensor systems212,312 that havesensors16 that are configured differently from thesensors16 in thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B. In the embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 33-34, thecontacts40,42 of thesensors16 inFIGS. 33-34 are configured differently from thecontacts40,42 of thesensors16 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. Other components and features of thesensor systems212,312 are similar or identical to those of thesensor system12 ofFIGS. 3-22B, including any variations or alternate embodiments described herein. As another example,FIGS. 48-51 illustrate an embodiment of asensor system712 that includessensors16 that havecontacts740,742,744 that are configured differently from thesensors16 andcontacts40,42 of the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. In a further example, thesensors16 may utilize a different configuration that does not include carbon-based orsimilar contacts40,42 and/or may not function as aresistive sensor16. Examples of such sensors include a capacitive pressure sensor or a strain gauge pressure sensor, among other examples.
• As further shown inFIGS. 3-22B, in one embodiment, theinsert37 may include aninternal airflow system70 configured to allow airflow through theinsert37 during compression and/or flexing of theinsert37.FIGS. 9,11,13,18,22A-B, and28-30 illustrate the components of theairflow system70 in greater detail. Theairflow system70 may include one or more air passages orchannels71 that lead from thesensors16 to one ormore vents72, to allow air to flow from thesensor16 during compression, between the first andsecond layers66,68 and outward through the vent(s)72 to the exterior of theinsert37. Theairflow system70 resists excessive pressure buildup during compression of thesensors16, and also permits consistent separation of thecontacts40,42 of thesensors16 at various air pressures and altitudes, leading to more consistent performance. Thechannels71 may be formed between the first andsecond layers66,68. As shown inFIG. 18, thespacer layer67 has thechannels71 formed therein, and the air can flow through thesechannels71 between the first andsecond layers66,68, to the appropriate vent(s)72. Thevents72 may havefilters73 covering them in one embodiment, as shown inFIG. 22B. Thesefilters73 may be configured to permit air, moisture, and debris to pass out of thevents72 and resist moisture and debris passage into thevents72. In another embodiment, theinsert37 may not contain a spacer layer, and thechannels71 may be formed by not sealing thelayers66,68 together in a specific pattern, such as by application of a non-sealable material. Thus, theairflow system70 may be considered to be integral with or directly defined by thelayers66,68 in such an embodiment. In other embodiments, theairflow system70 may contain a different number or configuration ofair channels71, vents72, and/or other passages.
• In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30, theairflow system70 includes twovents72 and a plurality ofair channels71 connecting each of the foursensors16 to one of thevents72. Thespacer layer67 includesholes43 at each sensor in this embodiment, and thechannels71 are connected to theholes43 to permit air to flow away from thesensor16 through thechannel71. Additionally, in this embodiment, two of thesensors16 are connected to each of thevents72 throughchannels71. For example, as illustrated in FIGS.4 and7-18, thefirst metatarsal sensor16bhas achannel71 that extends to avent72 slightly behind the first metatarsal area of theinsert37, and the firstphalangeal sensor16ahas achannel71 that also extends to thesame vent72, via a passageway that includes traveling through thefirst metatarsal sensor16b. In other words, the firstphalangeal sensor16ahas achannel71 that extends from thehole43 at the firstphalangeal sensor16ato thehole43 at thefirst metatarsal sensor16b, and anotherchannel71 extends from thefirst metatarsal sensor16bto thevent72. Thefifth metatarsal sensor16cand theheel sensor16dalso share acommon vent72, located in the heel portion of theinsert37. Onechannel71 extends rearward from thehole43 at thefifth metatarsal sensor16cto thevent72, and anotherchannel71 extends forward from thehole43 at theheel sensor16dto thevent72. Sharing thevents72 among multiple sensors can decrease expense, particularly by avoiding the need foradditional filters73. In other embodiments, theairflow system70 may have a different configuration, such as the configuration shown inFIGS. 22C-D and discussed below. In further embodiments, eachsensor16 may have its ownindividual vent72, or more than twosensors16 may share thesame vent72.
• Eachvent72 is formed as an opening in a bottom side of the second layer68 (i.e. opposite the first layer66), such that the opening permits outward flow of air, moisture, and/or debris from theairflow system70, as seen inFIGS. 16-18 and22A-B. In another embodiment, thevent72 may include multiple openings. In a further embodiment, thevent72 may additionally or alternately be formed by an opening in thefirst layer66, causing the air to vent upwards out of theinsert37. In an additional embodiment, thevent72 may be on the side (thin edge) of theinsert37, such as by extending thechannel71 to the edge, such that thechannel71 opens through the edge to the exterior of theinsert37. The venting of the air downward, as in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30, makes it more difficult for debris to enter thevent72. Thebottom layer69, if present, also includesapertures74 located below thevents72, to permit the air flowing out of thevents72 to pass through thebottom layer69. Theapertures74 are significantly larger than thevents72, in order to allow thefilters73 to be adhesively attached to thesecond layer68 through thebottom layer69 around the periphery of eachvent72, as described below. Additionally, in this embodiment, eachvent72 has areinforcement material75 positioned around thevent72, to add stability and strength to the material and prevent breaking/tearing. In the embodiment illustrated, thereinforcement material75 is formed of the same material as the leads18 (e.g. silver or other metallic ink) to facilitate printing, but may also be formed of the same material as thesensor contacts40,42 (e.g. carbon) or the dielectric material discussed herein.
• Thevents72 in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30 open downward and the air passing through thevents72 passes downward toward themidsole131 and toward thefoam member138 if present. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-5,28, and30, thefoam member138 hascavities76 located directly below thevents72 and configured such that the air exiting the vents passes into therespective cavity76. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-5,28, and30, eachcavity76 is formed as a slot that extends completely through thefoam member138, which may be formed by punching, cutting, or another technique. In another embodiment, thecavity76 may be a recess that extends through only a portion of thefoam member138, or may extend deeper than thefoam member138, such as through at least a portion of a structure below the foam member138 (e.g. a strobel, midsole, etc.). In a further embodiment, the sole structure may not contain thefoam member138, and thecavity76 may be formed at least in part by a slot, recess, or other cavity-like structure in another sole member, such as a strobel, midsole, etc. As shown inFIG. 5, at least a portion of thecavity76 may be circular in one embodiment, and may extend wider than thevent72 to provide space for air venting. This configuration allows air to pass out of thevents72 without obstruction from thefoam member138. In another embodiment, theinsert37 may be positioned above another sole member (such as a portion of the midsole131), which may contain one ormore cavities76 as described above. In a further embodiment, no cavity may be present, and the air may vent72 directly downward into thefoam member138 or other sole member. One or both of thecavities76 may have extending portions that formpassages77 that further allow air to pass out of thecavity76. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-5,28, and30, each of thecavities76 has achannel portion77 extending laterally away from thecavity76 and beyond the peripheral boundary of theinsert37. In other words, thechannel portion77 of thecavity76 extends laterally from thevent72 to adistal end78 located outside the peripheral boundary of theinsert37. It is understood that if thefoam member138 has arecess139 to receive theinsert member37, thedistal end78 of thechannel portion77 of thecavity76 may also be located outside the peripheral boundary of therecess139. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-5, thedistal end78 extends to the edge of thefoam member138. This configuration permits air passing into thecavity76 to exit thesole structure130 by passing laterally through thechannel portion77 and then upward and/or outward away from thefoam member138.FIG. 28 shows a schematic cross-section of this configuration, with arrows illustrating the flow of air. The configuration illustrated inFIGS. 3-5,28, and30 permits air flow out of thevent72, and possibly back into thevent72, while resisting migration of debris (e.g. dirt, fibers, etc.) and moisture from migrating to and through thevent72. The combined downward, lateral, and upward paths that the air must pass through to travel to and from thevent72 acts to resist this migration, and debris will often become trapped near thedistal end78 of thecavity76, much like a drain trap in a plumbing application.
• In another embodiment, thedistal end78 may stop at a point within thefoam member138 and still outside the peripheral boundary of theinsert37, which allows the air to vent upward out of thecavity76 at thedistal end78 and provides the same or similar functionality.FIGS. 36-38 and47 illustrate an example embodiment of this configuration. It is understood that thefoot contacting member133 in the embodiments ofFIGS. 36-38 and47 may include passages positioned around the distal ends78 of thecavities76 to allow air passage through thefoot contacting member133, such as thepassages79 shown inFIGS. 28 and 30. In a further embodiment, at least a portion of thechannel portion77 may be a tunnel within thefoam member138, rather than a slit. In such a configuration, thechannel portion77 may have a tunnel portion and an open portion that permits air passing through the tunnel to vent upward, or the tunnel portion may extend all the way to the edge of thefoam member138 to permit sideways venting.FIG. 29 shows a cross-section of an alternate embodiment, where thefoam member138 contains acavity76 but nochannel portion77.
• Additionally, thefoot contacting member133 includes one ormore passages79 extending through thefoot contacting member133 located at thedistal end78 of thecavity76, in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-5,28, and30. As shown inFIGS. 28 and 30, thepassages79 may be pinhole-type passages79 that extend vertically through thefoot contacting member133. In another embodiment, a different type ofpassage79 may be used, including slits or grooves, and at least onepassage79 may extend laterally to a side of thefoot contacting member133, rather than upward through the thickness of thefoot contacting member133. Thepassages79 allow the air exiting through thevent72 and outward through thecavity76 to pass through thefoot contacting member133 and out of thesole structure130. In another embodiment, thefoot contacting member133 may not include any passage(s)79. Thefoot contacting member133 may still provide ventilation in a configuration without any passage(s)79, such as by using a breathable foam or other breathable material for constructing thefoot contacting member133.
• As described above, in one embodiment, theinsert37 may have one ormore filters73 that at least partially cover the vent(s)72, as seen in FIGS.22B and28-29. Thefilter73 may be considered to be a selectively permeable closure that covers thevent72, which at least allows passage of air out of thevent72 and resists passage of certain undesirable substances into the vent. For example, in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30, thefilter73 is a selectively permeable closure that permits inward and outward flow of air, and also permits outward flow of moisture, while resisting the inward flow of moisture and/or particles. One type offilter73 that may achieve this function is a fluoroplastic porous membrane, for example, a porous membrane comprising PTFE (i.e. Teflon) fibers. Such a porous membrane may be a 10 μm to 100 μm thick porous membrane in one embodiment. In afilter73 including PTFE fibers, the high surface energy of the PTFE causes water to ball up on the surface of thefilter73, rather than penetrating. Thefilter73 may also have an adhesive on one side to permit thefilter73 to be connected to theinsert37, and may further have another material connected to either the inward or outward facing side, such as a polyester material to provide shear strength for the porous membrane. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30, thefilter73 is adhesively attached to the bottom side of thesecond layer68 around the periphery of thevent72 to cover thevent72. Thebottom layer69 includesapertures74 that are significantly larger than thevents72, in order to allow thefilters73 to be adhesively attached to thesecond layer68, in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30. In other embodiments, a different type offilter73 may be used, and/or thefilter73 may be connected to theinsert37 in another manner. In a further embodiment, nofilter73 may be used.
• FIGS. 36-44 illustrate asensor system412 with aninsert437 that includes anairflow system70 with a different arrangement ofchannels71 and vents72 than theinsert37 described above and shown inFIGS. 3-22B.FIGS. 22C-D andFIGS. 45-47 illustrate additional embodiments ofinsert members37′,537 that include anairflow system70 with achannels71 and vents72 arranged similarly to theinsert437 ofFIGS. 36-44. The positions of thesensors16a-din the embodiment ofFIGS. 22C-D are generally the same as in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30, and are illustrated in broken lines on thespacer layer67 inFIG. 22C. Such structural features are not described again herein for the sake of brevity. In the embodiment of theinsert437 inFIGS. 36-44, the firstphalangeal sensor16aand thefirst metatarsal sensor16bare connected to thesame vent72 bychannels71 in substantially the same configuration described above. Thefifth metatarsal sensor16cand theheel sensor16dalso share acommon vent72, which is located in the fifth metatarsal area of theinsert437, rather than in the heel portion as in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B,28, and30. In this configuration, theheel sensor16dhas achannel71 that extends from thehole43 at theheel sensor16dto thehole43 at thefifth metatarsal sensor16c, and anotherchannel71 extends from thefifth metatarsal sensor16cto thevent72. As shown inFIGS. 36-44, the locations of thevents72 are different from the embodiment described above, and accordingly, theinsert437 may be used with asole structure130 that contains features specifically adapted forvents72 in these locations.FIGS. 36-38 illustrate asole structure130 and afoam member138 that includescavities76 positioned for cooperation with thevents72 of theinsert437. Thesecavities76 function similarly to thecavities76 of the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-5 and described herein. For example, thefoam member138 has acavity76 in the fifth metatarsal area of thesole structure130 extending forward beyond the peripheral edge of theinsert437 in order to provide venting of air from thevent72 in the fifth metatarsal area of theinsert437. Thefoam member138 also has acavity76 in the first metatarsal area of thesole structure130 extending rearward beyond the peripheral edge of theinsert437 in order to provide venting of air from thevent72 in the first metatarsal area of theinsert437. Theinserts37′,537 ofFIGS. 22C-D and45-47 may utilizefoam members138 withcavities76 positioned in similar locations in various embodiments. It is understood that different positions and configurations ofcavities76 may be utilized in other embodiments. In a further embodiment, a singlesole structure130 may containmultiple cavities76 arranged for use with several different types ofinserts37,37′,437,537 havingdifferent vent72 locations. In this embodiment, at least some of thecavities76 may be unused, depending on the configuration of theinsert37, et seq. In further embodiments, any of the features, characteristics, etc., of the embodiments ofairflow systems70 described herein may be combined with other embodiments ofairflow systems70, as well as other embodiments ofsensor systems12, inserts37, and/orfootwear100.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, as described above, thespacer layer67 generally insulates conductive members/components on the first andsecond layers66,68 from each other, except in areas where electrical contact is desired, such as at thepathway50 and between thecontacts40,42 of thesensors16. Thespacer layer67 hasholes38,43 to define areas of desired electrical contact between thelayers66,68. The components of theairflow system70, in particular thechannels71 may provide a route for shorting or other undesired electrical contact by one or more conductive members between the first andsecond layers66,68. In one embodiment, thesensor system12 may include one or more patches ofdielectric material80 to resist or prevent undesired shorting by one or more conductive members across open areas of thespacer layer67, such as thechannels71. Thisdielectric material80 may be in the form of an acrylic ink or other UV-curable ink, or another insulating material suitable for the application. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 16-17, theinsert37 has several patches ofdielectric material80 extending across thechannel71, to insulate the distribution leads18A located around thesensor contacts40,42 from each other. As shown inFIGS. 16-17, thedielectric material80 is connected to the top side of thesecond layer68 and covers thedistribution lead18A, although in another embodiment, thedielectric material80 may be connected to thefirst layer66,68, or both layers may have thedielectric material80. Thespacer layer67 may have a dielectric “bridge” over thechannel71 in a further embodiment. Additionally, the dielectric material completely covers a portion of thedistribution lead18A and is wider than the width of thechannel71, which compensates for movement or displacement of thespacer layer67 or differences in manufacturing tolerances. In this embodiment, theinsert37 has patches of thedielectric material80 located at each intersection of one of thechannels71 with the distribution leads18A, including onepatch80 on the rear side of the firstphalangeal sensor16a, twopatches80 on the front and rear ends of thefirst metatarsal sensor16b, onepatch80 on the rear side of thefifth metatarsal sensor16c, and onepatch80 on the front side of theheel sensor16d. In other embodiments, theinsert37 may have patches of the dielectric material located elsewhere on theinsert37, to insulate other portions of the distribution leads18A or other conductive members from shorting between thelayers66,68. It is understood that aspacer layer67 having a different configuration with holes, apertures, openings, etc. that are differently shaped and/or located may give rise to the use of thedielectric material80 in other locations for insulation purposes. As discussed herein, thedielectric material80 may be used in other places as a reinforcement or stiffening material.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, theport14, thesensors16, and theleads18 form acircuit10 on theinsert member37. Theport14 has a plurality ofterminals11, with fourterminals11 each dedicated to one of the foursensors16 individually, oneterminal11 for applying a voltage to thecircuit10, and oneterminal1 for voltage measurement. In this embodiment, thesensor system12 also includes a pair ofresistors53,54, each located on one of thelayers66,68, and apathway50 connecting the circuitry on thefirst layer66 with the circuitry on thesecond layer68. Theresistors53,54 provide a reference point for themodule22 to measure the resistance of eachsensor16, and permit themodule22 to convert the variable current from theactive sensor16 into a measurable voltage. Additionally, theresistors53,54 are arranged in parallel within thecircuit10, which compensates for variations in thecircuit10 and/or variations in the manufacturing processes used to create theresistors53,54, such as variations in conductivity of the inks used to print theleads18 and/or thesensor contacts40,42. In one embodiment, the equivalent resistance of the tworesistors53,54 is 1500+/−500 kΩ. In another embodiment, asingle resistor53,54 or tworesistors53,54 in series could be used. In a further embodiment, theresistors53,54 may be positioned elsewhere on theinsert37, or may be located within the circuitry of themodule22. A more technical depiction of thecircuit10 of this embodiment is described below and shown inFIG. 20.
• FIG. 20 illustrates acircuit10 that may be used to detect and measure pressure in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Thecircuit10 includes six terminals104a-104f, including apower terminal104afor applying a voltage to thecircuit10, ameasurement terminal104bfor measuring a voltage as described below, and foursensor terminals104c-104f, each of which is dedicated to one of thesensors16a-16dindividually, and each of which represents ground in this embodiment. The terminals104a-104frepresent theterminals11 of theport14. In the embodiment shown, fixedresistors102aand102b, which representresistors53 and54, are connected in parallel.Fixed resistors102aand102bmay be physically located on separate layers. The equivalent resistance acrossterminals104aand104bis determined by the well-known equation of:
• 
  R_eq=R_102a·R_102b/(R_102a+R_102b)  (Equation 1)
• Where:
• • R_102a=Resistance of fixedresistors102a
  • R_102b=Resistance of fixedresistors102b
  • R_eq≦Equivalent resistance
• Electrically connecting fixedresistors102aand102bin parallel compensates for variations in the manufacturing processes used to create fixedresistors102aand102b. For example, if fixedresistor102ahas a resistance that deviates from a desired resistance, the deviation of the equivalent resistance determined byequation 1 is minimized by the averaging effect of fixedresistor102b. One skilled in the art will appreciate that two fixed resistors are shown for illustration purposes only. Additional fixed resistors may be connected in parallel and each fixed resistor may be formed on a different layer.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 20, fixedresistors102aand102bare connected tosensors16a-16d.Sensors16a-16dmay be implemented with variable resistors that change resistance in response to changes in pressure, as described above. Each ofsensors16a-16dmay be implemented with multiple variable resistors. In one embodiment, each ofsensors16a-16dis implemented with two variable resistors which are physically located on different layers and electrically connected in parallel. For example, as described above with respect to one embodiment, eachsensor16a-16dmay contain twocontacts40,42 that engage each other to a greater degree as applied pressure increases, and the resistance of thesensor16a-16dmay decrease as the engagement increases. As mentioned above, connecting resistors in parallel creates an equivalent resistance that minimizes deviations created during manufacturing processes. In another embodiment, thecontacts40,42 may be arranged in series.Sensors16a-16dmay be connected to ground viaswitches108a-108d.Switches108a-108dmay be closed one at a time to connect a sensor. In some embodiments,switches108a-108dare implemented with transistors or integrated circuits.
• In operation a voltage level, such as 3 volts, is applied at terminal104a.Switches108a-108dare closed one at a time to connect one ofsensors16a-16dto ground. When connected to ground, each ofsensors16a-16dforms a voltage divider with the combination of fixedresistors102aand102b. For example, whenswitch108ais closed, the voltage between terminal104aand ground is divided between the combination of fixedresistors102aand102bandsensor16a. The voltage measured atterminal104bchanges as the resistance ofsensor16achanges. As a result, pressure applied tosensor16amay be measured as a voltage level atterminal104b. The resistance of thesensor16ais measured utilizing the voltage applied to thesensor16ain series with the combined fixedresistors104aand104bof known value. Similarly, selectively closingswitches108b-108dwill generate voltage levels atterminal104bthat are related to the pressure applied atsensors16b-16d. It is understood that the connections between thesensors16a-dand theterminals104c-fmay be different in other embodiments. For example, thesensors16a-dare connected to different pins of theinterface20 in theleft shoe insert37 as compared to theright shoe insert37, as shown inFIG. 12. In another embodiment, the voltage level may be applied in the opposite manner, with the ground located at terminal104aand the voltage applied atterminals104c-f. In further embodiments, another circuit configuration may be used to achieve a similar result and functionality.
• The tworesistors53,54 have similar or identical structures in the embodiment illustrated, however it is understood that the resistors may have different structures in other embodiments. Eachresistor53,54 has twosections55,56 spaced from each other and abridge57 positioned between and connecting thesections55,56.FIGS. 15 and 17 illustrate more detailed views of theresistors53,54, with oneresistor53 shown from the top and theother resistor54 shown from the underside. Thesections55,56 may be connected todifferent leads18, such that an electronic signal or current that enters theresistor53,54 through onelead18 would travel between thesections55,56 across thebridge57, and then exit through theother lead18. Thesections55,56 may be formed as aninner section55 and anouter section56 that substantially surrounds theinner section55, to provide a large length for transmission between thesections55,56 within a small area. In this embodiment, thebridge57 also substantially surrounds theinner section55 and is substantially surrounded by theouter section56. As seen and appreciated inFIGS. 15-17, thebridge57 overlaps partially with both theinner section55 and theouter section56, in order to permit transmission through thebridge57. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 15 and 17, theinner section55 is formed in a circular or substantially circular shape. Theouter section56 is at least partially formed by a semi-annular ring shape that at least partially surrounds theinner section55 and is spaced from the inner section around the inner edge of the ring, in this embodiment. Thebridge57 in this embodiment is also at least partially formed by a semi-annular ring shape with inner and outer semi-circular edges, and thebridge57 at least partially surrounds theinner section55 and at least partially fills the spaces between thesections55,56. The inner edge of thebridge57 overlaps theinner section55 and the outer edge of thebridge57 overlaps theouter section56, as illustrated inFIG. 17. Additionally, in this embodiment, agap58 is defined through theouter section56 and thebridge57 to permit thelead18 to connect to theinner section55 and pass away from theinner section55 without contacting theouter section56 or thebridge57. In other words, the semi-annular ring-shapedouter section56 andbridge57 have ends that define thegap58 therebetween. It is understood that the relative shapes, sizes, and arrangements of thesections55,56 and thebridge57 may be different in other embodiments.
• In one embodiment, thebridge57 may be formed of a more resistive material than thesections55,56, and may thus provide the majority of the resistance of eachresistor53,54. Thesections55,56 may be at least partially formed of a high-conductivity material, such as a silver material. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B, the inner andouter sections55,56 are formed of the same material as theleads18, such as a printed silver-based or other metallic-based ink. In this embodiment, thebridge57 is formed of the same material as thesensor contacts40,42, such as carbon black or another conductive carbon material. It is understood that the inner andouter sections55,56 and/or thebridge57 may be formed of different materials in other embodiments.
• Thepathway50 generally permits continuous and/or uninterrupted electrical communication and passes electronic signals between the first andsecond layers66,68. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, theport14 is directly connected to thesecond layer68, and thepathway50 may serve as a vertical path between theport14 and thesensor contacts40 on thefirst layer66,68. In this embodiment, thepathway50 includesconductive portions51 on thefirst layer66 and thesecond layer68, such thatconductive portions51 are in continuous engagement with each other to provide continuous electrical communication between the first andsecond layers66,68 (See, e.g.,FIG. 21). Thespacer layer67 in this embodiment includes ahole38 that is aligned with thepathway50 and allows for continuous engagement between theconductive portions51 through thespacer layer67. Additionally, in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, each of theconductive portions51 is divided into twosections52 that are separated by an elongated gap59 (FIG. 15). Theseconductive sections52 have substantially half-circular shapes in the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-22B, and theconductive portions51 have a generally circular shape. Thesections52 on thefirst layer66 are shaped, sized, and located substantially the same as thesections52 on thesecond layer68, such that the sections on eachlayer66,68 engage the correspondingsections52 on theother layer66,68. Thegaps59 on the twolayers66,68 are also substantially aligned in this embodiment. In other words, theconductive portions51 may be arranged so that theleft sections52 of theconductive portions51 engage each other and theright sections52 of theconductive portions51 engage each other, with no direct engagement between either of theleft sections52 and either of theright sections52. This configuration may alternately be described as creating two separate, side-by-side pathways between the first andsecond layers66,68, and eachsection52 may be considered to be separate conductive portions forming each pathway. Theconductive portions51 of thepathway50 are formed of a conductive material, and in one embodiment, theconductive portions51 may be formed of the same material as theleads18, such as a silver-based ink or other metallic ink. In other embodiments, thepathway50, and the components thereof described herein, may have a different size, shape, form, or location, and may be formed of a different material.
• Thepathway50 may be at least partially surrounded by or bounded by a stiffeningstructure60 in one embodiment to provide structural support and/or effects. As illustrated inFIGS. 7-17 and21, theconductive portions51 are surrounded by a substantiallyannular stiffener60. Thestiffener60 in this embodiment is not completely annular, as thegap59 extends through thestiffener60, and thestiffener60 may also include additional gaps forleads18 to pass through and connect to theconductive portions51, in another embodiment. Thestiffener60 in this embodiment serves to assist with engagement between theconductive portions51, to achieve maximum engagement between theconductive portions51.FIG. 21 illustrates this configuration in greater detail. It is understood thatFIG. 21 is at least partially schematic in nature, and the relative sizes of the components shown inFIG. 21 may be exaggerated for effect and understanding. Additionally,FIG. 21 does not show thebottom layer69, for clarity in illustrating theother layers66,67,68. In general, thespacer layer67 provides separation between theconductive portions51, such that thelayers66,68 must be deflected toward each other at thepathway50 in order for theconductive portions51 to engage each other.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 21, thehole38 in thespacer layer67 permits theconductive portions51 to deflect toward each other and engage each other. The first andsecond layers66,68 may be vacuumed or otherwise pressed together to achieve this contact, such as by passing a roller over the assembledinsert37 at the location of thepathway50 to remove excess air. The deflection of thelayers66,68 toward each other creates anannular transition region61 on one or both of thelayers66,68 around the rim of thehole38, where the layer or layers66,68 deflect toward each other. Thetransition region61 in this embodiment is defined by an outerannular break line61aand an innerannular break line61b, with thetransition region61 between the break lines61a,61b, and with theconductive portions51 within theinner break line61b. In this configuration, the first andsecond layers66,68 are generally horizontal outside theouter break line61aand within theinner break line61a, and the first andsecond layers66,68 slope toward each other at thetransition region61 to create engagement between theconductive portions51. Thehole38 is larger in dimension than thestiffener60, such that thestiffener60 is positioned adjacent the edge of thehole38. In this configuration, the increased stiffness of thestiffener60 tends to cause thelayers66,68 to make a sharp transition from horizontal to at least partially vertical at the location of thestiffener60, and thus thestiffener60 tends to define thetransition region61.
• As seen inFIG. 21, the location of thetransition region61 at thestiffener60 permits maximum contact between theconductive portions51 inside thearea62 bounded by thetransition region61. In one embodiment, majorities of theconductive portions51 are in continuous engagement with each other through thehole38 inside anarea62 bounded by thetransition region61. In another embodiment, theconductive portions51 are in continuous engagement with each other through thehole38 over the entirety or substantially the entirety of thearea62 bounded by thetransition region61. This continuous contact assists in ensuring that thepathway50 and thecircuit10 will be uninterrupted and will function properly. Adhesives may be utilized at or around thepathway50 to enhance the engagement between thelayers66,68 at thepathway50. Thestiffener60 may be formed of any material that has suitable stiffness, and in one embodiment, may be formed of a material with greater stiffness than the material of theconductive portions51. One example of such a material is carbon black or other carbon-based material, although other materials may be used in other embodiments, including other types of printable substances.
• Thestiffener60 may also assist in achieving continuous engagement between theconductive portions51 in a different way. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, thestiffener60 is formed by a carbon-based ink that is more absorptive of many wavelengths of light as compared to the metallic-based ink of theconductive portions51, which may tend to be reflective. The ink on thelayers66,68 may be cured using IR radiation, and in this embodiment, thestiffener60 may absorb a greater amount of the IR radiation than theconductive portions51. This absorption may tend to heat the area of thelayer66,68 immediately below thestiffener60 to cause a temperature gradient across the thickness of thelayer66,68, such that thelayer66,68 is warmer on the surface on which thestiffener60 is printed and cooler on the opposite surface. This temperature gradient, in turn, may cause differential expansion/contraction at the opposed surfaces of thelayer66,68 around thestiffener60, such that the warmer surface at thestiffener60 may contract relative to the surface opposite thestiffener60, causing the region of eachlayer66,68 inside the stiffener60 (i.e. at the conductive portions51) to protrude or dimple slightly upward. This protrusion of thelayers66,68 extends theconductive portions51 on thelayers66,68 closer to each other, which may result in increased engagement between theconductive portions51, assisting in achieving continuous or substantially continuous engagement of theconductive portions51 within thestiffener60. The protrusion of thelayers66,68 may additionally or alternately be enhanced by mechanical stamping or other pre-straining action to create a protruding or dimpling effect. Bonding techniques, such as ultrasonic spot welding or other spot welding, may additionally or alternately be used increase engagement between theconductive portions51. In one embodiment, ultrasonic spot welding may be used in a waffle pattern between theconductive portions51 to retain theconductive portions51 in engagement with each other.
• Thegap59 in thepathway50 may serve multiple functions. One function that may be served by thegap59 is to create electrical separation between thesections52 of thepathway50, in order to create separate connections between thelayers66,68. Another function that may be served by thegap59 is to increase the durability of thepathway50 during flexing of theinsert37. In general, the foot of the user will tend to “roll” from the fifth metatarsal area (also referred to as the fifth metatarsal head area or the fifth metatarsophalangeal area) to the first metatarsal area (also referred to as the first metatarsal head area or the first metatarsophalangeal area). In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, thepathway50 is located around the second and/or third metatarsal areas of theinsert37, so that the roll of the user's foot passes directly over thepathway50. Repeated rolling of this nature can cause bending of theconductive portions51, which can in turn, cause abrasion, fracture, separation, etc. Thegap59 can serve as a flexing point to minimize bending of theconductive portions51 if aligned properly. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, thegap59 is generally aligned perpendicular to the direction of the typical roll of the user's foot, or in other words, perpendicular to a line extending between the fifth metatarsal area and the first metatarsal area of theinsert37. In one embodiment, a virtual line L (seeFIG. 10) may be drawn between thesensor16bin the first metatarsal area and thesensor16cin the fifth metatarsal area, and thegap59 may be aligned perpendicular to this line L or within +/−45° of being perpendicular to the line L. The line L as shown inFIG. 10 is drawn between the front edge (e.g. front center) of thefirst metatarsal sensor16band the rear edge (e.g. rear center) of thefifth metatarsal sensor16c. In other embodiments, the gap59 (if present) may be positioned differently, particularly if thepathway50 is located in a different area of theinsert37.
• FIGS. 52-56 illustrate another embodiment of asensor system612 that includes aninsert member37, which are similar to thesensor system12 and theinsert37 ofFIGS. 3-22B. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 52-56, thepathway50 does not include astiffener60 as in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. Additionally, theconductive portions51 of thepathway50 in this embodiment are enlarged to cover the area that is covered by thestiffener60 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. In other words, in this embodiment, theconductive portions51 extend almost to the edge of thehole38 that is aligned with thepathway50, and portions of theconductive portions51 are positioned within thetransition region61, as illustrated schematically inFIG. 56. The increased sizes of theconductive portions51 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 52-56 may provide a greater surface area for potential engagement between theconductive portions51, and thereby provide more consistent and uninterrupted function of thepathway50. In other respects, thepathway50 shares structural and functional features with the embodiments of thepathway50 shown inFIGS. 3-22B and described elsewhere herein. Such similar structures and functions are not described again for the sake of brevity. In one embodiment, mechanical stamping or other pre-straining action can be used to create a protruding or dimpling effect of thelayers66,68, enhancing engagement between theconductive portions51, as described above. Bonding techniques, such as ultrasonic spot welding or other spot welding, may additionally or alternately be used increase engagement between theconductive portions51, as also described above.
• In another embodiment, thepathway50 may be positioned in another location or have another configuration. For example, in one embodiment, thepathway50 may be formed at or near theterminals11, such as by utilizing a two-pin connection (not shown) on thefirst layer66 and connecting the two-pin connection to the fifth andsixth terminals11 of theinterface20, such as by a crimping connection. Other structures for forming apathway50 may be utilized in further embodiments.
• FIGS. 48-51 illustrate another embodiment of asensor system712 that is configured differently than thesensor systems12,412,512,612 described herein and has a different mode of operation compared to thesensor systems12,412,512,612 described herein. Thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 48-51 includes many structural and functional features in common with thesensor system12 described above and shown inFIGS. 3-22B. For example, the external shape of theinsert37, the general positions of thesensors16, and the configuration of theairflow system70 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 48-51 are similar or identical to the shape of theinsert37, the general positions of thesensors16, and the configuration of theairflow system70 inFIGS. 3-22B. These and other such common features may not be described again herein for the sake of brevity.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 48-51, thesensor system712 hassensors16 that include two contacts orelectrodes740,742 positioned on thesecond layer68 and athird contact744 positioned on thefirst layer66. In this embodiment, all thecontacts40,742,744 are formed of a carbon-based ink as described above, having one or more distribution leads18A at the edges of each of thecontacts740,742,744. Thecontacts740,742 on thesecond layer68 may have a different conductivity than thecontacts744 on thefirst layer66, and may be formed of a carbon-based ink that is doped to achieve higher conductivity. Thecontacts740,742 on thesecond layer68 are electrically separate from each other and are each connected to theport14 by leads18. A single power orground lead18B connects to afirst contact740 of all of thesensors16, and thesecond contact742 of eachindividual sensor16 is connected by anindividual lead18 to theport14.
• The structures of thesensors16 in thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 48-51 are otherwise similar to thesensors16 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. In this embodiment, the combined first andsecond contacts740,742 are structured similarly to thecontact42 on thesecond layer68 of the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, except that the first andsecond contacts740,742 are electrically separate from each other and thethird contact744 is structured similarly to thecontact40 on thefirst layer66 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. In other embodiments, thesensors16 and/or thecontacts740,742,744 may have different configurations. For example, in one embodiment, thecontact744 on thefirst layer66 may be a single patch of the carbon-based ink.
• In the embodiment of thesensor system712 inFIGS. 48-51, the first andsecond contacts740,742 are electrically separate from each other, and thethird contact744 is in confronting relation to the first andsecond contacts740,742, such that thethird contact744 engages the first andsecond contacts740,742 upon application of vertical pressure to thesensor16. In this configuration, the signals from theport14 travel between the twoelectrodes740,742 of eachsensor16 on thesecond layer68 by passing through theelectrode744 of thatsensor16 on thefirst layer66. Accordingly, the resistivity of thesensor16 is determined by the engagement between thecontacts740,742 on thesecond layer68 and theelectrode744 on thefirst layer66, and the relationship between the pressure applied to thesensor16 and the resistance of thesensor16 is similar to that of thesensors16 of the embodiment inFIGS. 3-22B described herein and shown inFIG. 27. The sensitivity range, activation pressure, and other functional properties of thesensors16 ofFIGS. 48-51 may also be similar to those of thesensors16 of thesensor system12 inFIGS. 3-22B.
• The connections at theport14 in thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 49-51 are similar to those in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B and illustrated schematically inFIG. 20, including apower terminal104a, ameasurement terminal104b, and foursensor terminals104c-f. Resistivity/resistance measurements may be completed in the same or a similar manner as described above. The circuit in the embodiment ofFIGS. 48-51 is similar to that shown inFIG. 20, however this embodiment includes only a single fixedresistor53, rather than two fixedresistors53,54 in parallel as in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B. Additionally, eachsensor16 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B may be considered to be five resistors in parallel, while eachsensor16 in thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 49-51 may be considered to be two resistors in parallel (contact742) arranged in series with three additional resistors in parallel (contact740). In another embodiment, thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 48-51 may be wired to have two fixed resistors in parallel or any other resistor configuration described herein. It is understood that because the leads18 connected to theport14 exist on only thesecond layer68, nopathway50 between thelayers66,68 is necessary in this embodiment. Accordingly, thespacer layer67 in thesensor system712 ofFIGS. 48-51 may not contain thehole38 as in thespacer layer67 ofFIGS. 3-22B.
• Theinsert37 may be constructed by depositing the various components on a polymer (e.g. PET) film. In one embodiment, theinsert37 is constructed by first depositing the conductive metallic material on eachlayer66,68, such as by printing in the traced pattern of the leads18 (including thedistribution lead18A, theconductive portions51 of thepathway50, the inner andouter sections55,56 of theresistors53,54, etc. The additional carbon material can then be deposited on eachlayer66,68, such as by printing, to form thecontacts40,42, thestiffener60 of thepathway50, thebridge57 of theresistors53,54, etc. Any additional components can then be deposited, such as any dielectric portions. Thelayers66,68 may be printed on PET sheets and then cut out to form the outer peripheral shape after printing in one embodiment.
• Theport14 is configured for communication of data collected by thesensors16 to an outside source, in one or more known manners. In one embodiment, theport14 is a universal communication port, configured for communication of data in a universally readable format. In the embodiments shown inFIGS. 3-22B, theport14 includes aninterface20 for connection to anelectronic module22, shown in connection with theport14 inFIG. 3. Additionally, in this embodiment, theport14 is associated with thehousing24 for insertion of theelectronic module22, located in the well135 in the middle arch or midfoot region of themidsole131. As illustrated inFIGS. 7-16, the sensor leads18 converge together to form aconsolidated interface20 at theirterminals11, in order to connect to theport14. In one embodiment, the consolidated interface may include individual connection of the sensor leads18 to theport interface20, such as through a plurality of electrical contacts. In another embodiment, the sensor leads18 could be consolidated to form an external interface, such as a plug-type interface or another configuration, and in a further embodiment, the sensor leads18 may form a non-consolidated interface, with each lead18 having its ownseparate terminal11. As also described below, themodule22 may have aninterface23 for connection to theport interface20 and/or the sensor leads18.
• In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-22B, theinterface20 takes the form of electrical contacts orterminals11. In one embodiment, theterminals11 are formed on a tongue orextension21 that extends from one of thelayers66,68 into thehole27 provided for thehousing24. The extension consolidates the ends of theleads18 to a single area to form theinterface20. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, theextension21 extends from thesecond layer68 into thehole27, and is bent downward within thehousing24 to place theterminals11 within thehousing24 and make theinterface20 accessible within thehousing24. Thesecond layer68 further hasslits83 on both sides of theextension21 in this embodiment, to increase the length of theextension21 and permit theextension21 to be bent downwardly and extend down into thehousing24. The rounded ends of theslits83 can resist formation and/or propagation of cracks and tears in the material of thesecond layer68 around theextension21. Theextension21 may pass underneath theflange28 of thehousing24 and through a slot or other space underneath thelip28 in order to extend into thehousing24. When theflange28 is a separate piece, such as in the embodiment shown inFIGS. 31-32, theextension21 may be inserted between theflange28 and thetub29 before theflange28 is connected to thetub29. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 3-22B, theextension21 is formed of the same polymeric film material as thesecond layer68 and is integral (e.g. formed as a single piece) with thesecond layer68. In other embodiments, theextension21 may extend from thefirst layer66, may include portions connected to bothlayers66,68, and/or may be formed of a separate piece that is connected to one or both layers.
• Theextension21 as illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B and32 has a reinforcingmaterial81 that is connected to the extension to reinforce a portion of theextension21. This reinforcingmaterial81 may be selected from a number of different materials that provide strength, stiffness, wear resistance, and other reinforcement. For example, the reinforcingmaterial81 may be formed of the same material as thedielectric material80 used to insulate between thelayers66,68 at thechannels71, such as an acrylic ink or other UV-curable ink. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B and32, the reinforcingmaterial81 is in the form of an elongated strip that extends across the entire width of theextension21 midway along the length of theextension21. Theextension21 in this embodiment extends from thesecond layer68 into thehole27, and the reinforcingmaterial81 is deposited on the top side of theextension21, extending over and across the ends of the leads18. The reinforcingmaterial81 may have a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the material of theleads18 in one embodiment, and may also have a greater stiffness than the film material forming thelayers66,68 in another embodiment.
• In the configuration illustrated inFIGS. 3-22B and32, theextension21 bends downwardly into the well135 and into thehousing24, as discussed above, to place theterminals11 within thehousing24 and forming theinterface20 within thehousing24. As shown inFIG. 32, theextension21 has abend area84 where theextension21 bends downwardly at the peripheral edge of thehousing24, to extend downwardly along theside wall25 of thehousing24. Thebend area84 is generally linear and extends transversely across theextension21. In the embodiment illustrated, the reinforcingmaterial81 is located on theextension21 such that the strip of reinforcingmaterial81 extends transversely across theextension21 at thebend area84 and generally parallel to thebend area84. In one embodiment, the reinforcingmaterial81 is formed as an elongated rectangular strip and has a width that is sufficient so that the reinforcingmaterial81 covers theentire bend area84. In this position, the reinforcingmaterial81 serves several functions. One such function is protecting theleads18 and/or the film of theextension21 from damage due to the bending of theextension21. Another such function is protecting theleads18 and/or the film of theextension21 from wear and abrasion at thebend area84, such as from rubbing against thehousing24 at that location. A further such function is to add stiffness and/or strength to theextension21. Other benefits of the reinforcingmaterial81 may be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is understood that, in other embodiments, the reinforcingmaterial81 may be positioned, shaped, or configured differently, or the reinforcingmaterial81 may additionally or alternately be used in a different location to impart strength, stiffness, wear resistance, etc. to another component of thesensor assembly12. In a further embodiment, no reinforcingmaterial81 may be used, or the majority of theextension21 may be covered by the reinforcingmaterial81.
• Thehousing24 may contain connection structure, such as connector pins or springs (not shown) for establishing connection between theinterface20 and themodule22. In one embodiment, theport14 includes anelectrical connector82 forming theinterface20, which may include contacts that individually attach to theterminals11, as mentioned above and shown inFIG. 32. Theconnector82 may connect to theextension21 and theterminals11 via a crimping connection. Theinterface20 in this embodiment includes seven terminals: fourterminals11 each individually connected to one of thesensors16, oneterminal11 serving as the measurement terminal (104binFIG. 20), and one terminal serving as a power terminal (104ainFIG. 20) to apply a voltage to thecircuit10. As discussed above, the power terminal may instead be configured as a ground terminal in another embodiment, with the sensor terminals (104c-finFIG. 20) being configured as power terminals. As illustrated inFIG. 12, the arrangement of thesensors16, theleads18, and other components of thesensor system12 may be different between the left and right foot inserts37, and thesensors16 may be connected todifferent terminals11 in theleft insert37 as compared to theright insert37. In this embodiment, the first fourterminals11 are still reserved for connection to the sensors16 (albeit in potentially a different order), with the fifth, sixth, andseventh terminals11 retaining the same function in both the left and right inserts37. This configuration may be different in other embodiments. In another embodiment, themodule22 may be specifically configured for use with a left orright shoe100 andinsert37. The seventh terminal may be utilized for powering of accessories, such as a unique identification chip. In one embodiment, the sixth andseventh terminals11 are extended on atail21A that extends from the end of theextension21. An accessory may be connected across the twoterminals11 on thetail21A to power the accessory. The accessory may include a small printed circuit board (PCB) with a memory chip that are attached via anisotropic contact formation to thetail21A. In one embodiment, an accessory chip may include information uniquely identifying the article offootwear100, such as a serial number, as well as substantive information such as whether thefootwear100 is a left or right shoe, a men's or women's shoe, a specific type of shoe (e.g. running, tennis, basketball, etc.), and other types of information. This information may be read by themodule22 and subsequently used in analysis, presentation, and/or organization of data from the sensors. The accessory may be sealed into thehousing24, such as via epoxy or other material.
• Theport14 is adapted for connection to a variety of differentelectronic modules22, which may be as simple as a memory component (e.g., a flash drive) or which may contain more complex features. It is understood that themodule22 could be as complex a component as a personal computer, mobile device, server, etc. Theport14 is configured for transmitting data gathered by thesensors16 to themodule22 for storage, transmission, and/or processing. In some embodiments, theport14, thesensors16, and/or other components of thesensor system12 may be configured for processing the data. Theport14,sensors16, and/or other components of thesensor system12 may additionally or alternately be configured for transmission of data directly to anexternal device110 or a plurality ofmodules22 and/orexternal devices110. It is understood that theport14, thesensors16, and/or other components of thesensor system12 may include appropriate hardware, software, etc., for these purposes. Examples of a housing and electronic modules in a footwear article are illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/416,458, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0260421, which is incorporated by reference herein and made part hereof. Although theport14 is illustrated withelectronic terminals11 forming aninterface20 for connection to amodule22, in other embodiments, theport14 may contain one or more additional or alternate communication interfaces. For example, theport14 may contain or comprise a USB port, a Firewire port, 16-pin port, or other type of physical contact-based connection, or may include a wireless or contactless communication interface, such as an interface for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near-field communication, RFID, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, or other wireless communication technique, or an interface for infrared or other optical communication technique. In another embodiment, thesensor system12 may include more than oneport14 configured for communication with one ormore modules22 orexternal devices110. This configuration may alternately be considered to be a single distributedport14. For example, each of thesensors16 may have aseparate port14 for communication with one or moreelectronic modules22, as in the embodiment of thesensor system812 illustrated inFIG. 61. Theseparate ports14 may be configured for wireless communication using wireless or contactless communications as described above. In one embodiment, eachport14 may include an RFID chip with an antenna, and in another embodiment, the port(s)14 may utilize the user's body as a transmission system, transmitting information from the user's feet to amodule22 located elsewhere on the user's body. Theports14 in this embodiment are connected to thesensors16 byleads18, and it is understood that theleads18 in broken lines inFIG. 61 represent leads18 on a lower layer of theinsert37. Theports14 may be located between the layers of theinsert37, within a hole in theinsert37, or above or below theinsert37 in various embodiments. It is understood that multiple or distributed port(s)14 may be used, with combinations of two or more sensors connected to asingle port14. In further embodiments, thesensor system12 may include one ormore ports14 having different configurations, which may include a combination of two or more configurations described herein.
• Themodule22 may additionally have one or multiple communication interfaces for connecting to anexternal device110 to transmit the data for processing, as described below and shown inFIGS. 6 and 23. Such interfaces can include any of the contacted or contactless interfaces described above. In one example, themodule22 includes at least a retractable USB connection for connection to a computer and/or for charging a battery of themodule22. In another example, themodule22 may be configured for contacted or contactless connection to a mobile device, such as a watch, cell phone, portable music player, etc. Themodule22 may be configured for wireless communication with theexternal device110, which allows thedevice22 to remain in thefootwear100. However, in another embodiment, themodule22 may be configured to be removed from thefootwear100 to be directly connected to theexternal device110 for data transfer, such as by the retractable USB connection described above. In a wireless embodiment, themodule22 may be connected to an antenna for wireless communication. The antenna may be shaped, sized, and positioned for use with the appropriate transmission frequency for the selected wireless communication method. Additionally, the antenna may be located internally within themodule22 or external to the module. In one example, thesensor system12 itself (such as theleads18 and conductive portions of the sensors16) could be used to form an antenna. Themodule22 may further be placed, positioned, and/or configured in order to improve antenna reception, and in one embodiment, may use a portion of the user's body as an antenna. In one embodiment, themodule22 may be permanently mounted within thefootwear100, or alternately may be removable at the option of the user and capable of remaining in thefootwear100 if desired. Additionally, as further explained below, themodule22 may be removed and replaced with anothermodule22 programmed and/or configured for gathering and/or utilizing data from thesensors16 in another manner. If themodule22 is permanently mounted within thefootwear100, thesensor system12 may further contain an external port (not shown) to allow for data transfer and/or battery charging, such as a USB or Firewire port. It is understood that themodule22 may be configured for both contacted and contactless communication.
• While theport14 may be located in a variety of positions without departing from the invention, in one embodiment, theport14 is provided at a position and orientation and/or is otherwise structured so as to avoid or minimize contact with and/or irritation of the wearer's foot, e.g., as the wearer steps down in and/or otherwise uses the article offootwear100, such as during an athletic activity. The positioning of theport14 inFIGS. 3-4 illustrates one such example. In another embodiment, theport14 is located proximate the heel or instep regions of theshoe100. Other features of thefootwear structure100 may help reduce or avoid contact between the wearer's foot and the port14 (or an element connected to the port14) and improve the overall comfort of thefootwear structure100. For example, as described above and illustrated inFIGS. 3-5, thefoot contacting member133 may fit over and at least partially cover theport14, thereby providing a layer of padding between the wearer's foot and theport14. Additional features for reducing contact between and modulating any undesired feel of theport14 at the wearer's foot may be used. If desired, the opening to theport14 may be provided through the top surface of thefoot contacting member133 without departing from the invention. Such a construction may be used, for example, when thehousing24,electronic module22, and other features of theport14 include structures and/or are made from materials so as to modulate the feel at the user's foot, when additional comfort and feel modulating elements are provided, etc. Any of the various features described above that help reduce or avoid contact between the wearer's foot and a housing (or an element received in the housing) and improve the overall comfort of the footwear structure may be provided without departing from this invention, including the various features described above in conjunction with the attached figures, as well as other known methods and techniques.
• FIGS. 62-76 disclose further views of one embodiment of theport14 configured to be utilized with theinsert member37. Similar structures described above will be designated with identical or similar reference numerals. This embodiment and variations of the embodiment are described in detail below. As discussed and disclosed herein, theport14 defines or supports aninterface20 for an operable connection with themodule22. Themodule22 will also be described in greater detail below. Through the operable connection between theport14 and themodule22, data sensed by thesensor assembly12 can be acquired, stored and/or processed for further use and analysis.
• As appreciated fromFIGS. 62-64, theport14 is generally supported at a mid-portion of theinsert assembly37. Theport14 generally includes thehousing24 that supports aninterface assembly156. As will be described in greater detail below, theinterface assembly156 is operably connected to theextension21 having theleads11 thereon of theinsert member37. With such connection, theinterface20 is established for further operable connection with theinterface23 of themodule22.
• As further shown inFIGS. 65-67, thehousing24 in this embodiment includes abase member140 and acover member142. Thebase member140 may correspond to thetub29 as described above that defines theside walls25 and thebase wall26. A first end of thebase member140 has a generally squared configuration that receives theextension21 of theinsert member37. A second end of thebase member140 has a rounded configuration. Thebase member140 defines afirst section144 and asecond section146. Thefirst section144 is generally dimensioned to correspond in shape and receive themodule22, and thesecond section146 is dimensioned to receive and support theinterface assembly156. Thesecond section146 further has a firstlateral slot148 and a secondlateral slot150 that are in communication with one another. The firstlateral slot148 may extend wider and be larger than the secondlateral slot150. Thehousing24 further defines aprojection151 at the second end for retaining themodule22 in thehousing24. Thefinger recess29A is generally positioned proximate theprojection151. Thebase member140 further has a pair ofreceivers152 for cooperation with thecover member142.
• As further shown inFIGS. 66-67, thecover member142 has acentral aperture153 dimensioned to receive themodule22 therethrough. Thecover member142 further has abeam member154 at a first end and a second end of thecover member142 has a rounded configuration. Thebeam member154 overhangs above a portion of thefirst section144 when connected to thebase member140 as will be described. An underside of thecover member142 has a pair of dependingposts155 that cooperate with thereceivers152 on thebase member140 as will be described. An outer periphery of thecover member142 defines the lip orflange28. In an exemplary embodiment, thecover member142 may have depending walls that cooperatively define theside walls25 of thehousing24. In such configuration, thebase member140 may define a ledge on the side wall to receive the depending walls on thecover member142.
• FIGS. 68-71 further show components of theinterface assembly156. Theinterface assembly156 has acarrier157 that supports theelectrical connectors82 such as described schematically in reference toFIG. 32. Theelectrical connectors82 each have a distal end defining a contact that is resiliently supported by thecarrier157 that will cooperate with a corresponding contact on themodule22. Theelectrical connectors82 have bends around thecarrier157 and have proximate ends having a plurality offingers158 thereon. In one embodiment, fourfingers158 are associated with eachconnector82, and thefingers158 may be arranged in a flower-petal arrangement. As explained in greater detail below, theinterface assembly156 may further include afiller material159 orpotting compound159. It is also understood that ends82A of the connectors are snapped off at a predetermined location prior to connection with theextension21 of theinsert member37, as shown inFIG. 69.
• As shown inFIGS. 72-73, theinterface assembly156 is operably connected to theextension21 having theleads11 thereon of theinsert member37. To that end, thefingers158 are connected to theextension21 where there is engagement between theleads11 and theconnectors82. This engagement can be seen and appreciated fromFIG. 72 and also understood fromFIG. 32. In an exemplary embodiment, thefingers158 protrude through theextension21, wherein each plurality offingers158 extend through and engage theextension21 in a circumferential manner. As further shown inFIG. 72, it is understood that thetail21A can be further folded over to be positioned adjacent a back side of theextension21. As discussed, thetail21A having the sixth and seventh connectors may have aPCB member90, which may be an unique identification chip, connected thereto to function as previously described. It is understood that theextension21 andcarrier157 are positioned to depend from an upper planar surface of theinsert member37. As further shown inFIG. 74, thecarrier157 is positioned in the firstlateral slot148 of thebase member140 of thehousing24. Thecarrier157 is dimensioned to fit snugly and be retained in the firstlateral slot148. Theconnectors82 face into thefirst section144 defined by thehousing24. As can be appreciated fromFIGS. 75-76, it is understood that thefiller material159 orpotting compound159 may be injected into the secondlateral slot150 through anopening150A (FIG. 65) in thebase member140 proximate the secondlateral slot150. Thepotting compound159 may be a thermosetting plastic in an exemplary embodiment and could also be one or more other materials. Thepotting compound159 fills the secondlateral slot150 and extends around the area wherein theextension21 is connected to theconnectors82 held by thecarrier157, thus providing a protective connection. In one embodiment, thepotting compound159 maintains a desired amount of flexibility to enhance the connection between theextension21 and theport14. Thepotting compound159 can resist shock and vibration while also resisting moisture ingress and corrosive agents. It is further understood that thebase member140 is positioned at theinsert member37 wherein thereceivers152 align withcorresponding openings28B through theinsert member37. Thecover member142 is positioned on the top surface of theinsert member37 wherein the dependingposts155 fit into the receivers152 (FIGS. 62-67). An ultrasonic welding operation is performed to connect thecover member142 to thebase member140. This connection is similar to the connection of thepegs28A as shown inFIG. 31. Other connection techniques for connecting thecover member142 to thebase member140 may be utilized in other embodiments, including snapping connections or other mechanical connections. It is understood that thebeam member154 extends over theinterface20 wherein theconnectors82 are protected in thehousing24. This configuration provides a robust connection of theport14 to theinsert member37 and for further operable connection with themodule22 as described herein.
• FIGS. 77-90 disclose additional views and features of one embodiment of themodule22, which is described in greater detail below. As previously discussed, themodule22 is received by and is operably connected to theport14 to collect, store and/or process data received from thesensor assembly12. It is understood that themodule22 houses various components for such purposes including but not limited to, printed circuit boards, power supplies, light members, interfaces, and different types of sensors, including multi-axis accelerometer, gyroscopes and/or magnetometers.
• Themodule22 generally includes ahousing170 that supports aninterface23 having electrical connectors that form contacts for cooperation with theinterface20 of theport14. As explained in greater detail below, the contacts associated with theinterface23 of themodule22 are formed such that they are in a sealed configuration to protect against moisture ingress. Themodule22 further has a dead-fronted LED light indicator that is only visually perceptible upon illumination. Finally, themodule22 utilizes a unique ground plane extender that enhances operation of themodule22.
• As shown inFIGS. 79-83, thehousing170 of themodule22 supports aninterface assembly171. Theinterface assembly171 has a plurality ofconnectors172 and amodule carrier173. Theconnectors172 each have distal ends that form contacts that collectively define theinterface23 of themodule22. It is understood that theconnectors172 are insert molded such that material is formed around theconnectors172 to define themodule carrier173. It is also understood thatportions172A (FIG. 79) of theconnectors172 are snapped off at a predetermined location to place theconnectors172 at a proper length for further operable connection. Thehousing170 generally has amodule base member174 having anouter base member175 and aninner base member176. Thehousing170 further has amodule top member177 having an outertop member178 and an innertop member179. Themodule base members175,176, the moduletop members178,179 andinterface assembly171 cooperate to provide a sealed configuration around theconnectors172. Theconnectors172 may be considered to have an over-molded configuration. These components also form an inner cavity wherein thehousing170 supports internal components including a printedcircuit board180 that is operably connected to theconnectors172.
• As discussed, theconnectors172 are insert molded wherein themodule carrier173 is formed around theconnectors172. It is understood that theouter base member175 is formed such as in an injection-molding process and defines an end opening. In such process, theconnectors172 can be sufficiently supported in the mold to withstand the pressures associated with the injection-molding process. Theinterface assembly171 andouter base member175 are placed in a mold wherein theinterface assembly171 is positioned at the end opening and supported by theouter base member175. In a further injection-molding process, additional material is injected into the mold to forminner base member176. Theinner base member176 is formed around themodule carrier173 and distal ends of theconnectors172 and further against surfaces of theouter base member175. An internal cavity is defined by theinner base member176 wherein the printedcircuit board180 is supported therein as is known. It is understood that theconnectors172 are operably connected to the printedcircuit board180. It is further understood that other components of themodule22 are supported in the internal cavity. As explained in greater detail below, theconnectors172 are configured in a sealed fashion from the over-molding process.
• Themodule top member177 as shown inFIGS. 85-86 and89-90, including an innertop member179 and an outertop member178, may also be formed using an injection technique in one embodiment. As shown inFIG. 88, the innertop member179 has anaperture181 therethrough. The outertop member178 is generally a planar member. The innertop member179 is positioned over thebase member174 and the outertop member178 is positioned over the innertop member179. Thetop member177 is connected to thebase member175 to encase the internal components of themodule22.
• With this structural configuration, theconnectors172 are sealed to prevent potential moisture ingress. As shown inFIG. 84, thecarrier173 is in surface-to-surface engagement with theconnectors172 generally at inner surfaces of theconnectors172. In addition, theinner base member176 is positioned around theconnectors172 generally at outer surfaces of theconnectors172. Theinner base member176 further has anengagement surface182 that abuts and engages anengagement surface183 defined by theouter base member175. As further shown inFIG. 84, with such configuration, a tortuous path represented by the phantom line L, is defined. Such tortuous path L minimizes the chances for moisture ingress. For example, a user may run through water puddles during use potentially exposing theport14 andmodule22 to moisture. In an exemplary embodiment, theconnectors172 are considered to be sealed to 5 ATM. A bonding material (e.g. adhesive) may be utilized between themodule carrier173 and theinner base member176 proximate the tortuous path L, such as at one or both points P inFIG. 84.
• It is understood that themodule22 is received in theport14. A front end of themodule22 is inserted through thecentral aperture153 and into thefirst section144. Themodule22 is dimensioned to generally correspond in size to thefirst section144 and in an interference fit. In such configuration, theinterface23 on themodule22 is operably engaged with theinterface20 on theport14 wherein the respective contacts of theinterfaces20,23 are in surface-to-surface contact. Thus, the construction is such that theinterface23 of themodule22 is forced against theinterface20 of theport14. Themodule22 may have arecess184 on a rear surface that receives theprojection151 of thehousing24 to assist in retaining themodule22 in theport14 through a snap connection. A user can easily remove themodule22 from the port by accessing themodule22 with the assistance of thefinger recess29A. Thus, themodules22 can easily be inserted into theport14 and removed from theport14 when necessary such as for charging or transferring data, or when replacing one type ofmodule22 for one application with a different type of module for a different application, or replacing a power drainedmodule22 with a freshly chargedmodule22.
• As shown inFIGS. 85-90, themodule22 is provided with alight assembly185 to provide lighted indicia to a user. Thelight assembly185 is operably connected to the printedcircuit board180. Thelight assembly185 generally includes alight member186 and alight guide187. Thelight member186 is an LED light member in an exemplary embodiment although other light members can be used. Thelight member186 has anarcuate section188 and is configured to project light in a first direction such as shown by the arrow A1, which may be a horizontal direction in an exemplary embodiment. Thelight member186 may be considered to be a side-firing LED. Thelight guide187 has afirst section189 defining afirst passageway190 configured in a first direction. Thefirst section189 has a recessed area that generally corresponds to and receives thearcuate section188 of thelight member186 to capture as much light from thelight member186 as possible. Thus, thefirst section189 is in confronting relation to thearcuate section188 of thelight member186 and partially encircles thelight member186. As shown in the figures, thelight guide187 has a geometry that assists in spreading the light to a larger area, thus spreading the light out along an arc. Thelight guide187 further has asecond section191 defining asecond passageway192 configured in a second direction. Thesecond passageway192 extends upwards and at an angle and is thus different from the first direction. In one exemplary embodiment, thesecond section191 is inclined at approximately a 45 degree angle which was determined to enhance reflection of the light. Thesecond passageway192 has a distal end that is positioned proximate theaperture181 in the innertop member179. Thelight guide187 may be treated with a dispersant agent such as by adding the agent to the resin prior to injection molding the light guide. Because thelight member186 andlight guide187 are configured in confronting relation, the components achieve a minimized footprint, which is helpful due to the limited area defined in themodule22. In operation, thelight member186 is activated as desired via the printedcircuit board180. Light is projected in the direction shown by the arrow A1. Light is also projected in an arcuate configuration based on the shape of thelight guide187. The light is projected in these directions into thefirst passageway190. Thelight guide187 directs the light into thesecond passageway192 in the direction of arrow A2 upwards. As the light is initially projected from the side firing LED, the light transitions from the direction A1 to an inclined direction towards thesecond passageway192. Light then passes through theaperture181 in the direction A2 and shines through outertop member178. The geometry of thelight guide187 is tailored to evenly disperse light in a very short path-length as shown. The dispersant agent used with thelight guide187 assists in diffusing light more evenly, thus minimizing concentrations of light from thelight member186. Because of the short path-length involved, theLED light member186 could project light that had more focused brightness in certain areas. With the present design, light is more evenly spread and reflected where there is a limited gradient of light across theaperture181. The outertop member178 positioned over theaperture181 is structured in thickness and colorant loading of the material to provide a desired translucency. Thus, as can be appreciated fromFIGS. 90 and 91, when thelight member186 is not illuminated, a user cannot detect that an LED exists in themodule22, thus providing a blank or “dead-front” appearance. Once thelight member186 is activated, light is directed along the arrow A1 and upwards along the arrow A2, and through theaperture181 and outertop member178 as shown by the designation LT inFIG. 91. With the geometry and treatment of thelight guide187 and top members, light is reflected in a more enhanced manner providing an evenly dispersed light across the entire area of the light shining through the top member. Additional structures could also be added to reflect the light in a more enhanced manner. For example, thelight guide187 could be provided with a surface texture to enhance light reflection. The inclined wall of thelight guide187 or other surfaces could be painted or have a sticker applied thereon to achieve desired changes in light reflection. It is understood that thelight member186 may project light in multiple colors. Thelight member186 provides indicia for indicating various parameters including battery life of themodule22.
• The constructions of theport14 andmodule22 described herein provide a snug fit. The constructions provide a water tight configuration and resist moisture ingress. These properties are achieved while maintaining an operable connection between theport14 andmodule22. Thefingers158 on the interface assembly also provide a robust connection with theextension21 of theinsert member37 as engagement locations between the fingers and extension are maximized. Thefiller material159 is selected to have a desired hardness to provide sufficient flexibility and anti-corrosion properties. In one exemplary embodiment, thefiller material159 may have a shore durometer on the type A scale of 30 or lower. Thefiller material159 provides protection around the connection between theextension21 and theinterface assembly156. The receiver/post connections of the housing and insertmember37 further provides stress relief to theinsert member37 to minimize chances that theinsert member37 could tear during use.
• FIGS. 91-94 disclose additional features relating to a ground plan extender associated with themodule22. In particular, further aspects relate to maximizing the surface area of a layer of a PCB of one or more electronic devices, such as themodule22. Certain aspects relate to increasing the surface area of a ground plane layer of a PCB.FIG. 91 shows a perspective top view ofexample PCB1002, which may comprise on or more components in electric communication, including but not limited to processors, capacitors, diodes, resistors, and/or combinations thereof.PCB1002 is shown to be planar across a horizontal axis (“x” axis), however, those skilled in the art will appreciate that PCB1002 (or a plurality of individual PCBs in operative communication) may be configured to form a non-planar structure.PCB1002 further comprises a ground plane layer (see1004) formed of conductive material, such as for example, copper. As shown inFIG. 91, the visible portion ofground plane layer1004 is positioned around a periphery ofPCB1002, however, portions oflayer1004 may be disposed and/or connected to other portions ofPCB1002.
• In certain embodiments, at least one component ofPCB1002 may be configurable to be in operatively communication with a portable power supply, such as for example, a battery (not shown inFIGS. 91-93 but shown inFIG. 94).PCB1002 may be configured for placement within a portable device having limited dimensions for batteries or other forms of portable power supplies. Due to the aforementioned dimensional restrictions of portable devices, batteries are often small, and such may have limited service time between charges and/or limited rates of discharge. In accordance with one embodiment,PCB1002 may comprise a space, such asbattery space1006. As shown inFIG. 91,battery space1006 comprises area along the x and z plane ofPCB1002 to permit placement of a power source adjacent toPCB1002.PCB1002 may be manufactured to dimensions creatingbattery space1002 or may be configured to be altered (such as through snap regions and/or areas of alternating thickness) to form one or more battery spaces. In this regard, although the illustrative space is a battery space, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this disclosure is not limited to only those areas and/or spaces configured for housing or positioning a battery.
• Althoughbattery space1006 ofPCB1002 is shown as a slot configuration flanked on three sides by portions ofPCB1002, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the shape, size and/or configuration ofPCB1002 is merely illustrative and other shapes are within the scope of this disclosure. The exact shape and size ofbattery space1006 may be dictated by its intended use and is not limited by this disclosure. The only requirement, therefore, ofbattery space1006 is the inclusion of area along the horizontal plane (e.g., along the x-axis) ofPCB1002 to permit placement of a power source along the same plane and adjacent toPCB1002. As shown inFIG. 94, which shows a side view ofPCB1002, a battery, such asbattery1008, may be positioned along the horizontal plane (x-axis) of thePCB1002. Becausebattery1008 occupies area withinbattery space1006, the surface area of thePCB1002 is minimized as compared with a PCB not having a space, such asbattery space1008, but instead includes a greater area of theground plane layer1004 located in the same spot.
• In accordance with certain embodiments, a ground plane extender (see, e.g.,1010) may be electronically connected to theground plane layer1004 of thePCB1002.FIG. 92 shows an exampleground plane extender1010 in accordance with one embodiment.Ground plane extender1010 may be formed of any material that effectively increases the surface area of theground plane layer1004. In one embodiment, the ground plane extender may comprise copper and/or aluminum, however, in further embodiments any conductive material may be utilized for at least a portion ofground plane extender1010. One ormore connectors1012 may be utilized to allow contact (and/or alignment) betweenextender1010 andground plane layer1004, either by conductive adhesives, soldering, pass through soldering, welding, snapping in, and combinations thereof. As best shown inFIG. 92,extender1010 may be placed adjacent to one side of the battery1008 (e.g., the top), and comprise a portion such as a top region (e.g.,1014) that is substantially parallel to, and thus planar with,PCB1002 along the horizontal (x) axis. For example,extender1010 may comprise avertical ridge1016 that operatively connects to and extends fromPCB1002 totop region1016.Top region1016 may comprise one ormore apertures1018 that may permit heat exchange from the surrounding components, includingbattery1008.
• As seen inFIG. 94,extender1010 is shown adjacent to a first side (e.g., top side) ofbattery1008 and electronically connected withPCB1002 and anantenna1020 is positioned adjacent to an opposing side (e.g. the bottom) ofbattery1008. In the example embodiment ofFIG. 94, theground plane extender1010 andantenna1020 are also in parallel configuration withPCB1002 and each other. Thus, in at least one embodiment, a portable device may comprise three layers—a first layer comprising a ground plane extender, such asextender1010, a second layer comprising a battery positioned such that at least a portion of the battery is along the same plane as a PCB operatively connected to the ground plane extender, and a third layer comprising an antenna, such as antenna, such asantenna1020. In the illustrative embodiment, the layers are vertically arranged; however, other arrangements are within the scope of this disclosure. In this regard, there is no requirement that each layer be in direct physical contact with the adjacent surface of an adjacent layer, unless otherwise stated. For example, there is no requirement thatantenna1020 be in direct physical contact with the adjacent surface ofbattery1008.
• FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of an exampleelectronic module22 including data transmission/reception capabilities through a data transmission/reception system107, which may be used in accordance with at least some examples of this invention. While the example structures ofFIG. 6 illustrate the data transmission/reception system (TX-RX)107 as integrated into theelectronic module structure22, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a separate component may be included as part of afootwear structure100 or other structure for data transmission/reception purposes and/or that the data transmission/reception system107 need not be entirely contained in a single housing or a single package in all examples of the invention. Rather, if desired, various components or elements of the data transmission/reception system107 may be separate from one another, in different housings, on different boards, and/or separately engaged with the article offootwear100 or other device in a variety of different manners without departing from this invention. Various examples of different potential mounting structures are described in more detail below.
• In the example ofFIG. 6, theelectronic component22 may include a data transmission/reception element107 for transmitting data to and/or receiving data from one or more remote systems. In one embodiment, the transmission/reception element107 is configured for communication through theport14, such as by the contacted or contactless interfaces described above. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 6, themodule22 includes aninterface23 configured for connection to theport14 and/orsensors16. In themodule22 illustrated inFIG. 6, theinterface23 has contacts that are complementary with theterminals11 of theinterface20 of theport14, to connect with theport14. In other embodiments, as described above, theport14 and themodule22 may contain different types ofinterfaces20,23, which may be contacted or wireless. It is understood that in some embodiments, themodule22 may interface with theport14 and/orsensors16 through the TX-RX element107. Accordingly, in one embodiment, themodule22 may be external to thefootwear100, and theport14 may comprise a wireless transmitter interface for communication with themodule22. Theelectronic component22 of this example further includes a processing system202 (e.g., one or more microprocessors), amemory system204, and a power supply206 (e.g., a battery or other power source). In one embodiment, thepower supply206 may be configured for inductive charging, such as by including a coil or other inductive member. In this configuration, themodule22 may be charged by placing the article offootwear100 on an inductive pad or other inductive charger, allowing charging without removal of themodule22 from theport14. In another embodiment, thepower supply206 may additionally or alternately be configured for charging using energy-harvesting technology, and may include a device for energy harvesting, such as a charger that charges thepower supply206 through absorption of kinetic energy due to movement of the user.
• Connection to the one or more sensors can be accomplished as shown inFIG. 6, but additional sensors (not shown) may be provided to sense or provide data or information relating to a wide variety of different types of parameters, such as physical or physiological data associated with use of the article offootwear100 or the user, including pedometer type speed and/or distance information, other speed and/or distance data sensor information, temperature, altitude, barometric pressure, humidity, GPS data, accelerometer output or data, heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature, EKG data, EEG data, data regarding angular orientation and changes in angular orientation (such as a gyroscope-based sensor), etc., and this data may be stored inmemory204 and/or made available, for example, for transmission by the transmission/reception system107 to some remote location or system. The additional sensor(s), if present, may also include an accelerometer (e.g., for sensing direction changes during steps, such as for pedometer type speed and/or distance information, for sensing jump height, etc.). In one embodiment, themodule22 may include anadditional sensor208, such as an accelerometer, and the data from thesensors16 may be integrated with the data from theaccelerometer208, such as by themodule22 or theexternal device110.
• As additional examples, electronic modules, systems, and methods of the various types described above may be used for providing automatic impact attenuation control for articles of footwear. Such systems and methods may operate, for example, like those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,430,843, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0009913, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0177531, which describe systems and methods for actively and/or dynamically controlling the impact attenuation characteristics of articles of footwear (U.S. Pat. No. 6,430,843, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0009913, and U.S. patent application Publication No. 2004/0177531 are each entirely incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof). When used for providing speed and/or distance type information, sensing units, algorithms, and/or systems of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,724,265, 5,955,667, 6,018,705, 6,052,654, 6,876,947 and 6,882,955 may be used. These patents each are entirely incorporated herein by reference. Additional embodiments of sensors and sensor systems, as well as articles of footwear and sole structures and members utilizing the same, are described in U.S. Patent Application Publications Nos. 2010/0063778 and 2010/0063779, which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and made part hereof.
• Theelectronic module22 can also include an activation system (not shown). The activation system or portions thereof may be engaged with themodule22 or with the article of footwear100 (or other device) together with or separate from other portions of theelectronic module22. The activation system may be used for selectively activating theelectronic module22 and/or at least some functions of the electronic module22 (e.g., data transmission/reception functions, etc.). A wide variety of different activation systems may be used without departing from this invention, and a variety of such systems will be described in more detail below with respect to various included figures. In one example, thesensor system12 may be activated and/or deactivated by activating thesensors16 in a specific pattern, such as consecutive or alternating toe/heel taps. In another example, thesensor system12 may be activated by a button or switch, which may be located on themodule22, on theshoe100, or on an external device in communication with thesensor system12, as well as other locations. In any of these embodiments, thesensor system12 may contain a “sleep” mode, which can deactivate thesystem12 after a set period of inactivity. In an alternate embodiment, thesensor system12 may operate as a low-power device that does not activate or deactivate.
• Themodule22 may further be configured for communication with anexternal device110, which may be an external computer or computer system, mobile device, gaming system, or other type of electronic device, as shown inFIG. 23. The exemplaryexternal device110 shown inFIG. 23 includes aprocessor302, amemory304, apower supply306, adisplay308, auser input310, and a data transmission/reception system108. The transmission/reception system108 is configured for communication with themodule22 via the transmission/reception system107 of themodule22, through any type of known electronic communication, including the contacted and contactless communication methods described above and elsewhere herein. It is understood that themodule22 and/or theport14 can be configured for communication with a plurality of external devices, including a wide variety of different types and configurations of electronic devices, and also including intermediate devices that function to pass information on to another external device and may or may not further process such data. Additionally, the transmission/reception system107 of themodule22 may be configured for a plurality of different types of electronic communication. It is further understood that theshoe100 may include a separate power source to operate thesensors16 if necessary, such as a battery, piezoelectric, solar power supplies, or others. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3-22B, thesensors16 receive power through connection to themodule22.
• As described below, such sensor assemblies can be customized for use with specific software for theelectronic module22 and/or theexternal device110. A third party may provide such software along with a sole insert having a customized sensor assembly, as a package. Themodule22 and/or theoverall sensor system12 may cooperate with one or more algorithms for analysis of the data obtained from thesensors16, including algorithms stored on and/or executed by the module, theexternal device110, or another component.
• In operation, thesensors16 gather data according to their function and design, and transmit the data to theport14. Theport14 then allows theelectronic module22 to interface with thesensors16 and collect the data for later use and/or processing. In one embodiment, the data is collected, stored, and transmitted in a universally readable format, so the data is able to be accessed and/or downloaded by a plurality of users, with a variety of different applications, for use in a variety of different purposes. In one example, the data is collected, stored, and transmitted in XML format. In one embodiment, themodule22 detects pressure changes in thesensors16 utilizing thecircuit10 as shown inFIG. 20, by measuring the voltage drop at themeasurement terminal104b, which is reflective of the changes in resistance of theparticular sensor16 that is currently switched.FIG. 27 illustrates one example of a pressure-resistance curve for asensor16, with broken lines illustrating potential shifts of the curve due to factors such as bending of theinsert37. Themodule22 may have an activation resistance R_A, which is the detected resistance necessary for themodule22 to register the pressure on the sensor. The corresponding pressure to produce such resistance is known as the activation pressure P_A. The activation resistance R_Amay be selected to correspond to a specific activation pressure P_Aat which it is desired for themodule22 to register data. In one embodiment, the activation pressure P_Amay be about 0.15 bar, about 0.2 bar, or about 0.25 bar, and the corresponding activation resistance R_Amay be about 100 kΩ. Additionally, in one embodiment, the highest sensitivity range may be from 150-1500 mbar. In one embodiment, thesensor system12 constructed as shown inFIGS. 3-22B can detect pressures in the range of 0.1-7.0 bar (or about 0.1-7.0 atm), and in another embodiment, thesensor system12 may detect pressures over this range with high sensitivity.
• In different embodiments, thesensor system12 may be configured to collect different types of data. In one embodiment (described above), the sensor(s)16 can collect data regarding the number, sequence, and/or frequency of compressions. For example, thesystem12 can record the number or frequency of steps, jumps, cuts, kicks, or other compressive forces incurred while wearing thefootwear100, as well as other parameters, such as contact time and flight time. Both quantitative sensors and binary on/off type sensors can gather this data. In another example, the system can record the sequence of compressive forces incurred by the footwear, which can be used for purposes such as determining foot pronation or supination, weight transfer, foot strike patterns, or other such applications. In another embodiment (also described above), the sensor(s)16 are able to quantitatively measure the compressive forces on the adjacent portions of theshoe100, and the data consequently can include quantitative compressive force and/or impact measurement. Relative differences in the forces on different portions of theshoe100 can be utilized in determining weight distribution and “center of pressure” of theshoe100. The weight distribution and/or center of pressure can be calculated independently for one or bothshoes100, or can be calculated over both shoes together, such as to find a center of pressure or center of weight distribution for a person's entire body. In further embodiments, the sensor(s)16 may be able to measure rates of changes in compressive force, contact time, flight time or time between impacts (such as for jumping or running), and/or other temporally-dependent parameters. It is understood that, in any embodiment, thesensors16 may require a certain threshold force or impact before registering the force/impact, as described above.
• As described above, the data is provided through theuniversal port14 to themodule22 in a universally readable format, so that the number of applications, users, and programs that can use the data is nearly unlimited. Thus, theport14 andmodule22 are configured and/or programmed as desired by a user, and theport14 andmodule22 receive input data from thesensor system12, which data can be used in any manner desired for different applications. Themodule22 may be able to recognize whether the data received is related to a left or right shoe, such as through the use of theunique identification chip92 as described herein. Themodule22 may process the data differently according to the recognition of L/R shoe, and may also transmit the data to theexternal device110 with an identification of whether the data is from a L/R shoe. Theexternal device110 may likewise process or otherwise handle the data differently based on the identification of L/R shoe as well. In one example, the connections of thesensors16 to theterminals11 and theinterface20 may be different between the left andright inserts37, as shown inFIG. 12 and discussed above. The data from theleft insert37 may be interpreted differently from the data from theright insert37 in accordance with this arrangement. Themodule22 and/or theelectronic device110 may perform similar actions with respect to other identifying information contained on theunique identification chip92. In many applications, the data is further processed by themodule22 and/or theexternal device110 prior to use. In configurations where theexternal device110 further processes the data, themodule22 may transmit the data to theexternal device110. This transmitted data may be transmitted in the same universally-readable format, or may be transmitted in another format, and themodule22 may be configured to change the format of the data. Additionally, themodule22 can be configured and/or programmed to gather, utilize, and/or process data from thesensors16 for one or more specific applications. In one embodiment, themodule22 is configured for gathering, utilizing, and/or processing data for use in a plurality of applications. Examples of such uses and applications are given below. As used herein, the term “application” refers generally to a particular use, and does not necessarily refer to use in a computer program application, as that term is used in the computer arts. Nevertheless, a particular application may be embodied wholly or partially in a computer program application.
• Further, in one embodiment, themodule22 can be removed from thefootwear100 and replaced with asecond module22 configured for operating differently than thefirst module22. For example, the replacement is accomplished by lifting thefoot contacting member133, disconnecting thefirst module22 from theport14 and removing thefirst module22 from thehousing24, then inserting thesecond module22 into thehousing24 and connecting thesecond module22 to theport14, and finally placing thefoot contacting member133 back into position. Thesecond module22 may be programmed and/or configured differently than thefirst module22. In one embodiment, thefirst module22 may be configured for use in one or more specific applications, and thesecond module22 may be configured for use in one or more different applications. For example, thefirst module22 may be configured for use in one or more gaming applications and thesecond module22 may be configured for use in one or more athletic performance monitoring applications. Additionally, themodules22 may be configured for use in different applications of the same type. For example, thefirst module22 may be configured for use in one game or athletic performance monitoring application, and thesecond module22 may be configured for use in a different game or athletic performance monitoring application. As another example, themodules22 may be configured for different uses within the same game or performance monitoring application. In another embodiment, thefirst module22 may be configured to gather one type of data, and thesecond module22 may be configured to gather a different type of data. Examples of such types of data are described herein, including quantitative force and/or pressure measurement, relative force and/or pressure measurement (i.e.sensors16 relative to each other), weight shifting/transfer, impact sequences (such as for foot strike patterns) rate of force and/or pressure change, etc. In a further embodiment, thefirst module22 may be configured to utilize or process data from thesensors16 in a different manner than thesecond module22. For example, themodules22 may be configured to only gather, store, and/or communicate data, or themodules22 may be configured to further process the data in some manner, such as organizing the data, changing the form of the data, performing calculations using the data, etc. In yet another embodiment, themodules22 may be configured to communicate differently, such as having different communication interfaces or being configured to communicate with differentexternal devices110. Themodules22 may function differently in other aspects as well, including both structural and functional aspects, such as using different power sources or including additional or different hardware components, such as additional sensors as described above (e.g. GPS, accelerometer, etc.).
• One use contemplated for the data collected by thesystem12 is in measuring weight transfer, which is important for many athletic activities, such as a golf swing, a baseball/softball swing, a hockey swing (ice hockey or field hockey), a tennis swing, throwing/pitching a ball, etc. The pressure data collected by thesystem12 can give valuable feedback regarding balance and stability for use in improving technique in any applicable athletic field. It is understood that more or less expensive andcomplex sensor systems12 may be designed, based on the intended use of the data collected thereby.
• The data collected by thesystem12 can be used in measurement of a variety of other athletic performance characteristics. The data can be used to measure the degree and/or speed of foot pronation/supination, foot strike patterns, balance, and other such parameters, which can be used to improve technique in running/jogging or other athletic activities. With regard to pronation/supination, analysis of the data can also be used as a predictor of pronation/supination. Speed and distance monitoring can be performed, which may include pedometer-based measurements, such as contact measurement or loft time measurement. Jump height can also be measured, such as by using contact or loft time measurement. Lateral cutting force can be measured, including differential forces applied to different parts of theshoe100 during cutting. Thesensors16 can also be positioned to measure shearing forces, such as a foot slipping laterally within theshoe100. As one example, additional sensors may be incorporated into the sides of the upper120 of theshoe100 to sense forces against the sides.
• The data, or the measurements derived therefrom, may be useful for athletic training purposes, including improving speed, power, quickness, consistency, technique, etc. Theport14,module22, and/orexternal device110 can be configured to give the user active, real-time feedback. In one example, theport14 and/ormodule22 can be placed in communication with a computer, mobile device, etc., in order to convey results in real time. In another example, one or more vibration elements may be included in theshoe100, which can give a user feedback by vibrating a portion of the shoe to help control motion, such as the features disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,978,684, which is incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof. Additionally, the data can be used to compare athletic movements, such as comparing a movement with a user's past movements to show consistency, improvement, or the lack thereof, or comparing a user's movement with the same movement of another, such as a professional golfer's swing. Further, thesystem12 may be used to record biomechanical data for a “signature” athletic movement of an athlete. This data could be provided to others for use in duplicating or simulating the movement, such as for use in gaming applications or in a shadow application that overlays a movement over a user's similar movement.
• Thesystem12 can also be configured for “all day activity” tracking, to record the various activities a user engages in over the course of a day. Thesystem12 may include a special algorithm for this purpose, such as in themodule22, theexternal device110, and/or thesensors16.
• Thesystem12 may also be used for control applications, rather than data collection and processing applications. In other words, thesystem12 could be incorporated into footwear, or another article that encounters bodily contact, for use in controlling anexternal device110, such as a computer, television, video game, etc., based on movements by the user detected by thesensors16. In effect, the footwear with the incorporatedsensors16 and leads18 extending to auniversal port14 allows the footwear to act as an input system, and theelectronic module22 can be configured, programmed, and adapted to accept the input from thesensors16 and use this input data in any desired manner, e.g., as a control input for a remote system. For example, a shoe with sensor controls could be used as a control or input device for a computer, or for a program being executed by the computer, similarly to a mouse, where certain foot movements, gestures, etc. (e.g., a foot tap, double foot tap, heel tap, double heel tap, side-to-side foot movement, foot-point, foot-flex, etc.) can control a pre-designated operation on a computer (e.g., page down, page up, undo, copy, cut, paste, save, close, etc.). Software can be provided to assign foot gestures to different computer function controls for this purpose. It is contemplated that an operating system could be configured to receive and recognize control input from thesensor system12. Televisions or other external electronic devices can be controlled in this manner.Footwear100 incorporating thesystem12 can also be used in gaming applications and game programs, similarly to the Nintendo Wii controller, where specific movements can be assigned certain functions and/or can be used to produce a virtual representation of the user's motion on a display screen. As one example, center of pressure data and other weight distribution data can be used in gaming applications, which may involve virtual representations of balancing, weight shifting, and other performance activities. Thesystem12 can be used as an exclusive controller for a game or other computer system, or as a complementary controller. Examples of configurations and methods of using sensor systems for articles of footwear as controls for external devices and foot gestures for such controls are shown and described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/138,048, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• Additionally, thesystem12 may be configured to communicate directly with theexternal device110 and/or with a controller for the external device. As described above,FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment for communication between theelectronic module22 and the external device. In another embodiment, shown inFIG. 23, thesystem12 can be configured for communication with anexternal gaming device110A. Theexternal gaming device110A contains similar components to the exemplaryexternal device110 shown inFIG. 6. Theexternal gaming device110A also includes at least onegame media307 containing a game program (e.g. a cartridge, CD, DVD, Blu-Ray, or other storage device), and at least one remote controller305 configured to communicate by wired and/or wireless connection through the transmitting/receivingelement108. In the embodiment shown, the controller305 complements theuser input310, however in one embodiment, the controller305 may function as the sole user input. In this embodiment, thesystem12 is provided with an accessory device303, such as a wireless transmitter/receiver with a USB plug-in, that is configured to be connected to theexternal device110 and/or the controller305 to enable communication with themodule22. In one embodiment, the accessory device303 may be configured to be connected to one or more additional controllers and/or external devices, of the same and/or different type than the controller305 and theexternal device110. It is understood that if thesystem12 includes other types of sensors described above (e.g., an accelerometer), such additional sensors can also be incorporated into controlling a game or other program on anexternal device110.
• Anexternal device110, such as a computer/gaming system, can be provided with other types of software to interact with thesystem12. For example, a gaming program may be configured to alter the attributes of an in-game character based on a user's real-life activities, which can encourage exercise or greater activity by the user. In another example, a program may be configured to display an avatar of the user that acts in relation or proportion to the user activity collected by the sensing system of the shoe. In such a configuration, the avatar may appear excited, energetic, etc., if the user has been active, and the avatar may appear sleepy, lazy, etc., if the user has been inactive. Thesensor system12 could also be configured for more elaborate sensing to record data describing a “signature move” of an athlete, which could then be utilized for various purposes, such as in a gaming system or modeling system.
• A single article offootwear100 containing thesensor system12 as described herein can be used alone or in combination with a second article offootwear100′ having itsown sensor system12′, such as a pair ofshoes100,100′ as illustrated inFIGS. 24-26. Thesensor system12′ of thesecond shoe100′ generally contains one ormore sensors16′ connected by sensor leads18′ to aport14′ in communication with anelectronic module22′. Thesecond sensor system12′ of thesecond shoe100′ shown inFIGS. 24-26 has the same configuration as thesensor system12 of thefirst shoe100. However, in another embodiment, theshoes100,100′ may havesensor systems12,12′ having different configurations. The twoshoes100,100′ are both configured for communication with theexternal device110, and in the embodiment illustrated, each of theshoes100,100′ has anelectronic module22,22′ configured for communication with theexternal device110. In another embodiment, bothshoes100,100′ may haveports14,14′ configured for communication with the sameelectronic module22. In this embodiment, at least oneshoe100,100′ may be configured for wireless communication with themodule22.FIGS. 24-26 illustrate various modes for communication between themodules22,22′.
• FIG. 24 illustrates a “mesh” communication mode, where themodules22,22′ are configured for communicating with each other, and are also configured for independent communication with theexternal device110.FIG. 25 illustrates a “daisy chain” communication mode, where onemodule22′ communicates with theexternal device110 through theother module22. In other words, thesecond module22′ is configured to communicate signals (which may include data) to thefirst module22, and thefirst module22 is configured to communicate signals from bothmodules22,22′ to theexternal device110. Likewise, the external device communicates with thesecond module22′ through thefirst module22, by sending signals to thefirst module22, which communicates the signals to thesecond module22′. In one embodiment, themodules22,22′ can also communicate with each other for purposes other than transmitting signals to and from theexternal device110.FIG. 26 illustrates an “independent” communication mode, where eachmodule22,22′ is configured for independent communication with theexternal device110, and themodules22,22′ are not configured for communication with each other. In other embodiments, thesensor systems12,12′ may be configured for communication with each other and/or with theexternal device110 in another manner.
• As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure, various aspects described herein may be embodied as a method, a data processing system, or a computer program product. Accordingly, those aspects may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, such aspects may take the form of a computer program product stored by one or more tangible computer-readable storage media or storage devices having computer-readable program code, or instructions, embodied in or on the storage media. Any suitable tangible computer readable storage media may be utilized, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, and/or any combination thereof. In addition, various intangible signals representing data or events as described herein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conducting media such as metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmission media (e.g., air and/or space).
• As described above, aspects of the present invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer and/or a processor thereof. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Such a program module may be contained in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium, as described above. Aspects of the present invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. Program modules may be located in a memory, such as thememory204 of themodule22 ormemory304 of theexternal device110, or an external medium, such asgame media307, which may include both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. It is understood that themodule22, theexternal device110, and/or external media may include complementary program modules for use together, such as in a particular application. It is also understood that asingle processor202,302 andsingle memory204,304 are shown and described in themodule22 and theexternal device110 for sake of simplicity, and that theprocessor202,302 andmemory204,304 may include a plurality of processors and/or memories respectively, and may comprise a system of processors and/or memories.
• The sensor system described herein can be utilized in a variety of different applications and configurations including general athletic performance monitoring such as in fitness training or sport specific activity such as basketball. It is understood that additional sensors can be positioned at other locations on the footwear. The sensors in the sensor system can also be configured to sense specific lateral movements and athletic cutting movements. As discussed herein, data collected by the sensor system can be processed by the associated algorithms either in the electronic module, the mobile device or a remote site. It is contemplated that such data processing can be used to advise users regarding wear such that the user is advised when a new pair of shoes is needed. Such data could also be processed and used to advise a user of a particular type of shoe design that may be beneficial for the particular user. Finally, the data can be processed to aid in the custom design of footwear. While the sensor system is shown in footwear, the system can be used in other types of apparel.
• The various embodiments of the sensor system described herein, as well as the articles of footwear, foot contacting members, inserts, and other structures incorporating the sensor system, provide benefits and advantages over existing technology. For example, many of the sensor embodiments described herein provide relatively low cost and durable options for sensor systems, so that a sensor system can be incorporated into articles of footwear with little added cost and good reliability. As a result, footwear can be manufactured with integral sensor systems regardless of whether the sensor systems are ultimately desired to be used by the consumer, without appreciably affecting price. Additionally, sole inserts with customized sensor systems can be inexpensively manufactured and distributed along with software designed to utilize the sensor systems, without appreciably affecting the cost of the software. As another example, the sensor system provides a wide range of functionality for a wide variety of applications, including gaming, fitness, athletic training and improvement, practical controls for computers and other devices, and many others described herein and recognizable to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, third-party software developers can develop software configured to run using input from the sensor systems, including games and other programs. The ability of the sensor system to provide data in a universally readable format greatly expands the range of third party software and other applications for which the sensor system can be used. Additionally, in one embodiment, the sensor system can produce signals and data that permit accurate detection of applied forces, which provides greater utility and versatility. As a further example, the various sole inserts containing sensor systems, including liners, insoles, and other elements, permit interchangeability and customization of the sensor system for different applications. Other advantages are recognizable to those skilled in the art.
• Several alternative embodiments and examples have been described and illustrated herein. A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate the features of the individual embodiments, and the possible combinations and variations of the components. A person of ordinary skill in the art would further appreciate that any of the embodiments could be provided in any combination with the other embodiments disclosed herein. It is understood that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central characteristics thereof. The present examples and embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein. The terms “first,” “second,” “top,” “bottom,” etc., as used herein, are intended for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the embodiments in any way. Additionally, the term “plurality,” as used herein, indicates any number greater than one, either disjunctively or conjunctively, as necessary, up to an infinite number. Further, “Providing” an article or apparatus, as used herein, refers broadly to making the article available or accessible for future actions to be performed on the article, and does not connote that the party providing the article has manufactured, produced, or supplied the article or that the party providing the article has ownership or control of the article. Accordingly, while specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying Claims.

Claims (45)

What is claimed is:

1. A sensor system comprising:

an insert member configured to be inserted into a foot-receiving chamber of an article of footwear, the insert member comprising a first layer, a second layer, and a spacer layer located between the first and second layers;

a port connected to the insert member and configured for communication with an electronic module;

a first sensor formed on the insert member, the first sensor comprising a first contact located on the first layer and a second contact located on the second layer, wherein the first sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the first and second contacts to change a resistance of the first sensor; and

one or more leads located on the first layer and the second layer, the leads connecting the first and second contacts to the port,

wherein the spacer layer includes a first hole aligned with the first sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the first and second contacts of the first sensor through the spacer layer, and further includes a first channel extending from the first hole to a first vent in the insert member, wherein the first channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the first sensor to an exterior of the insert member, through the first vent.

2. The sensor system ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change a resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port,

wherein the spacer layer includes a second hole aligned with the second sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the third and fourth contacts of the second sensor through the spacer layer, and further includes a second channel extending from the second hole to the first vent, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member, through the first vent.

3. The sensor system ofclaim 2, wherein the second channel is connected to the first hole, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the first sensor and through the first channel to an exterior of the insert member, through the first vent.

4. The sensor system ofclaim 2, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure covering the first vent, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

5. The sensor system ofclaim 2, further comprising:

a third sensor formed on the insert member, the third sensor comprising a fifth contact located on the first layer and a sixth contact located on the second layer, wherein the third sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the fifth and sixth contacts to change a resistance of the third sensor, wherein the one or more leads connect the fifth and sixth contacts to the port,

wherein the spacer layer includes a third hole aligned with the third sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the fifth and sixth contacts of the third sensor through the spacer layer, and further includes a third channel extending from the third hole to a second vent in the insert member, wherein the third channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the third sensor to the exterior of the insert member, through the second vent.

6. The sensor system ofclaim 5, further comprising:

a second selectively permeable closure covering the second vent, the second closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

7. The sensor system ofclaim 6, wherein the first and second closures also permit outward flow of moisture.

8. The sensor system ofclaim 5, further comprising:

a fourth sensor formed on the insert member, the fourth sensor comprising a seventh contact located on the first layer and an eighth contact located on the second layer, wherein the fourth sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the seventh and eighth contacts to change a resistance of the fourth sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the seventh and eighth contacts to the port,

wherein the spacer layer includes a fourth hole aligned with the fourth sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the seventh and eighth contacts of the fourth sensor through the spacer layer, and further includes a fourth channel extending from the fourth hole to the second vent, wherein the fourth channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the fourth sensor to the exterior of the insert member, through the second vent.

9. The sensor system ofclaim 8, wherein the first sensor is located in a first metatarsal area of the insert member, the second sensor is located in a first phalangeal area of the insert member, the third sensor is located in a fifth metatarsal area of the insert member, and the fourth sensor is located in a heel area of the insert member.

10. The sensor system ofclaim 1, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port,

wherein the spacer layer includes a second hole aligned with the second sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the third and fourth contacts of the second sensor through the spacer layer, and further includes a second channel extending from the second hole to a second vent in the insert member, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member, through the second vent.

11. The sensor system ofclaim 10, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure covering the first vent and a second selectively permeable closure covering the second vent, the first and second closures permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

12. A sensor system comprising:

an insert member configured to be inserted into a foot-receiving chamber of an article of footwear, the insert member comprising a first layer and a second layer;

a port connected to the insert and configured for communication with an electronic module;

a first sensor formed on the insert member, the first sensor comprising a first contact located on the first layer and a second contact located on the second layer, wherein the first sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the first and second contacts to change resistance of the first sensor;

one or more leads located on the first layer and the second layer, the leads connecting the first and second contacts to the port;

a channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the first sensor to a first vent in the insert member, wherein the channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the first sensor to an exterior of the insert member, through the first vent; and

a first selectively permeable closure covering the first vent, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

13. The sensor system ofclaim 12, wherein the first closure comprises a fluoroplastic porous membrane.

14. The sensor system ofclaim 13, wherein the first closure is a porous membrane comprising PTFE fibers and having an adhesive on one side.

15. The sensor system ofclaim 12, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change a resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port; and

a second channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the second sensor to a second vent in the insert member, wherein the channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member, through the second vent.

16. The sensor system ofclaim 15, further comprising:

a second selectively permeable closure covering the second vent, the second closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

17. The sensor system ofclaim 16, wherein the first and second closures also permit outward flow of moisture.

18. The sensor system ofclaim 16, wherein the first vent comprises a first opening in a bottom side of the second layer opposite the first layer, and the second vent comprises a second opening in the bottom side of the second layer, such that the first and second openings permit outward flow of air and moisture, further comprising:

a bottom layer positioned on the bottom side of the second layer, the bottom layer having a first aperture surrounding the first vent and a second aperture surrounding the second vent, wherein the first and second apertures are larger than the first and second openings to provide space between edges of the first and second apertures and the first and second openings, and wherein the first closure is adhered to the bottom side of the second layer within the first aperture, and the second closure is adhered to the bottom side of the second layer within the second aperture.

19. The sensor system ofclaim 16, wherein the first and second closures each comprise a fluoroplastic porous membrane.

20. The sensor system ofclaim 19, wherein the first and second closures are porous membranes comprising PTFE fibers and having an adhesive on one side.

21. The sensor system ofclaim 12, wherein the first vent comprises an opening in a bottom side of the second layer opposite the first layer, such that the opening permits outward flow of air and moisture, further comprising:

a bottom layer positioned on the bottom side of the second layer, the bottom layer having an aperture surrounding the first vent, wherein the aperture is larger than the opening to provide space between an edge of the aperture and the opening, and wherein the first closure is adhered to the bottom side of the second layer within the aperture.

22. The sensor system ofclaim 12, wherein the insert member further comprises a spacer layer located between the first and second layers, wherein the first channel is defined by the spacer layer, wherein the spacer layer further includes a first hole aligned with the first sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the first and second contacts of the first sensor through the spacer layer, and wherein the first channel extends from the first hole to the first vent.

23. The sensor system ofclaim 12, wherein the first closure also permits outward flow of moisture.

24. An article of footwear comprising:

a sole structure configured to support a foot of a user, the sole structure comprising a compressible sole member;

an insert member comprising a first layer and a second layer, the insert member being configured to be supported by the sole structure with a bottom surface of the second layer in confronting relation to the sole member;

a port connected to the insert and configured for communication with an electronic module;

a first sensor formed on the insert member, the first sensor comprising a first contact located on the first layer and a second contact located on the second layer, wherein the first sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the first and second contacts to change resistance of the first sensor;

one or more leads located on the first layer and the second layer, the leads connecting the first and second contacts to the port;

a first channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the first sensor to a first vent in the insert member, wherein the first channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the first sensor to an exterior of the insert member by exiting through the first vent; and

a first cavity within the sole member extending laterally from the first vent to a distal end located outside a peripheral boundary of the insert member, the first cavity configured to permit the air exiting the first vent to pass away from the insert member.

25. The article ofclaim 24, wherein the first cavity extends to a peripheral boundary of the sole member.

26. The article ofclaim 24, further comprising a foot contacting member positioned on top of the insert member, opposite the sole member.

27. The article ofclaim 26, wherein the foot contacting member has one or more passages located at the distal end of the first cavity, the passages configured to permit the air exiting the first vent to pass through the foot contacting member.

28. The article ofclaim 24, wherein the first vent comprises an opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the opening and covering the opening, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

29. The article ofclaim 24, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port; and

a second channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the second sensor to a second vent in the insert member, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member by exiting through the second vent;

a second cavity within the sole member extending laterally from the second vent to a distal end located outside the peripheral boundary of the insert member, the second cavity configured to permit the air exiting the second vent to pass away from the insert member.

30. The article ofclaim 29, wherein the first and second cavities extend to a peripheral boundary of the sole member.

31. The article ofclaim 29, further comprising a foot contacting member positioned on top of the insert member, opposite the sole member.

32. The article ofclaim 31, wherein the foot contacting member has one or more passages located at the distal end of the first cavity and at the distal end of the second cavity, the passages configured to permit the air exiting the first and second vents to pass through the foot contacting member.

33. The article ofclaim 29, wherein the first vent comprises a first opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, and the second vent comprises a second opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the first opening and covering the first opening, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles; and

a second selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the second opening and covering the second opening, the second closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

34. The article ofclaim 24, wherein the insert member further comprises a spacer layer located between the first and second layers, wherein the first channel is defined by the spacer layer, wherein the spacer layer further includes a first hole aligned with the first sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the first and second contacts of the first sensor through the spacer layer, and wherein the first channel extends from the first hole to the first vent.

35. The article ofclaim 24, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port; and

a second channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the second sensor to the first vent, wherein the channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member by exiting through the first vent.

36. The article ofclaim 35, wherein the second channel is connected to the first sensor, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the first sensor and through the first channel to an exterior of the insert member, through the first vent.

37. The article ofclaim 29, wherein the compressible sole member comprises a foam member having a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface having a recess configured to receive the insert therein and the bottom surface confronting a midsole member of the sole structure.

38. The article ofclaim 37, wherein the first cavity comprises a slot extending completely through the foam member.

39. An article of footwear comprising:

a sole structure configured to support a foot of a user, the sole structure comprising a compressible sole member;

an insert member comprising a first layer and a second layer, the insert member being configured to be supported by the sole structure with a bottom surface of the second layer in confronting relation to the sole member;

a port connected to the insert and configured for communication with an electronic module;

a first sensor formed on the insert member, the first sensor comprising a first contact located on the first layer and a second contact located on the second layer, wherein the first sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the first and second contacts to change a resistance of the first sensor;

one or more leads located on the first layer and the second layer, the leads connecting the first and second contacts to the port;

a first channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the first sensor to a first vent in the second layer of the insert member, wherein the first channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the first sensor to an exterior of the insert member by exiting downwardly through the first vent; and

a first cavity within the sole member located directly below the first vent, wherein the first cavity is configured such that the air exiting the first vent passes into the first cavity.

40. The article ofclaim 39, wherein the first vent comprises an opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the opening and covering the opening, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

41. The article ofclaim 39, further comprising:

a second sensor formed on the insert member, the second sensor comprising a third contact located on the first layer and a fourth contact located on the second layer, wherein the second sensor is configured such that pressure on the insert member causes increased engagement between the third and fourth contacts to change resistance of the second sensor, wherein the one or more leads further connect the third and fourth contacts to the port; and

a second channel located between the first and second layers and extending from the second sensor to a second vent in the second layer of the insert member, wherein the second channel permits air to flow between the first and second layers from the second sensor to the exterior of the insert member by exiting downwardly through the second vent; and

a second cavity within the sole member located directly below the second vent, wherein the second cavity is configured such that the air exiting the second vent passes into the second cavity.

42. The article ofclaim 41, wherein the first vent comprises a first opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, and the second vent comprises a second opening on the bottom surface of the second layer, further comprising:

a first selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the first opening and covering the first opening, the first closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles; and

a second selectively permeable closure connected to the bottom surface of the second layer around the second opening and covering the second opening, the second closure permitting inward and outward flow of air, while resisting inward flow of moisture and particles.

43. The article ofclaim 39, wherein the insert member further comprises a spacer layer located between the first and second layers, wherein the first channel is defined by the spacer layer, wherein the spacer layer further includes a first hole aligned with the first sensor to permit at least partial engagement between the first and second contacts of the first sensor through the spacer layer, and wherein the first channel extends from the first hole to the first vent.

44. The article ofclaim 39, wherein the compressible sole member comprises a foam member having a top surface and a bottom surface, the top surface having a recess configured to receive the insert therein and the bottom surface confronting a midsole member of the sole structure.

45. The article ofclaim 44, wherein the first cavity comprises a slot extending completely through the foam member.

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