US20120304367A1 - Protective helmet - Google Patents

Abstract

A protective helmet includes an outer shell. A bladder, coupled to the outer shell, provides shock absorption in at least one zone or protection. The bladder holds an absorption pack that contains a plurality of absorption particles and/or a fluid and has a relief valve for relieving pressure on the bladder when the pressure on the bladder is greater than a pressure threshold.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application claims priority under 35 USC 119 to the provisionally filed application, METHOD, SYSTEM, DEVICE AND PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR, having Ser. No. 61/623,189, filed on Apr. 12, 2012; the contents of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
• The present application claims priority under 35 USC 119 to the provisionally filed application, METHOD, SYSTEM AND WIRELESS DEVICE FOR MONITORING PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR, having Ser. No. 61/558,764, filed on Nov. 11, 2011; the contents of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
• The present application also claims priority under 35 USC 120 as a continuation in part to the U.S. publication number 2011/0210847, entitled “SYSTEM AND WIRELESS DEVICE FOR LOCATING A REMOTE OBJECT”, having Ser. No. 12/713,316 filed on Feb. 26, 2010; the contents of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Technical Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates to wireless communication devices and further to protective headgear.
• 2. Description of Related Art
• As is known, wireless communication devices are commonly used to access long range communication networks as well as broadband data networks that provide text messaging, email services, Internet access and enhanced features such as streaming audio and video, television service, etc., in accordance with international wireless communications standards such as 2G, 2.5G, 3G and 4G. Examples of such networks include wireless telephone networks that operate cellular, personal communications service (PCS), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), and integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN).
• Many wireless telephones have operating systems that can run applications that perform additional features and functions. Apart from strictly wireless telephony and messaging, wireless telephones have become general platforms for a plethora of functions associated with, for example, navigational systems, social networking, electronic organizers, audio/video players, shopping tools, and electronic games. Users have the ability to choose a wireless telephone and associated applications that meet the particular needs of that user.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,935, 6,589,189, 6,826,509, 6,941,952, 7,570,170 and published U.S. Patent Application number 2006/0189852 describe systems that attach accelerometers to a protective helmet, either on the exterior of the helmet itself, or on the surface of the pads forcing sensors into direct contact with the wearer's head. Some use a single sensor (1, 2 or 3 axis), while others use sensors positioned at various locations on the head or helmet. An example is U.S. Pat. No. 6,826,509 that describes a specific orientation of the accelerometer's axis with respect to the skull of the wearer and describes a method that estimates the point of impact contact, the direction of force applied, and the duration of an impact in terms of its acceleration. The method of calculating these parameters applies an error-minimizing scheme that “best fits” the array of accelerometer inputs. The common goal of all such systems is to determine if an impact event has exceeded a threshold that would warrant examining the individual involved for signs of a concussion and possible removal from the activity. Some systems combine the impact threshold information with some form of follow-up physiological evaluation such as memory, eye sight, balance, or awareness tests. These tests purportedly determine if a concussion has occurred and provide some insight into its severity. Another goal of some systems is to provide information about the impact event that may be helpful in diagnosis and treatment, such as a display of the point of impact, direction, and duration of an acceleration overlaid on a picture of a head.
• The disadvantages of conventional approaches will be evident to one skilled in the art when presented the disclosure that follows.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is directed to various system, apparatus and methods of operation that are further described in the following Brief Description of the Drawings, the Detailed Description of the Invention, and the claims. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention made with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 2 presents a pictorial representation ofhandheld communication device110 andadjunct device100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 3 presents a pictorial representation ofhandheld communication device110 andadjunct device100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device120 andadjunct device100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 presents a schematic block diagram of asensor module132 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 presents a schematic block diagram of aprocessing module131 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 presents a graphical representation of aggregate acceleration data as a function of time in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 9 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device121 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10 presents a schematic block diagram of asensor module232 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 presents a schematic block diagram of apower management module134 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 12 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 presents a schematic block diagram of a handheldwireless device110 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 15 presents a schematic block diagram of aprocessing module314 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 16 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 17 presents a schematic block diagram of a handheldwireless device300 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 18 presents a pictorial representation of ascreen display350 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 19 presents a pictorial representation of ascreen display352 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 20 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 21 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 22 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 23 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 24 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 25 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 26 presents a schematic block diagram of adevice520 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 27 presents a schematic block diagram of ahandheld communication device110 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 28 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 29 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device521 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 30 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device535 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 31 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 32 presents a schematic block diagram of abridge device550 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 33 presents a schematic block diagram of amonitoring device560 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 34 presents a pictorial representation of acharging device600 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 35 presents a schematic block diagram of acharging device600 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 36 presents a schematic block diagram of acharging device600 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 37 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of abladder700 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 38 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 39 presents a schematic block diagram of protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 40 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 41 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 42 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 43 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• FIG. 1 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, ahandheld communication device110, such as a smart phone, digital book, netbook, personal computer with wireless data communication or other wireless communication device includes a wireless transceiver for communicating over a long range wireless network such as a cellular, PCS, CDMA, GPRS, GSM, iDEN or other wireless communications network and/or a short-range wireless network such as an IEEE 802.11 compatible network, a Wimax network, another wireless local area network connection or other communications link.Handheld communication device110 is capable of engaging in wireless communications such as sending and receiving telephone calls and/or wireless data in conjunction with text messages such as emails, short message service (SMS) messages, pages and other data messages that may include multimedia attachments, documents, audio files, video files, images and other graphics.Handheld communication device110 includes one or more processing devices for executing other applications and a user interface that includes, for example, buttons, a display screen such as a touch screen, a speaker, a microphone, a camera for capturing still and/or video images and/or other user interface devices.
• Awireless device120 is mounted in or otherwise coupled to a piece ofprotective headgear30. Thewireless device120 includes a sensor module that generates sensor data in response to an impact to theprotective headgear30.Wireless device120 further includes a short-range wireless transmitter that transmits a wireless signal, such as a radio frequency (RF) signal, magnetic signal, infrared (IR) signal or other wireless signal that includes data, such asevent data16 or other data that indicates, for example, data pertaining to an impact on the protective headgear. The short-range wireless transmitter can be part of a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, an RF identification (RFID), IR Data Association (IrDA), Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol.
• Whileprotective headgear30 is styled as a football helmet, the present invention can be implemented in conjunction with other protective headgear including a hat, headband, mouth guard or other headgear used in sports, a hard hat or other industrial protection gear, other headgear and helmets worn by public safety or military personnel or other headgear or helmets. In addition, protective headgear can include a face mask, face guard, skull cap, chin strap, an ear piece such as ear plugs, a hearing aide, an ear mounted transceiver, an ear piece in contact with the bony area of the skull behind the ear or other ear piece or other gear that is either a separate component or is integrated with other headgear or other gear. In particular, protective headgear includes, but is not limited to, gear that is used to reduce vibration, dissipate impact energy from an impact event, control the rate of energy dissipation in response to an impact event and/or to provide real-time or non-real-time monitoring and analysis of impact events to the region of the head and neck of a wearer of the protective gear.
• Adjunct device100 includes a housing that is coupleable to thehandheld communication device110 via a communication port of thehandheld communication device110. Theadjunct device100 includes a short-range wireless receiver that receives a wireless signal from thewireless device120 that includes data, such asevent data16. The short-range wireless receiver ofadjunct100 can also be part of a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol. In particular, the short-range wireless receiver ofadjunct device100 is configured to receive theevent data16 or other data generated bywireless device120.
• Adjunct device includes its own user interface havingpush buttons20,sound emitter22 andlight emitter24 that optionally can emit audio and/or visual alert signals in response to theevent data16. As with the user interface ofwireless device120, the user interface ofadjunct device100 can similarly include other devices such as a touch screen or other display screen, a thumb wheel, trackball, and/or other input or output devices. While shown as a plug-in module, theadjunct device100 can be implemented as either a wireless gateway or bridge device or a case or other housing that encloses or partially encloses thehandheld communication device100.
• In operation,event data16 is generated bywireless device120 in response to an impact to theprotective headgear30. Theevent data16 is transmitted to theadjunct device100 that transfers theevent data16 to thehandheld communication device110 either wireles sly or via the communication port of thehandheld communication device110. Thehandheld communication device110 executes an application to further process theevent data16 to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 as a result of the impact.
• The further operation ofwireless device120,adjunct device100 andhandheld communication device100, including several optional implementations, different features and functions spanning complementary embodiments are presented in conjunction withFIGS. 2-43 that follow.
• FIGS. 2 and 3 present pictorial representations ofhandheld communication device110 andadjunct device100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 2,adjunct device100 andhandheld communication device110 are decoupled.Handheld communication device110 includes acommunication port26′ andadjunct device100 includes amating plug26 for coupling theadjunct device100 to thecommunication port26′ ofhandheld communication device110. In an embodiment of the present invention, thecommunication port26′ and plug26 are configured in conjunction with a standard interface such as universal serial bus (USB), Firewire, or other standard interface, however, a device specific communication port such as an Apple iPod/iPhone port, a Motorola communication port or other communication port can likewise be employed. Further, while a physical connection is shown, a wireless connection, such as a Bluetooth link, 802.11 compatible link, an RFID connection, IrDA connection or other wireless connection can be employed in accordance with alternative embodiments.
• As shown inFIG. 3,adjunct device100 is coupled to thehandheld communication device110 byplug26 being inserted incommunication port26′. Further,adjunct device100 includes itsown communication port28′ for coupling, via amating plug28, theadjunct device100 to anexternal device25, such as a computer or other host device, external charging device or peripheral device. In an embodiment of the present invention, thecommunication port28′ and plug28 are configured in conjunction with a standard interface such as universal serial bus (USB), Firewire, or other standard interface, however, a device specific communication port such as an Apple iPod/iPhone port, a Motorola communication port or other communication port can likewise be employed.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the adjunct device passes signaling between theexternal device25 and thehandheld communication device110 including, for instance, charging signals from the external connection and data communicated between thehandheld communication device110 and theexternal device25. In this fashion, the external device can communicate with and/or charge the handheld communication device with theadjunct device100 attached, via pass through of signals fromplug28 tocommunication port26′. It should be noted however, that whilecommunication ports28′ and26′ can share a common physical configuration, in another embodiment of the present invention, thecommunication ports28′ and26′ can be implemented via different physical configurations. For example,communication port26′ can be implemented via a device specific port that carries USB formatted data and charging signals andcommunication port28′ can be implemented via a standard USB port. Other examples are likewise possible.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, when theadjunct device100 is coupled tohandheld communication device110, theadjunct device100 initiates communication via thecommunication port26′ to determine if an application is loaded in thehandheld communication device110—to support the interaction with theadjunct device100. Examples of such applications include a headgear monitoring application or other application that operates in conjunction with the adjunct100. If no such application is detected, the adjunct100 can communicate viacommunication port26′ to initiate a download of such an application directly or to send the browser of thehandheld communication device110 to a website store at a remote server or other location where supporting applications can be browsed, purchased or otherwise selected for download to thehandheld communication device110.
• In a further embodiment of the present invention, when a supporting application is loaded inhandheld communication device110, thehandheld communication device110 initiates communications via thecommunication port26′ to determine if anadjunct device100 is coupled thereto or whether or not an adjunct device has never been coupled thereto. If no suchadjunct device100 is detected, the application can instruct the user to connect theadjunct device100. Further, the application can, in response to user selection and/or an indication that an adjunct device has not been previously coupled to thehandheld communication device110, automatically direct a browser of thehandheld communication device110 to a website store at a remote server or other location where a supportingadjunct devices100 can be selected and purchased, in order to facilitate the purchase of an adjunct device, via thehandheld communication device110.
• In a further embodiment, the application maintains a flag that indicates if anadjunct device100 has previously been connected. In response to an indication that an adjunct device has not been previously coupled to thehandheld communication device110, the application can automatically direct a browser of thehandheld communication device110 to a website store at a remote server or other location where a supportingadjunct devices100 can be selected and purchased, in order to facilitate the purchase of an adjunct device, via thehandheld communication device110.
• FIG. 4 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device120 andadjunct device100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,wireless device120 includes short-range wireless transceiver130 coupled toantenna138,processing module131,sensor module132 andmemory133. While not expressly shown,wireless device120 can include a replaceable battery for powering the components ofwireless device120. In the alternative,wireless device120 can include a battery that is rechargeable via an external charging port, for powering the components ofwireless device120. In addition, thewireless device120 can be powered in whole or in part via any electromagnetic or kinetic energy harvesting system, such as an electromagnetic carrier signal in a similar fashion to a passive RF tag or passive RFID device, via a piezoelectric element that generates a voltage and current in response to motion or in response to an impact event, or via a mass spring system having a magnet that moves through a coil to generate current in response to device motion and/or via capacitive storage of a charge sufficient to power thewireless device120 for short intervals of time, such as during an event window.Adjunct device100 includes short-range wireless transceiver140 coupled toantenna148,processing module141,user interface142 andmemory143,device interface144, andbattery146. Theprocessing modules131 and141 control the operation of thewireless device120 andadjunct device100, respectively and provide further functionality described in conjunction with, and as a supplement to, the functions provided by the other components ofwireless device120 andadjunct device100.
• As discussed in conjunction withFIGS. 1-4, the short-range wireless transceivers130 and140 each can be implemented via a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, RFID, IrDA, Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol.User interface142 can contain one or more push buttons, a sound emitter, light emitter, a touch screen or other display screen, a thumb wheel, trackball, and/or other user interface devices.
• Theprocessing module131 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory133. Note that when theprocessing module131 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module133 stores, and theprocessing module131 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module133 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components ofwireless device120 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Wireless device120 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• Likewise, theprocessing module141 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory143. Note that when theprocessing module141 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module143 stores, and theprocessing module141 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module143 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components ofadjunct device100 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Adjunct device100 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• As shown, the adjunct device includes abattery146 that is separate from the battery of thehandheld communication device110 and can supply power to short-range wireless transceiver140,processing module141,user interface142,memory143, anddevice interface144 in conjunction with a power management circuit, one or more voltage regulators or other supply circuitry. By being separately powered from thehandheld communication device110, the adjunct100 can operate even if the battery of the handheld communication device is discharged.
• Device interface144 provides an interface between theadjunct device100 and thehandheld communication device110 and anexternal device25, such as a computer or other host device, peripheral or charging unit. As previously discussed in conjunction withFIGS. 1-4, the housing ofadjunct device100 includes a plug, such asplug26, or other coupling device for connection to thecommunication port26′ of thehandheld communication device110. In addition, the housing ofadjunct device100 further includes its own communication port, such ascommunication port28 or other coupler for connecting to anexternal device25.Device interface144 is coupled to thecommunication port28 that operates as a charging port. Whenadjunct device100 is connected to an external source of power, such asexternal device25,device interface144 couples a power signal from the external power source to charge thebattery146. In addition, thedevice interface144 couples the power signal from the external power source to the communication port of thehandheld communication device110 to charge the battery of the handheld communication device. In this fashion, both thehandheld communication device110 and theadjunct device100 can be charged at the same time or staged in a priority sequence via logic contained in theadjunct device110 that, for example, charges thehandheld communication device110 before theadjunct device100 or vice versa. Further, thehandheld communication device110 can be charged while the devices are still coupled—without removing theadjunct device100 from thehandheld communication device110.
• While thebattery146 is separate from the battery of thehandheld communication device110, in an embodiment of the present invention, thedevice interface144 is switchable between an auxiliary power mode and a battery isolation mode. In the battery isolation mode, thedevice interface144 decouples thebattery146 from the battery of thehandheld communication device110, for instance, to preserve the charge ofbattery146 for operation even if the battery of thehandheld communication device110 is completely or substantially discharged. In the auxiliary power mode, thedevice interface144 couples the power from thebattery146 to thehandheld communication device110 via the communication port to either charge the battery of thehandheld communication device110 via power from thebattery146 or to charge thebattery146 from the battery of ofhandheld device110. In this fashion, the user of thehandheld communication device110 at or near a discharged state of the handheld communication device battery could opt to draw power from thebattery146. In an embodiment of the present invention, signaling fromuser interface142 could be used to switch thedevice interface144 between the battery isolation mode and the auxiliary power mode. Alternatively or in addition, signaling received from the handheld communication device via the communication port, or remotely fromwireless device120, could be used to switch thedevice interface144 between the battery isolation mode and the auxiliary power mode.
• Device interface144 includes one or more switches, transistors, relays, or other circuitry for selectively directing the flow of power between theexternal device25, thebattery146, and thehandheld communication device110 as previously described. In addition, thedevice interface144 includes one or more signal paths, buffers or other circuitry to couple communications between the communication port of theadjunct device110 and the communication port of thehandheld communication device110 to pass through communications between thehandheld communication device110 and anexternal device25. In addition, thedevice interface144 can send and receive data from thehandheld communication device110 for communication between theadjunct device100 andhandheld communication device110.
• FIG. 5 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, an embodiment is presented that includes elements that have been previously described in conjunction withFIG. 1 and are referred to by common reference numerals. In this embodiment however,protective headgear30 includes a plurality ofwireless devices120 that are designated as (120,120′ . . . ). Each of the wireless devices (120,120′ . . . ) is capable of operating independently and generating event data (16,16′ . . . ) in response to the motion the corresponding sensor modules of the respective wireless devices (120,120′ . . . ).
• In operation, event data (16,16′ . . . ) is generated by wireless devices (120 and/or120′ . . . ) in response to an impact to theprotective headgear30. The event data (16,16′ . . . ) is transmitted to theadjunct device100 that transfers the event data (16,16′ . . . ) to thehandheld communication device110 via the communication port of thehandheld communication device110. The communication device executes an application to further process the event data (16,16′ . . . ) to display a simulation of the head of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 as a result of the impact. The presence of multiple wireless devices (120,120′ . . . ) with a corresponding plurality ofseparate sensor modules132 allow more comprehensive modeling of the impact by the protective headgear monitoring application.
• FIG. 6 presents a schematic block diagram of asensor module132 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown,sensor module132 includes anaccelerometer200, agyroscope202 and adevice interface204 and generatessensor data206 that includes both linear acceleration data and rotational acceleration data. Theaccelerometer200 can include a piezoresistive accelerometer, piezoelectric accelerometer, capacitive accelerometer, a quantum tunneling accelerometer, a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer or other accelerometer. In operation,accelerometer200 is coupled to theprotective headgear30 and responds to acceleration of the protective headgear along a plurality of translational axes and generates linear acceleration data that indicates the acceleration of the protective headgear along 1, 2 or 3 axes such as an x axis, y axis and z axis. Similarly,gyroscope202 responds to acceleration of the protective headgear along a plurality of axes such as a roll axis, pitch axis and yaw axis and wherein the rotational acceleration data indicates the acceleration of the protective headgear along the plurality of axes.Gyroscope202 can be implemented via a vibrating element gyroscope, a MEMS gyroscope or other gyroscopic sensor.
• Thedevice interface204 includes device drivers for selectively driving theaccelerometer200 and/orgyroscope202 and an analog to digital convertor for generatingsensor data206 in response to analog signaling generated by theaccelerometer200 andgyroscope202. While shown as a separate device, the functionality ofdevice interface204 can be included in theaccelerometer200 and/or thegyroscope202.
• The use of both an accelerometer and a gyroscope in each sensor module (referred to as a pad) removes the need for a large number of pads. This is partly accomplished by providing both linear and angular acceleration output, and can further be aided by constraining the interpretation of sensor outputs to be consistent with a physical model of the system—which may include the helmet, neck bones and musculature, skull, cerebral fluid, and brain. While only one sensor pad is required when coupled with the physical model of the head, adding multiple sensor pads allows us to account for some types of measurement and modeling errors.
• FIG. 7 presents a schematic block diagram of aprocessing module131 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown,device processing module131 includes anevent detection module220 and anevent processing module222. Theevent detection module220 andevent processing module222 can each be implemented as independent or shared hardware, firmware or software, depending on the implementation ofprocessing module131. Theevent detection module220 analyzes thesensor data206 and triggers the generation of the event data in response to detection of an event in thesensor data206.
• While some prior art systems judge impact merely based on acceleration, acceleration alone does not tell the whole story. For example, quickly striking a sensor pad with a ballpoint pen can generate acceleration values in the 200 to 300 G range excess of 100 G's for a short time, but this type of impact would hardly be considered dangerous. This type of analysis does not fully account for mass or momentum. Impact measurement is more about energy dissipation rates, or power and/or peak power, potential applied in an oscillating fashion, that is delivered to the head during an impact event. In an embodiment of the present invention, theevent processing module222 analyzes thesensor data206 to generateevent data16 that include power data that is calculated based on a function of velocity data and acceleration data as a function of time.
• For example, consider the example where thesensor module132 includes a three-axis accelerometer and a three axis gyroscope and whereinsensor data206 is represented by an acceleration vector A(t), where:
• 
  A(t)=({umlaut over (x)}₁, {umlaut over (x)}₂, {umlaut over (x)}₃)
• And where,
• {umlaut over (x)}₁is the linear acceleration along the ith axis.
• It should be noted that acceleration, A(t), referred above, is raw acceleration from all sources (including gravitational acceleration) and not simply acceleration due to an impact event, exclusive of gravitational acceleration. The quantity a(t,) a calibrated event acceleration, which removes the acceleration of gravity, may be defined as follows:
• 
  a(t)=A(t)C−G(t)
• Where: G(t) expresses the pull of gravity on the accelerometer, and C is a matrix containing static linear calibration values for each axis of the accelerometer. It should also be understood that the linear calibration matrix C could be replaced by a non-linear function or by a table of values expressing a linear, non-linear function, or non-static calibration.
• As shown above, the direction of gravity can be used to more accurately calculate all acceleration dependent values. The starting direction of gravity, G(t_o) at time t_o, from the 3-axis accelerometer during a quiescent period, can be used to calculate the direction of gravity throughout an impact event using the 3-axis gyroscope as follows:
• 
  φ(t)=∫w(t)dt
• Where φ(t) represents the change in orientation over the integral (in polar coordinates). The angular acceleration a_a(t), can be determined based on
• 
  a_a(t)=∂/∂t[w(t)]
• where w(t) is calibrated angular velocity from thegyroscope202. The direction of gravity G(t) can be found based on:
• 
  G(t)=G(t_o)+rect[Φ(t)]
• High-g accelerometers may not be sensitive enough to accurately determine the direction of gravity, so a low-g sensor can be employed. On the other hand, expected impact events may exceed the range of a low-g sensor, necessitating a high-g sensor. In an embodiment of the invention,accelerometer200 includes both a low-g accelerometer, a high-g accelerometer. The low-g accelerometer portion ofaccelerometer200 can be employed to determine the direction of gravity as follows. Sensor data is organized into windows with defined start and end times. Sample windows start when theaccelerometer200 andgyroscope202 are simultaneously quiescent. The sample windows continue when one or more threshold events occur, and end when thegyroscope202 andaccelerometer200 are simultaneously quiescent a second time. Note the end of one sample window may act as the start of another.
• In this embodiment, the low-g portion ofaccelerometer200 accurately indicates its orientation with respect to gravity only during quiescent or near quiescent periods, which by definition occur at the start and end of a sample window. If we take G(t_o) to be the average orientation of the low-g sensor at the window start, this term in combination with the calibrated gyro output w(t), can be used to calculate the orientation of gravity throughout the sample window. In a similar fashion, the calculated orientation of gravity at the end of the window, can be compared to the measured value with the difference being used for error detection and correction.
• A number of tests for quiescence may be employed. A simple test is when a predetermined number of consecutive samples of the low-g portion ofaccelerometer200 have an average norm, n(t), that is approximately equal to 1 g where
• 
  n(t)=|a(t)|
• For example, a quiescent state is indicated where a consecutive number of samples satisfy the condition:
• 
  1e<n(t)<1+e
• where e represents a tolerance.
• Other more robust tests may be employed, for example, where all sensors and all axes must be simultaneously quiescent, as dynamically determined according to some test of statistical significance, whose individual estimated statistics meet one or more criteria, such as the norm of the estimated statistics of the low-g sensor not exceeding 1+e.
• In another embodiment of the present invention, theevent detection module220 analyzes the sensor data by generating aggregate acceleration data from thesensor data206 and comparing the aggregate acceleration data to an acceleration threshold.Event detection module220 determines an event window that indicates an event time period that spans the event t_o≦t≦t_f, based on comparing the aggregate acceleration data to an acceleration threshold. Theevent detection module220 triggers the generation of theevent data16 by theevent processing module222, based on this event window. In particular, theevent detection module220 triggers theevent processing module222 to begin generating theevent data16 after the event window ends. Theevent processing module222 generates theevent data16 by analyzing thesensor data206 corresponding to the event window determined by theevent detection module220.
• Considering again the example where thesensor module132 includes a three-axis accelerometer and a three axis gyroscope and whereinsensor data206 includes a vector B of translational acceleration and angular velocity, where:
• 
  B=({umlaut over (x)}₁, {umlaut over (x)}₂, {umlaut over (x)}₃, {dot over (θ)}₁, {dot over (θ)}₂, {dot over (θ)}₃)
• Theevent detection module220 generates an aggregate acceleration and aggregate angular velocity as, for example, the norm of the vector B, and determines the event window t₁≦t≦₂, as the time period where |B|≧T_a, where T_arepresents an aggregate threshold. It should be noted that while a singleaggregate threshold212 is described above, two different thresholds could be employed to implement hysteresis in the generation of the event window. Further while the vector norm is used as a measure of aggregate acceleration and angular velocity, a vector magnitude, or other vector or scalar metrics could be similarly employed. In addition, whileevent processing module222 is described as being implemented in theprocessing module131 of thewireless device120, in a further embodiment of the present invention, theevent detection module220 can trigger the generation ofevent data16 that merely includes thesensor data206 during the time window and the functionality ofevent processing module222 can be implemented in conjunction with a processing device of thehandheld communication device110 in conjunction with the protective headgear monitoring application.
• A portion of the total energy generated at impact is not easily calculated from accelerometer data—that portion which produces no bulk motion, and instead is dissipated within the helmet's structure or mechanically transferred to objects or surfaces in contact with the helmet. So long as no structural limit of the helmet is exceeded, such impact energy can be ignored. Consider the example where a helmet is in contact with the ground and the impact produces no motion of the helmet.
• That portion of impact energy producing motion, perhaps violent motion of the helmet, is of great interest from a personal injury standpoint. Energy of motion, or kinetic energy, is calculable from accelerometer data. The rate at which kinetic energy is imparted and then dissipated, or power, is a consistent indicator of the potential for brain injury from an impact event.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, power data can be determined based on a calculation of the mechanical power corresponding to an impact event. The mechanical power P(t) represents a rate of force applied through a distance and over an event window t₁≦t≦t₂, and where force is calculated as the product of mass, m, and acceleration as follows:
• $\begin{array}{c}P\left(t\right)=m\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left[a\left(t\right){\int }_{t_1}^{t_2}\int a\left(t\right)tt\right]\\ =m\left[a\left(t\right)v\left(t\right)\right]\end{array}$
• Mass in this case is the estimated mass of the entire system including the head and the protective headgear, and where the velocity v(t) can be found based on:
• $\begin{array}{c}v\left(t\right)=\int a\left(t\right)t\\ =\left({\stackrel{.}{x}}_1,{\stackrel{.}{x}}_2,{\stackrel{.}{x}}_3\right)\end{array}$
• This form ofevent data16 more closely represents power of impact to the protective headgear.
• In other embodiments, power data, different from mechanical power can be employed in favor of other power-related data that is not strictly dependent on the mass of the head helmet system. As previously discussed, the mechanical power can be expressed as:
• 
  P(t)=m[+a(t)v(t)]
• The mass m can be expressed in terms of the volume u and average density d of the head and helmet system as:
• 
  m=du
• Power data can be based on a power diffusion q(t) expressed as follows:
• $q\left(t\right)=\frac{P\left(t\right)}{u}=d\left[a\left(t\right)v\left(t\right)\right]$
• Considering that the average density of the head helmet system is a constant, the power diffusion q(t) is proportional to a related power diffusion term Q(t) that is calculated as:
• $Q\left(t\right)=\frac{P\left(t\right)}{m}=\left[a\left(t\right)v\left(t\right)\right]$
• Expressing the kinetics of an impact based on either of the power diffusion terms q(t) or Q(t) allows the power data to be computed without accounting for the mass of the entire system, providing a normalized metric useful in assessing the severity of an impact event. While power has been described above in linear-translational terms, it is possible to develop power metrics in rotational-torsional terms. Any of the power terms P(t), q(t), Q(t), previously described in terms of only linear (translational) motion can be calculated instead in terms of rotational motion or a combination of linear and rotational motion. For example, rotational kinetics, such as the quantity β(t) presented below, can be a factor in assessing the potential for brain injury and can, in particular, be considered either alone or in combination with translational kinetics.
• 
  β(t)=a_a(t)w(t)
• It follows that theevent data16 can include a(t), v(t), x(t), q(t), Q(t), a_a(t), w(t), Φ(t), β(t), along with similar quantities, any intermediate calculations or raw data used to calculate any of these quantities. In particular a(t), v(t), x(t), q(t), Q(t), a_a(t), w(t), Φ(t), β(t) and other measured or calculated quantities can be employed in a number of useful ways. In addition,event data16 can include data that is already processed in the form of simulation data or other display data. Such as applying individual or compound thresholds to determine if an injury event may have occurred, or in preparing useful simulations and displays, involving animations and/or color maps to express impact severity or to provide educational displays to increase awareness among coaches, players, medical personnel and parents in a sports setting, and to others in the context of law enforcement, industrial applications, and other uses ofprotective headgear30. Inparticular event data16 can also include a system status such as a battery status, low battery indicator, system ready indicator, system not ready indicator or other status.Event data16 can also include force data derived from a strain gauge load cell or other sensor, energy data or other power data and power diffusion data.
• It should also be noted thatevent data16 can include merely an alarm indication in a failsafe mode of operation. For example in circumstances where an event window begins, however due to low power, a fault condition or other error, particular values of a(t), v(t), x(t), q(t), Q(t), a_a(t), w(t), Φ(t) cannot be calculated or are deemed to be unreliably calculated due to an internal error detection routine, theevent data16 can merely include an alarm signal that is sent toadjunct device100 to trigger an alarm in thehandheld communication device110 of a potential high impact event that cannot be analyzed. Further,event data16 can include periodic status transmissions or other transmission to theadjunct device100 indicating that thewireless device120 is operating normally. In the absence of receiving one or more such periodic transmissions, theadjunct device100 can trigger an alarm indicating that a wireless device has failed to check in and may be out of range, out of battery power or otherwise in a non-operational state.
• FIG. 8 presents a graphical representation of aggregate acceleration data as a function of time in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, theline210 represents an example of aggregate acceleration data as a function of time. When theline210 first exceeds theacceleration threshold212 at time t₁, theevent detection module220 detects the beginning of an event. Theevent window214 is determined based on when the aggregate acceleration next falls below theacceleration threshold212 at time t₂.
• As discussed in conjunction withFIG. 7, an event window is determined, for example, based on the time period between two quiescent periods. Theevent detection module220 triggers the generation of theevent data16 by theevent processing module222, based on this event window. For example, theevent detection module220 triggers theevent processing module222 to begin generating theevent data16 during the event window and triggers transmitting theevent data16 either during the event window or after the event window ends. Theevent processing module222 generates theevent data16 by analyzing thesensor data206 corresponding to the event window determined by theevent detection module220.
• FIG. 9 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device121 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention andFIG. 10 presents a schematic block diagram of asensor module232 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Wireless device121 includes many common elements ofwireless device120 that are referred to by common reference numerals and can be used in place ofwireless device120 in any of the embodiments described therewith.Wireless device121 includes asensor module232 that includes adevice interface205 that operates in a similar fashion todevice interface204, yet further generates a wake-up signal234.Wireless device121 includes apower management module134 that selectively powers the short-range transmitter/transceiver130, theprocessing module131 andoptionally memory133 in response to the wake-up signal. This saves power and extends battery life ofwireless device121.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, thesensor module232 generates the wake-up signal234 when an acceleration signal from theaccelerometer200 and/or the angular velocity from thegyroscope202 compares favorably to a signal threshold. Considering again the example where thesensor module132 includes a three-axis accelerometer and a three axis gyroscope and whereinsensor data206 is represented by an aggregate acceleration angular velocity vector B, where:
• 
  B=({umlaut over (x)}₁, {umlaut over (x)}₂, {umlaut over (x)}₃, {dot over (θ)}₁, {dot over (θ)}₂, {dot over (θ)}₃)
• Thedevice interface205 includes hardware, software or firmware that generates an aggregate acceleration as, for example, the norm of the vector B, and generates wake-up signal234 in response to event where |B| first exceeds T_s, where T_srepresents a signal threshold. In an embodiment the signal threshold T_s=T_a, however other values can be employed. For example, a value of T_s=T_a−k, can be employed to provide a more sensitive value of the wake-up signal and further to trigger wake-up of the components of thewireless device121 prior to the beginning of the event window. It should also be noted that a wake-up signal234 can be generated based on the end of a quiescent period as described in conjunction withFIG. 7.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, thedevice interface205 directly monitors the outputs of theaccelerometer200 and/orgyroscope202. In this case,device interface205 generates thesensor data206 only in response to the wake-up signal234. In this fashion, thesensor data206 is only generated, when needed. In another embodiment, device interface generatessensor data206 continuously and generates wake-up signal234 based on an analysis of thesensor data206. While thedevice interface205 has been described in the example above as using an aggregate of all the acceleration components to generate a wake-up signal, in a further embodiment, thedevice interface205 may only monitor a limited subset of all axes of linear and rotational acceleration in order to wake-up the device. In this fashion, only some limited sensor functionality need be powered continuously—saving additional power.
• While described above in terms of the use ofaccelerometer200 orgyroscope202 as the ultimate source of sensor data for the wake up signal, in another embodiment of the present invention, the wake-up signal is generated by a separate wake-up sensor, such as a kinetic senor, piezoelectric device or other device that generates a wake-up signal in response to the beginning of an impact event.
• FIG. 11 presents a schematic block diagram of apower management module134 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As described in conjunction withFIGS. 9-10,power management module134 selectively powers the short-range transmitter/transceiver130, theprocessing module131 andoptionally memory133 in response to the wake-up signal. Power management module generates a plurality ofpower signals135 for powering these devices when triggered by the wake-up signal234.
• As shown, thepower management module134 further generates anadditional power signal135 for powering thesensor module232 and optionally increased the power generated in response to the wake-up signal234. In the example wheredevice interface205 operates with limited functionality prior to generation of the wake-up signal234, the power is increased tosensor module232 in order to power the devices necessary to drive the full range of sensors and further to generatesensor data206. This can include selectively powering an analog to digital converted included indevice interface205, only in response to the wake-up signal234.
• FIG. 12 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a system is shown that operates in conjunction with any of the embodiments presented in conjunction withFIGS. 1-11. In this embodiment however, theadjunct device100 and handheld communication device operate to monitor a plurality ofprotective headgear30. Event data (16,16′ . . . ) from any of the plurality of protective headgear (30,30′ . . . ) are received and used by a protective headgear monitoring application ofhandheld communication device110. In operation, the application processes the event data (16,16′ . . . ) to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 and/or30′ as a result of an impact.
• FIG. 13 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As previously described, thewireless device120 can automatically generateevent data16 in response to the detection by thewireless device120 of an event. In this fashion,event data16 can be pushed to anadjunct device100. In this embodiment however, thewireless device120 receives apolling signal112 transmitted byadjunct device110. In response to thepolling signal112, thewireless device120 generates a wireless signal that contains eitherevent data16, a system status such as a battery status, system ready indicator, other status or other data.
• For example, a parent watching a football game in the stands notices a blow to the helmet of their child. The parent launches a protective headgear monitoring application of thehandheld communication device110 that causesadjunct device100 to emit thepolling signal112. Thewireless device120 responds to polling signal112 by generating a wireless signal that is transmitted back toadjunct device100. The polling signal can includeevent data16. In this fashion, theevent data16 can be generated and or transmitted bywireless device120 on demand from the user of thehandheld communication device110.
• As mentioned above, other types of data can be transmitted bywireless device120 in response to thepolling signal112. In another example, thewireless device120 can monitor its remaining battery life and transmit battery life data to theadjunct device100 in response to thepolling signal112. In this fashion, the user ofhandheld communication device110 can easily monitor battery life of one or morewireless devices120 and charge them when necessary—such as prior to a game or other use ofprotective headgear30. While battery life is described above in a pull fashion, a low battery indication from awireless device120 can also be pushed to theadjunct device100, even in circumstances where other event data is pulled from thewireless device120.
• In a further example, thewireless device120 can emit a location beacon or other signal in response to thepolling signal112 to aid the user ofhandheld communication device120 in locating theprotective headgear30. In this embodiment, the protective headgear monitoring application ofhandheld communication device110 can include an equipment location software module that, for example presents a special screen that allows the user to monitor the signal strength and/or the directionality of the location signal, to assist the user in homing in on the location of theprotective headgear30. In this embodiment, thewireless device120,adjunct device100 and/orhandheld communication device100 includes one or more of the functions and features described in the U.S. Published Application number 2011/021047, entitled “SYSTEM AND WIRELESS DEVICE FOR LOCATING A REMOTE OBJECT”, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
• FIG. 14 presents a schematic block diagram of ahandheld wireless device110 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Handheld communication device110 includes long rangewireless transceiver module306, such as a wireless telephony receiver for communicating voice and/or data signals in conjunction with a handheld communication device network, wireless local area network or other wireless network.Handheld communication device110 also includes adevice interface310 for connecting to theadjunct device100 on either a wired or wireless basis, as previously described. In particular, thedevice interface310 includes a communication port that receives theevent data16,16′ . . . from one or morewireless devices120 coupled to one or moreprotective headgear30,30′ . . . via anadjunct device100 connected to the communication port.
• In addition,handheld communication device300 includes auser interface312 that include one or more pushbuttons such as a keypad or other buttons, a touch screen or other display screen, a microphone, speaker, headphone port or other audio port, a thumbwheel, touch pad and/or other user interface device.User interface312 includes the user interface devices ascribed tohandheld communication device110.
• Handheld communication device110 includes aprocessing module314 that operates in conjunction withmemory316 to execute a plurality of applications including a wireless telephony application and other general applications of the handheld communication device and other specific applications such as the protective headgear monitoring described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-13.
• Theprocessing module314 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory316. Note that when theprocessing module314 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module316 stores, and theprocessing module314 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module316 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components ofhandheld communication device110 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Handheld communication device110 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• As previously described,event data16 is generated bywireless device120 in response to an impact to theprotective headgear30. Theevent data16 is transmitted to theadjunct device100 that transfers theevent data16 to thehandheld communication device110, either wirelessly or via the communication port of thehandheld communication device110. Thehandheld communication device110 executes an application to further process theevent data16 to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 as a result of the impact. Further details regarding the simulation of the impact event are presented in conjunction withFIG. 15 that follows.
• FIG. 15 presents a schematic block diagram of aprocessing module314 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Inparticular processing module314 executes an event simulation module that processes the event data (16,16′ . . . ) to generatesimulation display data226 that animates the impact to theprotective headgear30. Theuser interface312 includes a display device that displays thesimulation display data226. The event simulation module can be included in the protective headgear monitoring application executed by processingmodule314 of thehandheld communication device110. The protective headgear monitoring application can be implemented as an article of manufacture that includes a computer readable medium or as other instructions that, when executed by a processing device cause the processing device to implement the functions described herein in conjunction with the other components of thehandheld communication device110. As previously described the protective headgear monitoring application can be an “app” that is downloaded to thehandheld communication device110 via the long rangewireless transceiver module306, a wireless local area network connection or other wired or wireless link.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, theevent simulation module224 models a human head that simulates the head of the wearer of the protective headgear (30,30′ . . . ), the shock absorbing capabilities of the protective headgear (30,30′ . . . ) a human skull and/or brain that simulates the skull and brain of the wearer of the protective headgear (30,30′ . . . ). For example, theevent simulation module224 can implement a bulk system model, a lumped parameter system module or other model that accounts for the mass of the head and how its movement is constrained by the joints and musculature the neck. This model allows the event simulation module to account for the way forces and movements are distributed in a bulk way; showing for example, how energy is dissipated over the surface of the brain. The event simulation module can further include a second, more complex model, such as a finite element model or a distributed parameter model that simulates sub-surface displacements/injury to brain matter. In this fashion, power, velocity and/or displacement data either received asevent data16 or calculated locally in response toevent data16 that includessensor data206 corresponding to an event can be used to simulate the impact.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, thesimulation display data226 includes graphics and video animation to visually communicate the nature and potential extent of the injury caused by an impact event. A depiction of the brain can be animated, showing the entire impact event. Power, velocity and/orother event data16 are used to drive the animation, while a color map is applied to the surface of the brain to indicate points of high energy dissipation. Thesimulation display data226 can also show possible brain impact with the skull as well as the deformation of brain matter as predicted by the second, more complex model.
• In addition, to simply providing an animation, theevent simulation module224 can generate an alarm event signal as part of thesimulation display data226. This alarm event signal can be generated when theevent simulation module224 either receivesevent data16 regarding any impact that indicates the alarm event directly, or alternatively when theevent simulation module224 determines that an impact has occurred with sufficient force as a cause a possible injury. For example theevent simulation module224 can compare a peak power to an injury threshold and generate the alarm event signal when the peak power exceeds an injury threshold. In the alternative, the event simulation module can analyze the results of the brain or head modeling and determine a potential injury situation and trigger the alarm event signal in response to such a determination. The alarm event signal is used to trigger a visual alarm such as a warning light, banner display or display message and/or an audible alarm such as a tone, alarm sound, buzzer or other audible warning indicator. While the description above includes a single threshold, multiple thresholds can be employed to determine alarm events of greater or lesser severity. Different responses to the alarm event signal can be employed, based on the severity of the alarm event.
• In addition to generating a local alarm, the alarm event signal, the event data (16,16′ . . . ) and/or thesimulation display data226 can be sent by thehandheld communication device110 to a remote monitoring station via the wirelesstelephony transceiver module206. In this fashion, the event data (16,16′ . . . ) and/or thesimulation display data226 can be subjected to further analysis at a remote facility such as hospital, doctor's office or other remote diagnosis or treatment facility in conjunction with the diagnosis and treatment of the wearer of the protective headgear (30,30′ . . . ) that was the subject of the impact. It should be noted that the transmission of a wireless signal including the event data (16,16′ . . . ) and/or thesimulation display data226 can be either triggered automatically in response to the alarm event signal or triggered manually in response to an indication of the user of thehandheld communication device110, via interaction with theuser interface312.
• FIG. 16 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. While many of the prior descriptions of the present invention contained herein focus on functions and features ascribed to an adjunct device operating in conjunction with a handheld communication device, the functions and features of the adjunct device/handheld communication device combination can be implemented in an enhanced handheld communication device that includes structure and functionality drawn from an adjunct device, such asadjunct devices100.Handheld communication device300 presents such a device that includes a handheld communication device portion having the standard components of a handheld communication device and an adjunct portion that adds the components necessary to provide the additional functions and features of theadjunct device100. In summary,handheld communication device300 includes the structure and functionality of any of the embodiments ofhandheld communication device110 andadjunct device100 to interact with one or morewireless devices120 included in one more articles orprotective headgear30.
• FIG. 17 presents a schematic block diagram of ahandheld wireless device300 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Handheld communication device includes similar elements tohandheld communication device110 that are referred to by common reference numerals. In addition,handheld communication device300 includes a short range wireless transceiver module304 that operates in a similar fashion to shortrange wireless transceiver140 to provide a device interface to interact with one or morewireless devices120, to receive event data (16,16′ . . . ) and to transfer this event data toprocessing module314 for further analysis.
• FIG. 18 presents a pictorial representation of ascreen display350 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,screen display350 is shown ofsimulation display data226 in accordance with a particular example. In this example, screen display250 includes aframe360 of video animation that visually communicates the nature and potential extent of the injury caused by an impact event. A depiction of the brain and skull is animated, showing a particular video frame of the entire impact event. A series of graphical overlays outline regions of high energy dissipation on the surface of or internal to the brain. In this diagram different regions are indicates as to the intensity of energy dissipation based on lines of different styles, however, regions of different colors can likewise be used to provide greater visual contrast.
• In addition to the video animation, thesimulation display data226 provides a visual indication of an alarm event by displaying the text, “Alarm event detected!” and further an indication of the level of impact and its possible effect, “Impact level4: Possible concussion”. An interactive portion of thescreen display350 can be selected by the user to initiate the process of contacting a monitoring facility such as hospital, doctor's office or other remote diagnosis or treatment facility.
• FIG. 19 presents a pictorial representation of ascreen display352 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, an example of a follow-up screen is presented in response to the selection by the user to contact a monitoring facility described in conjunction withFIG. 18. In particular,screen display352 allows the user to select the type of information to be sent to the monitoring facility. In the example shown, the user can select event data, such as event data (16,16′ . . . ) and/or a full simulation, such assimulation display data226 or other simulation results to be transmitted to the remote facility. While not expressly shown, the event data and simulation data can be accompanied by information that identifies the user of the handheld communication device, the wearer of the protective headgear that was the subject of the impact event, other identifying data such as address information, physician information, medical insurance information and/or other data. An interactive portion of thescreen display352 can be selected by the user to either store the selected data or used to initiate the transmission of the selected data to a monitoring facility such as hospital, doctor's office or other remote diagnosis or treatment facility.
• FIG. 20 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is shown for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-19. Instep400, sensor data is generated, via a sensor module, in response to motion of protective headgear, wherein the sensor module includes an accelerometer and a gyroscope and wherein the sensor data includes linear acceleration data and rotational velocity data. Instep402, event data is generated in response to the sensor data. Instep404, a wireless signal that includes the event data is transmitted via a short-range wireless transmitter.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless signal is transmitted to an adjunct device that is coupled to a handheld communication device for processing of the event data by the handheld communication device. The accelerometer responds to acceleration of the protective headgear along a plurality of axes and the linear acceleration data indicates the acceleration of the protective headgear along the plurality of axes. In addition, the gyroscope responds to angular velocities of the protective headgear along a plurality of axes and the rotational velocity data indicates the velocity of the protective headgear along the plurality of axes.
• FIG. 21 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is shown for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-20. Instep410, sensor data is generated, via a sensor module, in response to motion of protective headgear. Instep412, the sensor data is analyzed to detect an event in the sensor data. Instep414, event data is generated in response to the sensor data when triggered by detection of the event in the sensor data. Instep416, a wireless signal that includes the event data is transmitted via a short-range wireless transmitter.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless signal is transmitted to an adjunct device that is coupled to a handheld communication device for processing of the event data by the handheld communication device. Step412 can include generating aggregate acceleration data from the sensor data; comparing the aggregate acceleration data to an acceleration threshold; and determining an event window that indicates an event time period based on the comparing of the aggregate acceleration data to the acceleration threshold. Step414 can be triggered based on the event window, such as after the event window ends and the event data can be generated instep414 in response to the sensor data corresponding to the event window.
• FIG. 22 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is shown for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-21. Instep420, sensor data that includes acceleration data is generated via a sensor module, in response to an impact to the protective headgear. Instep422, sensor data is analyzed to generate power data that represents power of impact to the protective headgear. Instep424, event data is generated that includes the power data. Instep426, a wireless signal that includes the event data is transmitted, via a short-range wireless transmitter.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless signal is transmitted to an adjunct device that is coupled to a handheld communication device for processing of the event data by the handheld communication device. Step422 can include generating velocity data and the event data is generated instep424 to further include the velocity data. Step422 can include generating displacement data and the event data is generated instep424 to further include the displacement data.
• FIG. 23 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is shown for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-22. Instep430, a wake-up signal and sensor data that includes acceleration data are generated, via a sensor module, in response to an impact to the protective headgear. Instep432, a short-range transmitter and a device processing module are selectively powered in response to the wake-up signal. Instep434, event data is generated in response to the sensor data via the device processing module, when the device processing module is selectively powered. Instep436, a wireless signal that includes the event data is transmitted, via the short-range wireless transmitter, when the short-range transmitter is selectively powered.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the wireless signal is transmitted to an adjunct device that is coupled to a handheld communication device for processing of the event data by the handheld communication device. The first sensor data can be generated in response to the wake-up signal. The first wake-up signal can be generated when an acceleration signal compares favorably to a first signal threshold or by a kinetic sensor, etc.
• FIG. 24 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is shown for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-23. Instep440, first event data that includes power data that represents power of impact to the protective headgear is received, via a device interface of the handheld communication device. Instep442, the event data is processed to generate simulation display data that animates the impact to the protective headgear. Instep444, the simulation display data is displayed via a display device of the handheld communication device.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the device interface includes a communication port that receives the event data from a first wireless device coupled to the protective headgear via an adjunct device connected to the communication port. The device interface can includes an RF transceiver that receives the event data from a first wireless device coupled to the protective headgear. The event data can be received from a plurality of wireless devices coupled to the protective headgear. The event data can further include velocity data that represents velocity of impact to the protective headgear and/or displacement data that represents displacement of impact to the protective headgear.
• Step442 can include modeling at least one of: shock absorbing capabilities of the protective headgear, a human head that simulates a head of a wearer of the protective headgear, and a human brain that simulates a brain of the wearer of the protective headgear. The simulation display data can animate the impact to the protective headgear by animating at least one of: the protective headgear, the human head, the human skull and the human brain.
• The method can further include generating an alarm event signal in response to the event data and presenting, via the user interface, at least one of: an audible alarm or a visual alarm in response to the alarm event signal. In addition, the method can include transmitting, via a wireless telephony transceiver of the handheld communication device and in response to the alarm event signal, at least one of: the event data, and the simulation display data.
• FIG. 25 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a system is shown for use in monitoringprotective headgear531, such as the football helmet shown, or a hat, headband, mouth guard or other headgear used in sports, a motorcycle or driving helmet, other headgear and helmets worn by public safety or military personnel or other headgear or helmets or any other protective headgear. Instead of having one or morewireless devices120 or121,protective headgear531 includesdevice520 that operates in a similar fashion towireless devices120 or121 to generateevent data16. In pertinent part however, instead of having a wireless link to a monitoring device, thedevice520 includes a wired device interface having aconnection port372 that can be coupled to a monitoring device, such as thehandheld wireless device110 via thecable370.
• In operation,event data16 is generated bydevice520 in response to an impact to theprotective headgear531 and stored for retrieval via the monitoring device. A monitoring device, such ashandheld communication device110, or other monitoring device such as a personal computer, tablet, or other processing device can be coupled to the protective headgear by, for example, plugging a plug of thecable370 into a jack included inconnection port372. When connected, theevent data16 can be sent via thecable370 to the monitoring device. As previously discussed, thehandheld communication device110 or other monitoring device executes an application to receive and further process theevent data16 to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 as a result of the impact. This application can include instructions, that, when executed by a processor, such asprocessing module314, cause the processor to perform the steps associated with the application. These instructions can be stored on an article of manufacture that includes a computer readable storage medium such as a disk, memory card, memory stick, memory or other memory device.
• FIG. 26 presents a schematic block diagram of adevice520 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,device520 includes common elements towireless device120 or121 that are referred to by common reference numerals. Instead of having a shortrange wireless transceiver130, thedevice520 includes adevice interface530 that is coupleable to a monitoring device and that sends theevent data16 to the monitoring device when thedevice interface530 is coupled to the monitoring device.
• Event data16 is generated bysensor module132 andprocessing device131 in response to an impact to theprotective headgear531 and stored inmemory133 for retrieval via the monitoring device. When the monitoring device is connected, theevent data16 can be sent via thecable370 to the monitoring device. In an embodiment of the present invention, thedevice interface530 includes a jack that is coupleable to the monitoring device via a standardized cable, such as a universal serial bus (USB) cable, a Firewire cable or other cable having a plug that mates with the jack. It should be noted that sensor module can include one sensor modules with one or more sensors or a plurality of sensor modules placed at different points on theprotective headgear531. In another embodiment, thedevice interface530 includes a one connector interface such as a contact pad, contact point, one connector jack or other one connector interface.
• Whether thedevice interface530 is implemented via a one connector or a multiwire interface thedevice interface530 can include a sensor that detects coupling to the monitoring device. When thedevice interface530 detects that the monitoring device is coupled to the device interface, thedevice interface530 automatically initiates transmission of event data to the monitoring device in response to the detection of the coupling by the monitoring device. The device interface can include a jack with an integrated switch, a button or other device that provides an open circuit or a closed circuit when the monitoring device is coupled to thedevice interface530. In the alternative, the device interface can include a contact sensor, a proximity sensor or other sensor that senses that the monitoring device is coupled to the device interface and generates a coupling signal that is used by thedevice interface530 to trigger the transmission of the event data to the monitoring device via the device interface.
• FIG. 27 presents a schematic block diagram of ahandheld communication device110 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,handheld communication device110 operates as a monitoring device for receivingevent data16 from protective headgear, such asprotective headgear531.
• As discussed in conjunction withFIG. 14,handheld communication device110 includes long rangewireless transceiver module306, such as a wireless telephony receiver for communicating voice and/or data signals in conjunction with a handheld communication device network, wireless local area network or other wireless network.Handheld communication device110 also includes adevice interface310, but instead of receiving theevent data16 via an adjunct device, thedevice interface310 in this embodiment connects to theconnection port372 ofprotective headgear531. In particular, thedevice interface310 includes a communication port such as a USB port, Firewire port or other port that either retrievesevent data16 frommemory133 ofdevice520 or otherwise receives theevent data16 from one ormore devices520 when coupled to one or moreprotective headgear531.
• In addition,handheld communication device300 includes auser interface312 that include one or more pushbuttons such as a keypad or other buttons, a touch screen or other display screen, a microphone, speaker, headphone port or other audio port, a thumbwheel, touch pad and/or other user interface devices ascribed tohandheld communication device110.
• FIG. 28 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a system is shown for use in monitoringprotective headgear531′, such as the football helmet shown, or a hat, headband, mouth guard or other headgear used in sports, a motorcycle or driving helmet, other headgear and helmets worn by public safety or military personnel or other headgear or helmets or any other protective headgear. Theprotective headgear531 includesdevice521 that operates in a similar fashion towireless devices120 or121 to generateevent data16 and includes both a wireless transceiver such as shortrange wireless transceiver130 and further a wired device interface having aconnection port372 that can be coupled to a monitoring device, such as thehandheld wireless device110 via thecable370. In this fashion, event data can be sent on either a wireless basis towireless device535, tohandheld wireless device110 viaadjunct device100, to awireless device300 or to a monitoring device such aspersonal computer538.
• In operation,event data16 is generated bydevice521 in response to an impact to theprotective headgear531. Theevent data16 is transmitted towireless device535 andadjunct device100 on either a push or pull basis and also is stored for retrieval via the monitoring device. When a monitoring device, such aspersonal computer538, is connected to theprotective headgear531′, theevent data16 can be transmitted via thecable370. In this case thepersonal computer538 operates in a similar fashion tohandheld device110 to execute an application to further process theevent data16 to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of theprotective headgear30 as a result of the impact.
• FIG. 29 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device521 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, awireless device521 is presented that includes common elements ofwireless device120,121 anddevice520 that are referred to by common reference numerals. The wireless device52, in one mode or operation, operates in a similar fashion towireless devices120 or121 to transmitevent data16 via shortrange wireless transceiver130 on either a push basis or in response to a polling signal. In addition,event data16 can be stored inmemory133 and retrieved when coupled to a monitoring device viadevice interface530.
• It should be noted thatwireless device521 includes abattery522 that provides power for the short range wireless transceiver,processing module131, thesensor module132 or232, thememory133 and thedevice interface530. In an embodiment of the present invention the status ofbattery522 is monitored via power management module ofsensor module232 andprocessing module131. When a low battery condition is detected, the shortrange wireless transceiver130 can be disabled and powered off in order to save power and theevent data16 storedmemory133 can still be retrieved via a monitoring device coupled todevice interface530.
• FIG. 30 presents a schematic block diagram of awireless device535 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As previously discussed,event data16 can include an alarm indication. This alarm data can be generated in a failsafe mode of operation or routinely as part ofevent data16. In particular this alarm data can be received and used by wireless devices to generate a detectable alert signal in response to the alarm data to assist users in monitoring the protective headgear.Wireless device535 is an example of a device that receives and responds to this alarm data. In particular, unlike the monitoring devices such ashandheld communication devices110, or300 orpersonal computer538, thewireless device535 can be designed and implemented with more limited functionality—to indicate an alarm event in a detectable fashion, without necessarily performing any processing or simulation based on theother event data16.
• Wireless device535 includes a short-range wireless transceiver540 such as short-range wireless transceiver130 that includes a receiver that receives alarm data included inevent data16 in response to an alarm event at the protective headgear, such aprotective headgear30,31,531,531′, etc. The short-range wireless transceiver540 can be implemented via a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol.User interface542 can contain one or more push buttons, a sound emitter, light emitter, a touch screen or other display screen, a thumb wheel, trackball, and/or other user interface devices.
• Theprocessing module541 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory543. Note that when theprocessing module541 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module543 stores, and theprocessing module541 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module543 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components ofwireless device535 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Wireless device535 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• In operation,event data16 is received by shortrange wireless transceiver540. Processing device processes the alarm data and triggers theuser interface device542 to emit a detectable alert signal in response to the reception of the alarm data to assist the user in the monitoring of the protective headgear. This detectable alert signal can be a flashing light, message display or other visual alarm, an audible tone, buzzer or other audible alarm, a vibration or other tactile alarm or other alarm signal.
• While not expressly shown,wireless device535 can include a replaceable battery for powering the components ofwireless device535. In the embodiment shown,wireless device535 includes abattery544 for powering the components ofwireless device535 that is rechargeable via anexternal charging port546 based on an external power source. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chargingport546 operates in accordance with a USB interface or couples to another source of electrical power for charging the battery in a traditional fashion. In another embodiment, the chargingport546 operates to charge the battery by harvesting energy from an external source, and wherein the external energy source includes one of: a magnetic power source, a radio frequency power source, a mechanical power source, and a solar power source. In these embodiments, the chargingpart546 can include a coil, antenna, solar cell, piezoelectric element, capacitor and/or circuit for generating and/or storing power from a magnetic or radio frequency source, a solar power source or a kinetic or other mechanical source of power.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, theprocessing module541 is coupled to monitor the status ofbattery544. The shortrange wireless transceiver540 can receive a polling signal, such as apolling signal112.Wireless device535 can operate similarly towireless device120 as described in conjunction withFIG. 14 to monitor its remaining battery life and transmit battery life data such as battery charge status or other status information to anadjunct device100 in response to thepolling signal112. In this fashion, the user ofhandheld communication device110 can easily monitor battery life of one or morewireless devices535 and charge them when necessary—such as prior to a game or other use ofprotective headgear30. While battery life is described above as being obtained in a pull fashion, a low battery indication from awireless device535 can also be pushed to theadjunct device100.
• In an embodiment of the present invention the shortrange wireless transceiver540 is paired with the shortrange wireless transceiver130 of the protective headgear via a pairing procedure, such as a Bluetooth pairing procedure, a 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack pairing procedure, an 802.11 association or other similar pairing or association that identifies the wireless transceivers to one another to facilitate communication between these two devices, either directly or indirectly. It should also be noted that thewireless device535 can be paired to a bridge device and can receive alarm data from one or more protective headgear indirectly, through the bridge device. Thewireless device535 can be paired with a plurality of protective headgear warn by different wearers in order to emit a detectable alarm if any of the protective headgear emits an alarm indication. In this embodiment, the alarm data can include a unique or pseudo-unique indicator of the particular protective headgear and thewireless device535 can analyze this indicator to indicate the particular one or ones of the plurality of protective headgear that transmitted the alarm indication.
• FIG. 31 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. While prior descriptions have focused mainly on the direct communication ofevent data16 from protective headgear, such asprotective headgear30,31,531,531′ etc. to a device such aswireless device535,handheld communication device300, a monitoring device such aspersonal computer538 or the device combination ofhandheld wireless device110 andadjunct device100, the present embodiment includes abridge device550 that communicates event data from one or more protective headgear, such asprotective headgear531′ to one or more other devices.
• In operation, the bridge device includes a short range wireless transceiver that can be paired with, and receiveevent data16 from one or more articles ofprotective headgear531′. The bridge device retransmits theevent data16 on either a wired or wireless basis to monitoring devices such ashandheld communication device110,personal computer538 such as a laptop, notebook, tablet, pad, or other computer. In particular, the bridge device can include a second wireless transceiver such as a 802.11, WIMAX, 3G, 4G or other wireless telephony transceiver of other wireless transceiver to communicate theevent data16 to a monitoring device, either directly or via a wireless network such as a wireless telephone network or other wireless data network. In addition, the bridge device can include a network card or other network interface such as an Ethernet interface or USB interface that couples the bridge device to a widearea data network549 such as the Internet. In this fashion, theevent data16 can be stored on a network server such as548 where it can be retrieved by a monitoring device or can be transmitted via thenetwork549 to one or more monitoring devices.
• In a further mode of operation, thebridge device550 acts as a repeater to receiveevent data16 from one or more articles ofprotective headgear531′ and to retransmit theevent data16 to a device such aswireless device535,handheld communication device300 oradjunct device100 that may otherwise be out of range of theprotective headgear531′. In an embodiment of the present invention, thebridge device550 communicates with the protective headgear via non-RF communications to avoid the use of RF communications too close to the brain. In this embodiment, optical, infrared or magnetic short range wireless transceivers are used in the protective headgear and thebridge device550 to communicate with each other. In this fashion, the bridge device can be placed at the belt of a wearer or at some other point in proximity to the wearer. Thebridge device550 can include an RF transceiver for communicating with other devices.
• It should be noted that the various functions of processing, storing and displaying event data, simulations, alarms, status information and other data associated with theprotective headgear531′ can be distributed or duplicated among various devices in a network configuration, cloud configuration, or other distributed processing and/or storage configuration of devices in communication, either directly or indirectly.
• FIG. 32 presents a schematic block diagram of abridge device550 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Bridge device550 includes shortrange wireless transceiver550, such as shortrange wireless transceiver130 or140, that receives event data, such asevent data16 via an incoming RF signal from the protective headgear in response to an impact event at the protective headgear. The shortrange wireless transmitter550 can be paired with the articles ofprotective headgear531′ and optionally with one or more other devices such aswireless device535 andadjunct device110.
• The incoming RF signal is formatted in accordance with a first wireless protocol, such as 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, Bluetooth, etc. A second RF transceiver, such aswireless transceiver552, that transmits the event data116 in accordance with a second wireless protocol to a first monitoring device. The second wireless protocol can be a wireless local area network protocol such as an 802.11 protocol, a 3G, 4G or other compatible cellular data protocol, a WIMAX protocol or other wireless protocol that is different from the protocol employed by shortrange wireless transceiver130.Bridge device550 includes aprocessing module551 andmemory553 that operate to convert theevent data16 as received in conjunction with first wireless protocol for transmission in conjunction with the second wireless protocol. As discussed in conjunction withFIG. 31, the incoming signal can be a non-RF signal in configurations where thebridge device550 communicates with the protective headgear via non-RF communications.
• Thebridge device550 includes battery for powering the shortrange wireless transceiver550, theprocessing module551, thewireless transceiver552, thememory553, and thedevice interface554. Thedevice interface554 includes a chargingport546 for coupling a power signal from an external power source to charge thebattery556. The device interface optionally includes one or more communication ports such as an Ethernet communication port, a USB port or other wired port for connection to a wide area data network such asnetwork549 for communication with eitherserver548 or one or more monitoring devices that are coupled to thenetwork549.
• In an embodiment of the present invention the chargingport546 can include a connector for connecting a power supply. In addition or in the alternative, thedevice interface546 can include a USB port that can be coupled either toprotective headgear531′ or to a monitoring device, such ashandheld wireless device110 orpersonal computer538. In circumstances where an external power supply is coupled tobridge device550, the USB port can supply power to a device such ashandheld communication device110 orprotective headgear531′ coupled thereto. In other configurations, power from a monitoring device such aspersonal computer538 can be coupled to the USB port and the USB port can operate as a chargingport546 to chargebattery556 from power received from thepersonal computer538.
• As discussed in conjunction withFIG. 31, thebridge device550 optionally acts as a repeater to receiveevent data16 from one or more articles ofprotective headgear531′ and to retransmit theevent data16 to a device such aswireless device535,handheld communication device300 oradjunct device100 that may otherwise be out of range of theprotective headgear531′. In this fashion, shortrange wireless transceiver130 operates as both a receiver and as transmitter ofevent data16.
• In various modes of operation,event data16 received bybridge device550 can be sent to the Internet via a wired Ethernet connection r other wires connection, a wireless local area network connection or a wireless telephony network. In addition,event data16 received bybridge device550 can be sent to a monitoring device directly via a wireless telephony network, a wireless local area network or via direct wired connection to thebridge device550.
• Theprocessing module551 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory553. Note that when theprocessing module551 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module553 stores, and theprocessing module551 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module553 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components ofbridge device550 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Bridge device550 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• FIG. 33 presents a schematic block diagram of amonitoring device560 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular a monitoring device, such ashandheld communication device110 orpersonal computer538 is presented.Monitoring device560 includes aprocessing device314,memory316, and user interface321 that can operate, as previously described to process event data, such asevent data16 for display and/or retransmission. In pertinent part however, the event data can be received viadevice interface310 vianetwork549 andbridge device550, viadevice interface310 coupled directly tobridge device550, of viadevice interface310 coupled directly toprotective headgear531′.
• Monitoring device560 further includestransceiver562 such as a local area network transceiver, wireless telephony transceiver or other wireless data transceiver that itself operates as a wireless device interface to either thebridge device550 ornetwork549. In this fashion, monitoring device can receiveevent data16 directly frombridge device550 viatransceiver562, indirectly frombridge device550 throughnetwork549 or via a cellular data network, wireless area network, etc.
• FIG. 34 presents a pictorial representation of acharging device600 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A chargingdevice600 is shown that include ahousing602 and a plurality of chargingports606 recessed in thehousing602. Each of the chargingports606 can accept, and selective couple to one of a plurality ofwireless devices604, such aswireless device535. When coupled to awireless device604, the chargingport606 couples a power signal to the wireless device based on an external power source coupled to thecharging device600 from an external power source such as an external power supply or other power source.
• Each of the chargingports606 can be configured in accordance with a universal serial bus (USB) interface or other interface, depending on the configuration of thewireless devices604. As shown, the plurality of charging ports are arranged in rows.
• FIG. 35 presents a schematic block diagram of acharging device600 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Charging device600 includes adevice interface620 for coupling power from an external power source to chargingports606. In an embodiment of the present invention,processing module622 controls the charging of the plurality ofwireless devices604 as a “smart charging device” to monitor the state of charge of each of thewireless devices604 and to supply the necessary current to eachwireless device604.
• In addition,processing module622 generates charging status data for each of the plurality ofwireless devices604. Theuser interface628, includes one or more lights, a display screen or other display that provides a visual indication of the charging status data for each of the plurality ofwireless devices604. The visual indication can be an indication, for example that aparticular wireless device604 is discharged, partially charged, currently charging, current battery life, fully charged, etc.
• Further thecharging device600 can include a short-range wireless transceiver626 such as shortrange wireless transceiver130,140, etc., that is pairable to the plurality ofwireless devices604 via a pairing with its corresponding short-range wireless device transceiver. In this fashion, the chargingdevice600 can operate in a similar fashion toadjunct device100 described in conjunction withFIG. 13 to transmit a polling signal to a selected one of thewireless devices604 when they are disconnected from the chargingdevice600 and receive status data transmitted from thecorresponding wireless devices604 in response thereto. The status data can includes a battery charge status and theuser interface628 can display an indication of the status data. In this fashion, the charging device can act as a base station to remotely monitor the charging status of selected ones of thewireless devices604, while they are being deployed.
• Theprocessing module622 can be implemented using a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in memory, such asmemory624. Note that when theprocessing module622 implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Further note that, thememory module624 stores, and theprocessing module622 executes, operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated herein.
• Thememory module624 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. While the components of chargingdevice600 are shown as being coupled by a particular bus structure, other architectures are likewise possible that include additional data busses and/or direct connectivity between components.Charging device600 can include additional components that are not expressly shown.
• FIG. 36 presents a schematic block diagram of asensor650 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Sensor650 is constructed to be used in conjunction with any of theprotective headgear30,31,530,531′ to generate event data in response to an impact. In particular thesensor650 may be constructed to more directly determine, for example, if an impact event sufficient to cause brain injury may have occurred, and more particularly if the brain and bone of the inner skull may have come into physical contact.
• Thesensor650 includes ahousing654. Amass656 is suspended in thehousing654 so as to emulate the dynamic behavior of a brain of the wearer along a plurality of axes, such as the three translational axes shown. In the configuration represented schematically aspring elements652 serve to suspend the mass656 from thehousing654. The spring elements can be implemented via a six-point suspension harness, elastic bands, coil springs leaf springs or other spring elements, and an elastomeric solid, a gel or other colloid, a pack of absorption particles such as elastic beads, balls, polyhedrons or other particles of the same shape, size and texture or of two or more different shapes, different sizes and/or different textures or other suspension. The sensor can include at least one damping element for damping the motion of the mass along the plurality of axes such as a fluid, a gel, and a suspension or a pack of absorption particles such as non-elastic beads, balls, polyhedrons or other particles of the same shape, size and texture or of two or more different shapes, different sizes and/or different textures. While themass656 andhousing654 are shown as cubic shapes, other shapes including other polyhedrons, spheres or other ellipsoids or other shapes could likewise be employed.
• Thesensor650 further includes at least one sensing element for sensing the motion of the mass. For example the sensing element can include a contact sensor that generates sensor data in response to displacement of the mass along one or more axes, such as a contact or proximity sensor that measures either a contact between the mass656 and thehousing654 or the proximity betweenmass656 and thehousing654 via electrical contact, capacitive, magnetic, inductive, resistive, or conductive sensing.
• The operation ofsensor650 can be discussed further in light of the following examples that set forth several optional functions, features and configurations. In one example, themass656 and walls of thehousing654 are constructed such that contact or proximity can be detected, where proximity correlates to severity of brain injury, and contact correlates to brain-skull contact. For example, thespring elements652 can be implemented via elastic bands and eachspring element652 can include a strain gauge attached to the spring element to measure the deformation of the spring element. The strain gauges can be constructed by wrapping wires around the elastic bands or via other strain gauge technologies. In another configuration, themass656 may be suspended by six hairline wires, along x, y, and z axes, wherein the wires are configured as a three dimensional strain gauge to electrically measure the amount of stress in the system.
• In another example, the capacitance between the mass656 and thehousing654 is measured and used to determine the proximity to themass656 to thehousing654. In this configuration themass656 can be suspended via a suspension medium such as an elastomeric solid or a fluid, such as a liquid, viscous gel, semi-fluid, colloid or suspension, or the like. In this case, the suspension medium can be configured and calibrated to achieve desired mechanical properties and dynamic behaviors that mimic the skull-brain system.
• In a further example, a suspension fluid may be partially or fully replaced by small solid particles, whose breakage is detectible. Particles may themselves be fluid filled, and the detection method may be to detect the presence and/or volume of fluid released by particle breakage. The particles may be glass, ceramic, or other similar materials, either spherical or elliptical in shape, whose mix and diameters may be selected in such a way as to achieve a specific empty space percentage, resulting in mechanical properties that closely resemble the shock absorbing system of the brain.
• In an additional example, themass656 is mechanically constrained in its motion by a track, pendulum, wire, rod, magnetic field, or other means. Motion may be an arc, a circle, a line, or a defined path. Multiple masses may be configured and oriented to measure shock along lines or plains of different orientations. In particular, themass656 may be constrained such that a low threshold impact must occur before the mass is allowed to initially move, and a larger threshold is required for mass and container to come in contact. Constraining means may be a detent in a pathway, a breakable glass bead, glass rod, linkage, thread, wire, and the like.
• In a further example, themass656 connected electrically via a wire could be suspended in a gas, a liquid or compressible solid, where mass and suspension material have distinctly different dielectric constants. Thehousing656 could be etched with some metal pads and the proximity to themass656 to each of the metal pads on the sphere could be detected by a simple circuit measuring the change in capacitance between the pads and the mass. In another configuration, themass656 could be fully suspended in an enclosed sphere without a wire attached to the mass. The medium and mass would have distinctly different dielectric constants, one low and the other high. In this configuration, pads are etched on the surface of the enclosing sphere and a circuit is constructed to detect the capacitance between pairs of pads. As the mass moves within the sphere due to impacts, the capacitance between pairs of pads will change due to the changing dielectric constant between them.
• Thesensor656 may be attached or built into a protective helmet, employed in awireless device120,121 or531′ or adevice531 that generatesevent data16 when a threshold event occurs, and further to inform medical personnel of the extent or nature of an injury. As previously discussed,event data16 can be used for other purposes including generating simulation data or further used in research studies to improve the design of protective equipment/systems, including vehicle crash studies.
• FIG. 37 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of abladder700 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, abladder700 is shown for use in a protective helmet or other protective headgear that includes an outer shell. Abladder700 is coupled to the outer shell and provides shock absorption in at least one zone of protection. Thebladder700 either holds an absorption pack that contains a plurality of absorption particles or a fluid and has a relief valve for relieving pressure on the bladder when the pressure on the bladder is greater than a pressure threshold. The goal of thisbladder700 is to mitigate the effects of an impact to the head. This can be accomplished by dissipating the shock over as large a surface area as possible, and as large a timespan as possible. Current designs use pads, air cells, liquid filled cells, etc., inside a shell structure to accomplish these goals.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the bladder is a liquid filled cell that is pressure limited to spread shocks over a larger timespan, and reducing the likelihood of concussion or other brain injury. Further details regarding thebladder700, its use in conjunction with a protective helmet or other protective headgear, and how it is filled, including several optional functions and features, are discussed in conjunction withFIGS. 38-42.
• FIG. 38 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of a helmet in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A portion of the helmet is shown that includes anouter shell702 andmultiple layers704 and706. While two layers are shown, three or more layers can be implemented in a sandwiched or layered design. Each of the layers can be implemented via thebladder700, and other shock absorbing materials, such foams, air bladders, and other materials.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, one of the layers is implemented via at least one inflatable element that is selectively inflatable to improve the fit between the protective helmet and a wearer of the protective helmet and to establish an initial pressurization of the system, improving the ability of fluid-filled bladders to more effectively spread load over larger surface areas of the head. While a portion of a helmet is shown,multiple bladders700 may be employed in different portions of the helmet or other protective headgear, forming multiple zones of protection. In addition, multiple bladders or other fluid chambers can be connected via connection tubes, pressure valves or other fluid flow channels to redistribute fluid in response to an impact event. For example, front and rear bladders connected in this fashion can transfer impact force from a rear impact event to the front bladder to transfer some of the impact force.
• FIG. 39 presents a schematic block diagram of protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Protective headgear720 is presented that can be implemented to optionally generateevent data16 or other event data in conjunction with any of the previous designs. Theprotective headgear720 includes abladder700 that is coupled to arelief valve710 that releases fluid from the at least one bladder to either the exterior to the protective headgear or from one bladder to another bladder, such as an adjacent zone or to a reservoir. Thepressure relief valve710 expels fluid once a threshold pressure has been exceeded, maintaining a constant pressure for a controlled period of time, mitigating the effect of an excessive shock event—in effect, acting as a hydraulic shock absorber.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the release of fluid to the exterior of the protective headgear or to a reservoir, such as reservoir equipped with a viewing window can be used to visually inform an observer that an excess pressure event has occurred or otherwise to the exterior of thebladder700. The fluid can contain a dye to enhance the visibility of the fluid on the exterior of the protective headgear or in the reservoir.
• Protective headgear720 optionally includes one or more sensors, such assensors712 and714.Sensor714 monitors therelief valve710 that generates sensor data in response to a release of pressure by therelief valve710, that can be used as event data or can be used to generate event data such asevent data16. In addition or in the alternative,sensor712 monitors for a contact or the proximity between walls of the bladder via magnetic, capacitive, inductive, resistive, or conductive means, or via a pressure sensor that generates sensor data in response to a shock event, such asevent data16 or other event data. While asingle sensor712 is shown,multiple sensors712 can be distributed within thebladder700 to generate data that indicates the location and/or direction of an impact event or that otherwise generates sensor data that represents a pressure profile of an impact event. Further,multiple sensors712 can be in embodiments wheremultiple bladders700 are employed in different portions of the helmet or other protective headgear. For example, whenmultiple bladders700 are connected via connection tubes, pressure valves or other fluid flow channels to redistribute fluid in response to an impact event,multiple sensors712 can be included to monitor multiple zones of protection.
• Thebladder700 can be filled with a fluid fill material, such as a liquid, a gel or other colloid, a suspension or any of a variety of low durometer elastomeric materials. As will be discussed further in conjunction withFIGS. 40-42, thebladder700 can hold fluid fill material composed of rigid material mixes of absorption particles, such as glass or ceramic beads, spherical or elliptical in shape, with various mechanical properties and/or of various geometries, which are chosen in specific mixes/ratios to create specific target air-space percentages in a mix and to calibrate the mechanical properties to achieve desired optimal mechanical and shock absorbing characteristics. Whenbladder700 holds a rigid material mixes of absorption particles, interstitial areas can be filled with a liquid or a gas. Thepressure relief valve710 andsensor714 may or may not be included.
• FIG. 40 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As discussed above, a bladder, such asbladder700 used in conjunction with protective headgear, such asprotective headgear720 or other protective headgear can hold an absorption pack containing a plurality of absorption particles. The absorption particles can form a solid mixture made of otherwise rigid materials, that creates unique shock absorbing characteristics by virtue interstitial interactions. In the example shown, spherical particles of a single size (a mono-mix) are used.
• Unlike foam materials, which transfer shock when maximum compression of the material is achieved, glass/ceramic mixes provide an extra level of protection. When the elastic capacity of the mix is exceeded, the rigid materials mechanically fail, relieving local stress preventing chain-reaction break-downs, and thus transfer the shock at a threshold value until a substantial portion of the mix material has failed.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the absorption particles are implemented via frangible beads. When such a threshold-exceeding event has occurred, the protective capacity of the system is compromised, the beads begin to break and compromised components must be replaced. Further, when such a failure has occurred, the breakage of the beads can be detected electronically via a proximity or contact sensor. In a further embodiment hollow frangible beads are employed that are filled with a colored die that is released either to a reservoir with a viewing window or externally to the protective headgear to allow for visual observation.
• Solid mixtures may be blended that contain both rigid materials, such as glass/ceramic, and elastomeric spheres of various sizes, shapes, frictional characteristics and mixture balances between rigid and plastic material - again to achieve desired mechanical and dynamic properties.
• FIG. 41 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment shown, absorption particles of two sizes, (a binary mix), is presented. Different frictional characteristics can be implemented by particle finishes that vary from smooth to rough. While a spherical shape is shown, addition shapes from spherical to non-spherical, regular, to even irregular can also be implemented. Frictional interactions and even interference interactions among particles will contribute to the mix's bulk physical properties. In a binary mix such as the mix shown, two very different materials can be used. For example, a first bead type can be implemented with a ceramic bead which is very rigid, and a second bead type can be implemented via a polymer material which is very springy, and so forth.
• FIG. 42 presents a pictorial representation of a cross section of absorption particles accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A binary mix of absorption particles is shown that implements a different stacking configuration from the example presented in conjunction withFIG. 41. Stacking configurations are controlled by particle sizes, shapes, pressure and so forth. Typical configurations would be pyramidal or cubic, but one could easily imagine more complex structures, not unlike what might be seen in crystal lattice structures. Implementing particle sizes that produce one stacking configuration over another allow greater control over the physical properties of the mix.
• FIG. 43 presents a flowchart representation of a method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a method is presented for use in conjunction with any of the functions and features described in conjunction withFIGS. 1-42. Instep800, sensor data is generating, via a sensor module, in response to an impact to protective headgear, wherein the sensor module includes an accelerometer and a gyroscope and wherein the sensor data includes linear acceleration data and rotational velocity data. Instep802, event data is generated in response to the sensor data. Instep804, the protective headgear is coupled, via device interface to a monitoring device. Instep806, the event data is sent to the monitoring device, when the device interface is coupled to the monitoring device.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring device is coupled via a standardized cable having a plug that mates with a jack of the device interface. The standardized cable can be a universal serial bus cable.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the accelerometer responds to acceleration of the protective headgear along a plurality of axes and wherein the linear acceleration data indicates the acceleration of the protective headgear along the plurality of axes. The gyroscope can respond to velocity of the protective headgear along a plurality of axes and wherein the rotational velocity data indicates the velocity of the protective headgear along the plurality of axes.
• The protective headgear can include a football helmet, a headband, a mouth guard other protective headgear or component thereof or other protective article. The monitoring device can be a handheld communication device, a personal computer or other device.
• While much of the description above includes the use of anadjunct device100 andhandheld communication device110, the functionality ofadjunct device100 can be built into thehandheld device100 in order to facilitate communication with protective headgear.
• While the description above has set forth several different modes of operation, the devices described here may simultaneously be in two or more of these modes, unless, by their nature, these modes necessarily cannot be implemented simultaneously. While the foregoing description includes the description of many different embodiments and implementations, the functions and features of these implementations and embodiments can be combined in additional embodiments of the present invention not expressly disclosed by any single implementation or embodiment, yet nevertheless understood by one skilled in the art when presented this disclosure.
• As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “operable to” or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item. As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal1 has a greater magnitude than signal2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal1 is greater than that of signal2 or when the magnitude of signal2 is less than that of signal1.
• As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.
• The present invention has been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
• The present invention may have also been described, at least in part, in terms of one or more embodiments. An embodiment of the present invention is used herein to illustrate the present invention, an aspect thereof, a feature thereof, a concept thereof, and/or an example thereof. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process that embodies the present invention may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.
• Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.
• The term “module” is used in the description of the various embodiments of the present invention. A module includes a processing module, a functional block, hardware, and/or software stored on memory for performing one or more functions as may be described herein. Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction software and/or firmware. As used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.
• While particular combinations of various functions and features of the present invention have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present invention is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations.
• Thus, there has been described herein an apparatus and method, as well as several embodiments including a preferred embodiment. Various embodiments of the present invention herein-described have features that distinguish the present invention from the prior art.
• It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed invention may be modified in numerous ways and may assume many embodiments other than the preferred forms specifically set out and described above. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all modifications of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (20)

1. A protective helmet comprising:

an outer shell;

at least one bladder, coupled to the outer shell, that provides shock absorption in at least one zone or protection, the at least one bladder holding a fluid and having a relief valve for relieving pressure on the at least one bladder when the pressure on the at least one bladder is greater than a pressure threshold.

2. The protective helmet ofclaim 1 wherein the relief valve releases the fluid from the at least one bladder to the exterior to the protective helmet.

3. The protective helmet ofclaim 1 wherein the relief valve releases the fluid from a first bladder of the at least one bladder to a second bladder of the at least one bladder.

4. The protective helmet ofclaim 1 further comprising:

a sensor, coupled to the at least one bladder, that generates sensor data in response to a release of pressure by the relief valve.

5. The protective helmet ofclaim 1 further comprising:

at least one inflatable element coupled to at least one of: the at least one bladder and the outer shell, the at least one inflatable element being selectively inflatable to improve the fit between the protective helmet and a wearer of the protective helmet,

6. The protective helmet ofclaim 1 wherein the at least one bladder holds an absorption pack containing a plurality of absorption particles.

7. The protective helmet ofclaim 6 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different sizes.

8. The protective helmet ofclaim 6 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different shapes.

9. The protective helmet ofclaim 6 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of frangible beads that are fluid-filled.

10. The protective helmet ofclaim 6 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different frictional characteristics.

11. A protective helmet comprising:

an outer shell; and

at least one bladder, coupled to the outer shell, that provides shock absorption in at least one zone or protection, wherein the at least one bladder holds an absorption pack that contains a plurality of absorption particles.

12. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 further comprising:

at least one inflatable element coupled to at least one of: the at least one bladder and the outer shell, the at least one inflatable element being selectively inflatable to improve the fit between the protective helmet and a wearer of the protective helmet.

13. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different sizes.

14. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different shapes.

15. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of frangible beads that are fluid-filled.

16. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the plurality of absorption particles include a plurality of beads of different frictional characteristics.

17. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the at least one bladder further holds a fluid that at least partially fills the interstitial spaces between the absorption particles and includes a relief valve for relieving pressure on the at least one bladder when the pressure on the at least one bladder is greater than a pressure threshold.

18. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the relief valve releases the fluid from the at least one bladder to the exterior of the at least one bladder.

19. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 wherein the relief valve releases the fluid from a first bladder of the at least one bladder to a second bladder of the at least one bladder to distribute force of an impact event.

20. The protective helmet ofclaim 11 further comprising:

a sensor, coupled to the at least one bladder, that generates sensor data in response to a release of pressure in the bladder.

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