US20130066338A1 - Methods and devices for manipulating and fastening tissue - Google Patents

Abstract

A tissue displacing and fastening device is provided for manipulating and fastening tissue together. The device includes a tissue displacing elements, which displaces tissue. A fold is formed from the displaced tissue and the tissue is fastened together to secure the fold.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is related to application Ser. No. 13/229,061, filed Sep. 9, 2011, and to application Ser. No. ______, filed Sep. 9, 2011, both by Richard Romley, which are both hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to methods and devices for manipulating and fastening tissue. In particular, the present invention may be useful in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Referring toFIG. 2, a normal stomach and esophagus are shown with a disease state shown in the dotted line position. GERD develops in the disease state since the gastroesophageal flap valve at the junction or intersection between the esophagus and stomach has deteriorated so that stomach contents can splash into the esophageal tract resulting in GERD. The disease state is associated with a shorter esophageal tract and a somewhat enlarged stomach. The junction has also moved orally thereby effectively shortening the esophageal tract as well.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides devices and methods for manipulating and fastening tissue together. The device includes numerous aspects, which may be practiced by themselves or in combination with other aspects of the invention. The device will be described in connection with treating GERD but shall have applications in other fields as well.
• The device includes a shaft and a tissue displacing element coupled to the shaft. The tissue displacing element is configured to reshape stomach tissue. The stomach tissue is then fastened together to form a fold. When treating GERD the fold is formed at the intersection of the esophageal tract and stomach.
• In one aspect of the invention, a plurality of tissue displacing elements are coupled to the shaft. The displacing elements are preferably individually and independently movable. The device may also include a common retractor, which is configured to displace the tissue displacing elements simultaneously. When used to recreate the junction between the esophagus and stomach, the common retractor may be moved distally along the shaft to lengthen the fold of tissue. The device may include a lock, which couples two tissue displacing elements together while maintaining the ability to independently move, or maintain stationary, the third element. In this manner, two of the tissue displacing elements may be simultaneously moved while at least one tissue displacing element remains stationary.
• The tissue displacing element may include an elongate element, such as a wire, having an engaging element, such as a helical coil, at the distal end. Once the coil is rotated into tissue, the tissue is displaced by applying tension to the wire. The wire may have a curved distal portion so that rotation of the wire changes a position and angular orientation of the wire. A sheath may be slidable over the wire to cover and uncover the distal portion of the wire. The shape of the distal portion changes when the sheath covers and uncovers the wire thereby providing greater flexibility in directing the coil to engage a particular stomach location.
• In another aspect of the invention, the device may include a tissue shaper coupled to the shaft. Tissue may be moved into the tissue shaper by simply moving the tissue displacing element to draw tissue into the tissue shaper. Alternatively, tissue may be moved into the tissue shaper by moving only the tissue shaper or the tissue shaper and the tissue displacing element simultaneously. The shaper has a cavity with an open proximal end leading to the cavity. The tissue displacing element may be movable within the cavity and to positions proximal and distal to the cavity. The tissue shaper may also be removable from the shaft and replaceable with another shaper. The shaft may include a primary shaft and a secondary shaft, which are slidable relative to one another, the tissue shaper being coupled to the primary shaft and the tissue displacing element being coupled to the secondary shaft.
• The tissue shaper may also be partially or completely resilient so that the cavity may be expanded and to provide compression on tissue as tissue enters the cavity. The elastomeric portion may be positioned at the proximal open end of the cavity so that the proximal end may expand to accommodate tissue. The cavity may also include an elastomeric portion adjacent a midportion of the cavity. The flexibility of the tissue shaper may also be enhanced by providing a plurality of longitudinal slits in the tissue shaper. The device may also include a tension sensor coupled to the tissue displacing element. The tension sensor measures tension on the tissue displacing element developed during displacement of tissue.
• The shaft may include a vacuum orifice configured to adhere the shaft to tissue. The vacuum orifice may be used to grasp the esophageal tract. The vacuum orifice may be used to stabilize tissue displaced by the tissue displacing element so that the tissue displacing element may be released and repositioned to displace another part of the stomach while the vacuum orifice holds previously displaced stomach tissue.
• The device may also include a tissue shifting element configured to shift tissue held by the shaper. The tissue shifting element may be configured to engage a stomach side of the fold and displace the stomach side of the fold distally thereby moving the intersection of the fold distally. Alternatively, the tissue shifting element may displace both tissue layers such as the esophageal side and the stomach side when treating GERD. The tissue shifting element displaces tissue to increase a length of the fold of tissue while the fold of tissue is positioned in the cavity. The tissue shifting element may also draw tissue into the shaper while shifting tissue already held by the shaper.
• The device may include a fastener applier which is a separate device delivered down a fastener lumen in the shaft. The fastener applier may include a fastener cartridge containing a plurality of fasteners and may deliver a plurality of fasteners in a single actuation. The fastener cartridge may apply a compressive force to the fold of tissue prior to application of the fastener.
• The common retractor may include a slot in which the tissue displacing element is positioned so that the central axis of the wire translates within the slot. Movement within the slot changes an angular position by at least 45 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of the shaft when moving within the slot. The change in angular position provided by the slot may be accomplished without moving the shaft.
• These and other features and aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, drawings and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 shows a device for manipulating and fastening tissue of the present invention.
• FIG. 2 shows a stomach and an outline of the stomach in a disease state.
• FIG. 3 shows the device inserted into the stomach and a tissue engaging element extended to engage stomach tissue.
• FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of the device.
• FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the device at line A-A ofFIG. 4.
• FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the device ofFIG. 5 with guide tubes moved within slots to translate the tissue displacing elements.
• FIG. 7 shows the range of motion provided by the tissue displacing element and the range of motion provided when the sheath is used.
• FIG. 8 shows a tissue shifting element in a stored position.
• FIG. 9 shows the tissue shifting element engaging one tissue layer of the tissue fold.
• FIG. 10 shows the tissue shifting element engaging both tissue layers of the tissue fold.
• FIG. 11 shows a fastener applier, which may be used with the present invention.
• FIG. 12 shows another fastener applier.
• FIG. 13A shows another fastener applier prior to delivery of the fastener.
• FIG. 13B shows the fastener ofFIG. 13A delivered into the tissue fold.
• FIG. 14 shows still another fastener applier.
• FIG. 15 shows the device delivered into the stomach and positioned in a desired location to recreate the intersection between the stomach and esophageal tract.
• FIG. 16 shows a second tissue displacing element engaging stomach tissue.
• FIG. 17 shows the first and third tissue displacing elements engaging stomach tissue after retracting stomach tissue with the second tissue displacing element.
• FIG. 18 shows the first and third tissue displacing elements retracting stomach tissue after engagement with tissue inFIG. 17.
• FIG. 19 shows the second tissue displacing element disengaged from stomach tissue, reengaged with stomach tissue and retracted again while the first and third tissue displacing elements maintain the tissue fold.
• FIG. 20 shows all three tissue displacing elements engaged with tissue and positioned proximate a common retractor.
• FIG. 21 shows all three tissue displacing elements engaged with tissue and retracted to the common retractor.
• FIG. 22 shows three tissue displacing elements simultaneously displaced into the tissue shaper using the common retractor.
• FIG. 23 shows all three tissue displacing elements retracted further by the common retractor.
• FIG. 24 shows fasteners applied to the stomach to create a tissue fold in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 25 show another view of the stomach where additional fasteners have been applied to the tissue fold.
• FIG. 26 shows the tissue displacing element engaged with stomach tissue.
• FIG. 27 shows the tissue displacing element retracted to displace tissue toward the tissue shaper.
• FIG. 28A shows the tissue displacing element moved within the slot to displace tissue toward an end of the tissue shaper.
• FIG. 28B shows the tissue displacing element ofFIG. 28A moved into the tissue shaper.
• FIG. 29 shows the second tissue displacing element engaged with tissue after displacement in accordance withFIGS. 26,27,28A and28B
• FIG. 30 shows the second tissue displacing element moving tissue with the first and third tissue displacing elements prior to displacement towards the ends of the shaper.
• FIG. 31 shows tissue extending through an open distal end of the shaper for manipulation by the tissue displacing elements.
• FIG. 32 shows the device with a removable tissue shaper attached to the shaft.
• FIG. 33 shows the device with another tissue shaper attached to the shaft.
• FIG. 34 shows the device with still another tissue shaper attached to the shaft.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• Referring toFIGS. 1,4 and5, adevice2 for manipulating and fastening tissue is shown. Thedevice2 and various aspects thereof may be used to manipulate and fasten tissue anywhere in the body. In particular, thedevice2 of the present invention may be used to manipulate stomach tissue to recreate the intersection between the stomach and the esophageal tract.
• Thedevice2 includes atissue shaper4 which shapes tissue into a desired shape such as a gastroesophageal flap valve. Thedevice2 has first, second and thirdtissue displacing elements6,8,10 which gather and manipulate tissue into a cavity50 in thetissue shaper4. Thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 are coupled to acommon retractor12 having aplatform14 which may be used to simultaneously move thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 as described below. Thetissue shaper4 is coupled to a shaft15 consisting of a flexibleprimary shaft16 and a flexiblesecondary shaft22 and may be releasably coupled to the shaft15 as described below. The shaft15 defines a longitudinal axis18 and angular orientations and displacements are often defined and described herein as being relative to the longitudinal axis18. For example, referring toFIG. 6, an angle B is defined between the first and secondtissue displacing elements6,8 as defined relative to the longitudinal axis18. The longitudinal axis18 may be substantially straight or may be curved without departing from the scope of the invention so long as the longitudinal axis18 generally follows and defines the orientation of the shaft15. Theprimary shaft16 terminates at the proximal end at a lock20 which locks and seals theprimary shaft16 to thesecondary shaft22. When the lock20 is unlocked, the primary andsecondary shafts16,22 may be moved relative to one another. The primary andsecondary shafts16,22 are movable relative to one another so that thecommon retractor12 andplatform14 are movable as shown by the solid and dotted line positions ofFIG. 1 although thecommon retractor12 has greater range of motion than depicted in both directions. A plurality ofvacuum orifices23 are positioned on theprimary shaft16 to grasp tissue, such as the esophageal tract, as also described below. The vacuum orifices23 are coupled to asuction source25 through a space between the first andsecond shafts16,22.
• The tissue shaper4 forms a fold of tissue which is substantially similar to a natural gastroesophageal flap valve. To this end, thetissue shaper4 forms a generally tubular structure open on both ends, the esophagus on one side and the stomach on the other. The generally tubular structure may also have an open side proximate the esophagus or may be a substantially closed shape. Referring toFIGS. 5 and 6, thetissue shaper4 has a generally curved cross-sectional shape terminating at afirst end24 and asecond end26. The curved cross-sectional shape forms an arc of at least 180 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis between the first and second ends24,26. Thetissue shaper4 also defines a central plane28 (FIG. 6) which lies equidistant from the first and second ends24,26 and/or may define an axis of symmetry when viewed along the longitudinal axis18. The secondtissue displacing element8 lies on the central plane28 but may be offset from the plane28 as well.
• Thetissue shaper4 may, of course, take other suitable cross-sectional shapes such as oval, round, or V-shaped without departing from the scope of the invention and it is understood that these shapes also would have a central plane as defined herein. Furthermore, thetissue shaper4 may also be omitted without departing from various aspects of the present invention. For example, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 alone may be used to displace stomach tissue and form a fold of tissue by simply displacing the tissue in a manner which forms the fold of tissue without requiring thetissue shaper4. The tissue may be displaced into theshaper4 without moving theshaper4 and usingonly elements6,810, moving only thetissue shaper4, or moving both theelements6,8,10 and shaper together.
• Referring toFIG. 7, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 each include atissue engaging element30, such as ahelical coil32, which is rotated to pierce and engage tissue as is known in the art. Thecoil32 is coupled to anelongate element34, such as a wire35, and theelongate element34 is covered by aretractable sheath36. Theelongate element34 may have a curved shape which permits the user to direct the distal end in a desired direction by simply rotatingelement30. Thesheath36 may be advanced over the wire35 to change the shape of the distal portion to provide a broader range of motion to direct thecoil32 as desired.FIG. 7 shows theelongate element34 bent further by thesheath36, however, thesheath36 could also straighten theelongate element34. Furthermore, theelongate element34 orsheath36 may be substantially straight, rather than bent, without departing from the scope of the invention.
• As will be described further below, thetissue engaging elements6,8,10 may be used to displace tissue substantially longitudinally when the wire35 is retracted. Theelements6,8,10 may be retracted into and extended from the shaft as shown throughout the Figures. The curved shape of the wire35 may also provide an angular displacement (change in orientation) with respect to the longitudinal axis18 of at least 45 degrees when theelement6,8,10 is retracted. Stated another way, theelements6,8,10 may apply an angular displacement of at least 45 degrees relative to theends24,26 of the tissue shaper4 (in addition to longitudinal displacement) when the wire35 is retracted. This aspect of the invention will be described in greater detail below. The angular displacements or change in angular orientation is accompanied by longitudinal displacement toward the patient's feet and into the stomach of at least 5 cm and is typically 2 to 6 cm.
• Once thehelical coil32 has engaged tissue as shown inFIG. 3, tension is applied to theelongate element34 to move the stomach tissue toward thetissue shaper4. Theelongate element34 may be coupled to a tension sensing element, such as a simple spring element41 shown in dotted line withonly element8, which displays an indication of tension on the elongate element at anindicator40. Use of thetension indicators40 is described below in connection with use of thedevice2. Thetissue engaging element6,8,10 may grip tissue using any other suitable method including graspers or a suction gripper without departing from the scope of the invention. A twist lock42 is provided to lock each of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 at any suitable position relative to thesecondary shaft22 and maintain tension on theelongate elements34.
• Referring toFIG. 16, in one aspect of the present invention, one of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10, such as the secondtissue displacing element8, may be displaced until a threshold tension is reached at which time the user applies the appropriate lock42 (seeFIG. 1) to lock thetissue displacing element8 as shown inFIG. 17. As also shown inFIG. 17, the user may manipulate another of theelements6,10 until another threshold tension or displacement is reached at which time the user again applies the appropriate lock42 as shown inFIG. 18. The secondtissue displacing element8 may then be disengaged, moved, reengaged with tissue and retracted again as shown inFIG. 19. In this manner, the user may continue to individually displace each of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10, while maintaining engagement with the other elements until the desired shape is achieved. Thetension indicators40 may be used with any method described herein even when not expressly described.
• The first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 are also movable within elongate slots44 in the platform between the position ofFIG. 5 near theends24,26 of theshaper4 to the position ofFIG. 6 closer to thesecond element8. Thesheath36 andelongate element34 are positioned inguide tubes46 which are movable in the slots44 by manipulatingpull wires48. Thepull wires48 are coupled to an actuator50, such as a control knob51, which is simply rotated to move both pullwires48 thereby moving theguide tube46 within the slot44. A locking button53 is provided to lock each of the control knobs51 to fix the position of thepull wires48 and therefore fix the position of theguide tube46 anywhere along the slot44.
• The slot44 permits thetissue displacing element6,10 to be moved so that a central axis56 of theelongate element34 is displaced at least 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis18 when viewed along the longitudinal axis18 as shown inFIG. 6 and represented by angle C. Stated another way, a portion35 (FIG. 1) of theelongate element34 positioned at the slot44 which emerges from shaft15 changes angular position by at least 45 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis18. Movement in this manner is typically not possible with conventional multi-link arms and graspers which have a base which may pivot but is fixed in translation relative to the shaft.
• The slots44 may also lie generally on a plane defined by theplatform14 which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis18 of theprimary shaft16. Stated still another way, the slots44 permit thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 to change an angle B formed between each of the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 and the secondtissue displacing element8, or the central plane28, by at least 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis18. In this manner, the slots44 may be used to displace tissue toward and away from theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4. Theelongate element34 may be retracted into theguide tube46 so that thehelical coil30 is positioned at the slot44 (seeFIGS. 27 and 28). When thecoil30 is positioned at the slot44, translation of thecoil30 in the slot44 shifts tissue without longitudinal displacement which is useful in various methods described below.
• The tissue shaper4 ofFIG. 4 is configured to shape a fold of tissue to recreate a gastroesophageal flap valve. Thetissue shaper4 has a cavity50 which receives the tissue. As mentioned above, the tissue can be moved into the cavity50 by moving theelements6,8,10 orshaper4 alone or by moving theshaper4 andelements6,8,10 together.
• Referring toFIG. 4, thetissue shaper4 may include an elastomeric portion52 on a proximal portion54 of thetissue shaper4 which permits the cavity50 to expand to accommodate tissue. The elastomeric material52 is positioned at a proximal opening56 of the cavity50 so that the opening56 can elastically expand thereby facilitating introduction of a larger tissue volume while applying a modest compressive force to tissue at the opening56. Thetissue shaper4 will also increase compression on tissue contained in the cavity50 as the tissue volume increases. Thetissue shaper4 has an outer wall58 which may have a plurality ofslits60 formed therein to further increase the flexibility of thetissue shaper4 and permit expansion of the cavity50. Theslits60 extend from theproximal end62 and extend toward a distal end64 of thetissue shaper4. The distal end64 of thetissue shaper4 also has adistal opening65 to permit the tissue to extend through thetissue shaper4 as described below in connection with use of thedevice2. Thetissue shaper4 may be a substantially fixed structure except for the elastomeric portion52, however, the elastomeric portion52 does provide some movability to thetissue shaper4 in that the cavity50 has a first volume during introduction which is less than a volume of the cavity50 when tissue is introduced into the expandable cavity50. As such, thetissue shaper4 does change shape even though thetissue shaper4 is not movable by the user. Although thetissue shaper4 is shown as a structure, which is not moved by the user, thetissue shaper4 may be movable by the user to close the tissue shaper4 (not shown) around the fold of tissue without departing from numerous aspects of the present invention.
• Referring now toFIG. 32, aremovable tissue shaper4A is attached to a primary shaft16A. Thetissue shaper4A may be removably attached to the shaft15 in any suitable manner such as a simple snap-fit connection117 or bayonette connection (not shown). Referring toFIGS. 33 and 34, two more tissue shapers4B,4C are shown with thetissue shapers4A,4B,4C being interchangeable and usable in any manner thattissue shaper4 is used. The user may decide upon whichtissue shaper4A,4B,4C to use prior to beginning the procedure and attach theappropriate tissue shaper4A,4B,4C to the shaft16A. Alternatively, the user may begin the procedure with one of thetissue shapers4A,4B,4C and may decide to change to another shaper (different shape and/or size). The present invention provides the ability to changeshapers4A,4B,4C or select theappropriate shaper4A,4B,4C from available shapes and sizes.
• Thetissue shaper4,4A may have substantially straight edges, forming an acute angle, symmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis18 (seeFIG. 1 andFIG. 16). Alternatively, the profile edges could be convex or concave, or any combination of concave, convex or straight edged profiles as now discussed in connection with tissue shapers4B,4C ofFIGS. 33 and 34. Referring toFIG. 33, for example, tissue shaper4B has a convex outer wall55B which creates a cavity50B also having a convex outer wall57B. A proximal opening56B leading to the cavity50B has a smaller cross-sectional shape than a midportion59B of the cavity50B. In this manner, the cavity50B may be sized to hold the fold of tissue more loosely in the midportion59B so that the tissue in the midportion59B may be manipulated more easily within the cavity50B while the tissue fold is still being firmly held by the proximal opening56B. Use of elastomeric portion52B may be particularly advantageous in holding tissue firmly at the proximal opening56B.
• Referring toFIG. 34, tissue shaper4C has a concave outer wall55C and a cavity50C having a concave outer wall57C. The cavity50C has a proximal opening56C, a distal opening65C and a midportion59C. The midportion59C has the smallest cross-sectional shape throughout the cavity50C so that tissue contained in the cavity50C may be held more firmly by the midportion59C. An elastomeric portion52C of the shaper4C may be adjacent the midportion59C which provides the advantages described above in connection withtissue shaper4. Holding tissue within the shaper4C in this manner may facilitate gathering tissue using various methods described herein. For example, the tissue shaper4C may hold the fold of tissue firmly at the midportion59C so that tissue near the distal opening65C and extending through the distal opening65C may be manipulated.
• The tissue shaper4C also includes a first clamping element61 and a second clamping element63 (shown in dotted-line position). The first andsecond clamping elements61,63 may be elastic balloons75 but may be any other suitable mechanism such as a pivoting jaw.FIG. 34 shows the balloons75 partially inflated to clamp tissue contained in the tissue shaper4C. The first clamping element61 is positioned near the distal end and thesecond clamping element63 is positioned along the midsection although any number of clamping elements (including only one) may be used. Aninflation lumen79 is coupled to the balloons75 and extends through the connector117 but may be a separate lumen as well. It is understood that the clampingelements61,63 may be incorporated into any of theother tissue shapers4,4A,4B and use of the clampingelements61,63 with the any of theother tissue shapers4,4A,4B is expressly incorporated here.
• The clampingelement61,63 may be used to hold tissue contained within the tissue shaper4C and may be clamped and unclamped as desired. As such, the balloons75 may be deflated during the tissue displacing steps and inflated to hold tissue after the displacing step. Thus, all methods described herein may include deflating the balloon75 prior to displacing tissue and/or may include inflating the balloon75 after each displacing step. The clampingelements61,63 may also be used to hold tissue during application of fasteners and, to this end, each method described herein may include the step of clamping the tissue fold together before fastening the fold together. The clampingelement61,63 may be released and again reapplied before each fastening step as desired and, again, all methods described herein shall expressly provide for the clamping steps described herein.
• As mentioned above, thecommon retractor12 andplatform14 are coupled to thesecondary shaft22 so that theplatform14 may be moved relative to theshaper4. Movement of thesecondary shaft22 and theplatform14 also moves all three of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 simultaneously. Thesecondary shaft22 includes lumens66 which receive thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 and pull wire lumens68 which receive the pull wires44 for the guide tubes46 (FIGS. 5 and 6). A suction lumen70 may also be provided which is coupled tovacuum orifices72 in theplatform14. The vacuum orifices72 andvacuum orifices23 in theprimary shaft16 are coupled to a suction source71 as shown inFIG. 1 and are independently controllable as is known in the art.
• A visualization lumen74 is formed between the primary andsecondary shafts16,22 in which avisualization device76 may be positioned. Thevisualization device76 may be any suitable device and suitable devices are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,583,872, Compact Scanning Fiber Device and U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,255, Reduced Area Imaging Devices. In one aspect of the present invention, the lumen74 which receives thevisualization device76 is no more than 10% of a total cross-sectional area of the shaft15. In one embodiment, the visualization lumen74 may have a diameter of about 5 mm and theprimary shaft16 has a cross-sectional area of about 255 mm2. A lock75 is also provided to couple movement of the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 together as described below in connection with various methods of the present invention.
• The tissue, or parts, thereof, may be stabilized or engaged within thetissue shaper4, or even outside thetissue shaper4, using thetissue displacing elements6,8,10, thevacuum orifices72 in theplatform14 or the vacuum orifices23 on theprimary shaft16. Furthermore, it is understood that stabilizing tissue between tissue manipulations or fastening steps with any one of these elements may be practiced with any of the methods described herein even if not specifically described. For example, some methods of the present invention describe stabilizing tissue with the secondtissue displacing element8 while moving tissue with the first and/or thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 and such methods may be practiced by stabilizing tissue with any other suitable element such as the vacuum orifices23 on theprimary shaft16 orvacuum orifices72 in theplatform14 and such methods are expressly included as part of the invention.
• Thetissue shaper4 may be sized to firmly hold the fold of tissue once the fold of tissue has been drawn into the cavity50 while still permitting some movement of the tissue within thetissue shaper4. Shifting tissue within thetissue shaper4, as used herein, shall mean that thetissue shaper4 holds the fold of tissue so that at least part of the tissue is approximated and in contact with one another prior to fastening but are still held loosely enough to shift tissue within thetissue shaper4 and/or draw tissue into thetissue shaper4.
• Referring toFIGS. 8-10, one structure which may be used to move or shift tissue within thetissue shaper4 is a tissue shifting element110. The tissue shifting element110 is coupled to thetissue shaper4 and provides a mechanism for shifting tissue within thetissue shaper4 without moving thetissue shaper4 and preferably without moving the primary orsecondary shafts16,22. The tissue shifting element110 includes a pair of needles112 mounted on awire114. The needles112 may be coupled to the wire in any suitable manner; for example, the needles may pivotally engage thewire114 or may have an integrally formed hinge with thewire11. Thedevice2 may include two sets of needles112. One set of needles112A may pierce one tissue layer (FIG. 9) and the other set of needles112 may penetrate both layers of the tissue fold (FIG. 10). Eachwire114 extends through atube116 having anopen slit118 through which the needles112,112A extend. When thewire114 is advanced to the position ofFIG. 8, the needles112 are collapsed within thetube116. When thewire114 is moved proximally, the needles112 naturally expand outwardly through theslit118 and further proximal motion causes the needles112,112A to penetrate one or both tissue layers. The tissue shifting element110 may engage the tissue with any other suitable mechanism including a movable suction port. Tissue may also be shifted within thetissue shaper4 usingelements6,8,10 which may apply longitudinal and/or angular displacements as described herein. For example, theelements6,8, may displace tissue further into the cavity50 and displace tissue towards or away from theends24,26 of theshaper4 by moving theelements6,10 within slots44. As such, the displacingelements6,8,10 may also constitute tissue shifting elements for shifting tissue within thetissue shaper4 as used herein. The tissue shifting element110 is omitted for clarity in various drawings but all drawings including thetissue shaper4 shall be interpreted to include the tissue shifting element110.
• Any suitable fastener may be used with the present invention and, in fact, numerous aspects of the present invention may be practiced with any other suitable fastening method such as adhesive or suture. Several suitable fastener appliers are described below in connection withFIGS. 11-14. Although the fastener applier is a separate device delivered down the fastener lumen74, numerous aspects of the present invention may be practiced with the fastener applier being integrated into thedevice2 rather than being a separate device. An advantage of providing a separate fastener applier is that thedevice2 may be advanced down the patient's esophagus without the fastener applier positioned in the fastener lumen74 which may provide a more flexible device for introduction than would a device having the fastener applier integrated into thedevice2. The fastener lumen78 includes a window80 in theprimary shaft16 so that the fastener may be applied anywhere along an arc of at least 90 degrees, and may be at least 120 degrees, relative to the longitudinal axis18 without moving the shaft15 or thetissue shaper4. The fastener lumen74 may also include a ramp80 which causes the fastener applier to be displaced radially outward from the longitudinal axis18 to compress the fold of tissue prior to delivery of the fastener as described below and shown inFIG. 12.
• Referring now toFIG. 11, afastener applier90 is shown. Thefastener applier90 includes a cartridge92 containing a plurality of fasteners such as staples94. An actuator96 is coupled to a firing mechanism which is actuated to deploy the fasteners in any suitable fashion as is known in the art. Thefastener applier90 may be configured to deliver a plurality of staples94 simultaneously and, in particular, in a longitudinal orientation. Different cartridges92A,92B may be provided to dispense a different number or orientation of staples94 as desired and methods of the present invention may provide for sequential use of the cartridges92,92A,92B. Thefastener applier90 may also be longitudinally movable with respect to thetissue shaper4 and theprimary shaft16 so that thefastener applier90 may be used at different longitudinal positions without moving theprimary shaft16 and/or thetissue shaper4. Numerous aspects of the present invention may be carried out with the tissue fold being fastened in any suitable manner including use of an adhesive or conventional suture rather than discrete fasteners. Additional aspects of thefastener applier90 are described in connection with use of the device.
• Another fastener applier96 is shown inFIG. 12. The fastener applier96 contains a helical fastener98 which is rotated into engagement with tissue using an actuator99. The fastener applier96 has an opendistal end100 which is directed toward the tissue by the ramp80 to further compress the tissue fold prior to application of the fastener98. The helical fastener98 is rotated and advanced with the actuator99 so that a sharp tip102 penetrates and advances into the tissue fold. After application of the helical fastener98, another fastener applier96 is used or another fastener98 is delivered down the same applier96.
• Referring toFIGS. 13A and 13B, yet another fastener applier101 is shown which delivers a helical fastener103. The fastener103 has a sharp tip113 and form a number of coils115 which define an axis117. The fastener103 is oriented longitudinally within a shaft105 of the applier but is deployed in a manner which reorients the axis117 upon deployment. An actuator107 rotates and advances the helical fastener103 which causes the helical fastener103 to contact a deflecting element109 which deflects the fastener103 outwardly from the shaft105 and into tissue. As the helical fastener103 is deployed, the deflecting element109 causes the axis117 to be displaced at least 45 degrees from the stored position within the shaft to the deployed position outside the shaft105.
• Referring toFIG. 14, still anotherfastener applier121 is shown which delivers a plurality of helical fasteners123. The fasteners can be delivered sequentially or simultaneously. The helical fasteners123 forms a plurality ofcoils129 which define anaxis131 and a length measured along theaxis131. The helical fasteners123 are deployed through one or more side openings125 upon movement of a rack127 that rotates agear135 coupled to the fasteners123 so that simple longitudinal motion of the rack127 rotates all of the fasteners simultaneously. The fasteners123 may be compressed in a stored position within the shaft125 so that a natural unbiased length of the fastener123 is at least 1.5 times, or even 2.0 times, a stored length (or compressed length) SL of the fasteners123 within the shaft. As the fastener123 is deployed, the fastener123 naturally expands toward the natural unbiased length. In another aspect, the opening125 may be oriented to direct the fastener123 into an even larger length than the unbiased length by simply applying a greater pitch upon delivery through the opening. In this manner, thecoils129 are initially expanded so that tissue between the coils is compressed as the fastener123 is deployed. For example, thefastener applier121 may be configured to deploy the fastener123 at a deployed length DL which is 2.5 times the stored length SL while the relaxed or unbiased length is 2.0 times larger than the stored or compressed length SL.
• Methods of using thedevice2 are now described. As will be appreciated, the present invention provides great flexibility in the manner in which the fold of tissue is formed and fastened together. As such, all methods of forming the fold shall be applicable to all methods of fastening the tissue together and such combinations are expressly included as part of the present invention even if not expressly described. Furthermore, all methods of manipulating tissue which are described in connection with moving tissue within or into thetissue shaper4 may be practiced without thetissue shaper4 or below thetissue shaper4 and all such methods are expressly incorporated herein.
• Thedevice2 is delivered down a patient's esophagus into the position ofFIG. 15 so that thetissue shaper4 is distal to the existing intersection between the esophageal tract and the stomach associated with a disease state. Thevisualization device76 is used to view the stomach and orient thetissue shaper4 within the stomach so that thetissue shaper4 is positioned to create the fold of tissue in the desired position. An advantage of the present invention is that the user may not need to reposition thetissue shaper4 once the desired position has been chosen. Of course, numerous aspects of the present invention may be practiced while moving thetissue shaper4 between different positions without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, thetissue shaper4 could be used to gather and fasten tissue into a fold and could be rotated to another position to create another fold.
• At least one of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10, such as the secondtissue displacing element8, is then extended outwardly to engage stomach tissue as shown inFIG. 3. Thesheath36 may be extended to cover the wire35 to change the shape of the wire35 to provide a different shape to facilitate engaging the desired stomach tissue location (seeFIG. 7). Thecoil32 is then rotated to engage the stomach tissue. Referring toFIGS. 1,3 and16, the secondtissue displacing element8 may then be pulled to draw stomach tissue toward thetissue shaper4 which increases tension on theelongate element34 and registers at thetension indicator40. The user may refer to thetension indicator40 to assist in assessing formation of the fold and the forces which may be required to maintain the fold. The user may retract thetissue displacing element8 until a threshold tension is reached at which time the lock42 is applied to maintain tension as shown inFIG. 17. The user may then engage stomach tissue with another of theelements6,10, such as the first element6, and retract tissue until another threshold tension is reached, or desired displacement is achieved, and the appropriate lock42 is applied as shown inFIG. 18. This process may be repeated until the stomach tissue has been displaced a desired amount by each of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 (seeFIGS. 19 and 20).
• An advantage of the present invention is that a stepwise displacement of tissue is possible since the plurality ofelements6,8,10 permit one of theelements6,8,10 to be disengaged from tissue while the other twoelements6,8,10 substantially maintain the shape of the previously displaced tissue. In this manner, one of theelements6,8,10, such as thesecond element8, may be disengaged, repositioned to engage stomach tissue and displaced again as shown inFIGS. 18 and 19. The displaced stomach tissue may also be held by thevacuum orifices23 in the primary shaft16 (FIG. 1), thevacuum orifices72 in the platform14 (FIG. 5) and/or thetissue shaper4 in addition to, or as a substitute for, the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 which hold the tissue in a displaced state ofFIG. 18. During displacement of stomach tissue, theelements6,8,10 may displace the tissue by simply applying tension to the wire35 and/or moving them within the slots44 (FIGS. 5 and 6). For example, the first tissue displacing element6 may be retracted until thecoil32 is proximate to theplatform14 followed by movement within the slot44 to change the angular orientation as described herein.
• Once the user has engaged tissue with each of thetissue displacing elements6,8, and displaced each of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 as desired, the user may simultaneously displace all of thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 using the common retractor12 (seeFIG. 21) to draw all threetissue displacing elements6,8,10 into the tissue shaper4 (seeFIGS. 22 and 23). Suction may be applied to theorifices72 in the platform14 (FIG. 5) which may assist in drawing the tissue into thetissue shaper4 as thecommon retractor12 is moved into thetissue shaper4. Of course, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 may be used to individually draw tissue into thetissue shaper4, rather than using thecommon retractor12 to simultaneously move alltissue displacing elements6,8,10, without departing from the present invention. This may be accomplished by simply positioning theplatform14 in the cavity or even distal to theshaper4 so that tissue is drawn into thetissue shaper4 by thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 alone (seeFIG. 31).
• Referring again toFIG. 8, the fold of tissue is shown contained within thetissue shaper4. The fold of tissue forms the intersection between the esophageal tract and the stomach and has anesophageal side131 and astomach side133 although at least some of the tissue on theesophageal side131 may be characterized as stomach tissue prior to creation of the fold due to the disease state as described above. Thetissue shaper4 is sized to hold the fold of tissue and may be adapted to expand to a larger volume to accommodate the fold tissue due to the elastomeric portion52 and the slits60 (FIG. 4). Once the tissue is contained within thetissue shaper4, the fold may be manipulated as now described or any other manner described herein.
• The fold of tissue in theshaper4 may be manipulated using the tissue shifting element110 as shown inFIGS. 8-10. The needle112 and/or needle112A pierce one or both layers of the tissue fold and thewire114 is then pulled proximally thereby moving the needles112 downward to draw more tissue into thetissue shaper4 and shift tissue downward within theshaper4. The tissue shifting element110 may also change a position of the intersection between the stomach and the esophageal tract to increase a length of the esophageal tract. When only one tissue layer is engaged as shown inFIG. 9, the tissue shifting element110 displaces only thestomach side133 of the fold while theesophageal side131 is held stationary by the vacuum orifices23 on the primary shaft15 (seeFIG. 1). The tissue may also be shifted within thetissue shaper4 using theelements6,8,10. In this manner, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 serve as tissue shifting elements in accordance with the present invention. For example, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 may be used to displace the tissue further into the cavity50 or through the opendistal end65 of the tissue shaper4 (seeFIG. 31). Thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 may also be moved within the slots44 to shift and displace tissue within thetissue shaper4 in any manner described herein. Thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 may all be used to apply longitudinal displacement as well as a change in angular position relative to the longitudinal axis similar to use of the slots44.
• Methods of fastening the fold of tissue together and additional methods of manipulating the tissue are now described. Each of the fastening methods may be used with any of the methods of manipulating tissue and forming the fold described herein. For the purpose of describing these methods, fasteners F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 are shown inFIGS. 24 and 25. Fasteners F1, F2 are longitudinally aligned at one end of the tissue fold (formed near theend24 of the tissue shaper4) and F6, F7 are at the other end of the tissue fold (and formed near theother end26 of the tissue shaper4). Fasteners F3-F5 are longitudinally aligned along a central portion of the fold of tissue. Of course, more or fewer fasteners may be applied and any of the fastener appliers described herein or any other suitable fastener applier may be used with or integrated with thedevice2. As mentioned above, the clampingelements61,63 may be used to clamp the fold of tissue during application of fasteners and all methods described herein may include application of the clampingelements61,63 during each fastening step. The clampingelements61,63 may be released if further tissue displacing steps are carried out followed by application of the clampingelements61,63 before applying another fastener.
• In one aspect of the present invention, thefastener applier90 ofFIG. 11 is used to deliver a plurality of fasteners, such as the staples94, simultaneously. Once the fold of tissue is held in the desired shape, as shown inFIG. 23 for example, the fasteners F1, F2 may be applied simultaneously with thefastener applier90 positioned at position P1 ofFIG. 6. Fasteners F3, F4, F5 are applied at position P2 and fasteners F6, F7 are applied at position P3. Threeseparate fastening appliers90 may be used to simultaneously apply each row of fasteners or onefastener applier90 may be used to apply all of the fasteners in three separate steps using different preselected cartridges92,92A,92B. When only onefastener applier90 is used, the fastener cartridge92 may be changed after each row of fasteners is applied. If the fastener applier has enough fasteners, thefastener applier90 is simply rotated within the window80 to the next appropriate location and the next set of fasteners94 is applied. The fastener cartridge may be adapted to dispense the necessary amount of fasteners94 at each application.
• The fasteners1-7 may be applied after all tissue manipulations have been completed. Alternatively, some of the fasteners F1-F7 may be applied and the tissue is further manipulated with theelements6,8,10 or shifting element110 followed by application of more fasteners F1-F7. This process may be repeated until all of the fasteners F1-F7 are applied while the user manipulates tissue between each fastening step as desired. The vacuum orifices23 in the shaft15 or thevacuum orifices72 in theplatform14 may be used to further stabilize the fold of tissue between the fastening steps. Thetissue shaper4 itself may also help to firmly hold the fold of tissue (particularly if the elastomeric portion52 is used) yet still permits shifting of tissue within thetissue shaper4 and still permits tissue to be drawn into thetissue shaper4. Various methods of manipulating tissue with thedevice2 may include holding selected parts of the tissue fold stationary while tissue is manipulated with another part of thedevice2. To this end, thevacuum orifices23 in the shaft15, thevacuum orifices72 in thecommon retractor23, thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 and even the tissue shifting elements110 may be used to hold parts of the tissue stationary while other parts of thedevice2 are used to further displace the tissue in any manner described herein.
• In one example of a procedure having a number of fastening and tissue manipulation steps,fasteners1,2 and fasteners6,7 at theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4 are applied first followed by application offasteners3,4,5 along the central portion of thetissue shaper4. In this manner, the tissue fold is created at theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4 first followed by formation of the central portion of the fold. Referring toFIGS. 26-28, the third tissue displacing elements10 (and the first tissue displacing element6 in similar fashion on the opposite side) extends outwardly to provide for longitudinal and an angular displacement upon retraction as described herein. The first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 may also be manipulated within the slots44, such as toward theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4, as shown inFIGS. 27-28. In this manner, tissue has been drawn towards theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4. The tissue is the drawn into theshaper4 by moving the first and third displacing elements in any manner described herein to the dotted line position ofFIG. 28. Thefasteners1,2 and6,7 may then be applied near theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4.
• The secondtissue displacing element8 may then be used to engage stomach tissue in the central portion of thetissue shaper4 as shown inFIG. 29. The tissue is then pulled down by the secondtissue displacing element8 andfasteners3,4,5 may then be applied simultaneously or may be applied one at a time between manipulations of the secondtissue displacing element8. When moving the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10, the lock75 may be used to lock the first and third tissue displacing elements together6,10 and simultaneously move the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10.
• In another example of the present invention,fasteners3,4,5 along the middle of the tissue shaper4 (and along the middle of the tissue fold being created) are applied first and tissue is then manipulated prior to application offasteners1,2 and6,7 at theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4. Tissue may be manipulated between fastening steps by engaging tissue with the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 and/or tissue shifting element110 to tighten or loosen the fold, to lengthen the ends of the fold or to longitudinally stretch the fold as deemed necessary and as described herein. For example, the secondtissue displacing element8 is used to displace the central portion of the tissue fold downward and the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 may then be engaged with tissue as shown inFIG. 30. The first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 are then retracted to pull tissue downward and also to move tissue towards the ends of thetissue shaper4. To this end, thetissue displacing elements6,10 may impart displacements in any manner described herein. For example, the first and thirdtissue displacing elements6,10 may pull tissue towards theends24,26 of the mold followed by displacement within theslots4 toward theends24,26 in a manner similar to the displacements shown inFIGS. 26-28 but in the opposite direction. In this manner, the tissue fold is created from the central portion towards theends24,26 of thetissue shaper4.
• In yet another method of applying the fasteners F1-F7, the fastener applier may be held in a substantially stationary position and the tissue is manipulated after each fastener application. Referring again toFIGS. 22 and 23, an example of such a method is shown. Fastener F3 is applied in the position ofFIG. 22. The tissue is then pulled further into thetissue shaper4 using thetissue displacing elements6,8,10 (or the common retractor to displace all threetissue displacing elements6,8,10 simultaneously) and fastener F4 is then applied without moving the fastener applier from the position in which fastener F3 was applied. In this manner, the fastener applier may stay in a single, stationary position for several fastening steps while the tissue is manipulated between fastening steps. Fastener F5 may then be applied after further displacement of tissue to complete a row of fasteners near the central plane. Rather than completing the row of fasteners, the user may rotate the fastener applier to apply fasteners F1 and/or F6.
• Referring now toFIG. 31, the tissue may also be manipulated through theopen end65 of thetissue shaper4 and all methods described above may be practiced in this manner. For example, the method of applying the fasteners F1-F7 just described may be useful when the fold of tissue extends through theopen end65 of thetissue shaper4. The user may clearly see how the formation of the fold is progressing as each fastener F1-F7 is applied and the fold becomes exposed through theopen end65 of thetissue shaper4. As such, all methods of manipulating and fastening tissue described herein shall be applicable to methods of gathering and fastening tissue which partially extends through theopen end65 of thetissue shaper4.
• The present invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiment, however, it is understood that numerous modifications could be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, thetissue shaper4 may be omitted or could be a user actuated structure without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A fastener, comprising:

a shaft;

a helical coil defining an axis, the helical coil having a length measured in the direction of the axis, the helical coil having a relaxed length when the helical coil is in an unbiased state, the helical coil being movable from a stored position within the shaft to a deployed position outside the shaft, the helical coil having a stored length when in the stored position which is smaller than the relaxed length so that the helical coil is compressed within the shaft; and

an actuator extending through the shaft and coupled to the helical coil, the actuator rotating the helical coil to move the helical coil from the stored position to the deployed position.

2. The fastener ofclaim 1, wherein:

the helical coil is deployed is fed out of the shaft when moving to the deployed position so that a deployed length is larger than the relaxed length thereby applying a compressive force to tissue with coils of the helical coil.

3. A fastener, comprising:

a shaft;

a helical coil defining an axis, the helical coil being movable from a stored position within the shaft to a deployed position outside the shaft, the axis of the helical coil changing orientation by at least 45 degrees when moving from the stored position to the deployed position; and

an actuator extending through the shaft and coupled to the helical coil, the actuator rotating the helical coil to move the helical coil from the stored position to the deployed position.

4. The fastener ofclaim 3, wherein:

the helical coil is deployed is fed out of the shaft when moving to the deployed position so that a deployed length is larger than a relaxed length thereby applying a compressive force to tissue with coils of the helical coil.

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