US20120274907A1 - 3D Volumetric Display - Google Patents

Abstract

A light surface display for providing a three-dimensional image having a volumetric display, a first projection system, and a second projection system. The first projection system projects electromagnetic energy into the volumetric display sequentially along the length and width of the volumetric display in a series of 2D image slices. The second projection system projects electromagnetic energy in a series of slices along the depth of the volumetric display. Particles intersected by the first and second wavelengths form illuminated two-dimensional cross sections at specific locations in the volumetric display.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/289,487 Filed Nov. 4, 2011 which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/950,716 Filed Nov. 19, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,139, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/789,767 Filed Apr. 25, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,858,913, which claims priority under 37 C.F.R. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/794,901, entitled COLORFUL TRANSLATIONAL LIGHT SURFACE 3-D DISPLAY, filed Apr. 25, 2006, U.S. Ser. No. 60/796,249, entitled COLOR TRANSLATIONAL 3-D VOLUMETRIC DISPLAY, filed Apr. 28, 2006, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/854,557, entitled 3-D LIGHT SURFACE DISPLAY, filed Oct. 26, 2006, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
• Not applicable.
NAMES OF PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT
• Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING”, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC AND AN INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF THE MATERIAL ON THE COMPACT DISC
• Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Technological advances of the last decade have made scientists and engineers increasingly aware of three dimensional imaging as both viable and realistic. There is now widely acknowledged incentive, both commercially and industrially, for developing a color 3-D display system that can be viewed from unencumbered perspectives. Recent developments using micro-materials and nanostructure materials offer possibilities for creating novel optically-writable displays that are efficient and robust.
• The three-dimensional displays currently available in the market, including static-volume displays and swept-volume displays, purport to construct three-dimensional images which are uniform in a 3-D image space and viewable from practically any orientation. In practice, these technologies have not fully achieved their objectives and possess several drawbacks including low resolution and translucent image representations.
• Accordingly, a three dimensional imaging system and method of using the imaging system to provide better-quality images, as compared with the currently available technologies, will provide a commercially and industrially marketable product.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is related to a light surface display for providing a three-dimensional image. In general, the light surface display includes a plurality of particles suspended within a volumetric display, that when energized by electromagnetic energy of two or more wavelengths, illuminate to form a three dimensional image.
• In one embodiment, the light surface display includes a first projection system projecting wavelengths forming sequential slices of a two-dimensional image along the length and width of the volumetric display, and a second projection system projecting wavelengths forming translational slices across the depth of the volumetric display. A control system synchronizes the projections of the first projection system and the second projection system so that the wavelengths forming the two-dimensional image and the translational slices energize the particles in the volumetric display for a pre-determined length of time. The energized particles illuminate to form a three-dimensional image. The light surface display may produce a monochromatic or polychromatic image depending on the particular wavelength of electromagnetic energy and/or the types of particles utilized.
• The particles within the volumetric display preferably include selectively-activated light sources activated by the incidence of one or more directional light sources such as lasers, coherent LED's, or the like. For example, particles may include micro and/or nano particles such as quantum dots, upconversion materials, or similar particles as long as the particles are selectively-activated by the incidence of a directional light source.
• In one version, the first projection system projects wavelengths for a pre-determined amount of time prior to the second projection system in order to vary the color and/or intensity of each particle. The power of the first projection system may also be modulated to vary the intensity of the electromagnetic energy in order to vary the relative brightness of each particle. Additionally, the projection systems may include digital light processing projectors having digital micro-mirror devices containing an array of micromechanical mirrors. The micromechanical mirrors may be used in a plurality of array groups for dithering the translational slice to alter the relative brightness or color depth of each particle that represents a voxel.
• The control system may optionally interface with an external source in order to provide images to the light surface display. The external source may include a computer, a processor, a game console, the Internet or the like.
• In another embodiment, the light surface display further comprises a housing containing the volumetric display and/or projection systems. In addition to providing support for the volumetric display and/or projection systems, the housing provides an element of safety in securing the particles against outside contact with the user or spectator if needed. Additionally, the light surface display can include a filter, such as an electromagnetic radiation filter, preventing exposure of non-visible radiation to the user or spectator.
• In another embodiment, the light surface display further comprises a medium that is substantially transparent and dispersed within the volumetric display. Preferably, the suspension of the particles is substantially uniform throughout the medium. The medium may be formed of high temperature transparent polymers, transparent aerogel materials, xenogel materials, or any other material that is substantially transparent and provides suspension of the particles within the volumetric display. The medium may be formed of inorganic substances, organic substances or combinations thereof.
• In another aspect, the present invention is directed toward a method of using a light surface display to produce a three-dimensional image. The light surface display includes a plurality of particles suspended within a volumetric display. The particles are energized sequentially along the length and width of the volumetric display forming a two-dimensional image. The particles are further energized by intersection of electromagnetic energy along the depth of the volumetric display. The energizing of the particles is synchronized so as to form an illuminated three-dimensional image.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEW OF THE DRAWINGS
• So that the above recited features and advantages of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted however that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a light surface display providing a three-dimensional image within a volumetric display in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary wavelengths of visible light generated by energizing a particle with two wavelengths.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one example of a projection system in accordance with the embodiment ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 4A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a light surface display providing a three-dimensional image within a volumetric display in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 4B is a schematic view of the light surface display inFIG. 4A.
• FIG. 5A is a schematic view of another embodiment of a light surface display providing a three-dimensional image in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 5B andFIG. 5C are exemplary versions of the light surface display ofFIG. 5A.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a light surface display providing a three-dimensional image in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view of one version of a light surface display housing in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
• Present embodiments of the invention are shown in the above-identified figures and described in detail below. In describing the embodiments, like or identical reference numerals are used to identify common or similar elements. The Figures are not necessarily to scale and certain features in certain views of the Figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
• Referring now to the drawings, and in particular toFIG. 1, shown therein and designated byreference numeral10 is a light surface display, constructed in accordance with the present invention, for providing a three-dimensional image12 within avolumetric display14. In general, thelight surface display10 includes a plurality of particles, suspended within thevolumetric display14, that when energized by electromagnetic energy, illuminate forming a three-dimensional image12.
• Thelight surface display10 is provided with afirst projection system16 projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths forming sequential slices of a two-dimensional image along the length and width of thevolumetric display14, and asecond projection system18 projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths forming translational slices across the depth of thevolumetric display14. AlthoughFIG. 1 demonstrates the use of twoprojection systems16 and18, it is contemplated that additional projection systems may be used to provide assistance in projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths along the length, width, and/or depth of thevolumetric display14. Additional projection systems may provide better resolution, color selectivity, and/or brightness.
• Acontrol system20 synchronizes the projections of thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18 so that electromagnetic energy of the wavelengths forming the two-dimensional image and the translational slices intersect on individual particles to energize the particles for a pre-determined length of time. The energized particles illuminate to form the three-dimensional image12. Depending on the amount of projection systems and/or type of particles in use, thelight surface display10 is able to produce monochromatic images and/or polychromatic images.
• The particles within thevolumetric display10 preferably include selectively-activated light sources capable of activation by the incidence of one or more directional light sources such as lasers, coherent LED's, or the like. Activation of the particles adjusts the physical properties and/or characteristics displayed by the particles. In the preferred embodiment, activation provides visible light generation of varying wavelengths.
• Particles may include micro and/or nano selectively-activated light sources or combinations of micro and/or nano selectively-activated light sources such as quantum dots, upconversion materials, or the like. For example, by varying the size and shape of quantum dots, and the depth of potential, the energy level of the quantum dots can be controlled. The discretional nature of the quantum dot bands means that the energy separation between the valence and conduction bands can be altered with the addition or subtraction of at least one atom. Predetermination of the quantum dot size fixes the emitted photon wavelength at about a specific color allowing quantum dots to be suitable selectively-activated particles for use in thelight surface display10.
• Upconversion materials provide another example of suitable selectively-activated particles. Upconversion materials, in essence, convert lower energy beams into higher energy visible beams and can function as light emitting phosphors. Brightness obtained through the use of an upconversion material may be varied by altering the intensity of the electromagnetic energy impinging the surface of the upconversion material.
• Upconversion materials may include a host material doped with a sensitizer and then further doped with rare-earth ions. For example, the particles may include fluoride crystal as a host material, doped with ytterbium (Yb³⁺) as a sensitizer and further doped with rare-earth ions. The rare-earth ions may include erbium (Er³⁺), holmium (Ho³⁺), and thulium (Tm³⁺), or other similar particles and/or lanthanides that are excited by and emit fluorescence at different wavelengths. Doping a fluoride crystal with Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Tm³⁺ enables the fluoride crystal to emit red, green, and blue upconversion emitters, respectively. Other host materials, such as oxysulfide, and other rare-earth doping ions can also be used to construct the particles. It is contemplated that other selectively-activated particles may be used with thelight surface display10 as long as the particles are capable of activation by the incidence of one or more directional light sources.
• In general, exciting a particle with electromagnetic energy of different wavelengths produces visible light from the particle of a specified color depending on the utilized excitation wavelengths and the doping of the particle. For example, as shown inFIG. 2, if thefirst projection system16 uses the commoninfrared wavelength30 to all particles, then color selectivity is chosen according to asecond wavelength30 to32a,30 to32b, or30 to32c, provided by thesecond projection system18. Alternatively, each visible color can be emitted from the particle through the use of at least two different wavelengths without the need for a common wavelength. For example, six separate projection systems may provide six separate wavelengths (W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄, W₅, W₆), the combinations of which (W₁×W₂, W₃×W₄, W₅×W₆) provide for RGB color selectivity respectively. Alternatively, each projection system may provide for multiple wavelengths as discussed in more detail below.
• Particles are suspended within thevolumetric display14. Substantial uniformity in the suspension of the particles through thevolumetric display14 is preferred. Particles may be suspended through magnetic suspension, convection currents, and/or dispersed within a medium.
• Substantial uniformity in the dispersion of the particles within the medium is preferred. A suitable medium should include characteristics such as high transparency, durability, and/or low phonon energy. A phonon is a discrete amount of energy that a medium can absorb. If the medium absorbs the incoming energy, this energy will not be available for light emission, and therefore reduce the brightness of thelight surface display10.
• The medium may be formed of high temperature transparent polymers, transparent aerogel materials, xerogel materials, or any other material permitting substantial uniformity of particle dispersion. The medium may be composed of an inorganic substance, an organic substance, or combinations thereof. For example, the medium can be an aerogel matrix in which the particles are synthesized with the aerogel matrix to create transparent optically-active monoliths. Aerogel matrices offer unique properties because they can be up to 99% air thus eliminating up to 99% of material interference with emitted light. This factor diminishes the light absorption within the aerogel matrix and allows for brighter light to be emitted. The aerogel matrix surface also does not touch the particles completely thus reducing surface contact and quenching effects on the emitted visible light of the particles.
• The particles are dispersed much like a cloud within the aerogel matrix allowing for high illumination. An example of such an aerogel matrix includes, but is not limited to, silicon oxide aerogel. Silicon oxide aerogel matrices can be formed with surface areas of up to about 2000 m²/g and densities of about 0.002 g/cm³providing a high magnitude of surface area that is light accessible. However, it should be noted, that other types of mediums, including other aerogel matrices or polymers may be used, provided the medium allows for dispersal of the particles in at least a portion of the medium used to form thevolumetric display14.
• Referring now toFIGS. 1 & 3, using image projection technology such as digital light processing (DLP), grating light valve (GLV), and/or the like, theprojection systems16 and18 provide electromagnetic energy of different wavelengths to energize the particles in thevolumetric display14.
• In one embodiment, at least one of theprojection systems16 and/or18 of thelight surface display10 uses DLP technology. Examples of DLPs include, but are not limited to, the Discovery 1100 model which uses 0.7 XGA DDR DMD which operates at 60 MHz DDR clock and provide 7.7 GbS data transfer rate and the Discovery 3000 which uses the 0.7 XGA LVDS DMD which operates at 200 MHz DDR clock and provides a 12.8 GbS data transfer rate.
• In general, DLP includes a digital micromirror device (DMD) containing an array of micromechanical mirrors producing resolutions of super video graphics array (SVGA) 800×600 pixels; extended graphics array (XGA), 1024×768 pixels; 720p 1280×72; and 1080p, 1920×1080 pixels, pico-size DMD, and/or other like matrices.
• FIG. 3 illustrates theprojection system18 using three-chip DLP technology with three different light sources,50,52, and54. Thelight sources50,52, and54 may include lasers, coherent LEDs, or the like. Other light sources may be used as long as the spectral line width of the light source is narrow and the output beam is directional. Each of thelight sources50,52, and54 provides a separate wavelength passing through a special four-sided prism56. Theprism56 guides the wavelengths from each of thelight sources50,52, and54 to the correspondingDMD58,60, and62 respectively. The wavelengths from each of the light sources,50,52, and54 is reflected from the DMD surfaces,58,60, and62 and combined. The combination is passed through an openfourth side64 of theprism56 to theprojection lens66. Theprojection lens66 directs the combination towards the particles in thevolumetric display14.
• Alternatively, theprojection systems16 and18 may include grating light valve technology (GLV). GLV is a diffractive micro-opto-electro-mechanical system (MOEMS) spatial light modulator capable of very high-speed modulation of light combined with fine gray-scale attenuation. GLV is capable of projecting a one-dimensional array through a second dimension, creating a full high-definition image.
• In another embodiment, in accordance with the present invention, thelight surface display10 utilizes both DLP and GLV technology in rendering a three-dimensional image12. For example, inFIG. 1, thefirst projector system16 may use DLP to create a series of 2D image slices, while thesecond projector system18 uses GLV to create a series of transitional slices.
• As illustrated inFIG. 4, at least twoprojection systems16 and18 are utilized to construct the three-dimensional image12 within thevolumetric display14. The intersection of the projected electromagnetic energy of thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18 activates theparticles creating voxels40 forming the three-dimensional image12.
• Thefirst projection system16 may include a single DLP or a single GLV. Theprojection system16 is used to project electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths to form sequential two-dimensional slices42 projecting across the length and width of thevolumetric display14. The projected electromagnetic energy may include non-visible wavelengths, such as an infrared wavelength or an ultra-violet wavelength, or a combination of two or more infrared and/or ultra-violet wavelengths depending on the projection system and/or the particles utilized.
• Thesecond projection system18 contains a single DLP or a single GLV. Thesecond projection system18 projects electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths to form planartranslational slices44 translating across the depth of thevolumetric display14. The projected electromagnetic energy can include non-visible wavelengths, such as an infrared wavelength or ultra violet wavelength, or a combination of two or more infrared and/or ultraviolet wavelengths depending on the projection system and/or the particles utilized.
• In one embodiment, the projected electromagnetic energy from thefirst projection system16 is the common infrared wavelength IRL0 forming the sequential two-dimensional slices42, and the projected electromagnetic energy from thesecond projection system18 consists of three different infrared wavelengths IRL1, IRL2, and IRL3 projected in sequence for each planartranslational slice44. To produce the planartranslational slice44, all of the micromirrors of thesecond projection system18 are set to the off-state except the first column and/or row, depending on the physical positioning of theprojection system18 and/orvolumetric display14. The projection of the planartranslational slice44 is synchronized to the projection of the two-dimensional slices42 from thefirst projection system16. The approximately 90 degree intersection of the planartranslational slice44 with the two-dimensional slice42 for a specified length of time energizes the particles at the intersection and creates an illuminated two-dimensional cross section at a specified location within thevolumetric display14. Changing the wavelengths of the planartranslational slices44 projected by thesecond projection system18 provides the means to generate red, green, and/or blue, along with a multitude of colors based on the combinations of red, green, and/or blue.
• To further create the three-dimensional image, all of the micromirrors in thesecond projection system18 are again switched to the off-state except for a second column and/or row depending on the orientation of thesecond projection system18 and/orvolumetric display14. A second intersection occurs between a second two-dimensional slice42 and a second planartranslational slice44 illuminating a second two-dimensional cross section at a specific location in thevolumetric display14. It is possible for thesecond projection system18 to project two or more columns and/or rows simultaneously for each planartranslational slice44.
• Synchronizing the operations of bothprojection systems16 and18 allows the series of illuminated cross sections of the two-dimensional slice42 and the planartranslational slice44 to appear at a depth within thevolumetric display14. Repeating the projections from thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18 throughout the entirevolumetric display14 creates the three-dimensional image12.
• The resolution, color, and/or brightness of the image may be manipulated by altering the projection of electromagnetic energy from theprojection system16 and18. For example, allowing for a pre-determined amount of time between projection by thefirst projection system16 and projection by thesecond projection system18 can vary the color and/or intensity of each particle. Activation by thefirst projection system16 allows the particles to energize. A time-delay after projection by thefirst projection system16 allows the energy to dissipate before activation by thesecond projection system18. The dissipation of energy allows for variations in particle color and/or intensity. Additionally, altering the amplitude of wavelength of electromagnetic energy projected by either thefirst projection system16 and/or thesecond projection system18 can vary the intensity and vary the relative brightness of each particle.
• As previously discussed, theprojection systems16 and18 may include DLPs having digital micro-mirror devices containing an array of micromechanical mirrors. The micromechanical mirrors may be used in a plurality of array groups for dithering the translational slice to alter the relative brightness of each particle that comprises a voxel. In this technique, each particle receives electromagnetic energy that has been reflected from a plurality of micromechanical mirrors; the brightness is then controlled by selecting the number of micromechanical mirrors in this plurality. For example, using a 2×2 array of DLP micro-mirrors provides a relative color depth per voxel from zero to four depending on how many mirrors in the array group are activated at any given time. Larger micro-mirror array groups can provide corresponding greater color depth. It is noted that this dithering method decreases the overall resolution of the display and that multiplexing the micro-mirrors in time or controlling the laser power and/or laser activation timing to provide color depth are the preferred embodiments.
• As illustrated inFIGS. 5A,5B, and5C, the physical placement of theprojection system16 and18 and/or directing of the electromagnetic energy provided by theprojection systems16 and18 can provide for multiple viewing angles of the three-dimensional image12. For example, as shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B a 270-degree viewing of the three-dimensional image12 is produced when thefirst projection system16, projecting the two-dimensional cross section, occupies one side of thevolumetric display14 and the projected planar transitional slices are projected by thesecond projection system18 on the perpendicular side of thevolumetric display14. In another version, as illustrated inFIG. 5C, thefirst projection system16 utilizes a beam expander to provide the array of electromagnetic energy in a collimated beam to thevolumetric image space14.
• The planar transitional slices are projected to thevolumetric display14 through the use of asteering system80. The steering system may include one or more mirrors, including deformable mirrors, that can be mechanically or electrically altered to guide the electromagnetic energy from theprojection system18 to thevolumetric display14.
• Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 6, thesteering system80 can provide 360 degree viewing by angling the projections from thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18 so that they are tilted from a base82. Preferably, electromagnetic energy from thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18 will ideally intersect the particle at relative angles of approximately 90 degrees although other angles of intersection are contemplated. Having the intersection at an angle of approximately 90 degrees may eliminate any distortional dead zones resulting from voxel elongation, wherein the distortional dead zone is the region in which the size and/or shape of the individual voxels deviates substantially from the ideal. Control of the steering system may be provided by theprojection systems16 and18, thecontrol system20, and/or mechanical manipulation by the user.
• Thecontrol system20 refreshes the images at a frequency sufficient to ensure that the user and/or spectator perceive the visual data as continually present. In one example, thevolumetric display14 is in the form of a rectangle with sides of lengths l×k comprising n by m pixels. Any combination of these n×m pixels can be activated during each refresh period. For example, if n=1024 rows, and m=768 pixels, the resultant number of pixels is 786,432 pixels generated using thefirst projection system16. Flicker considerations give rise to a minimum image refresh frequency. Therefore, if thesecond projection system18 provides 333 slices across the depth of thevolumetric display14, thefirst projection system16 and thesecond projection system18, then thecontrol system20 refreshing theprojection systems16 and18 at the same frequency, would provide 8000 images/sec from thefirst projection system16 and 8000 images/sec from thesecond projection system18. In this example, the generatedvolumetric display14 would provide 225 million-voxels for a single color image and 85 million-voxels for a three-color image and 111 slices across the depth. The obtained three-dimensional image12 is comprised of 24 three-dimensional images12 per second (refresh rate).
• In another example, thefirst projection system16 utilizes a DLP projector with three different light sources simultaneously projecting the two-dimensional image and thesecond projection system18 slices the two-dimensional images with a single light source such as a common infra-red laser. In this example, when the first projection system emits 1024×768 images, and the second projection system slices 666 columns, synchronization by thecontrol system20 generates thevolumetric display14 with 500 million-voxels for multi-color images.
• In another example, theprojection systems16 and18 described herein operate at a rate of 16,000 frames/sec. The illuminated cross sections within thevolumetric image space14 take the form of rectangle comprised of n by m pixels. Any combination of these n×m pixels are activated during each refresh period. If n=1920 rows and m=1080 columns, the resultant number of pixels generated for each 2D cross section is 2.0736 million pixels. If the equivalentvolumetric image space14 provides an additional spatial dimension (depth) d equal to 666 slices generated then flicker considerations give rise to a minimum image refresh frequency equal to twenty-four-—three-dimensional images/sec. Thefirst projection system16 will project a continuous combination of three mixed wavelengths to provide three color images at 16,000 images/sec.
• To provide moving images, the three-dimensional image12 is projected at least 24 times/sec, leading to a three-dimensional projection speed equal to 666 images/sec. Thesecond projection system18 switches 666 columns or rows to create 666 slices/sec, over the depth of thevolumetric image space14. The resultant projection system speed is 15984 frames/sec with a switching speed for the three different wavelengths at 7992 switches/sec. Thus, thevolumetric image space14, having more than 666 slices for the depth direction and 1,381 million voxels for multi-color image, gives a resulting three-dimensional image12 comprised of twenty-four three-dimensional images/sec (refresh rate).
• As illustrated inFIG. 6, thecontrol system20 may optionally communicate with anexternal source62, such as a computer, processor, or the Internet, to provide external control, external programming, permitting measurement and reporting of information regarding thelight surface display10, and/or downloading of images to thecontrol system20. Theexternal source62 can be either proximally located to thelight surface display10 or located at a distance so long as there is communication between thecontrol system20 and theexternal source62. Communication between thecontrol system20 and theexternal source62 can be wired or wireless.
• As illustrated inFIG. 7, thelight surface display10 may optionally include ahousing70 containing the three-dimensional image12. In addition to providing support for the particles, thehousing70 provides an element of safety in securing the particles against outside contact with the user or spectator. Thehousing70 is constructed of a transparent material forming a transparent area so that a user or spectator located outside thehousing70 can view the image within thehousing70. It should be understood that the amount and/or shape of the transparent material forming thehousing70 can be varied depending upon a number of factors, such as the desired optical effect, or the end use of thelight surface display10. Thehousing70 may additionally enclose theprojection systems16 and18 and/orcontrol system20. Thehousing70 is provided with anopaque area72 so as to hide various parts of thelight surface display10 from the view of a user or spectator outside of thehousing70. For example, theprojection systems16 and18 and/orcontrol system20 can be located adjacent to theopaque area72 so as to hide theprojection systems16 and18 and/orcontrol system20 from the user or spectator.
• Additionally, thelight surface display10 can include a filter, such as an electromagnetic radiation filter, preventing exposure of non-visible radiation to the user or spectator. The filter may be integral to thehousing70 or separate from thehousing70.
• As discussed above, thelight surface display10 is used to produce three-dimensional images12. In using thelight surface display10, avolumetric space14 is provided, wherein a plurality of particles are suspended within thevolumetric space14 via the medium, magnetic suspension or the like. Substantially-uniform dispersion of the particles within thevolumetric space14 is preferred. The particles are energized sequentially along the length and width of thevolumetric display14 through projection of electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths. The electromagnetic energy may be provided by one ormore projection systems16 and/or18. The energized particles form a two-dimensional image along the length and width of thevolumetric space14. The particles are intersected with a projection of electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths along the depth of thevolumetric display14. The projection of electromagnetic energy along the length and width of thevolumetric display14 and the projection of electromagnetic energy along the depth of thevolumetric display14 are synchronized for a pre-determined length of time. Synchronization of the projections forms the illuminated three-dimensional image12.
• The foregoing disclosure includes the best mode for practicing the invention. It is apparent, however, that those skilled in the relevant art will recognize variations of the invention that are not described herein. While the invention is defined by the appended claims, the invention is not limited to the literal meaning of the claims, but also includes these variations.

Claims (35)

1. A method of producing at least one three-dimensional image, comprising the steps of:

a. projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more first wavelengths into a volumetric display sequentially along the length and width of the volumetric display in a series of 2D image slices;

b. projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more second wavelengths in a series of slices along the depth of the volumetric display whereby particles intersected by the first and second wavelengths form illuminated two-dimensional cross sections at specific locations in the volumetric display;

c. synchronizing the projection of electromagnetic energy along the length and width of the volumetric display with the projection of electromagnetic energy along the depth of the volumetric display for a pre-determined length of time to form an illuminated three-dimensional image.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the volumetric display remains static while forming the illuminated three-dimensional image.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein projection of electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths is performed by a first projection system including a single digital light processor.

4. The method ofclaim 3, wherein power of a first projection system is modulated to provide variable brightness of the image.

5. The method ofclaim 3, wherein the projection of electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths along the depth of the volumetric display is performed by a second projection system including a single digital light processor having a digital micromirror device with an array of micromechanical mirrors.

6. The method ofclaim 5, further comprising the step of dithering the micromechanical mirrors to provide variable brightness of the image

7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the step of providing a pre-determined time-delay before intersecting the energized particles through projection of electromagnetic energy of one or more wavelengths along the depth of the volumetric display.

8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the particles are supported by an aerogel matrix.

9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the particles are substantially uniformly suspended.

10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the optical illusion of movement is selected from the group consisting of full rotating screen, half rotating screen, two Archimedes spirals rotating around a common center, and single spiral rotating screen.

11. A light surface display for providing a three-dimensional image, comprising:

a plurality of particles dispersed within a volumetric display;

a first projection system projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more first wavelengths into the volumetric display sequentially along the length and width of the volumetric display in a series of 2D image slices;

a second projection system projecting electromagnetic energy of one or more second wavelengths in a series of slices along the depth of the volumetric display whereby particles intersected by the first and second wavelengths form illuminated two-dimensional cross sections at specific locations in the volumetric display;

a control system synchronizing the projection of electromagnetic energy along the length and width of the volumetric display with the projection of electromagnetic energy along the depth of the volumetric display for a pre-determined length of time to form an illuminated three-dimensional image.

12. The display ofclaim 11, further comprising a medium substantially transparent and dispersed within the volumetric display wherein the particles are dispersed within the medium.

13. The display ofclaim 12, wherein the medium is an aerogel matrix.

14. The display ofclaim 12, wherein at least a portion of the aerogel medium is composed of an inorganic substance.

15. The display ofclaim 12, wherein at least a portion of the aerogel medium is composed of an organic substance.

16. The display ofclaim 12, wherein the medium is an xerogel matrix.

17. The display ofclaim 16, wherein at least a portion of the xerogel matrix is composed of an inorganic substance.

18. The display ofclaim 16, wherein at least a portion of the xerogel matrix is composed of an organic substance.

19. The display ofclaim 12, wherein the medium is a transparent glass ceramic matrix composed of an organic substance.

20. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the particles are quantum dots.

21. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the particles are upconversion materials.

22. The display ofclaim 21, wherein the upconversion materials includes a host material doped with a sensitizer and rare-earth ions.

23. The display ofclaim 22, wherein the sensitizer is Ytterbium.

24. The display ofclaim 22, wherein the rare-earth ions are lanthanides.

25. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the particles are upconversion materials dispersed within an aerogel matrix.

26. The display ofclaim 25, wherein the display produces a polychromatic three-dimensional image.

27. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the first projection system includes at least one digital light processing projector.

28. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the second projection system includes at least one digital light processing projector having a digital micro-mirror device containing an array of micromechanical mirrors.

29. The display ofclaim 28, wherein the micro-mirror device is used in dithering the translational slices of electromagnetic energy.

30. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the first projection system projects wavelengths for a pre-determined amount of time prior to the second projection system projecting wavelengths intersecting the energized particles.

31. The display ofclaim 11, wherein power of the first projection system is modulated to vary the intensity of electromagnetic energy of the wavelengths along the length and width of the volumetric display.

32. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the first projection system includes a beam steering system for directing the wavelengths of the first projection system.

33. The display ofclaim 11, wherein the control system is in communication with an external source to download images.

34. The display ofclaim 11, further comprising a housing supporting the volumetric display.

35. The display ofclaim 34, wherein the housing includes an electromagnetic radiation filter.

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