US20120192300A1

Movatterモバイル変換

Info

Publication number: US20120192300A1
Application number: US13/412,936
Authority: US
Inventors: Robert Babb; John McWhirter; Lynn MacDonald; Sean Stevens; Samuel Davis; David R. Buckler; Karolina A. Hosiawa; Andrew J. Murphy
Original assignee: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
Current assignee: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date: 2010-02-08
Filing date: 2012-03-06
Publication date: 2012-07-26
Also published as: SI2501817T2; RU2571205C2; RS59001B1; US20130302836A1; SG10201913463QA; DK2501817T3; IL221265B; SI2505654T2; KR102116296B1; SI2501817T1; JP2019076108A; DK2505654T4; SG10201610294RA; MX350983B; PL2505654T3; RU2015147726A3; JP2015171386A; SMT201900372T1; HK1231505A1; AU2011213585B2

Abstract

A genetically modified mouse is provided, wherein the mouse expresses an immunoglobulin light chain repertoire characterized by a limited number of light chain variable domains. Mice are provided that express just one or a few immunoglobulin light chain variable domains from a limited repertoire in their germline. Methods for making light chain variable regions in mice, including human light chain variable regions, are provided. Methods for making human variable regions suitable for use in multispecific binding proteins, e.g., bispecific antibodies, are provided.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/093,156 filed Apr. 25, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/022,759 filed Feb. 8, 2011, which is a nonprovisional application of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/302,282, filed Feb. 8, 2010; which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

A genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses antibodies having a common human variable/mouse constant light chain associated with diverse human variable/mouse constant heavy chains. A method for making a human bispecific antibody from human variable region gene sequences of B cells of the mouse is provided.

BACKGROUND

Antibodies typically comprise a homodimeric heavy chain component, wherein each heavy chain monomer is associated with an identical light chain. Antibodies having a heterodimeric heavy chain component (e.g., bispecific antibodies) are desirable as therapeutic antibodies. But making bispecific antibodies having a suitable light chain component that can satisfactorily associate with each of the heavy chains of a bispecific antibody has proved problematic.

In one approach, a light chain might be selected by surveying usage statistics for all light chain variable domains, identifying the most frequently employed light chain in human antibodies, and pairing that light chain in vitro with the two heavy chains of differing specificity.

In another approach, a light chain might be selected by observing light chain sequences in a phage display library (e.g., a phage display library comprising human light chain variable region sequences, e.g., a human scFv library) and selecting the most commonly used light chain variable region from the library. The light chain can then be tested on the two different heavy chains of interest.

In another approach, a light chain might be selected by assaying a phage display library of light chain variable sequences using the heavy chain variable sequences of both heavy chains of interest as probes. A light chain that associates with both heavy chain variable sequences might be selected as a light chain for the heavy chains.

In another approach, a candidate light chain might be aligned with the heavy chains' cognate light chains, and modifications are made in the light chain to more closely match sequence characteristics common to the cognate light chains of both heavy chains. If the chances of immunogenicity need to be minimized, the modifications preferably result in sequences that are present in known human light chain sequences, such that proteolytic processing is unlikely to generate a T cell epitope based on parameters and methods known in the art for assessing the likelihood of immunogenicity (i.e., in silico as well as wet assays).

All of the above approaches rely on in vitro methods that subsume a number of a priori restraints, e.g., sequence identity, ability to associate with specific pre-selected heavy chains, etc. There is a need in the art for compositions and methods that do not rely on manipulating in vitro conditions, but that instead employ more biologically sensible approaches to making human epitope-binding proteins that include a common light chain.

SUMMARY

Genetically modified mice that express human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable domains, wherein the mice have a limited light chain variable repertoire, are provided. A biological system for generating a human light chain variable domain that associates and expresses with a diverse repertoire of affinity-matured human heavy chain variable domains is provided. Methods for making binding proteins comprising immunoglobulin variable domains are provided, comprising immunizing mice that have a limited immunoglobulin light chain repertoire with an antigen of interest, and employing an immunoglobulin variable region gene sequence of the mouse in a binding protein that specifically binds the antigen of interest. Methods include methods for making human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domains suitable for use in making multi-specific antigen-binding proteins.

Genetically engineered mice are provided that select suitable affinity-matured human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domains derived from a repertoire of unrearranged human heavy chain variable region gene segments, wherein the affinity-matured human heavy chain variable domains associate and express with a single human light chain variable domain derived from one human light chain variable region gene segment. Genetically engineered mice that present a choice of two human light chain variable region gene segments are also provided.

Genetically engineered mice are provided that express a limited repertoire of human light chain variable domains, or a single human light chain variable domain, from a limited repertoire of human light chain variable region sequences. The mice are genetically engineered to include a single V/J human light chain sequence (or two V/J sequences) that express a variable region of a single light chain (or that express either or both of two variable regions). A light chain comprising the variable sequence is capable of pairing with a plurality of affinity-matured human heavy chains clonally selected by the mice, wherein the heavy chain variable regions specifically bind different epitopes.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that comprises a single human immunoglobulin light chain variable (V_L) region gene segment that is capable of rearranging with a human J gene segment (selected from one or a plurality of J_Lsegments) and encoding a human V_Ldomain of an immunoglobulin light chain. In another aspect, the mouse comprises no more than two human V_Lgene segments, each of which is capable of rearranging with a human J gene segment (selected from one or a plurality of J_Lsegments) and encoding a human V_Ldomain of an immunoglobulin light chain.

In one embodiment, the single human V_Lgene segment is operably linked to a human J_Lgene segment selected from Jκ1, Jκ2, Jκ3, Jκ4, and Jκ5, wherein the single human V_Lgene segment is capable of rearranging to form a sequence encoding a light chain variable region gene with any of the one or more human J_Lgene segments.

In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse comprises an immunoglobulin light chain locus that does not comprise an endogenous mouse V_Lgene segment that is capable of rearranging to form an immunoglobulin light chain gene, wherein the V_Llocus comprises a single human V_Lgene segment that is capable of rearranging to encode a V_Lregion of a light chain gene. In a specific embodiment, the human V_Lgene segment is a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 gene segment or a human Vκ3-20Jκ1 gene segment. In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse comprises a V_Llocus that does not comprise an endogenous mouse V_Lgene segment that is capable of rearranging to form an immunoglobulin light chain gene, wherein the V_Llocus comprises no more than two human V_Lgene segments that are capable of rearranging to encode a V_Lregion of a light chain gene. In a specific embodiment, the no more than 2 human V_Lgene segments are a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 gene segment and a human Vκ3-20Jκ1 gene segment.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that comprises a single rearranged (V/J) human immunoglobulin light chain variable (V_L) region (i.e., a V_L/J_Lregion) that encodes a human V_Ldomain of an immunoglobulin light chain. In another aspect, the mouse comprises no more than two rearranged human V_Lregions that are capable of encoding a human V_Ldomain of an immunoglobulin light chain.

In one embodiment, the V_Lregion is a rearranged human Vκ1-39/J sequence or a rearranged human Vκ3-20/J sequence. In one embodiment, the human J_Lsegment of the rearranged V_L/J_Lsequence is selected from Jκ1, Jκ2, Jκ3, Jκ4, and Jκ5. In a specific embodiment, the V_Lregion is a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence or a human Vκ3-20JκK1 sequence. In a specific embodiment, the mouse has both a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence and a human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence.

In one embodiment, the human V_Lgene segment is operably linked to a human or mouse leader sequence. In one embodiment, the leader sequence is a mouse leader sequence. In a specific embodiment, the mouse leader sequence is a mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence. In a specific embodiment, the leader sequence is operably linked to an unrearranged human V_Lgene segment. In a specific embodiment, the leader sequence is operably linked to a rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence.

In one embodiment, the V_Lgene segment is operably linked to an immunoglobulin promoter sequence. In one embodiment, the promoter sequence is a human promoter sequence. In a specific embodiment, the human immunoglobulin promoter is a human Vκ3-15 promoter. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is operably linked to an unrearranged human V_Lgene segment. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is operably linked to a rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence.

In one embodiment, the light chain locus comprises a leader sequence flanked 5′ (with respect to transcriptional direction of a V_Lgene segment) with a human immunoglobulin promoter and flanked 3′ with a human V_Lgene segment that rearranges with a human J segment and encodes a V_Ldomain of a reverse chimeric light chain comprising an endogenous mouse light chain constant region (C_L). In a specific embodiment, the V_Lgene segment is at the mouse Vκ locus, and the mouse C_Lis a mouse Cκ.

In one embodiment, the light chain locus comprises a leader sequence flanked 5′ (with respect to transcriptional direction of a V_Lgene segment) with a human immunoglobulin promoter and flanked 3′ with a rearranged human V_Lregion (V_L/J_Lsequence) and encodes a V_Ldomain of a reverse chimeric light chain comprising an endogenous mouse light chain constant region (C_L). In a specific embodiment, the rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence is at the mouse kappa (κ) locus, and the mouse C_Lis a mouse Cκ.

In one embodiment, the V_Llocus of the modified mouse is a κ light chain locus, and the κ light chain locus comprises a mouse κ intronic enhancer, a mouse κ3′ enhancer, or both an intronic enhancer and a 3′ enhancer.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a nonfunctional immunoglobulin lambda (λ) light chain locus. In a specific embodiment, the λ light chain locus comprises a deletion of one or more sequences of the locus, wherein the one or more deletions renders the λ light chain locus incapable of rearranging to form a light chain gene. In another embodiment, all or substantially all of the V_Lgene segments of the λ light chain locus are deleted.

In one embodiment, mouse makes a light chain that comprises a somatically mutated V_Ldomain derived from a human V_Lgene segment. In one embodiment, the light chain comprises a somatically mutated V_Ldomain derived from a human V_Lgene segment, and a mouse Cκ region. In one embodiment, the mouse does not express a λ light chain.

In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is capable of somatically hypermutating the human V_Lregion sequence. In a specific embodiment, the mouse comprises a cell that comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin light chain gene derived from a human V_Lgene segment that is capable of rearranging and encoding a V_Ldomain, and the rearranged immunoglobulin light chain gene comprises a somatically mutated V_Ldomain.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a cell that expresses a light chain comprising a somatically mutated human V_Ldomain linked to a mouse CK, wherein the light chain associates with a heavy chain comprising a somatically mutated V_Hdomain derived from a human V_Hgene segment and wherein the heavy chain comprises a mouse heavy chain constant region (C_H). In a specific embodiment, the heavy chain comprises amouse C_H1, a mouse hinge, a mouse C_H2, and a mouse C_H3. In a specific embodiment, the heavy chain comprises ahuman C_H1, a hinge, a mouse C_H2, and a mouse C_H3.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a replacement of endogenous mouse V_Hgene segments with one or more human V_Hgene segments, wherein the human V_Hgene segments are operably linked to a mouse C_Hregion gene, such that the mouse rearranges the human V_Hgene segments and expresses a reverse chimeric immunoglobulin heavy chain that comprises a human V_Hdomain and a mouse C_H. In one embodiment, 90-100% of unrearranged mouse V_Hgene segments are replaced with at least one unrearranged human V_Hgene segment. In a specific embodiment, all or substantially all of the endogenous mouse V_Hgene segments are replaced with at least one unrearranged human V_Hgene segment. In one embodiment, the replacement is with at least 19, at least 39, or at least 80 or 81 unrearranged human V_Hgene segments. In one embodiment, the replacement is with at least 12 functional unrearranged human V_Hgene segments, at least 25 functional unrearranged human V_Hgene segments, or at least 43 functional unrearranged human V_Hgene segments. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a replacement of all mouse D_Hand J_Hsegments with at least one unrearranged human D_Hsegment and at least one unrearranged human J_Hsegment. In one embodiment, the at least one unrearranged human D_Hsegment is selected from 1-1, D1-7, 1-26, 2-8, 2-15, 3-3, 3-10, 3-16, 3-22, 5-5, 5-12, 6-6, 6-13, 7-27, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the at least one unrearranged human J_Hsegment is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and a combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the one or more human V_Hgene segment is selected from a 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 1-69, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 3-53, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment, and a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a B cell that expresses a binding protein that specifically binds an antigen of interest, wherein the binding protein comprises a light chain derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement or a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement, and wherein the cell comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene derived from a rearrangement of human V_Hgene segments selected from a 1-69, 2-5, 3-13, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-53, 4-39, 4-59, and 5-51 gene segment. In one embodiment, the one or more human V_Hgene segments are rearranged with a human heavy chain J_Hgene segment selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. In one embodiment, the one or more human V_Hand J_Hgene segments are rearranged with a human D_Hgene segment selected from 1-1, 1-7, 1-26, 2-8, 2-15, 3-3, 3-10, 3-16, 3-22, 5-5, 5-12, 6-6, 6-13, and 7-27. In a specific embodiment, the light chain gene has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more somatic hypermutations.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a B cell that comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene sequence comprising a V_H/D_H/J_Hregion selected from 2-5/6-6/1, 2-5/3-22/1, 3-13/6-6/5, 3-23/2-8/4, 3-23/3-3/4, 3-23/3-10/4, 3-23/6-6/4, 3-23/7-27/4, 3-30/1-1/4, 3-30/1-7/4, 3-30/3-3/3, 3-30/3-3/4, 3-30/3-22/5, 3-30/5-5/2, 3-30/5-12/4, 3-30/6-6/1, 3-30/6-6/3, 3-30/6-6/4, 3-30/6-6/5, 3-30/6-13/4, 3-30/7-27/4, 3-30/7-27/5, 3-30/7-27/6, 3-33/1-7/4, 3-33/2-15/4, 4-39/1-26/3, 4-59/3-16/3, 4-59/3-16/4, 4-59/3-22/3, 5-51/3-16/6, 5-51/5-5/3, 5-51/6-13/5, 3-53/1-1/4, 1-69/6-6/5, and 1-69/6-13/4. In a specific embodiment, the B cell expresses a binding protein comprising a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region fused with a mouse heavy chain constant region, and a human immunoglobulin light chain variable region fused with a mouse light chain constant region.

In one embodiment, the rearranged human V_Lregion is a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence, and the mouse expresses a reverse chimeric light chain comprising (i) a V_Ldomain derived from the human V_L/J_Lsequence and (ii) a mouse C_L; wherein the light chain is associated with a reverse chimeric heavy chain comprising (i) a mouse C_Hand (ii) a somatically mutated human V_Hdomain derived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from a 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 1-69, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 3-53, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a light chain that is somatically mutated. In one embodiment the C_Lis a mouse Cκ. In a specific embodiment, the human V_Hgene segment is selected from a 2-5, 3-13, 3-23, 3-30, 4-59, 5-51, and 1-69 gene segment. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain comprises a sequence derived from a D_Hsegment selected from 1-1, 1-7, 2-8, 3-3, 3-10, 3-16, 3-22, 5-5, 5-12, 6-6, 6-13, and 7-27. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain comprises a sequence derived from a J_Hsegment selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain is encoded by a rearranged human V_H/D_H/J_Hsequence selected from 2-5/6-6/1, 2-5/3-22/1, 3-13/6-6/5, 3-23/2-8/4, 3-23/3-3/4, 3-23/3-10/4, 3-23/6-6/4, 3-23/7-27/4, 3-30/1-1/4, 3-30/1-7/4, 3-30/3-3/4, 3-30/3-22/5, 3-30/5-5/2, 3-30/5-12/4, 3-30/6-6/1, 3-30/6-6/3, 3-30/6-6/4, 3-30/6-6/5, 3-30/6-13/4, 3-30/7-27/4, 3-30/7-27/5, 3-30/7-27/6, 4-59/3-16/3, 4-59/3-16/4, 4-59/3-22/3, 5-51/5-5/3, 1-69/6-6/5, and 1-69/6-13/4.

In one embodiment, the rearranged human V_Lregion is a human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and the mouse expresses a reverse chimeric light chain comprising (i) a V_Ldomain derived from the rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence, and (ii) a mouse C_L; wherein the light chain is associated with a reverse chimeric heavy chain comprising (i) a mouse C_H, and (ii) a somatically mutated human V_Hderived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from a 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 1-69, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 3-53, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a light chain that is somatically mutated. In one embodiment the C_Lis a mouse Cκ. In a specific embodiment, the human V_Hgene segment is selected from a 3-30, 3-33, 3-53, 4-39, and 5-51 gene segment. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain comprises a sequence derived from a D_Hsegment selected from 1-1, 1-7, 1-26, 2-15, 3-3, 3-16, and 6-13. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain comprises a sequence derived from a J_Hsegment selected from 3, 4, 5, and 6. In a specific embodiment, the somatically mutated human V_Hdomain is encoded by a rearranged human V_H/D_H/J_Hsequence selected from 3-30/1-1/4, 3-30/3-3/3, 3-33/1-7/4, 3-33/2-15/4, 4-39/1-26/3, 5-51/3-16/6, 5-51/6-13/5, and 3-53/1-1/4.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises both a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence and a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and the mouse expresses a reverse chimeric light chain comprising (i) a V_Ldomain derived from the human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence or the human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and (ii) a mouse C_L; wherein the light chain is associated with a reverse chimeric heavy chain comprising (i) a mouse C_H, and (ii) a somatically mutated human V_Hderived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from a 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 1-69, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 3-53, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a light chain that is somatically mutated. In one embodiment the C_Lis a mouse Cκ.

In one embodiment, 90-100% of the endogenous unrearranged mouse V_Hgene segments are replaced with at least one unrearranged human V_Hgene segment. In a specific embodiment, all or substantially all of the endogenous unrearranged mouse V_Hgene segments are replaced with at least one unrearranged human V_Hgene segment. In one embodiment, the replacement is with at least 18, at least 39, at least 80, or 81 unrearranged human V_Hgene segments. In one embodiment, the replacement is with at least 12 functional unrearranged human V_Hgene segments, at least 25 functional unrearranged human V_Hgene segments, or at least 43 unrearranged human V_Hgene segments.

In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is a C57BL strain, in a specific embodiment selected from C57BL/A, C57BL/An, C57BL/GrFa, C57BL/KaLwN, C57BL/6, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, C57BL/6NJ, C57BL/10, C57BL/10ScSn, C57BL/10Cr, and C57BL/Ola. In a specific embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is a mix of an aforementioned 129 strain and an aforementioned C57BL/6 strain. In another specific embodiment, the mouse is a mix of aforementioned 129 strains, or a mix of aforementioned BL/6 strains. In a specific embodiment, the 129 strain of the mix is a 129S6 (129/SvEvTac) strain.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a reverse chimeric antibody comprising a light chain that comprises a mouse Cκ and a somatically mutated human V_Ldomain derived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and a heavy chain that comprises a mouse C_Hand a somatically mutated human V_Hdomain derived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from a 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 1-69, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 3-53, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, and a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment, wherein the mouse does not express a fully mouse antibody and does not express a fully human antibody. In one embodiment the mouse comprises a κ light chain locus that comprises a replacement of endogenous mouse κ light chain gene segments with the rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence or the rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and comprises a replacement of all or substantially all endogenous mouse V_Hgene segments with a complete or substantially complete repertoire of human V_Hgene segments.

In one aspect, a population of antigen-specific antibodies derived from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antibodies comprise a light chain gene derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement or a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement, and wherein the antibodies comprise a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene derived from a rearrangement of a human V_Hgene segment selected from a 1-2, 1-3, 1-8, 1-18, 1-24, 1-46, 1-58, 1-69, 2-5, 2-26, 2-70, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-16, 3-20, 3-21, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-43, 3-48, 3-53, 3-64, 3-72, 3-73, 4-31, 4-34, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, and a 6-1 human V_Hgene segment. In one embodiment, the one or more human V_Hgene segments are rearranged with a human heavy chain J_Hgene segment selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. In a specific embodiment, the light chain has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more somatic hypermutations.

In one embodiment, the light chain has 1, 2, 3, or 4 somatic hypermutations. In one embodiment, the light chain gene has 1 or 2 mutations. In various embodiments, the light chain gene is capable of incurring multiple mutations along its sequence.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and the light chain has at least one or no more than four somatic hypermutations. In one embodiment, the light chain comprises at least two somatic hypermutations. In one embodiment, the light chain comprises at least three somatic hypermutations. In one embodiment, the light chain comprises at least four somatic hypermutations. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more framework regions (FWs) of the light chain. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the light chain. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more FWs and/or one or more CDRs of the light chain. In various embodiments, the framework regions are selected from framework 1 (FW1), framework 2 (FW2), framework 3 (FW3), and/or a combination thereof. In various embodiments, the CDRs are selected from CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, and/or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 9% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 9% of the light chains comprise one mutation present in FW1. In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 25% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 19% of the light chains have one mutation present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 5% of the light chains have two mutations present in CDR1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 20% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one or no more than three mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 17% of the light chains have one mutation present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the light chains have two mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the light chains have three mutations present in FW2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 10% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 10% of the light chains have one mutation present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the light chains have two mutations present in CDR2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 29% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one or no more than four mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 21% of the light chains have one mutation present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 5% of the light chains have two mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 2% of the light chains have three mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 2% of the light chains have four mutations present in FW3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 37% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have at least one or no more than four mutations present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 27% of the light chains have one mutation present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 8% of the light chains have two mutations present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the light chains have three mutations present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the light chains have four mutations present in CDR3.

In one embodiment, a population of antigen-specific antibodies derived from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antibodies comprise a light chain derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 9% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in FW1, about 25% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR1, about 20% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in FW2, about 10% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR2, about 29% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in FW3, and about 37% of the Vκ1-39/Jκ5-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 35% of the heavy chains have at least one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 25% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 9% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the heavy chains have three mutations present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 1% of the heavy chains have more than five mutations present in FW1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 rearrangement and about 92% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than four mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 92% of the heavy chains have at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 26% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 44% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 19% of the heavy chains have three mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 3% of the heavy chains have four mutations present in CDR1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 66% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than three mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 66% of the heavy chains have at least one, at least two, or at least three mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 35% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 23% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 8% of the heavy chains have three mutations present in FW2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 70% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than four mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 70% of the heavy chains have at least two, at least three, or at least four mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 34% have one mutation present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 20% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 12% of the heavy chains have three mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 5% of the heavy chains have four mutations present in CDR2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 91% of the heavy chains have at least one or up to five or more mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 91% of the heavy chains have at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five or more mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 19% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 33% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 22% of the heavy chains have three mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 11% of the heavy chains have four mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 7% of the heavy chains have five or more mutations present in FW3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and about 63% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 63% of the heavy chains have at one mutation present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 54% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 9% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in CDR3.

In one embodiment, a population of antigen-specific antibodies derived from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antibodies comprise a light chain derived from a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 rearrangement and at least 35% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW1, about 92% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR1, about 66% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW2, about 70% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR2, about 91% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW3, and about 63% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and the light chain gene has at least one or no more than two somatic hypermutations; in one embodiment, the light chain gene has at least two, at least three, at least four or more somatic hypermutations. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more framework regions of the light chain. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more CDR regions of the light chain. In a specific embodiment, the mutations are present in one or more framework regions and/or one or more CDR regions of the light chain. In various embodiments, the framework regions are selected from framework 1 (FW1), framework 2 (FW2), framework 3 (FW3), and/or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 10% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1 -derived light chains have at least one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 10% of the light chains have one mutation in FW1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 53% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1 -derived light chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 27% of the light chains have one or more mutations in CDR1; in one embodiment, about 54% of the light chains have one or two mutations present in CDR1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 6% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 6% of light chains have at least one mutation present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 3% of the light chains have one mutation present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 3% of the light chains have two mutations present in FW2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and at least about 3% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1 -derived light chains have at least one mutation present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 3% of the light chains have one mutation in CDR2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 17% or more of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 20% of the light chain have one mutation present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 17% of the light chains have two mutations present in FW3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and at least 43% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have at least one mutation present in CDR3; in one embodiment, at least 43% of the light chains have one mutation in CDR3.

In one embodiment, a population of antigen-specific antibodies derived from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antibodies comprise a light chain derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 10% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in at least, about 53% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR1, about 6% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in FW2, about 3% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR2, about 37% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1 -derived light chains have one or more mutations present in FW3, and about 43% of the Vκ3-20/Jκ1-derived light chains have one or more mutations present in CDR3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 43% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than two mutations present in FW1; in one embodiment, at least 41% of the heavy chains have at least one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, about 41% of the heavy chains have one mutation present in FW1; in one embodiment, about 2% of the heavy chains have two mutations present in FW1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/κ1 rearrangement and about 92% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than four mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 43% of heavy chains have at least one mutation present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 25% of heavy chains have at least two mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 15% of heavy chains have at least 3 mutations present in CDR1; in one embodiment, at least 10% of heavy chains have 4 or more mutations present in CDR1.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 46% of the heavy chains have at least one or no more than three mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 34% of heavy chains have at least one mutation present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 10% of heavy chains have two or more mutations present in FW2; in one embodiment, at least 2% of heavy chains have three or more mutations present in FW2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 84% of the heavy chains have at least one or up to five or more than five mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 39% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 18% of the heavy chains have two or more mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 21% of the heavy chains have three or more mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 3% of the heavy chains have four or more mutations present in CDR2; in one embodiment, at least 2% of the heavy chains have five or more mutations present in CDR2.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 92% of the heavy chains have at least one or up to five or more than five mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 21% of the light chains have at least one mutation present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 20% of heavy chains have at least two mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 13% of the heavy chains have at least three mutations present in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 20% of the heavy chains have at least four mutations in FW3; in one embodiment, at least 18% of the heavy chains have at least 5 mutations in FW3.

In one embodiment, the light chain is derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 7% of the heavy chains have at least one mutation present in CDR3; in one embodiment, about 7% of the heavy chains have one mutation in CDR3.

In one embodiment, a population of antigen-specific antibodies derived from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antibodies comprise a light chain derived from a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 rearrangement and about 43% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW1, about 92% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR1, about 46% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW2, about 84% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR2, about 92% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in FW3, and about 7% of the heavy chains have one or more mutations present in CDR3.

In one aspect, a mouse that expresses an immunoglobulin light chain from a rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence is provided, wherein the rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence is present in the germline of the mouse, wherein the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human variable sequence. In one embodiment, the germline of the mouse comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence that is derived from the same V segment and the same J segment as all non-surrogate light chain sequences present in every B cell of the mouse that comprises a rearranged light chain sequence.

In one embodiment, the germline of the mouse lacks a functional unrearranged immunoglobulin light chain V gene segment. In one embodiment, the germline of the mouse lacks a functional unrearranged immunoglobulin light chain J gene segment.

In one embodiment, the germline of the mouse comprises no more than one, no more than two, or no more than three rearranged (V/J) light chain sequences.

In one embodiment, the rearranged V/J sequence comprises a κ light chain sequence. In a specific embodiment, the κ light chain sequence is a human κ light chain sequence. In a specific embodiment, the κ light chain sequence is selected from a human Vκ1-39/J sequence, a human Vκ3-20/J sequence, and a combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, the κ light chain sequence is a human Vκ1-39/Jκ5 sequence. In a specific embodiment, the κ light chain sequence is a human Vκ3-20/Jκ1 sequence.

In one embodiment, the mouse further comprises in its germline a sequence selected from a mouse κ intronic enhancer 5′ with respect to the rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence, a mouse κ 3′ enhancer, and a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the mouse comprises an unrearranged human V_Hgene segment, an unrearranged human D_Hgene segment, and an unrearranged human J_Hgene segment, wherein said V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments are capable of rearranging to form an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene sequence operably linked to a heavy chain constant gene sequence. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a plurality of human V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments. In a specific embodiment, the human V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments replace endogenous mouse V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments at the endogenous mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. In a specific embodiment, the mouse comprises a replacement of all or substantially all functional mouse V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments with all or substantially all functional human V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses an immunoglobulin light chain that comprises a mouse constant sequence. In one embodiment, the mouse expresses an immunoglobulin light chain that comprises a human constant sequence.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses an immunoglobulin heavy chain that comprises a mouse sequence selected from aC_H1 sequence, a hinge sequence, a C_H2 sequence, a C_H3 sequence, and a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses an immunoglobulin heavy chain that comprises a human sequence selected from aC_H1 sequence, a hinge sequence, a C_H2 sequence, a C_H3 sequence, and a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence in the germline of the mouse is at an endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain locus. In a specific embodiment, the rearranged immunoglobulin light chain sequence in the germline of the mouse replaces all or substantially all mouse light chain V and J sequences at the endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain locus.

In one aspect, a mouse is provided that comprises a B cell population characterized by each B cell that comprises a non-surrogate light chain sequence comprises a rearranged light chain gene that is derived from a single human V segment and a single human J segment, wherein the only light chain variable sequence in the germline of the mouse is a rearranged sequence derived from the single human V segment and the single human J segment, and wherein each B ell that comprises the rearranged light chain gene further comprises a gene encoding a cognate human heavy chain variable domain, and wherein the rearranged light chain gene comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four somatic hypermutations.

In one aspect, a pluripotent, induced pluripotent, or totipotent cell derived from a mouse as described herein is provided. In a specific embodiment, the cell is a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell.

In one aspect, a tissue derived from a mouse as described herein is provided. In one embodiment, the tissue is derived from spleen, lymph node or bone marrow of a mouse as described herein.

In one aspect, a nucleus derived from a mouse as described herein is provided. In one embodiment, the nucleus is from a diploid cell that is not a B cell.

In one aspect, a mouse cell is provided that is isolated from a mouse as described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is an ES cell. In one embodiment, the cell is a lymphocyte. In one embodiment, the lymphocyte is a B cell. In one embodiment, the B cell expresses a chimeric heavy chain comprising a variable domain derived from a human gene segment; and a light chain derived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39/J sequence, rearranged human Vκ3-20/J sequence, or a combination thereof; wherein the heavy chain variable domain is fused to a mouse constant region and the light chain variable domain is fused to a mouse or a human constant region.

In one aspect, a hybridoma is provided, wherein the hybridoma is made with a B cell of a mouse as described herein. In a specific embodiment, the B cell is from a mouse as described herein that has been immunized with an immunogen comprising an epitope of interest, and the B cell expresses a binding protein that binds the epitope of interest, the binding protein has a somatically mutated human V_Hdomain and a mouse C_H, and has a human V_Ldomain derived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 and a mouse C_L.

In one aspect, a mouse embryo is provided, wherein the embryo comprises a donor ES cell that is derived from a mouse as described herein.

In one aspect, a targeting vector is provided, comprising, from 5′ to 3′ in transcriptional direction with reference to the sequences of the 5′ and 3′ mouse homology arms of the vector, a 5′ mouse homology arm, a human or mouse immunoglobulin promoter, a human or mouse leader sequence, and a human V_Lregion selected from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1, and a 3′ mouse homology arm. In one embodiment, the 5′ and 3′ homology arms target the vector to a sequence 5′ with respect to an enhancer sequence that is present 5′ and proximal to the mouse Cκ gene. In one embodiment, the promoter is a human immunoglobulin variable region gene segment promoter. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is a human Vκ3-15 promoter. In one embodiment, the leader sequence is a mouse leader sequence. In a specific embodiment, the mouse leader sequence is a mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence.

In one aspect, a targeting vector is provided as described above, but in place of the 5′ mouse homology arm the human or mouse promoter is flanked 5′ with a site-specific recombinase recognition site (SRRS), and in place of the 3′ mouse homology arm the human V_Lregion is flanked 3′ with an SRRS.

In one aspect, a reverse chimeric antibody made by a mouse as described herein, wherein the reverse chimeric antibody comprises a light chain comprising a human V_Land a mouse C_L, and a heavy chain comprising a human V_Hand a mouse C_H.

In one aspect, a method for making an antibody is provided, comprising expressing in a single cell (a) a first V_Hgene sequence of an immunized mouse as described herein fused with a human C_Hgene sequence; (b) a V_Lgene sequence of an immunized mouse as described herein fused with a human C_Lgene sequence; and, (c) maintaining the cell under conditions sufficient to express a fully human antibody, and isolating the antibody. In one embodiment, the cell comprises a second V_Hgene sequence of a second immunized mouse as described herein fused with a human C_Hgene sequence, the first V_Hgene sequence encodes a V_Hdomain that recognizes a first epitope, and the second V_Hgene sequence encodes a V_Hdomain that recognizes a second epitope, wherein the first epitope and the second epitope are not identical.

In one aspect, a method for making an epitope-binding protein is provided, comprising exposing a mouse as described herein with an immunogen that comprises an epitope of interest, maintaining the mouse under conditions sufficient for the mouse to generate an immunoglobulin molecule that specifically binds the epitope of interest, and isolating the immunoglobulin molecule that specifically binds the epitope of interest; wherein the epitope-binding protein comprises a heavy chain that comprises a somatically mutated human V_Hand a mouse C_H, associated with a light chain comprising a mouse C_Land a human V_Lderived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1.

In one aspect, a cell that expresses an epitope-binding protein is provided, wherein the cell comprises: (a) a human nucleotide sequence encoding a human V_Ldomain that is derived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1, wherein the human nucleotide sequence is fused (directly or through a linker) to a human immunoglobulin light chain constant domain cDNA sequence (e.g., a human κ constant domain DNA sequence); and, (b) a first human V_Hnucleotide sequence encoding a human V_Hdomain derived from a first human V_Hnucleotide sequence, wherein the first human V_Hnucleotide sequence is fused (directly or through a linker) to a human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain cDNA sequence; wherein the epitope-binding protein recognizes a first epitope. In one embodiment, the epitope-binding protein binds the first epitope with a dissociation constant of lower than 10⁻⁶M, lower than 10⁻⁸M lower than 10⁻⁹M, lower than 10⁻¹⁰M, lower than 10⁻¹¹M, or lower than 10⁻¹²M.

In one embodiment, the cell comprises a second human nucleotide sequence encoding a second human V_Hdomain, wherein the second human sequence is fused (directly or through a linker) to a human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain cDNA sequence, and wherein the second human V_Hdomain does not specifically recognize the first epitope (e.g., displays a dissociation constant of, e.g., 10⁻⁶M, 10⁻⁵M, 10⁻⁴M, or higher), and wherein the epitope-binding protein recognizes the first epitope and the second epitope, and wherein the first and the second immunoglobulin heavy chains each associate with an identical light chain of (a).

In one embodiment, the second V_Hdomain binds the second epitope with a dissociation constant that is lower than 10⁻⁶M, lower than 10⁻⁷M, lower than 10⁻⁸M, lower than 10⁻⁹M, lower than 10⁻¹⁰M, lower than 10⁻¹¹M, or lower than 10⁻¹²M.

In one embodiment, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a protein A-binding residue, and the second immunoglobulin heavy chain lacks the protein A-binding residue.

In one embodiment, the cell is selected from CHO, COS, 293, HeLa, and a retinal cell expressing a viral nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a PERC.6™ cell).

In one aspect, a reverse chimeric antibody is provided, comprising a human V_Hand a mouse heavy chain constant domain, a human V_Land a mouse light chain constant domain, wherein the antibody is made by a process that comprises immunizing a mouse as described herein with an immunogen comprising an epitope, and the antibody specifically binds the epitope of the immunogen with which the mouse was immunized. In one embodiment, the V_Ldomain is somatically mutated. In one embodiment the V_Hdomain is somatically mutated. In one embodiment, both the V_Ldomain and the V_Hdomain are somatically mutated. In one embodiment, the V_Lis linked to a mouse Cκ domain.

In one aspect, a mouse is provided, comprising human V_Hgene segments replacing all or substantially all mouse V_Hgene segments at the endogenous mouse heavy chain locus; no more than one or two rearranged human light chain V_L/J_Lsequences selected from a rearranged Vκ1-39/J and a rearranged Vκ3-20/J or a combination thereof, replacing all mouse light chain gene segments; wherein the human heavy chain variable gene segments are linked to a mouse constant gene, and the rearranged human light chain sequences are linked to a human or mouse constant gene.

In one aspect, a mouse ES cell comprising a replacement of all or substantially all mouse heavy chain variable gene segments with human heavy chain variable gene segments, and no more than one or two rearranged human light chain V_L/J_Lsequences, wherein the human heavy chain variable gene segments are linked to a mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain constant gene, and the rearranged human light chain V_L/J_Lsequences are linked to a mouse or human immunoglobulin light chain constant gene. In a specific embodiment, the light chain constant gene is a mouse constant gene.

In one aspect, an antigen-binding protein made by a mouse as described herein is provided. In a specific embodiment, the antigen-binding protein comprises a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region fused with a mouse constant region, and a human immunoglobulin light chain variable region derived from a Vκ1-39 gene segment or a Vκ3-20 gene segment, wherein the light chain constant region is a mouse constant region.

In one aspect, a fully human antigen-binding protein made from an immunoglobulin variable region gene sequence from a mouse as described herein is provided, wherein the antigen-binding protein comprises a fully human heavy chain comprising a human variable region derived from a sequence of a mouse as described herein, and a fully human light chain comprising a Vκ1-39 or a Vκ3-20. In one embodiment, the light chain variable region comprises one to five somatic mutations. In one embodiment, the light chain variable region is a cognate light chain variable region that is paired in a B cell of the mouse with the heavy chain variable region.

In one embodiment, the fully human antigen-binding protein comprises a first heavy chain and a second heavy chain, wherein the first heavy chain and the second heavy chain comprise non-identical variable regions independently derived from a mouse as described herein, and wherein each of the first and second heavy chains express from a host cell associated with a human light chain derived from a Vκ1-39 gene segment or a Vκ3-20 gene segment. In one embodiment, the first heavy chain comprises a first heavy chain variable region that specifically binds a first epitope of a first antigen, and the second heavy chain comprises a second heavy chain variable region that specifically binds a second epitope of a second antigen. In a specific embodiment, the first antigen and the second antigen are different. In a specific embodiment, the first antigen and the second antigen are the same, and the first epitope and the second epitope are not identical; in a specific embodiment, binding of the first epitope by a first molecule of the binding protein does not block binding of the second epitope by a second molecule of the binding protein.

In one aspect, a method for making a bispecific antigen-binding protein is provided, comprising exposing a first mouse as described herein to a first antigen of interest that comprises a first epitope, exposing a second mouse as described herein to a second antigen of interest that comprises a second epitope, allowing the first and the second mouse to each mount immune responses to the antigens of interest, identifying in the first mouse a first human heavy chain variable region that binds the first epitope of the first antigen of interest, identifying in the second mouse a second human heavy chain variable region that binds the second epitope of the second antigen of interest, making a first fully human heavy chain gene that encodes a first heavy chain that binds the first epitope of the first antigen of interest, making a second fully human heavy chain gene that encodes a second heavy chain that binds the second epitope of the second antigen of interest, expressing the first heavy chain and the second heavy chain in a cell that expresses a single fully human light chain derived from a human Vκ1-39 or a human Vκ3-20 gene segment to form a bispecific antigen-binding protein, and isolating the bispecific antigen-binding protein.

In one embodiment, the first antigen and the second antigen are not identical.

In one embodiment, the first antigen and the second antigen are identical, and the first epitope and the second epitope are not identical. In one embodiment, binding of the first heavy chain variable region to the first epitope does not block binding of the second heavy chain variable region to the second epitope.

In one embodiment, the first antigen is selected from a soluble antigen and a cell surface antigen (e.g., a tumor antigen), and the second antigen comprises a cell surface receptor. In a specific embodiment, the cell surface receptor is an immunoglobulin receptor. In a specific embodiment, the immunoglobulin receptor is an Fc receptor. In one embodiment, the first antigen and the second antigen are the same cell surface receptor, and binding of the first heavy chain to the first epitope does not block binding of the second heavy chain to the second epitope.

In one embodiment, the light chain variable domain of the light chain comprises 2 to 5 somatic mutations. In one embodiment, the light chain variable domain is a somatically mutated cognate light chain expressed in a B cell of the first or the second immunized mouse with either the first or the second heavy chain variable domain.

In one embodiment, the first fully human heavy chain bears an amino acid modification that reduces its affinity to protein A, and he second fully human heavy chain does not comprise a modification that reduces its affinity to protein A.

In one aspect, an antibody or a bispecific antibody comprising a human heavy chain variable domain made in accordance with the invention is provided. In another aspect, use of a mouse as described herein to make a fully human antibody or a fully human bispecific antibody is provided.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse, embryo, or cell described herein comprises a κ light chain locus that retains endogenous regulatory or control elements, e.g., a mouse κ intronic enhancer, a mouse κ 3′ enhancer, or both an intronic enhancer and a 3′ enhancer, wherein the regulatory or control elements facilitate somatic mutation and affinity maturation of an expressed sequence of the κ light chain locus.

In one aspect, a mouse is provided that comprises a B cell population characterized by having immunoglobulin light chains derived from no more than one, or no more than two, rearranged or unrearranged immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments, wherein the mouse exhibits a κ:λ light chain ratio that is about the same as a mouse that comprises a wild type complement of immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments.

In one embodiment, the immunoglobulin light chains are derived from no more than one, or no more than two, rearranged immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments. In a specific embodiment, the light chains are derived from no more than one rearranged immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments.

In one aspect, a mouse as described herein is provided that expresses an immunoglobulin light chain derived from no more than one, or no more than two, human Vκ/Jκ sequences, wherein the mouse comprises a replacement of all or substantially all endogenous mouse heavy chain variable region gene segments with one or more human heavy chain variable region gene segments, and the mouse exhibits a ratio of (a) CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a λ light chain, to (b) CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a κ light chain, of about 1 to about 20.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a single κ light chain derived from a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence, and the ratio of CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a 2 light chain to CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a κ light chain is about 1 to about 20; in one embodiment, the ratio is about 1 to at least about 66; in a specific embodiment, the ratio is about 1 to 66.

In one embodiment, the mouse expresses a single κ light chain derived from a human Vκ3-20Jκ5 sequence, and the ratio of CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a λ light chain to CD19⁺B cells that express an immunoglobulin having a κ light chain is about 1 to about 20; in one embodiment, the ratio is about 1 to about 21. In specific embodiments, the ratio is 1 to 20, or 1 to 21.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses a single rearranged κ light chain, wherein the mouse comprises a functional λ light chain locus, and wherein the mouse expresses a B cell population that comprises Igκ⁺cells that express a κ light chain derived from the same single rearranged κ light chain. In one embodiment, the percent of Igκ⁺Igλ⁺B cells in the mouse is about the same as in a wild type mouse. In a specific embodiment, the percent of Igκ⁺Igλ⁺B cells in the mouse is about 2 to about 6 percent. In a specific embodiment, the percent of Igκ⁺Igλ⁺B cells in a mouse wherein the single rearranged κ light chain is derived from a Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence is about 2 to about 3; in a specific embodiment, the percent is about 2.6. In a specific embodiment, the percent of Igκ⁺Igλ⁺ B cells in a mouse wherein the single rearranged κ light chain is derived from a Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence is about 4 to about 8; in a specific embodiment, about 6.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided, wherein the mouse expresses a single rearranged κ light chain derived from a human Vκ and Jκ gene segment, wherein the mouse expresses a B cell population that comprises a single κ light chain derived from the single rearranged κ light chain sequence, wherein the genetically modified mouse has not been rendered resistant to somatic hypermutations. In one embodiment, at least 90% of the κ light chains expressed on a B cell of the mouse exhibit from at least one to about five somatic hypermutations.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that is modified to express a single κ light chain derived from no more than one, or no more than two, rearranged κ light chain sequences, wherein the mouse exhibits a κ light chain usage that is about two-fold or more, at least about three-fold or more, or at least about four-fold or more greater than the κ light chain usage exhibited by a wild type mouse, or greater than the κ light chain usage exhibited by a mouse of the same strain that comprises a wild type repertoire of κ light chain gene segments. In a specific embodiment, the mouse expresses the single κ light chain from no more than one rearranged κ light chain sequence. In a more specific embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is selected from a Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is a Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is a Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses a single κ light chain derived from no more than one, or no more than two, rearranged κ light chain sequences, wherein the mouse exhibits a κ light chain usage that is about 100-fold or more, at least about 200-fold or more, at least about 300-fold or more, at least about 400-fold or more, at least about 500-fold or more, at least about 600-fold or more, at least about 700-fold or more, at least about 800-fold or more, at least about 900-fold or more, at least about 1000-fold or more greater than the same κ light chain usage exhibited by a mouse bearing a complete or substantially complete human κ light chain locus. In a specific embodiment, the mouse bearing a complete or substantially complete human κ light chain locus lacks a functional unrearranged mouse κ light chain sequence. In a specific embodiment, the mouse expresses the single κ light chain from no more than one rearranged κ light chain sequence. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises one copy of a rearranged κ light chain sequence (e.g., a heterozygote). In one embodiment, the mouse comprises two copies of a rearranged κ light chain sequence (e.g., a homozygote). In a more specific embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is selected from a Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged K light chain sequence is a Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is a Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence.

In one embodiment, the level of expression is characterized by quantitating mRNA of transcribed light chain sequence, and comparing it to transcribed light chain sequence of a mouse bearing a complete or substantially complete light chain locus.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses a single κ light chain derived from no more than one, or no more than two, rearranged κ light chain sequences, wherein the mouse, upon immunization with antigen, exhibits a serum titer that is comparable to a wild type mouse immunized with the same antigen. In a specific embodiment, the mouse expresses a single κ light chain from no more than one rearranged κ light chain sequence. In one embodiment, the serum titer is characterized as total immunoglobulin. In a specific embodiment, the serum titer is characterized as IgM specific titer. In a specific embodiment, the serum titer is characterized as IgG specific titer. In a more specific embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is selected from a Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is a Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence. In one embodiment, the rearranged κ light chain sequence is a Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses a population of antigen-specific antibodies, wherein all of the immunoglobulin light chains of the population of antigen-specific antibodies comprise a human light chain variable (V_L) region derived from the same single human V_Lgene segment and the immunoglobulin heavy chains comprise a human heavy chain variable (V_H) region derived from one of a plurality of human V_Hgene segments.

In various embodiments, the human V_Hgene segments are selected from V_H1-2, V_H1-3, V_H1-8, V_H1-18, V_H1-24, V_H1-46, V_H1-58, V_H1-69, V_H2-5, V_H2-26, V_H2-70, V_H3-7, V_H3-9, V_H3-11, V_H3-13, V_H3-15, V_H3-20, V_H3-21, V_H3-23, V_H3-30, V_H3-33, V_H3-43, V_H3-48, V_H3-53, V_H3-64, V_H3-72, V_H3-73, V_H4-31, V_H4-34, V_H4-39, V_H4-59, V_H5-51, and V_H6-1.

In various embodiments, same single human V_Lgene segment is selected from a human Vκ1-39 gene segment and a human Vκ3-20 gene segment. In various embodiments, all of the immunoglobulin light chains comprise a human light chain J (J_L) gene segment selected from a Jκ and a Jλ gene segment. In a specific embodiment, the human J_Lgene segment is selected from a human Jκ1 and a Jκ5 gene segment. In various embodiments, the mouse lacks a sequence selected from a mouse immunoglobulin V_Lgene segment, a mouse immunoglobulin J_Lgene segment, and a combination thereof. In various embodiments, the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a human, mouse, or rat immunoglobulin light chain constant (C_L) region. In a specific embodiment, the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a mouse Cκ region. In a specific embodiment, the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a rat Cκ region.

In various embodiments, the human V_Lregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus. In various embodiments, the human V_Hregion is operably linked to a human, mouse, or rat immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (C_H) region. In various embodiments the (C_H) region comprises a human sequence selected from aC_H1, a hinge, a C_H2, a C_H3, a C_H4, and/or a combination thereof. In various embodiments, the human V_Hregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

In one aspect, a genetically modified mouse is provided that expresses a plurality of immunoglobulin heavy chains associated with a single light chain. In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises a human sequence. In various embodiments, the human sequence is selected from a variable sequence, aC_H1, a hinge, a C_H2, a C_H3, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the single light chain comprises a human sequence. In various embodiments, the human sequence is selected from a variable sequence, a constant sequence, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a disabled endogenous immunoglobulin locus and expresses the heavy chain and/or the light chain from a transgene or extrachromosomal episome. In one embodiment, the mouse comprises a replacement at an endogenous mouse locus of some or all endogenous mouse heavy chain gene segments (i.e., V, D, J), and/or some or all endogenous mouse heavy chain constant sequences (e.g.,C_H1, hinge, C_H2, C_H3, or a combination thereof), and/or some or all endogenous mouse light chain sequences (e.g., V, J, constant, or a combination thereof), with one or more human immunoglobulin sequences.

In one aspect, a mouse suitable for making antibodies that have the same light chain is provided, wherein all or substantially all antibodies made in the mouse are expressed with the same light chain. In one embodiment, the light chain is expressed from an endogenous light chain locus.

In one aspect, a method for making a light chain for a human antibody is provided, comprising obtaining from a mouse as described herein a light chain sequence and a heavy chain sequence, and employing the light chain sequence and the heavy chain sequence in making a human antibody. In one embodiment, the human antibody is a bispecific antibody.

In one aspect, a method for identifying a human heavy chain variable domain that is capable of binding an antigen of interest with an engineered light chain as described herein is provided, wherein the method comprises providing a heavy chain variable domain derived from a first antibody that is capable of binding the antigen, repairing the heavy chain variable domain with a germline light chain sequence and transfecting a cell so that each are expressed to form a second antibody, exposing the second antibody to the antigen, and measuring binding of the second antibody to the antigen.

In one embodiment, the light chain of the first antibody comprises a human Vκ1-39 sequence. In one embodiment, the light chain of the first antibody comprises a human Vκ3-20 sequence. In one embodiment, the germline light chain sequence comprises a human Vκ1-39 or Vκ3-20 sequence. In various embodiments, binding of the second antibody to the antigen is determined by comparison of binding of the first antibody to the antigen.

Any of the embodiments and aspects described herein can be used in conjunction with one another, unless otherwise indicated or apparent from the context. Other embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the ensuing description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a targeting strategy for replacing endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain variable region gene segments with a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 gene region.

FIG. 2 illustrates a targeting strategy for replacing endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain variable region gene segments with a human Vκ3-20Jκ1 gene region.

FIG. 3 illustrates a targeting strategy for replacing endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain variable region gene segments with a human VpreB/Jλ5 gene region.

FIG. 4 shows the percent of CD19⁺B cells (y-axis) from peripheral blood for wild type mice (WT), mice homozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 HO) and mice homozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region (Vκ3-20Jκ1 HO).

FIG. 5A shows the relative mRNA expression (y-axis) of a Vκ1-39-derived light chain in a quantitative PCR assay using probes specific for the junction of an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 Junction Probe) and the human Vκ1-39 gene segment (Vκ1-39 Probe) in a mouse homozygous for a replacement of the endogenous Vκ and Jκ gene segments with human Vκ and Jκ gene segments (Hκ), a wild type mouse (WT), and a mouse heterozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 HET). Signals are normalized to expression of mouse CK. N.D.: not detected.

FIG. 5B shows the relative mRNA expression (y-axis) of a Vκ1-39-derived light chain in a quantitative PCR assay using probes specific for the junction of an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 Junction Probe) and the human Vκ1-39 gene segment (Vκ1-39 Probe) in a mouse homozygous for a replacement of the endogenous Vκ and Jκ gene segments with human Vκ and Jκ gene segments (Hκ), a wild type mouse (WT), and a mouse homozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 HO). Signals are normalized to expression of mouse Cκ.

FIG. 5C shows the relative mRNA expression (y-axis) of a Vκ3-20-derived light chain in a quantitative PCR assay using probes specific for the junction of an engineered human rearranged Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region (Vκ3-20Jκ1 Junction Probe) and the human Vκ3-20 gene segment (Vκ3-20 Probe) in a mouse homozygous for a replacement of the endogenous Vκ and Jκ gene segments with human Vκ and Jκ gene segments (Hκ), a wild type mouse (WT), and a mouse heterozygous (HET) and homozygous (HO) for an engineered human rearranged Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region. Signals are normalized to expression of mouse CK.

FIG. 6A shows IgM (left) and IgG (right) titer in wild type (WT; N=2) and mice homozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 HO; N=2) immunized with β-galatosidase.

FIG. 6B shows total immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG, IgA) titer in wild type (WT; N=5) and mice homozygous for an engineered human rearranged Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region (Vκ3-20Jκ1 HO; N=5) immunized with β-galatosidase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention is not limited to particular methods, and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims.

Unless defined otherwise, all terms and phrases used herein include the meanings that the terms and phrases have attained in the art, unless the contrary is clearly indicated or clearly apparent from the context in which the term or phrase is used. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, particular methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The term “antibody”, as used herein, includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable (V_H) region and a heavy chain constant region (C_H). The heavy chain constant region comprises three domains,C_H1, C_H2 and C_H3. Each light chain comprises a light chain variable (V_L) region and a light chain constant region (C_L). The V_Hand V_Lregions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each V_Hand V_Lcomprises three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (heavy chain CDRs may be abbreviated as HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3; light chain CDRs may be abbreviated as LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3. The term “high affinity” antibody refers to an antibody that has a K_Dwith respect to its target epitope about of 10⁻⁹M or lower (e.g., about 1×10⁻⁹M, 1×10⁻¹⁰M, 1×10⁻¹¹M, or about 1×10⁻¹²M). In one embodiment, K_Dis measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORE™; in another embodiment, K_Dis measured by ELISA.

The phrase “bispecific antibody” includes an antibody capable of selectively binding two or more epitopes. Bispecific antibodies generally comprise two nonidentical heavy chains, with each heavy chain specifically binding a different epitope—either on two different molecules (e.g., different epitopes on two different immunogens) or on the same molecule (e.g., different epitopes on the same immunogen). If a bispecific antibody is capable of selectively binding two different epitopes (a first epitope and a second epitope), the affinity of the first heavy chain for the first epitope will generally be at least one to two or three or four or more orders of magnitude lower than the affinity of the first heavy chain for the second epitope, and vice versa. Epitopes specifically bound by the bispecific antibody can be on the same or a different target (e.g., on the same or a different protein). Bispecific antibodies can be made, for example, by combining heavy chains that recognize different epitopes of the same immunogen. For example, nucleic acid sequences encoding heavy chain variable sequences that recognize different epitopes of the same immunogen can be fused to nucleic acid sequences encoding the same or different heavy chain constant regions, and such sequences can be expressed in a cell that expresses an immunoglobulin light chain. A typical bispecific antibody has two heavy chains each having three heavy chain CDRs, followed by (N-terminal to C-terminal) aC_H1 domain, a hinge, a C_H2 domain, and a C_H3 domain, and an immunoglobulin light chain that either does not confer epitope-binding specificity but that can associate with each heavy chain, or that can associate with each heavy chain and that can bind one or more of the epitopes bound by the heavy chain epitope-binding regions, or that can associate with each heavy chain and enable binding or one or both of the heavy chains to one or both epitopes.

The term “cell” includes any cell that is suitable for expressing a recombinant nucleic acid sequence. Cells include those of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (single-cell or multiple-cell), bacterial cells (e.g., strains ofE. coli, Bacillusspp.,Streptomycesspp., etc.), mycobacteria cells, fungal cells, yeast cells (e.g.,S. cerevisiae, S. pombe, P. pastoris, P. methanolica, etc.), plant cells, insect cells (e.g., SF-9, SF-21, baculovirus-infected insect cells,Trichoplusia ni, etc.), non-human animal cells, human cells, or cell fusions such as, for example, hybridomas or quadromas. In some embodiments, the cell is a human, monkey, ape, hamster, rat, or mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is eukaryotic and is selected from the following cells: CHO (e.g., CHO K1, DXB-11 CHO, Veggie-CHO), COS (e.g., COS-7), retinal cell, Vero, CV1, kidney (e.g., HEK293, 293 EBNA, MSR 293, MDCK, HaK, BHK), HeLa, HepG2, WI38, MRC 5, Colo205, HB 8065, HL-60, (e.g., BHK21), Jurkat, Daudi, A431 (epidermal), CV-1, U937, 3T3, L cell, C127 cell, SP2/0, NS-0, MMT 060562, Sertoli cell, BRL 3A cell, HT1080 cell, myeloma cell, tumor cell, and a cell line derived from an aforementioned cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises one or more viral genes, e.g., a retinal cell that expresses a viral gene (e.g., a PER.C6™ cell).

The phrase “complementarity determining region,” or the term “CDR,” includes an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of an organism's immunoglobulin genes that normally (i.e., in a wild type animal) appears between two framework regions in a variable region of a light or a heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., an antibody or a T cell receptor). A CDR can be encoded by, for example, a germline sequence or a rearranged or unrearranged sequence, and, for example, by a naive or a mature B cell or a T cell. A CDR can be somatically mutated (e.g., vary from a sequence encoded in an animal's germline), humanized, and/or modified with amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions. In some circumstances (e.g., for a CDR3), CDRs can be encoded by two or more sequences (e.g., germline sequences) that are not contiguous (e.g., in an unrearranged nucleic acid sequence) but are contiguous in a B cell nucleic acid sequence, e.g., as the result of splicing or connecting the sequences (e.g., V-D-J recombination to form a heavy chain CDR3).

The term “conservative,” when used to describe a conservative amino acid substitution, includes substitution of an amino acid residue by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of interest of a protein, for example, the ability of a variable region to specifically bind a target epitope with a desired affinity. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include aliphatic side chains such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains such as serine and threonine; amide-containing side chains such as asparagine and glutamine; aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; basic side chains such as lysine, arginine, and histidine; acidic side chains such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and, sulfur-containing side chains such as cysteine and methionine. Conservative amino acids substitution groups include, for example, valine/leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, lysine/arginine, alanine/valine, glutamate/aspartate, and asparagine/glutamine. In some embodiments, a conservative amino acid substitution can be substitution of any native residue in a protein with alanine, as used in, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis. In some embodiments, a conservative substitution is made that has a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Exhaustive Matching of the Entire Protein Sequence Database, Science 256:1443-45, hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the substitution is a moderately conservative substitution wherein the substitution has a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.

In some embodiments, residue positions in an immunoglobulin light chain or heavy chain differ by one or more conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, residue positions in an immunoglobulin light chain or functional fragment thereof (e.g., a fragment that allows expression and secretion from, e.g., a B cell) are not identical to a light chain whose amino acid sequence is listed herein, but differs by one or more conservative amino acid substitutions.

The phrase “epitope-binding protein” includes a protein having at least one CDR and that is capable of selectively recognizing an epitope, e.g., is capable of binding an epitope with a K_Dthat is at about one micromolar or lower (e.g., a K_Dthat is about 1×10⁻⁶M, 1×10⁻⁷M, 1×10⁻⁹M, 1×10⁻⁹M, 1×10⁻¹⁰M, 1×10⁻¹¹M, or about 1×10⁻¹²M). Therapeutic epitope-binding proteins (e.g., therapeutic antibodies) frequently require a K_Dthat is in the nanomolar or the picomolar range.

The phrase “functional fragment” includes fragments of epitope-binding proteins that can be expressed, secreted, and specifically bind to an epitope with a K_Din the micromolar, nanomolar, or picomolar range. Specific recognition includes having a K_Dthat is at least in the micromolar range, the nanomolar range, or the picomolar range.

The term “germline” includes reference to an immunoglobulin nucleic acid sequence in a non-somatically mutated cell, e.g., a non-somatically mutated B cell or pre-B cell or hematopoietic cell.

The phrase “heavy chain,” or “immunoglobulin heavy chain” includes an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequence from any organism. Heavy chain variable domains include three heavy chain CDRs and four FR regions, unless otherwise specified. Fragments of heavy chains include CDRs, CDRs and FRs, and combinations thereof. A typical heavy chain has, following the variable domain (from N-terminal to C-terminal), aC_H1 domain, a hinge, a C_H2 domain, and a C_H3 domain. A functional fragment of a heavy chain includes a fragment that is capable of specifically recognizing an epitope (e.g., recognizing the epitope with a K_Din the micromolar, nanomolar, or picomolar range), that is capable of expressing and secreting from a cell, and that comprises at least one CDR.

The term “identity” when used in connection with sequence includes identity as determined by a number of different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence identity. In some embodiments described herein, identities are determined using a ClustalW v. 1.83 (slow) alignment employing an open gap penalty of 10.0, an extend gap penalty of 0.1, and using a Gonnet similarity matrix (MACVECTOR™ 10.0.2, MacVector Inc., 2008). The length of the sequences compared with respect to identity of sequences will depend upon the particular sequences, but in the case of a light chain constant domain, the length should contain sequence of sufficient length to fold into a light chain constant domain that is capable of self-association to form a canonical light chain constant domain, e.g., capable of forming two beta sheets comprising beta strands and capable of interacting with at least oneC_H1 domain of a human or a mouse. In the case of aC_H1 domain, the length of sequence should contain sequence of sufficient length to fold into aC_H1 domain that is capable of forming two beta sheets comprising beta strands and capable of interacting with at least one light chain constant domain of a mouse or a human.

The phrase “immunoglobulin molecule” includes two immunoglobulin heavy chains and two immunoglobulin light chains. The heavy chains may be identical or different, and the light chains may be identical or different.

The phrase “light chain” includes an immunoglobulin light chain sequence from any organism, and unless otherwise specified includes human κ and λ. light chains and a VpreB, as well as surrogate light chains. Light chain variable (V_L) domains typically include three light chain CDRs and four framework (FR) regions, unless otherwise specified. Generally, a full-length light chain includes, from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus, a V_Ldomain that includes FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4, and a light chain constant domain. Light chains include those, e.g., that do not selectively bind either a first or a second epitope selectively bound by the epitope-binding protein in which they appear. Light chains also include those that bind and recognize, or assist the heavy chain with binding and recognizing, one or more epitopes selectively bound by the epitope-binding protein in which they appear. Common light chains are those derived from a rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence or a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence, and include somatically mutated (e.g., affinity matured) versions.

The phrase “micromolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 micromolar; the phrase “nanomolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 nanomolar; the phrase “picomolar range” is intended to mean 1-999 picomolar.

The term “unrearranged,” with reference to a nucleic acid sequence, includes nucleic acid sequences that exist in the germline of an animal cell.

The phrase “variable domain” includes an amino acid sequence of an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain (modified as desired) that comprises the following amino acid regions, in sequence from N-terminal to C-terminal (unless otherwise indicated): FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.

Common Light Chain

Prior efforts to make useful multispecific epitope-binding proteins, e.g., bispecific antibodies, have been hindered by variety of problems that frequently share a common paradigm: in vitro selection or manipulation of sequences to rationally engineer, or to engineer through trial-and-error, a suitable format for pairing a heterodimeric bispecific human immunoglobulin. Unfortunately, most if not all of the in vitro engineering approaches provide largely ad hoc fixes that are suitable, if at all, for individual molecules. On the other hand, in vivo methods for employing complex organisms to select appropriate pairings that are capable of leading to human therapeutics have not been realized.

Generally, native mouse sequences are frequently not a good source for human therapeutic sequences. For at least that reason, generating mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin variable regions that pair with a common human light chain is of limited practical utility. More in vitro engineering efforts would be expended in a trial-and-error process to try to humanize the mouse heavy chain variable sequences while hoping to retain epitope specificity and affinity while maintaining the ability to couple with the common human light chain, with uncertain outcome. At the end of such a process, the final product may maintain some of the specificity and affinity, and associate with the common light chain, but ultimately immunogenicity in a human would likely remain a profound risk.

Therefore, a suitable mouse for making human therapeutics would include a suitably large repertoire of human heavy chain variable region gene segments in place of endogenous mouse heavy chain variable region gene segments. The human heavy chain variable region gene segments should be able to rearrange and recombine with an endogenous mouse heavy chain constant domain to form a reverse chimeric heavy chain (i.e., a heavy chain comprising a human variable domain and a mouse constant region). The heavy chain should be capable of class switching and somatic hypermutation so that a suitably large repertoire of heavy chain variable domains are available for the mouse to select one that can associate with the limited repertoire of human light chain variable regions.

A mouse that selects a common light chain for a plurality of heavy chains has a practical utility. In various embodiments, antibodies that express in a mouse that can only express a common light chain will have heavy chains that can associate and express with an identical or substantially identical light chain. This is particularly useful in making bispecific antibodies. For example, such a mouse can be immunized with a first immunogen to generate a B cell that expresses an antibody that specifically binds a first epitope. The mouse (or a mouse genetically the same) can be immunized with a second immunogen to generate a B cell that expresses an antibody that specifically binds the second epitope. Variable heavy regions can be cloned from the B cells and expresses with the same heavy chain constant region, and the same light chain, and expressed in a cell to make a bispecific antibody, wherein the light chain component of the bispecific antibody has been selected by a mouse to associate and express with the light chain component.

The inventors have engineered a mouse for generating immunoglobulin light chains that will suitably pair with a rather diverse family of heavy chains, including heavy chains whose variable regions depart from germline sequences, e.g., affinity matured or somatically mutated variable regions. In various embodiments, the mouse is devised to pair human light chain variable domains with human heavy chain variable domains that comprise somatic mutations, thus enabling a route to high affinity binding proteins suitable for use as human therapeutics.

The genetically engineered mouse, through the long and complex process of antibody selection within an organism, makes biologically appropriate choices in pairing a diverse collection of human heavy chain variable domains with a limited number of human light chain options. In order to achieve this, the mouse is engineered to present a limited number of human light chain variable domain options in conjunction with a wide diversity of human heavy chain variable domain options. Upon challenge with an immunogen, the mouse maximizes the number of solutions in its repertoire to develop an antibody to the immunogen, limited largely or solely by the number or light chain options in its repertoire. In various embodiments, this includes allowing the mouse to achieve suitable and compatible somatic mutations of the light chain variable domain that will nonetheless be compatible with a relatively large variety of human heavy chain variable domains, including in particular somatically mutated human heavy chain variable domains.

To achieve a limited repertoire of light chain options, the mouse is engineered to render nonfunctional or substantially nonfunctional its ability to make, or rearrange, a native mouse light chain variable domain. This can be achieved, e.g., by deleting the mouse's light chain variable region gene segments. The endogenous mouse locus can then be modified by an exogenous suitable human light chain variable region gene segment of choice, operably linked to the endogenous mouse light chain constant domain, in a manner such that the exogenous human variable region gene segments can combine with the endogenous mouse light chain constant region gene and form a rearranged reverse chimeric light chain gene (human variable, mouse constant). In various embodiments, the light chain variable region is capable of being somatically mutated. In various embodiments, to maximize ability of the light chain variable region to acquire somatic mutations, the appropriate enhancer(s) is retained in the mouse. For example, in modifying a mouse κ light chain locus to replace endogenous mouse κ light chain gene segments with human κ light chain gene segments, the mouse κ intronic enhancer and mouse κ 3′ enhancer are functionally maintained, or undisrupted.

A genetically engineered mouse is provided that expresses a limited repertoire of reverse chimeric (human variable, mouse constant) light chains associated with a diversity of reverse chimeric (human variable, mouse constant) heavy chains. In various embodiments, the endogenous mouse κ light chain gene segments are deleted and replaced with a single (or two) rearranged human light chain region, operably linked to the endogenous mouse Cκ gene. In embodiments for maximizing somatic hypermutation of the rearranged human light chain region, the mouse κ intronic enhancer and the mouse κ 3′ enhancer are maintained. In various embodiments, the mouse also comprises a nonfunctional λ light chain locus, or a deletion thereof or a deletion that renders the locus unable to make a λ light chain.

A genetically engineered mouse is provided that, in various embodiments, comprises a light chain variable region locus lacking endogenous mouse light chain V_Land J_Lgene segments and comprising a rearranged human light chain variable region, in one embodiment a rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence, operably linked to a mouse constant region, wherein the locus is capable of undergoing somatic hypermutation, and wherein the locus expresses a light chain comprising the human V_L/J_Lsequence linked to a mouse constant region. Thus, in various embodiments, the locus comprises a mouse κ 3′ enhancer, which is correlated with a normal, or wild type, level of somatic hypermutation.

The genetically engineered mouse in various embodiments when immunized with an antigen of interest generates B cells that exhibit a diversity of rearrangements of human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions that express and function with one or with two rearranged light chains, including embodiments where the one or two light chains comprise human light chain variable regions that comprise, e.g., 1 to 5 somatic mutations. In various embodiments, the human light chains so expressed are capable of associating and expressing with any human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region expressed in the mouse.

Epitope-binding Proteins Binding More Than One Epitope

The compositions and methods of described herein can be used to make binding proteins that bind more than one epitope with high affinity, e.g., bispecific antibodies. Advantages of the invention include the ability to select suitably high binding (e.g., affinity matured) heavy chain immunoglobulin chains each of which will associate with a single light chain.

Synthesis and expression of bispecific binding proteins has been problematic, in part due to issues associated with identifying a suitable light chain that can associate and express with two different heavy chains, and in part due to isolation issues. The methods and compositions described herein allow for a genetically modified mouse to select, through otherwise natural processes, a suitable light chain that can associate and express with more than one heavy chain, including heavy chains that are somatically mutated (e.g., affinity matured). Human V_Land V_Hsequences from suitable B cells of immunized mice as described herein that express affinity matured antibodies having reverse chimeric heavy chains (i.e., human variable and mouse constant) can be identified and cloned in frame in an expression vector with a suitable human constant region gene sequence (e.g., a human IgG1). Two such constructs can be prepared, wherein each construct encodes a human heavy chain variable domain that binds a different epitope. One of the human V_Ls (e.g., human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or human Vκ3-20Jκ1), in germline sequence or from a B cell wherein the sequence has been somatically mutated, can be fused in frame to a suitable human constant region gene (e.g., a human κ constant gene). These three fully human heavy and light constructs can be placed in a suitable cell for expression. The cell will express two major species: a homodimeric heavy chain with the identical light chain, and a heterodimeric heavy chain with the identical light chain. To allow for a facile separation of these major species, one of the heavy chains is modified to omit a Protein A-binding determinant, resulting in a differential affinity of a homodimeric binding protein from a heterodimeric binding protein. Compositions and methods that address this issue are described in U.S. Ser. No. 12/832,838, filed 25 Jun. 2010, entitled “Readily Isolated Bispecific Antibodies with Native Immunoglobulin Format,” published as US 2010/0331527A1, hereby incorporated by reference.

In one aspect, an epitope-binding protein as described herein is provided, wherein human V_Land V_Hsequences are derived from mice described herein that have been immunized with an antigen comprising an epitope of interest.

In one embodiment, an epitope-binding protein is provided that comprises a first and a second polypeptide, the first polypeptide comprising, from N-terminal to C-terminal, a first epitope-binding region that selectively binds a first epitope, followed by a constant region that comprises a first C_H3 region of a human IgG selected from IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and a combination thereof; and, a second polypeptide comprising, from N-terminal to C-terminal, a second epitope-binding region that selectively binds a second epitope, followed by a constant region that comprises a second C_H3 region of a human IgG selected from IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and a combination thereof, wherein the second C_H3 region comprises a modification that reduces or eliminates binding of the second C_H3 domain to protein A.

In one embodiment, the second C_H3 region comprises an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering). In another embodiment, the second C_H3 region further comprises a Y96F modification (IMGT; Y436F by EU).

In one embodiment, the second C_H3 region is from a modified human IgG1, and further comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V82I (IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU).

In one embodiment, the second C_H3 region is from a modified human IgG2, and further comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU).

In one embodiment, the second C_H3 region is from a modified human IgG4, and further comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU).

One method for making an epitope-binding protein that binds more than one epitope is to immunize a first mouse in accordance with the invention with an antigen that comprises a first epitope of interest, wherein the mouse comprises an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain variable region locus that does not contain an endogenous mouse V_Lthat is capable of rearranging and forming a light chain, wherein at the endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain variable region locus is a single rearranged human V_Lregion operably linked to the mouse endogenous light chain constant region gene, and the rearranged human V_Lregion is selected from a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 and a human Vκ3-20Jκ1, and the endogenous mouse V_Hgene segments have been replaced in whole or in part with human V_Hgene segments, such that immunoglobulin heavy chains made by the mouse are solely or substantially heavy chains that comprise human variable domains and mouse constant domains. When immunized, such a mouse will make a reverse chimeric antibody, comprising only one of two human light chain variable domains (e.g., one of human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or human Vκ3-20Jκ1). Once a B cell is identified that encodes a V_Hthat binds the epitope of interest, the nucleotide sequence of the V_H(and, optionally, the V_L) can be retrieved (e.g., by PCR) and cloned into an expression construct in frame with a suitable human immunoglobulin constant domain. This process can be repeated to identify a second V_Hdomain that binds a second epitope, and a second V_Hgene sequence can be retrieved and cloned into an expression vector in frame to a second suitable immunoglobulin constant domain. The first and the second immunoglobulin constant domains can the same or different isotype, and one of the immunoglobulin constant domains (but not the other) can be modified as described herein or in US 2010/0331527A1, and epitope-binding protein can be expressed in a suitable cell and isolated based on its differential affinity for Protein A as compared to a homodimeric epitope-binding protein, e.g., as described in US 2010/0331527A1.

In one embodiment, a method for making a bispecific epitope-binding protein is provided, comprising identifying a first affinity-matured (e.g., comprising one or more somatic hypermutations) human V_Hnucleotide sequence (V_H1) from a mouse as described herein, identifying a second affinity-matured (e.g., comprising one or more somatic hypermutations) human V_Hnucleotide sequence (V_H2) from a mouse as described herein, cloning V_H1 in frame with a human heavy chain lacking a Protein A-determinant modification as described in US 2010/0331527A1 for form heavy chain 1 (HC1), cloning V_H2 in frame with a human heavy chain comprising a Protein A-determinant as described in US 2010/0331527A1 to form heavy chain 2 (HC2), introducing an expression vector comprising HC1 and the same or a different expression vector comprising HC2 into a cell, wherein the cell also expresses a human immunoglobulin light chain that comprises a human Vκ1-39/human Jκ5 or a human Vκ3-20/human Jκ1 fused to a human light chain constant domain, allowing the cell to express a bispecific epitope-binding protein comprising a V_Hdomain encoded by V_H1 and a V_Hdomain encoded by V_H2, and isolating the bispecific epitope-binding protein based on its differential ability to bind Protein A as compared with a monospecific homodimeric epitope-binding protein. In a specific embodiment, HC1 is an IgG1, and HC2 is an IgG1 that comprises the modification H95R (IMGT; H435R by EU) and further comprises the modification Y96F (IMGT; Y436F by EU). In one embodiment, the VH domain encoded byV_H1, the V_Hdomain encoded by V_H2, or both, are somatically mutated.

Human V_HGenes That Express with a Common Human V_L

A variety of human variable regions from affinity-matured antibodies raised against four different antigens were expressed with either their cognate light chain, or at least one of a human light chain selected from human Vκ1-39Jκ5, human Vκ3-20Jκ1, or human VpreBJλ5 (see Example 1). For antibodies to each of the antigens, somatically mutated high affinity heavy chains from different gene families paired successfully with rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 regions and were secreted from cells expressing the heavy and light chains. For Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1, V_Hdomains derived from the following human V_Hgene families expressed favorably: 1-2, 1-8, 1-24, 2-5, 3-7, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15, 3-20, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 4-31, 4-39, 4-59, 5-51, and 6-1. Thus, a mouse that is engineered to express a limited repertoire of human V_Ldomains from one or both of Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 will generate a diverse population of somatically mutated human V_Hdomains from a V_Hlocus modified to replace mouse V_Hgene segments with human V_Hgene segments.

Mice genetically engineered to express reverse chimeric (human variable, mouse constant) immunoglobulin heavy chains associated with a single rearranged light chain (e.g., a Vκ1-39/J or a Vκ3-20/J), when immunized with an antigen of interest, generated B cells that comprised a diversity of human V_Hrearrangements and expressed a diversity of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies with diverse properties with respect to their ability to block binding of the antigen to its ligand, and with respect to their ability to bind variants of the antigen (see Examples 5 through 10).

Thus, the mice and methods described herein are useful in making and selecting human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domains, including somatically mutated human heavy chain variable domains, that result from a diversity of rearrangements, that exhibit a wide variety of affinities (including exhibiting a K_Dof about a nanomolar or less), a wide variety of specificities (including binding to different epitopes of the same antigen), and that associate and express with the same or substantially the same human immunoglobulin light chain variable region.

The following examples are provided so as to describe to those of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use methods and compositions of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is average molecular weight, temperature is indicated in Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided so as to describe to those of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use methods and compositions of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is indicated in Celsius, pressure is at or near atmospheric, parts are by parts by weight, and molecular weight is average molecular weight.

Example 1Identification of Human Heavy Chain Variable Regions That Associate With Selected Human Light Chain Variable Regions

An in vitro expression system was constructed to determine if a single rearranged human germline light chain could be co-expressed with human heavy chains from antigen specific human antibodies.

Methods for generating human antibodies in genetically modified mice are known (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,541, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, VELOCIMMUNE®). The VELOCIMMUNE® technology involves generation of a genetically modified mouse having a genome comprising human heavy and light chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces an antibody comprising a human variable region and a mouse constant region in response to antigenic stimulation. The DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibodies produced from a VELOCIMMUNE® mouse are fully human. Initially, high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region. As described below, the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc. The mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate a fully human antibody containing a non-IgM isotype, for example, wild type or modified IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.

A VELOCIMMUNE® mouse was immunized with a growth factor that promotes angiogenesis (Antigen C) and antigen-specific human antibodies were isolated and sequenced for V gene usage using standard techniques recognized in the art. Selected antibodies were cloned onto human heavy and light chain constant regions and 69 heavy chains were selected for pairing with one of three human light chains: (1) the cognate κ light chain linked to a human κ constant region, (2) a rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 linked to a human κ constant region, or (3) a rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 linked to a human κ constant region. Each heavy chain and light chain pair were co-transfected in CHO-K1 cells using standard techniques. Presence of antibody in the supernatant was detected by anti-human IgG in an ELISA assay. Antibody titer (ng/ml) was determined for each heavy chain/light chain pair and titers with the different rearranged germline light chains were compared to the titers obtained with the parental antibody molecule (i.e., heavy chain paired with cognate light chain) and percent of native titer was calculated (Table 1). V_H: Heavy chain variable gene. ND: no expression detected under current experimental conditions.

	TABLE 1

	Antibody Titer (ng/mL)	Percent of Native Titer

	Cognate				Vκ3-
V_H	LC	Vκ1-39Jκ5	Vκ3-20Jκ1	Vκ1-39Jκ5	20Jκ1

3-15	63	23	11	36.2	17.5
1-2	103	53	ND	51.1	—
3-23	83	60	23	72.0	27.5
3-33	15	77	ND	499.4	—
4-31	22	69	17	309.4	76.7
3-7	53	35	28	65.2	53.1
—	22	32	19	148.8	89.3
1-24	3	13	ND	455.2	—
3-33	1	47	ND	5266.7	—
3-33	58	37	ND	63.1	—
—	110	67	18	60.6	16.5
3-23	127	123	21	96.5	16.3
3-33	28	16	2	57.7	7.1
3-23	32	50	38	157.1	119.4
—	18	45	18	254.3	101.7
3-9	1	30	23	2508.3	1900.0
3-11	12	26	6	225.9	48.3
1-8	16	ND	13	—	81.8
3-33	54	81	10	150.7	19.1
—	34	9	ND	25.9	—
3-20	7	14	54	203.0	809.0
3-33	19	38	ND	200.5	—
3-11	48	ND	203	—	423.6
—	11	23	8	212.7	74.5
3-33	168	138	182	82.0	108.2
3-20	117	67	100	57.5	86.1
3-23	86	61	132	70.7	154.1
3-33	20	12	33	60.9	165.3
4-31	69	92	52	133.8	75.0
3-23	87	78	62	89.5	71.2
1-2	31	82	51	263.0	164.6
3-23	53	93	151	175.4	285.4
—	11	8	17	75.7	151.4
3-33	114	36	27	31.6	23.4
3-15	73	39	44	53.7	59.6
3-33	1	34	16	5600.0	2683.3
3-9	58	112	57	192.9	97.6
3-33	67	20	105	30.1	157.0
3-33	34	21	24	62.7	70.4
3-20	10	49	91	478.4	888.2
3-33	66	32	25	48.6	38.2
3-23	17	59	56	342.7	329.8
—	58	108	19	184.4	32.9
—	68	54	20	79.4	29.9
3-33	42	35	32	83.3	75.4
—	29	19	13	67.1	43.9
3-9	24	34	29	137.3	118.4
3-30/33	17	33	7	195.2	43.1
3-7	25	70	74	284.6	301.6
3-33	87	127	ND	145.1	—
6-1	28	56	ND	201.8	—
3-33	56	39	20	69.9	36.1
3-33	10	53	1	520.6	6.9
3-33	20	67	10	337.2	52.3
3-33	11	36	18	316.8	158.4
3-23	12	42	32	356.8	272.9
3-33	66	95	15	143.6	22.5
3-15	55	68	ND	123.1	—
—	32	68	3	210.9	10.6
1-8	28	48	ND	170.9	—
3-33	124	192	21	154.3	17.0
3-33	0	113	ND	56550.0	—
3-33	10	157	1	1505.8	12.5
3-33	6	86	15	1385.5	243.5
3-23	70	115	22	163.5	31.0
3-7	71	117	21	164.6	29.6
3-33	82	100	47	122.7	57.1
3-7	124	161	41	130.0	33.5

	TABLE 2

	Titer (μg/ml)	Percent of

	Anti-			V_H	V_H+	V_H+	Native
Antigen	body	V_H	Vκ	Alone	Vκ	Vκ1-39Jκ5	Titer

A	320	1-18	2-30	0.3	3.1	2.0	66
	321	2-5	2-28	0.4	0.4	1.9	448
	334	2-5	2-28	0.4	2.7	2.0	73
	313	3-13	3-15	0.5	0.7	4.5	670
	316	3-23	4-1	0.3	0.2	4.1	2174
	315	3-30	4-1	0.3	0.2	3.2	1327
	318	4-59	1-17	0.3	4.6	4.0	86
B	257	3-13	1-5	0.4	3.1	3.2	104
	283	3-13	1-5	0.4	5.4	3.7	69
	637	3-13	1-5	0.4	4.3	3.0	70
	638	3-13	1-5	0.4	4.1	3.3	82
	624	3-23	1-17	0.3	5.0	3.9	79
	284	3-30	1-17	0.3	4.6	3.4	75
	653	3-33	1-17	0.3	4.3	0.3	7
	268	4-34	1-27	0.3	5.5	3.8	69
	633	4-34	1-27	0.6	6.9	3.0	44
C	730	3-7	1-5	0.3	1.1	2.8	249
	728	3-7	1-5	0.3	2.0	3.2	157
	691	3-9	3-20	0.3	2.8	3.1	109
	749	3-33	3-15	0.3	3.8	2.3	62
	750	3-33	1-16	0.3	3.0	2.8	92
	724	3-33	1-17	0.3	2.3	3.4	151
	706	3-33	1-16	0.3	3.6	3.0	84
	744	1-18	1-12	0.4	5.1	3.0	59
	696	3-11	1-16	0.4	3.0	2.9	97
	685	3-13	3-20	0.3	0.5	3.4	734
	732	3-15	1-17	0.3	4.5	3.2	72
	694	3-15	1-5	0.4	5.2	2.9	55
	743	3-23	1-12	0.3	3.2	0.3	10
	742	3-23	2-28	0.4	4.2	3.1	74
	693	3-23	1-12	0.5	4.2	4.0	94
D	136	3-23	2-28	0.4	5.0	2.7	55
	155	3-30	1-16	0.4	1.0	2.2	221
	163	3-30	1-16	0.3	0.6	3.0	506
	171	3-30	1-16	0.3	1.0	2.8	295
	145	3-43	1-5	0.4	4.4	2.9	65
	49	3-48	3-11	0.3	1.7	2.6	155
	51	3-48	1-39	0.1	1.9	0.1	4
	159	3-7	6-21	0.4	3.9	3.6	92
	169	3-7	6-21	0.3	1.3	3.1	235
	134	3-9	1-5	0.4	5.0	2.9	58
	141	4-31	1-33	2.4	4.2	2.6	63
	142	4-31	1-33	0.4	4.2	2.8	67

The results obtained from these experiments demonstrate that somatically mutated, high affinity heavy chains from different gene families are able to pair with rearranged human germline Vκ1-39κ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 regions and be secreted from the cell as a normal antibody molecule. As shown in Table 1, antibody titer was increased for about 61% (42 of 69) heavy chains when paired with the rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain and about 29% (20 of 69) heavy chains when paired with the rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain as compared to the cognate light chain of the parental antibody. For about 20% (14 of 69) of the heavy chains, both rearranged human germline light chains conferred an increase in expression as compared to the cognate light chain of the parental antibody. As shown in Table 2, the rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 region conferred an increase in expression of several heavy chains specific for a range of different classes of antigens as compared to the cognate light chain for the parental antibodies. Antibody titer was increased by more than two-fold for about 35% (15/43) of the heavy chains as compared to the cognate light chain of the parental antibodies. For two heavy chains (315 and 316), the increase was greater than ten-fold as compared to the parental antibody. Within all the heavy chains that showed increase expression relative to the cognate light chain of the parental antibody, family three (V_H3) heavy chains are over represented in comparison to other heavy chain variable region gene families. This demonstrates a favorable relationship of human V_H3 heavy chains to pair with rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chains.

Example 2Generation of a Rearranged Human Germline Light Chain Locus

Various rearranged human germline light chain targeting vectors were made using VELOCIGENE® technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,251 and Valenzuela et al. (2003) High-throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high-resolution expression analysis, Nature Biotech. 21(6):652-659) to modify mouse genomic Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones 302g12 and 254m04 (Invitrogen). Using these two BAC clones, genomic constructs were engineered to contain a single rearranged human germline light chain region and inserted into an endogenous κ light chain locus that was previously modified to delete the endogenous κ variable and joining gene segments.

Construction of Rearranged Human Germline Light Chain Targeting Vectors. Three different rearranged human germline light chain regions were made using standard molecular biology techniques recognized in the art. The human variable gene segments used for constructing these three regions included rearranged human Vκ1-39Jκ5 sequence, a rearranged human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence and a rearranged human VpreBJλ5 sequence.

A DNA segment containing exon 1 (encoding the leader peptide) andintron 1 of the mouse Vκ3-7 gene was made by de novo DNA synthesis (Integrated DNA Technologies). Part of the 5′ untranslated region up to a naturally occurring Blpl restriction enzyme site was included. Exons of human Vκ1-39 and Vκ3-20 genes were PCR amplified from human genomic BAC libraries. The forward primers had a 5′ extension containing the splice acceptor site ofintron 1 of the mouse Vκ3-7 gene. The reverse primer used for PCR of the human Vκ1-39 sequence included an extension encoding human Jκ5, whereas the reverse primer used for PCR of the human Vκ3-20 sequence included an extension encoding human Jκ1. The human VpreBJλ5 sequence was made by de novo DNA synthesis (Integrated DNA Technologies). A portion of the human Jκ-Cκ intron including the splice donor site was PCR amplified from plasmid pBS-296-HA18-PIScel. The forward PCR primer included an extension encoding part of either a human Jκ5, Jκ1, or Jκ5 sequence. The reverse primer included a PI-Scel site, which was previously engineered into the intron.

The mouse Vκ3-7 exon1/intron 1, human variable light chain exons, and human Jκ-Cκ intron fragments were sewn together by overlap extension PCR, digested with Blpl and PI-Scel, and ligated into plasmid pBS-296-HA18-PIScel, which contained the promoter from the human Vκ3-15 variable gene segment. A loxed hygromycin cassette within plasmid pBS-296-HA18-PIScel was replaced with a FRTed hygromycin cassette flanked by NotI and AscI sites. The NotI/PI-Scel fragment of this plasmid was ligated into modified mouse BAC 254m04, which contained part of the mouse Jκ-Cκ intron, the mouse CK exon, and about 75 kb of genomic sequence downstream of the mouse κ locus, which provided a 3′ homology arm for homologous recombination in mouse ES cells. The Notl/Ascl fragment of this BAC was then ligated into modified mouse BAC 302g12, which contained a FRTed neomycin cassette and about 23 kb of genomic sequence upstream of the endogenous κ locus for homologous recombination in mouse ES cells.

Rearranged Human Germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 Targeting Vector (FIG. 1). Restriction enzyme sites were introduced at the 5′ and 3′ ends of an engineered light chain insert for cloning into a targeting vector: an Ascl site at the 5′ end and a PI-Scel site at the 3′ end. Within the 5′ AscI site and the 3′ PI-Scel site the targeting construct from 5′ to 3′ included a 5′ homology arm containing sequence 5′ to the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus obtained from mouse BAC clone 302g12, a FRTed neomycin resistance gene, an genomic sequence including the human Vκ3-15 promoter, a leader sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, a intron sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, an open reading frame of a rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 region, a genomic sequence containing a portion of the human Jκ-Cκ intron, and a 3′ homology arm containing sequence 3′ of the endogenous mouse Jκ5 gene segment obtained from mouse BAC clone 254m04 (FIG. 1, middle). Genes and/or sequences upstream of the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus and downstream of the most 3′ Jκ gene segment (e.g., the endogenous 3′ enhancer) were unmodified by the targeting construct (seeFIG. 1). The sequence of the engineered human Vκ1-39Jκ5 locus is shown in SEQ ID NO:1.

Targeted insertion of the rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 region into BAC DNA was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers located at sequences within the rearranged human germline light chain region. Briefly, the intron sequence 3′ to the mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence was confirmed with primers ULC-m1F (AGGTGAGGGT ACAGATAAGT GTTATGAG; SEQ ID NO:2) and ULC-m1R (TGACAAATGC CCTAATTATA GTGATCA; SEQ ID NO:3). The open reading frame of the rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 region was confirmed with primers 1633-h2F (GGGCAAGTCA GAGCATTAGC A; SEQ ID NO:4) and 1633-h2R (TGCAAACTGG ATGCAGCATA G; SEQ ID NO:5). The neomycin cassette was confirmed with primers neoF (GGTGGAGAGG CTATTCGGC; SEQ ID NO:6) and neoR (GAACACGGCG GCATCAG; SEQ ID NO:7). Targeted BAC DNA was then used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells for generating chimeric mice that express a rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 region.

Positive ES cell clones were confirmed by TAQMAN™ screening and karyotyping using probes specific for the engineered Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region inserted into the endogenous locus. Briefly, probe neoP (TGGGCACAAC AGACAATCGG CTG; SEQ ID NO:8) which binds within the neomycin marker gene, probe ULC-m1P (CCATTATGAT GCTCCATGCC TCTCTGTTC; SEQ ID NO:9) which binds within the intron sequence 3′ to the mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence, and probe 1633h2P (ATCAGCAGAA ACCAGGGAAA GCCCCT; SEQ ID NO:10) which binds within the rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 open reading frame. Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice to give rise to a litter of pups expressing the germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region.

Alternatively, ES cells bearing the rearranged human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region are transfected with a construct that expresses FLP in order to remove the FRTed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting construct. Optionally, the neomycin cassette is removed by breeding to mice that express FLP recombinase (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,279). Optionally, the neomycin cassette is retained in the mice.

Rearranged Human Germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 Targeting Vector (FIG. 2). In a similar fashion, an engineered light chain locus expressing a rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 region was made using a targeting construct including, from 5′ to 3′, a 5′ homology arm containing sequence 5′ to the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus obtained from mouse BAC clone 302g12, a FRTed neomycin resistance gene, a genomic sequence including the human Vκ3-15 promoter, a leader sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, an intron sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, an open reading frame of a rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 region, a genomic sequence containing a portion of the human Jκ-Cκ intron, and a 3′ homology arm containing sequence 3′ of the endogenous mouse Jκ5 gene segment obtained from mouse BAC clone 254m04 (FIG. 2, middle). The sequence of the engineered human Vκ3-20Jκ1 locus is shown in SEQ ID NO:11.

Targeted insertion of the rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 region into BAC DNA was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers located at sequences within the rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region. Briefly, the intron sequence 3′ to the mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence was confirmed with primers ULC-m1F (SEQ ID NO:2) and ULC-m1R (SEQ ID NO:3). The open reading frame of the rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 region was confirmed with primers 1635-h2F (TCCAGGCACC CTGTCTTTG; SEQ ID NO:12) and 1635-h2R (AAGTAGCTGC TGCTAACACT CTGACT; SEQ ID NO:13). The neomycin cassette was confirmed with primers neoF (SEQ ID NO:6) and neoR (SEQ ID NO:7). Targeted BAC DNA was then used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells for generating chimeric mice that express the rearranged human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain.

Positive ES cell clones were confirmed by TAQMAN™ screening and karyotyping using probes specific for the engineered Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region inserted into the endogenous κ light chain locus. Briefly, probe neoP (SEQ ID NO:8) which binds within the neomycin marker gene, probe ULC-m1P (SEQ ID NO:9) which binds within the mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence, and probe 1635h2P (AAAGAGCCAC CCTCTCCTGC AGGG; SEQ ID NO:14) which binds within the human Vκ3-20Jκ1 open reading frame. Positive ES cell clones were then used to implant female mice. A litter of pups expressing the human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region.

Alternatively, ES cells bearing human germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region can be transfected with a construct that expresses FLP in order to remove the FRTed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting construct. Optionally, the neomycin cassette may be removed by breeding to mice that express FLP recombinase (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,279). Optionally, the neomycin cassette is retained in the mice.

Rearranged Human Germline VpreBJλ5 Targeting Vector (FIG. 3). In a similar fashion, an engineered light chain locus expressing a rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 region was made using a targeting construct including, from 5′ to 3′, a 5′ homology arm containing sequence 5′ to the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus obtained from mouse BAC clone 302g12, a FRTed neomycin resistance gene, an genomic sequence including the human Vκ3-15 promoter, a leader sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, an intron sequence of the mouse Vκ3-7 variable gene segment, an open reading frame of a rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 region, a genomic sequence containing a portion of the human Jκ-Cκ intron, and a 3′ homology arm containing sequence 3′ of the endogenous mouse Jκ5 gene segment obtained from mouse BAC clone 254m04 (FIG. 3, middle). The sequence of the engineered human VpreBJλ5 locus is shown in SEQ ID NO:15.

Targeted insertion of the rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 region into BAC DNA was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers located at sequences within the rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 region light chain region. Briefly, the intron sequence 3′ to the mouse Vκ3-7 leader sequence was confirmed with primers ULC-m1F (SEQ ID NO:2) and ULC-m1R (SEQ ID NO:3). The open reading frame of the rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 region was confirmed with primers 1616-h1F (TGTCCTCGGC CCTTGGA; SEQ ID NO:16) and 1616-h1R (CCGATGTCAT GGTCGTTCCT; SEQ ID NO:17). The neomycin cassette was confirmed with primers neoF (SEQ ID NO:6) and neoR (SEQ ID NO:7). Targeted BAC DNA was then used to electroporate mouse ES cells to created modified ES cells for generating chimeric mice that express the rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 light chain.

Positive ES cell clones are confirmed by TAQMAN™ screening and karyotyping using probes specific for the engineered VpreBJλ5 light chain region inserted into the endogenous κ light chain locus. Briefly, probe neoP (SEQ ID NO:8) which binds within the neomycin marker gene, probe ULC-m1P (SEQ ID NO:9) which binds within the mouse IgVκ3-7 leader sequence, and probe 1616h1P (ACAATCCGCC TCACCTGCAC CCT; SEQ ID NO:18) which binds within the human VpreBJλ5 open reading frame. Positive ES cell clones are then used to implant female mice to give rise to a litter of pups expressing a germline light chain region.

Alternatively, ES cells bearing the rearranged human germline VpreBJλ5 light chain region are transfected with a construct that expresses FLP in order to remove the FRTed neomycin cassette introduced by the targeting construct. Optionally, the neomycin cassette is removed by breeding to mice that express FLP recombinase (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,279). Optionally, the neomycin cassette is retained in the mice.

Example 3Generation of Mice Expressing a Single Rearranged Human Light Chain

Targeted ES cells described above were used as donor ES cells and introduced into an 8-cell stage mouse embryo by the VELOCIMOUSE® method (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,754 and Poueymirou et al. (2007) F0 generation mice that are essentially fully derived from the donor gene-targeted ES cells allowing immediate phenotypic analyses Nature Biotech. 25(1):91-99. VELOCIMICE® independently bearing an engineered human germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain region, a Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region or a VpreBJλ5 light chain region are identified by genotyping using a modification of allele assay (Valenzuela et al., supra) that detects the presence of the unique rearranged human germline light chain region.

Pups are genotyped and a pup heterozygous or homozygous for the unique rearranged human germline light chain region are selected for characterizing expression of the rearranged human germline light chain region.

Flow Cytometry. Expression of the rearranged human light chain region in the normal antibody repertoire of common light chain mice was validated by analysis of immunoglobulin κ and λ expression in splenocytes and peripheral blood of common light chain mice. Cell suspensions from harvested spleens and peripheral blood of wild type (n=5), Vκ1-39Jκ5 common light chain heterozygote (n=3), Vκ1-39Jκ5 common light chain homozygote (n=3), Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain heterozygote (n=2), and Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain homozygote (n=2) mice were made using standard methods and stained with CD19⁺, Igλ⁺and Igκ⁺using fluorescently labeled antibodies (BD Pharmigen).

Briefly, 1×10⁶cells were incubated with anti-mouse CD16/CD32 (clone 2.4G2, BD Pharmigen) on ice for 10 minutes, followed by labeling with the following antibody cocktail for 30 minutes on ice: APC conjugated anti-mouse CD19 (clone 1D3, BD Pharmigen), PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugated anti-mouse CD3 (clone 17A2, BioLegend), FITC conjugated anti-mouse Igκ (clone 187.1, BD Pharmigen), PE conjugated anti-mouse Igλ (clone RML-42, BioLegend). Following staining, cells were washed and fixed in 2% formaldehyde. Data acquisition was performed on an LSRII flow cytometer and analyzed with FlowJo. Gating: total B cells (CD19⁺CD3⁻), Igκ⁺ B cells (Igκ⁺Igλ⁻CD19⁺CD3⁻), Igλ⁺B cells (Igκ⁻Igλ⁺CD19⁺CD3⁻). Data gathered from blood and splenocyte samples demonstrated similar results. Table 3 sets forth the percent positive CD19⁺B cells from peripheral blood of one representative mouse from each group that are Igλ⁺, Igκ⁺, or Igλ⁺Igκ⁺. Percent of CD19⁺B cells in peripheral blood from wild type (WT) and mice homozygous for either the Vκ1-39Jκ5 or Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain are shown inFIG. 4.

	TABLE 3

	CD19⁺B cells

	Mouse	Igλ⁺	Igκ⁺	Igλ⁺Igκ⁺

wild type	4.8	93	0.53
Vκ1-39Jκ5	1.4	93	2.6
Vκ3-20Jκ1	4.2	88	6

Common Light Chain Expression. Expression of each common light chain (Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1) was analyzed in heterozygous and homozygous mice using a quantitative PCR assay (e.g. TAQMAN™).

Briefly, CD19⁺B cells were purified from the spleens of wild type, mice homozygous for a replacement of the mouse heavy chain and κ light chain variable region loci with corresponding human heavy chain and κ light chain variable region loci (Hκ), as well as mice homozygous and heterozygous for each rearranged human light chain region (Vκ1-39Jκ5 or Vκ3-20Jκ1) using mouse CD19 Microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) according to manufacturer's specifications. Total RNA was purified from CD19⁺B cells using RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's specifications and genomic RNA was removed using an RNase-free DNase on-column treatment (Qiagen). 200 ng mRNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the First Stand cDNA Synthesis kit (Invitrogen) and the resulting cDNA was amplified with the Taqman Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). All reactions were performed using the ABI 7900 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) using primers and Taqman MGB probes spanning (1) the Vκ-Jκ junction for both common light chains, (2) the Vκ gene alone (i.e. Vκ1-39 and Vκ3-20), and (3) the mouse Cκ region. Table 4 sets forth the sequences of the primers and probes employed for this assay. Relative expression was normalized to expression of the mouse Cκ region. Results are shown inFIGS. 5A,5B and5C.

TABLE 4

		SEQ
	Primer/Probe Description	ID
Region	(5′-3′)	NOs:

Vκ1-39Jκ5	(sense)	19
Junction	AGCAGTCTGC AACCTGAAGA TTT

	(anti-sense)	20
	GTTTAATCTC CAGTCGTGTC CCTT

	(probe)	21
	CCTCCGATCA CCTTC

Vκ1-39	(sense)	22
	AAACCAGGGA AAGCCCCTAA

	(anti-sense)	23
	ATGGGACCCC ACTTTGCA

	(probe)	24
	CTCCTGATCT ATGCTGCAT

Vκ3-20Jκ1	(sense)	25
	CAGCAGACTG GAGCCTGAAG A

Junction	(anti-sense)	26
	TGATTTCCAC CTTGGTCCCT T

	(probe)	27
	TAGCTCACCT TGGACGTT

Vκ3-20	(sense)	28
	CTCCTCATCT ATGGTGCATC CA

	(anti-sense)	29
	GACCCACTGC CACTGAACCT

	(probe)	30
	CCACTGGCAT CCC

Mouse Cκ	(sense)	31
	TGAGCAGCAC CCTCACGTT

	(anti-sense)	32
	GTGGCCTCAC AGGTATAGCT GTT

	(probe)	33
	ACCAAGGACG AGTATGAA

Antigen Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies. Common light chain mice bearing either a Vκ1-39Jκ5 or Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain at the endogenous mouse κlight chain locus were immunized with (3-galactosidase and antibody titer was measured.

Briefly, β-galactosidase (Sigma) was emulsified in titermax adjuvant (Sigma), as per manufacturers directions. Wild type (n=7), Vκ1-39Jκ5 common light chain homozygotes (n=2) and Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain homozygotes (n=5) were immunized by subcutaneous injection with 100 μg β-galactosidase/Titermax. Mice were boosted by subcutaneous injection two times, 3 weeks apart, with 50 μg β-galactosidase/Titermax. After the second boost, blood was collected from anaesthetized mice using a retro-orbital bleed into serum separator tubes (BD Biosciences) as per manufacturer's directions. To measure anti-β-galactosidase IgM or IgG antibodies, ELISA plates (Nunc) were coated with 1 μg/mL β-galactosidase overnight at 4° C. Excess antigen was washed off before blocking with PBS with 1% BSA for one hour at room temperature. Serial dilutions of serum were added to the plates and incubated for one hour at room temperature before washing. Plates were then incubated with HRP conjugated anti-IgM (Southern Biotech) or anti-IgG (Southern Biotech) for one hour at room temperature. Following another wash, plates were developed with TMB substrate (BD Biosciences). Reactions were stopped with 1N sulfuric acid and OD₄₅₀was read using a Victor X5 Plate Reader (Perkin Elmer). Data was analyzed with GraphPad Prism and signal was calculated as the dilution of serum that is two times above background. Results are shown inFIGS. 6A and 6B.

As shown in this Example, the ratio of κ/λ B cells in both the splenic and peripheral compartments of Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain mice demonstrated a near wild type pattern (Table 3 andFIG. 4). VpreBJλ5 common light chain mice, however, demonstrated fewer peripheral B cells, of which about 1-2% express the engineered human light chain region (data not shown). The expression levels of the Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1 rearranged human light chain regions from the endogenous κ light chain locus were elevated in comparison to an endogenous κ light chain locus containing a complete replacement of mouse Vκ and Jκ gene segments with human Vκ and Jκ gene segments (FIGS. 5A,5B and5C). The expression levels of the VpreBJλ5 rearranged human light chain region demonstrated similar high expression from the endogenous κ light chain locus in both heterozygous and homozygous mice (data not shown). This demonstrates that in direct competition with the mouse λ, κ, or both endogenous light chain loci, a single rearranged human V_L/J_Lsequence can yield better than wild type level expression from the endogenous κ light chain locus and give rise to normal splenic and blood B cell frequency. Further, the presence of an engineered κ light chain locus having either a human Vκ1-39Jκ5 or human Vκ3-20Jκ1 sequence was well tolerated by the mice and appear to function in wild type fashion by representing a substantial portion of the light chain repertoire in the humoral component of the immune response (FIGS. 6A and 6B).

Example 4Breeding of Mice Expressing a Single Rearranged Human Germline Light Chain

This Example describes several other genetically modified mouse strains that can be bred to any one of the common light chain mice described herein to create multiple genetically modified mouse strains harboring multiple genetically modified immunoglobulin loci.

Endogenous Igλ Knockout (KO). To optimize the usage of the engineered light chain locus, mice bearing one of the rearranged human germline light chain regions are bred to another mouse containing a deletion in the endogenous λ light chain locus. In this manner, the progeny obtained will express, as their only light chain, the rearranged human germline light chain region as described in Example 2. Breeding is performed by standard techniques recognized in the art and, alternatively, by a commercial breeder (e.g., The Jackson Laboratory). Mouse strains bearing an engineered light chain locus and a deletion of the endogenous λ light chain locus are screened for presence of the unique light chain region and absence of endogenous mouse λ light chains.

Humanized Endogenous Heavy Chain Locus. Mice bearing an engineered human germline light chain locus are bred with mice that contain a replacement of the endogenous mouse heavy chain variable gene locus with the human heavy chain variable gene locus (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,541; the VELOCIMMUNE® mouse, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). The VELOCIMMUNE® mouse comprises a genome comprising human heavy chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces antibodies comprising a human heavy chain variable region and a mouse heavy chain constant region in response to antigenic stimulation. The DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chains of the antibodies is isolated and operably linked to DNA encoding the human heavy chain constant regions. The DNA is then expressed in a cell capable of expressing the fully human heavy chain of the antibody.

Mice bearing a replacement of the endogenous mouse V_Hlocus with the human VH locus and a single rearranged human germline V_Lregion at the endogenous κ light chain locus are obtained. Reverse chimeric antibodies containing somatically mutated heavy chains (human V_Hand mouse C_H) with a single human light chain (human V_Land mouse C_L) are obtained upon immunization with an antigen of interest. V_Hand V_Lnucleotide sequences of B cells expressing the antibodies are identified and fully human antibodies are made by fusion the V_Hand V_Lnucleotide sequences to human C_Hand C_Lnucleotide sequences in a suitable expression system.

Example 5Generation of Antibodies from Mice Expressing Human Heavy Chains and a Rearranged Human Germline Light Chain Region

After breeding mice that contain the engineered human light chain region to various desired strains containing modifications and deletions of other endogenous Ig loci (as described in Example 4), selected mice can be immunized with an antigen of interest.

Generally, a VELOCIMMUNE® mouse containing one of the single rearranged human germline light chain regions is challenged with an antigen, and lymphatic cells (such as B-cells) are recovered from serum of the animals. The lymphatic cells are fused with a myeloma cell line to prepare immortal hybridoma cell lines, and such hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify hybridoma cell lines that produce antibodies containing human heavy chain variables and a rearranged human germline light chains which are specific to the antigen used for immunization. DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chains and the light chain are isolated and linked to desirable isotypic constant regions of the heavy chain and light chain. Due to the presence of the endogenous mouse sequences and any additional cis-acting elements present in the endogenous locus, the single light chain of each antibody may be somatically mutated. This adds additional diversity to the antigen-specific repertoire comprising a single light chain and diverse heavy chain sequences. The resulting cloned antibody sequences are subsequently expressed in a cell, such as a CHO cell. Alternatively, DNA encoding the antigen-specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of the light and heavy chains are identified directly from antigen-specific lymphocytes.

Initially, high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region. As described above, the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc. The mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody containing a somatically mutated human heavy chain and a single light chain derived from a rearranged human germline light chain region of the invention. Suitable human constant regions include, for example wild type or modified IgG1 or IgG4.

Separate cohorts of VELOCIMMUNE® mice containing a replacement of the endogenous mouse heavy chain locus with human V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments and a replacement of the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus with either the engineered germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 human light chain region or the engineered germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 human light chain region (described above) were immunized with a human cell-surface receptor protein (Antigen E). Antigen E is administered directly onto the hind footpad of mice with six consecutive injections every 3-4 days. Two to three micrograms of Antigen E are mixed with 10 μg of CpG oligonucleotide (Cat # tlrl-modn—ODN1826 oligonucleotide; InVivogen, San Diego, Calif.) and 25 μg of Adju-Phos (Aluminum phosphate gel adjuvant, Cat# H-71639-250; Brenntag Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) prior to injection. A total of six injections are given prior to the final antigen recall, which is given 3-5 days prior to sacrifice. Bleeds after the 4th and 6th injection are collected and the antibody immune response is monitored by a standard antigen-specific immunoassay.

When a desired immune response is achieved splenocytes are harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines. The hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies. Using this technique several anti-Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human heavy chain variable domains, the same human light chain variable domain, and mouse constant domains) are obtained.

Alternatively, anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies are isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in U.S. 2007/0280945A1, herein specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety. Using this method, several fully human anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human heavy chain variable domains, either an engineered human Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain or an engineered human Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region, and human constant domains) were obtained.

The biological properties of the exemplary anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies generated in accordance with the methods of this Example are described in detail in the sections set forth below.

Example 6Heavy Chain Gene Segment Usage in Antigen-Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies

To analyze the structure of the human anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies produced, nucleic acids encoding heavy chain antibody variable regions were cloned and sequenced. From the nucleic acid sequences and predicted amino acid sequences of the antibodies, gene usage was identified for the heavy chain variable region (HCVR) of selected common light chain antibodies obtained from immunized VELOCIMMUNE® mice containing either the engineered human Vκ1-39Jκ5 light chain or engineered human Vκ3-20Jκ1 light chain region. Results are shown in Tables 5 and 6, which demonstrate that mice according to the invention generate antigen-specific common light chain antibodies from a variety of human heavy chain gene segments, due to a variety of rearrangements, when employing either a mouse that expresses a light chain from only a human Vκ1-39- or a human Vκ3-20-derived light chain. Human V_Hgene segments of the 2, 3, 4, and 5 families rearranged with a variety of human D_Hsegments and human J_Hsegments to yield antigen-specific antibodies.

TABLE 5

Vκ1-39Jκ5
Common Light Chain Antibodies

HCVR

Antibody	V_H	D_H	J_H

2952	2-5	6-6	1
5978	2-5	6-6	1
5981	2-5	3-22	1
6027	3-13	6-6	5
3022	3-23	3-10	4
3028	3-23	3-3	4
5999	3-23	6-6	4
6009	3-23	2-8	4
6011	3-23	7-27	4
5980	3-30	1-1	4
3014	3-30	1-7	4
3015	3-30	1-7	4
3023	3-30	1-7	4
3024	3-30	1-7	4
3032	3-30	1-7	4
6024	3-30	1-7	4
6025	3-30	1-7	4
6031	3-30	1-7	4
6007	3-30	3-3	4
2982	3-30	3-22	5
6001	3-30	3-22	5
6005	3-30	3-22	5
6035	3-30	5-5	2
3013	3-30	5-12	4
3042	3-30	5-12	4
2955	3-30	6-6	1
3043	3-30	6-6	3
3018	3-30	6-6	4
2949	3-30	6-6	5
2950	3-30	6-6	5
2954	3-30	6-6	5
2978	3-30	6-6	5
3016	3-30	6-6	5
3017	3-30	6-6	5
3033	3-30	6-6	5
3041	3-30	6-6	5
5979	3-30	6-6	5
5998	3-30	6-6	5
6004	3-30	6-6	5
6010	3-30	6-6	5
6019	3-30	6-6	5
6021	3-30	6-6	5
6022	3-30	6-6	5
6023	3-30	6-6	5
6030	3-30	6-6	5
6032	3-30	6-6	5
2985	3-30	6-13	4
2997	3-30	6-13	4
3011	3-30	6-13	4
3047	3-30	6-13	4
5982	3-30	6-13	4
6002	3-30	6-13	4
6003	3-30	6-13	4
6012	3-30	6-13	4
6013	3-30	6-13	4
6014	3-30	6-13	4
6015	3-30	6-13	4
6016	3-30	6-13	4
6017	3-30	6-13	4
6020	3-30	6-13	4
6034	3-30	6-13	4
2948	3-30	7-27	4
2987	3-30	7-27	4
2996	3-30	7-27	4
3005	3-30	7-27	4
3012	3-30	7-27	4
3020	3-30	7-27	4
3021	3-30	7-27	4
3025	3-30	7-27	4
3030	3-30	7-27	4
3036	3-30	7-27	4
5997	3-30	7-27	4
6033	3-30	7-27	4
3004	3-30	7-27	5
6028	3-30	7-27	6
3010	4-59	3-16	3
3019	4-59	3-16	3
6018	4-59	3-16	3
6026	4-59	3-16	3
6029	4-59	3-16	3
6036	4-59	3-16	3
6037	4-59	3-16	3
2964	4-59	3-22	3
3027	4-59	3-16	4
3046	5-51	5-5	3
6000	1-69	6-13	4
6006	1-69	6-6	5
6008	1-69	6-13	4

TABLE 6

Vκ3-20Jκ1
Common Light Chain Antibodies

HCVR

Antibody	V_H	D_H	J_H

5989	3-30	3-3	3
5994	3-33	1-7	4
5985	3-33	2-15	4
5987	3-33	2-15	4
5995	3-33	2-15	4
2968	4-39	1-26	3
5988	4-39	1-26	3
5990	4-39	1-26	3
5992	4-39	1-26	3
2975	5-51	6-13	5
2972	5-51	3-16	6
5986	5-51	3-16	6
5993	5-51	3-16	6
5996	5-51	3-16	6
5984	3-53	1-1	4

Example 7Determination of Blocking Ability of Antigen-Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies by LUMINEX™ Assay

Ninety-eight human common light chain antibodies raised against Antigen E were tested for their ability to block binding of Antigen E's natural ligand (Ligand Y) to Antigen E in a bead-based assay.

The extracellular domain (ECD) of Antigen E was conjugated to two myc epitope tags and a 6× histidine tag (Antigen E-mmH) and amine-coupled to carboxylated microspheres at a concentration of 20 μg/mL in MES buffer. The mixture was incubated for two hours at room temperature followed by bead deactivation with 1M Tris pH 8.0 followed by washing in PBS with 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20. The beads were then blocked with PBS (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, Calif.) containing 2% (w/v) BSA (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo.). In a 96-well filter plate, supernatants containing Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies, were diluted 1:15 in buffer. A negative control containing a mock supernatant with the same media components as for the antibody supernatant was prepared. Antigen E-labeled beads were added to the supernatants and incubated overnight at 4° C. Biotinylated-Ligand Y protein was added to a final concentration of 0.06 nM and incubated for two hours at room temperature. Detection of biotinylated-Ligand Y bound to Antigen E-myc-myc-6His labeled beads was determined with R-Phycoerythrin conjugated to Streptavidin (Moss Inc, Pasadena, Md.) followed by measurement in a LUMINEX™ flow cytometry-based analyzer. Background Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of a sample without Ligand Y was subtracted from all samples. Percent blocking was calculated by division of the background-subtracted MFI of each sample by the adjusted negative control value, multiplying by 100 and subtracting the resulting value from 100.

Briefly, Ligand Y was amine-coupled to carboxylated microspheres at a concentration of 20 μg/mL diluted in MES buffer. The mixture and incubated two hours at room temperature followed by deactivation of beads with 1M Tris pH 8 then washing in PBS with 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20. The beads were then blocked with PBS (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, Calif.) containing 2% (w/v) BSA (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo.). In a 96-well filter plate, supernatants containing Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies were diluted 1:15 in buffer. A negative control containing a mock supernatant with the same media components as for the antibody supernatant was prepared. A biotinylated-Antigen E-mmH was added to a final concentration of 0.42 nM and incubated overnight at 4° C. Ligand Y-labeled beads were then added to the antibody/Antigen E mixture and incubated for two hours at room temperature. Detection of biotinylated-Antigen E-mmH bound to Ligand Y-beads was determined with R-Phycoerythrin conjugated to Streptavidin (Moss Inc, Pasadena, Md.) followed by measurement in a LUMINEX™ flow cytometry-based analyzer. Background Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of a sample without Antigen E was subtracted from all samples. Percent blocking was calculated by division of the background-subtracted MFI of each sample by the adjusted negative control value, multiplying by 100 and subtracting the resulting value from 100.

Tables 7 and 8 show the percent blocking for all 98 anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies tested in both LUMINEX™ assays. ND: not determined under current experimental conditions.

TABLE 7

Vκ1-39Jκ5
Common Light Chain Antibodies

	% Blocking of	% Blocking of
Antibody	Antigen E-Labeled Beads	Antigen E In Solution

2948	81.1	47.8
2948G	38.6	ND
2949	97.6	78.8
2949G	97.1	73.7
2950	96.2	81.9
2950G	89.8	31.4
2952	96.1	74.3
2952G	93.5	39.9
2954	93.7	70.1
2954G	91.7	30.1
2955	75.8	30.0
2955G	71.8	ND
2964	92.1	31.4
2964G	94.6	43.0
2978	98.0	95.1
2978G	13.9	94.1
2982	92.8	78.5
2982G	41.9	52.4
2985	39.5	31.2
2985G	2.0	5.0
2987	81.7	67.8
2987G	26.6	29.3
2996	87.3	55.3
2996G	95.9	38.4
2997	93.4	70.6
2997G	9.7	7.5
3004	79.0	48.4
3004G	60.3	40.7
3005	97.4	93.5
3005G	77.5	75.6
3010	98.0	82.6
3010G	97.9	81.0
3011	87.4	42.8
3011G	83.5	41.7
3012	91.0	60.8
3012G	52.4	16.8
3013	80.3	65.8
3013G	17.5	15.4
3014	63.4	20.7
3014G	74.4	28.5
3015	89.1	55.7
3015G	58.8	17.3
3016	97.1	81.6
3016G	93.1	66.4
3017	94.8	70.2
3017G	87.9	40.8
3018	85.4	54.0
3018G	26.1	12.7
3019	99.3	92.4
3019G	99.3	88.1
3020	96.7	90.3
3020G	85.2	41.5
3021	74.5	26.1
3021G	81.1	27.4
3022	65.2	17.6
3022G	67.2	9.1
3023	71.4	28.5
3023G	73.8	29.7
3024	73.9	32.6
3024G	89.0	10.0
3025	70.7	15.6
3025G	76.7	24.3
3027	96.2	61.6
3027G	98.6	75.3
3028	92.4	29.0
3028G	87.3	28.8
3030	6.0	10.6
3030G	41.3	14.2
3032	76.5	31.4
3032G	17.7	11.0
3033	98.2	86.1
3033G	93.6	64.0
3036	74.7	32.7
3036G	90.1	51.2
3041	95.3	75.9
3041G	92.4	51.6
3042	88.1	73.3
3042G	60.9	25.2
3043	90.8	65.8
3043G	92.8	60.3

TABLE 8

Vκ3-20Jκ1
Common Light Chain Antibodies

2968	97.1	73.3
2968G	67.1	14.6
2969	51.7	20.3
2969G	37.2	16.5
2970	92.2	34.2
2970G	92.7	27.2
2971	23.4	11.6
2971G	18.8	18.9
2972	67.1	38.8
2972G	64.5	39.2
2973	77.7	27.0
2973G	51.1	20.7
2974	57.8	12.4
2974G	69.9	17.6
2975	49.4	18.2
2975G	32.0	19.5
2976	1.0	1.0
2976G	50.4	20.4

In the first LUMINEX™ experiment described above, 80 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ1-39Jκ5 engineered light chain were tested for their ability to block Ligand Y binding to Antigen E-labeled beads. Of these 80 common light chain antibodies, 68 demonstrated>50% blocking, while 12 demonstrated<50% blocking (6 at 25-50% blocking and 6 at <25% blocking). For the 18 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ3-20Jκ1 engineered light chain, 12 demonstrated>50% blocking, while 6 demonstrated<50% blocking (3 at 25-50% blocking and 3 at <25% blocking) of Ligand Y binding to Antigen E-labeled beads.

In the second LUMINEX™ experiment described above, the same 80 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ1-39Jκ5 engineered light chain were tested for their ability to block binding of Antigen E to Ligand Y-labeled beads. Of these 80 common light chain antibodies, 36 demonstrated>50% blocking, while 44 demonstrated<50% blocking (27 at 25-50% blocking and 17 at <25% blocking). For the 18 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ3-20Jκ1 engineered light chain, 1 demonstrated>50% blocking, while 17 demonstrated<50% blocking (5 at 25-50% blocking and 12 at <25% blocking) of Antigen E binding to Ligand Y-labeled beads.

The data of Tables 7 and 8 establish that the rearrangements described in Tables 5 and 6 generated anti-Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies that blocked binding of Ligand Y to its cognate receptor Antigen E with varying degrees of efficacy, which is consistent with the anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies of Tables 5 and 6 comprising antibodies with overlapping and non-overlapping epitope specificity with respect to Antigen E.

Example 8Determination of Blocking Ability of Antigen-Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies by ELISA

Human common light chain antibodies raised against Antigen E were tested for their ability to block Antigen E binding to a Ligand Y-coated surface in an ELISA assay.

Ligand Y was coated onto 96-well plates at a concentration of 2 pg/mL diluted in PBS and incubated overnight followed by washing four times in PBS with 0.05% Tween-20. The plate was then blocked with PBS (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, Calif.) containing 0.5% (w/v) BSA (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo.) for one hour at room temperature. In a separate plate, supernatants containing anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies were diluted 1:10 in buffer. A mock supernatant with the same components of the antibodies was used as a negative control. Antigen E-mmH (described above) was added to a final concentration of 0.150 nM and incubated for one hour at room temperature. The antibody/Antigen E-mmH mixture was then added to the plate containing Ligand Y and incubated for one hour at room temperature. Detection of Antigen E-mmH bound to Ligand Y was determined with Horse-Radish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to anti-Penta-His antibody (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) and developed by standard colorimetric response using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) neutralized by sulfuric acid. Absorbance was read at OD450 for 0.1 sec. Background absorbance of a sample without Antigen E was subtracted from all samples. Percent blocking was calculated by division of the background-subtracted MFI of each sample by the adjusted negative control value, multiplying by 100 and subtracting the resulting value from 100.

Tables 9 and 10 show the percent blocking for all 98 anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies tested in the ELISA assay. ND: not determined under current experimental conditions.

TABLE 9

Vκ1-39Jκ5
Common Light Chain Antibodies

		% Blocking of
	Antibody	Antigen E In Solution

	2948	21.8
	2948G	22.9
	2949	79.5
	2949G	71.5
	2950	80.4
	2950G	30.9
	2952	66.9
	2952G	47.3
	2954	55.9
	2954G	44.7
	2955	12.1
	2955G	25.6
	2964	34.8
	2964G	47.7
	2978	90.0
	2978G	90.2
	2982	59.0
	2982G	20.4
	2985	10.5
	2985G	ND
	2987	31.4
	2987G	ND
	2996	29.3
	2996G	ND
	2997	48.7
	2997G	ND
	3004	16.7
	3004G	3.5
	3005	87.2
	3005G	54.3
	3010	74.5
	3010G	84.6
	3011	19.4
	3011G	ND
	3012	45.0
	3012G	12.6
	3013	39.0
	3013G	9.6
	3014	5.2
	3014G	17.1
	3015	23.7
	3015G	10.2
	3016	78.1
	3016G	37.4
	3017	61.6
	3017G	25.2
	3018	40.6
	3018G	14.5
	3019	94.6
	3019G	92.3
	3020	80.8
	3020G	ND
	3021	7.6
	3021G	20.7
	3022	2.4
	3022G	15.0
	3023	9.1
	3023G	19.2
	3024	7.5
	3024G	15.2
	3025	ND
	3025G	13.9
	3027	61.4
	3027G	82.7
	3028	40.3
	3028G	12.3
	3030	ND
	3030G	9.5
	3032	ND
	3032G	13.1
	3033	77.1
	3033G	32.9
	3036	17.6
	3036G	24.6
	3041	59.3
	3041G	30.7
	3042	39.9
	3042G	16.1
	3043	57.4
	3043G	46.1

TABLE 10

Vκ3-20Jκ1
Common Light Chain Antibodies

		% Blocking of
	Antibody	Antigen E In Solution

	2968	68.9
	2968G	15.2
	2969	10.1
	2969G	23.6
	2970	34.3
	2970G	41.3
	2971	6.3
	2971G	27.1
	2972	9.6
	2972G	35.7
	2973	20.7
	2973G	23.1
	2974	ND
	2974G	22.0
	2975	8.7
	2975G	19.2
	2976	4.6
	2976G	26.7

As described in this Example, of the 80 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ1-39Jκ5 engineered light chain tested for their ability to block Antigen E binding to a Ligand Y-coated surface, 22 demonstrated>50% blocking, while 58 demonstrated<50% blocking (20 at 25-50% blocking and 38 at <25% blocking). For the 18 common light chain antibodies containing the Vκ3-20Jκ1 engineered light chain, one demonstrated>50% blocking, while 17 demonstrated<50% blocking (5 at 25-50% blocking and 12 at <25% blocking) of Antigen E binding to a Ligand Y-coated surface.

These results are also consistent with the Antigen E-specific common light chain antibody pool comprising antibodies with overlapping and non-overlapping epitope specificity with respect to Antigen E.

Example 9BIACORE™ Affinity Determination for Antigen-Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies

Equilibrium dissociation constants (K_D) for selected antibody supernatants were determined by SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) using a BIACORE™ T100 instrument (GE Healthcare). All data was obtained using HBS-EP (10mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 0.3 mM EDTA, 0.05% Surfactant P20, pH 7.4) as both the running and sample buffers, at 25° C. Antibodies were captured from crude supernatant samples on a CM5 sensor chip surface previously derivatized with a high density of anti-human Fc antibodies using standard amine coupling chemistry. During the capture step, supernatants were injected across the anti-human Fc surface at a flow rate of 3 μL/min, for a total of 3 minutes. The capture step was followed by an injection of either running buffer or analyte at a concentration of 100 nM for 2 minutes at a flow rate of 35 μL/min. Dissociation of antigen from the captured antibody was monitored for 6 minutes. The captured antibody was removed by a brief injection of 10 mM glycine, pH 1.5. All sensorgrams were double referenced by subtracting sensorgrams from buffer injections from the analyte sensorgrams, thereby removing artifacts caused by dissociation of the antibody from the capture surface. Binding data for each antibody was fit to a 1:1 binding model with mass transport using BIAcore T100 Evaluation software v2.1. Results are shown in Tables 11 and 12.

TABLE 11

Vκ1-39Jκ5
Common Light Chain Antibodies

100 nM Antigen E

	Antibody	K_D(nM)	T_1/2(min)

2948	8.83	28
2948G	95.0	1
2949	3.57	18
2949G	6.37	9
2950	4.91	17
2950G	13.6	5
2952	6.25	7
2952G	7.16	4
2954	2.37	24
2954G	5.30	9
2955	14.4	6
2955G	12.0	4
2964	14.8	6
2964G	13.0	9
2978	1.91	49
2978G	1.80	58
2982	6.41	19
2982G	16.3	9
2985	64.4	9
2985G	2.44	8
2987	21.0	11
2987G	37.6	4
2996	10.8	9
2996G	24.0	2
2997	7.75	19
2997G	151	1
3004	46.5	14
3004G	1.93	91
3005	2.35	108
3005G	6.96	27
3010	4.13	26
3010G	2.10	49
3011	59.1	5
3011G	41.7	5
3012	9.71	20
3012G	89.9	2
3013	20.2	20
3013G	13.2	4
3014	213	4
3014G	36.8	3
3015	29.1	11
3015G	65.9	0
3016	4.99	17
3016G	18.9	4
3017	9.83	8
3017G	55.4	2
3018	11.3	36
3018G	32.5	3
3019	1.54	59
3019G	2.29	42
3020	5.41	39
3020G	41.9	6
3021	50.1	6
3021G	26.8	4
3022	25.7	17
3022G	20.8	12
3023	263	9
3023G	103	5
3024	58.8	7
3024G	7.09	10
3025	35.2	6
3025G	42.5	8
3027	7.15	6
3027G	4.24	18
3028	6.89	37
3028G	7.23	22
3030	46.2	7
3030G	128	3
3032	53.2	9
3032G	13.0	1
3033	4.61	17
3033G	12.0	5
3036	284	12
3036G	18.2	10
3041	6.90	12
3041G	22.9	2
3042	9.46	34
3042G	85.5	3
3043	9.26	29
3043G	13.1	22

TABLE 12

Vκ3-20Jκ1
Common Light Chain Antibodies

100 nM Antigen E

	Antibody	K_D(nM)	T_1/2(min)

2968	5.50	8
2968G	305	0
2969	34.9	2
2969G	181	1
2970G	12.3	3
2971G	32.8	22
2972	6.02	13
2972G	74.6	26
2973	5.35	39
2973G	11.0	44
2974	256	0
2974G	138	0
2975	38.0	2
2975G	134	1
2976	6.73	10
2976G	656	8

The binding affinities of common light chain antibodies comprising the rearrangements shown in Tables 5 and 6 vary, with nearly all exhibiting a K_Din the nanomolar range. The affinity data is consistent with the common light chain antibodies resulting from the combinatorial association of rearranged variable domains described in Tables 5 and 6 being high-affinity, clonally selected, and somatically mutated. Coupled with data previously shown, the common light chain antibodies described in Tables 5 and 6 comprise a collection of diverse, high-affinity antibodies that exhibit specificity for one or more epitopes on Antigen E.

Example 10Determination of Binding Specificities of Antigen-Specific Common Light Chain Antibodies by LUMINEX™ Assay

Selected anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies were tested for their ability to bind to the ECD of Antigen E and Antigen E ECD variants, including the cynomolgous monkey ortholog (Mf Antigen E), which differs from the human protein in approximately 10% of its amino acid residues; a deletion mutant of Antigen E lacking the last 10 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the ECD (Antigen E-ACT); and two mutants containing an alanine substitution at suspected locations of interaction with Ligand Y (Antigen E-Ala1 and AntigenE-Ala2). The Antigen E proteins were produced in CHO cells and each contained a myc-myc-His C-terminal tag.

For the binding studies, Antigen E ECD protein or variant protein (described above) from 1 mL of culture medium was captured by incubation for 2 hr at room temperature with 1×10⁶microsphere (LUMINEX™) beads covalently coated with an anti-myc monoclonal antibody (MAb 9E10, hybridoma cell line CRL-1729™; ATCC, Manassas, Va.). The beads were then washed with PBS before use. Supernatants containing anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies were diluted 1:4 in buffer and added to 96-well filter plates. A mock supernatant with no antibody was used as negative control. The beads containing the captured Antigen E proteins were then added to the antibody samples (3000 beads per well) and incubated overnight at 4° C. The following day, the sample beads were washed and the bound common light chain antibody was detected with a R-phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody. The fluorescence intensity of the beads (approximately 100 beads counted for each antibody sample binding to each Antigen E protein) was measured with a LUMINEX™ flow cytometry-based analyzer, and the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for at least 100 counted beads per bead/antibody interaction was recorded. Results are shown in Tables 13 and 14.

TABLE 13

Vκ1-39Jκ5 Common Light Chain Antibodies

Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI)

	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen E-	Antigen E-	Mf
Antibody	E-ECD	E-ΔCT	Ala1	Ala2	Antigen E

2948	1503	2746	4953	3579	1648
2948G	537	662	2581	2150	863
2949	3706	4345	8169	5678	5142
2949G	3403	3318	7918	5826	5514
2950	3296	4292	7756	5171	4749
2950G	2521	2408	7532	5079	3455
2952	3384	1619	1269	168	911
2952G	3358	1001	108	55	244
2954	2808	3815	7114	5039	3396
2954G	2643	2711	7620	5406	3499
2955	1310	2472	4738	3765	1637
2955G	1324	1802	4910	3755	1623
2964	5108	1125	4185	346	44
2964G	4999	729	4646	534	91
2978	6986	2800	14542	10674	8049
2978G	5464	3295	11652	8026	6452
2982	4955	2388	13200	9490	6772
2982G	3222	2013	8672	6509	4949
2985	1358	832	4986	3892	1669
2985G	43	43	128	244	116
2987	3117	1674	7646	5944	2546
2987G	3068	1537	9202	6004	4744
2996	4666	1917	12875	9046	6459
2996G	2752	1736	8742	6150	4873
2997	5164	2159	12167	8361	5922
2997G	658	356	3392	2325	1020
3004	2794	1397	8542	6268	3083
3004G	2753	1508	8267	5808	4345
3005	5683	2221	12900	9864	5868
3005G	4344	2732	10669	7125	5880
3010	4829	1617	2642	3887	44
3010G	3685	1097	2540	3022	51
3011	2859	2015	7855	5513	3863
3011G	2005	1072	6194	4041	3181
3012	3233	2221	8543	5637	3307
3012G	968	378	3115	2261	1198
3013	2343	1791	6715	4810	2528
3013G	327	144	1333	1225	370
3014	1225	1089	5436	3621	1718
3014G	1585	851	5178	3705	2411
3015	3202	2068	8262	5554	3796
3015G	1243	531	4246	2643	1611
3016	4220	2543	8920	5999	5666
3016G	2519	1277	6344	4288	4091
3017	3545	2553	8700	5547	5098
3017G	1972	1081	5763	3825	3038
3018	2339	1971	6140	4515	2293
3018G	254	118	978	1020	345
3019	5235	1882	7108	4249	54
3019G	4090	1270	4769	3474	214
3020	3883	3107	8591	6602	4420
3020G	2165	1209	6489	4295	2912
3021	1961	1472	6872	4641	2742
3021G	2091	1005	6430	3988	2935
3022	2418	793	7523	2679	36
3022G	2189	831	6182	3051	132
3023	1692	1411	5788	3898	2054
3023G	1770	825	5702	3677	2648
3024	1819	1467	6179	4557	2450
3024G	100	87	268	433	131
3025	1853	1233	6413	4337	2581
3025G	1782	791	5773	3871	2717
3027	4131	1018	582	2510	22
3027G	3492	814	1933	2596	42
3028	4361	2545	9884	5639	975
3028G	2835	1398	7124	3885	597
3030	463	277	1266	1130	391
3030G	943	302	3420	2570	1186
3032	2083	1496	6594	4402	2405
3032G	295	106	814	902	292
3033	4409	2774	8971	6331	5825
3033G	2499	1234	6745	4174	4210
3036	1755	1362	6137	4041	1987
3036G	2313	1073	6387	4243	3173
3041	3674	2655	8629	5837	4082
3041G	2519	1265	6468	4274	3320
3042	2653	2137	7277	5124	3325
3042G	1117	463	4205	2762	1519
3043	3036	2128	7607	5532	3366
3043G	2293	1319	6573	4403	3228

TABLE 14

Vκ3-20Jκ1 Common Light Chain Antibodies

Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI)

	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen E-	Antigen E-	Mf Antigen
Antibody	E-ECD	E-ΔCT	Ala1	Ala2	E

2968	6559	3454	14662	3388	29
2968G	2149	375	9109	129	22
2969	2014	1857	7509	5671	3021
2969G	1347	610	6133	4942	2513
2970	5518	1324	14214	607	32
2970G	4683	599	12321	506	31
2971	501	490	2506	2017	754
2971G	578	265	2457	2062	724
2972	2164	2158	8408	6409	3166
2972G	1730	992	6364	4602	2146
2973	3527	1148	3967	44	84
2973G	1294	276	1603	28	44
2974	1766	722	8821	241	19
2974G	2036	228	8172	135	26
2975	1990	1476	8669	6134	2468
2975G	890	315	4194	3987	1376
2976	147	140	996	1079	181
2976G	1365	460	6024	3929	1625

The anti-Antigen E common light chain antibody supernatants exhibited high specific binding to the beads linked to Antigen E-ECD. For these beads, the negative control mock supernatant resulted in negligible signal (<10 MFI) when combined with the Antigen E-ECD bead sample, whereas the supernatants containing anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies exhibited strong binding signal (average MFI of 2627 for 98 antibody supernatants; MFI>500 for 91/98 antibody samples).

As a measure of the ability of the selected anti-Antigen E common light chain antibodies to identify different epitopes on the ECD of Antigen E, the relative binding of the antibodies to the variants were determined. All four Antigen E variants were captured to the anti-myc LUMINEX™ beads as described above for the native Antigen E-ECD binding studies, and the relative binding ratios (MFI_variant/MFI_{Antigen E-ECD}) were determined. For 98 tested common light chain antibody supernatants shown in Tables 12 and 13, the average ratios (MFI_variant/MFI_{Antigen E-ECD}) differed for each variant, likely reflecting different capture amounts of proteins on the beads (average ratios of 0.61, 2.9, 2.0, and 1.0 for Antigen E-ΔCT, Antigen E-Ala1, Antigen E-Ala2, and Mf Antigen E, respectively). For each protein variant, the binding for a subset of the 98 tested common light chain antibodies showed greatly reduced binding, indicating sensitivity to the mutation that characterized a given variant. For example, 19 of the common light chain antibody samples bound to the Mf Antigen E with MFI_variant/MFI_{Antigen E-ECD}of <8%. Since many in this group include high or moderately high affinity antibodies (5 with K_D⁻<5 nM, 15 with K_D<50 nM), it is likely that the lower signal for this group results from sensitivity to the sequence (epitope) differences between native Antigen E-ECD and a given variant rather than from lower affinities.

These data establish that the common light chain antibodies described in Tables 5 and 6 represent a diverse group of Antigen-E-specific common light chain antibodies that specifically recognize more than one epitope on Antigen E.

Example 11Light Chain Shuffling in Common Light Chain Antibodies

Heavy chains of selected antigen-specific common light chain antibodies were tested for binding to Antigen E after repairing the heavy chains with either a germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 or a germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 engineered light chain (as described in Example 1).

Briefly, 247 heavy chains of Antigen E-specific common light chain antibodies (Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1) were transfected with either a germline Vκ1-39 or a germline Vκ3-20 engineered light chain and rescreened for binding to Antigen E by a LUMINEX™ assay (as described in Example 7 and Example 10). Binding to Antigen E was confirmed by BIACORE™ (as described in Example 9). The results are shown in Table 15.

As shown in this Example, twenty-eight common light chain antibodies specific for Antigen E were capable of binding to Antigen E when repaired with a germline form of the light chain.

TABLE 15

Original	Repaired
Light Chain	Light Chain	No. Tested	No. Confirmed Binders

1-39	1-39	198	23
3-20	3-20	49	5

Example 12Heavy Chain Gene Usage and Somatic Hypermutation Frequency in Common Light Chain Antibodies

Heavy and light chain sequences (>6000) of antibodies raised in VELCOIMMUNE® mice (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,541 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,348) were compiled with heavy and light chain sequences (>600) of common light chain antibodies obtained by a multi-antigen immunization scheme employing the engineered light chain mice (described above) to compare heavy chain gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation frequencies of the antibody chains.

Heavy Chain Gene Usage. Heavy and light chain sequences obtained from VELOCIMMUNE® mice containing a replacement of the endogenous mouse heavy chain locus with human V_H, D_H, and J_Hgene segments and a replacement of the endogenous mouse κ light chain locus with either the engineered germline Vκ1-39Jκ5 human light chain region or the engineered germline Vκ3-20Jκ1 human light chain region (as described in Example 2) immunized with a human cell-surface receptor (Antigen E), a heterodimer of two human cell-surface glycoproteins (Antigen F), a human cytokine receptor (Antigen G) and a human tumor differentiation antigen (Antigen H) were analyzed for heavy chain gene segment usage and V_Hand J_Hgene segments were recorded. Results are shown in Tables 16-18. Percentages in Tables 16-18 represent rounded values and in some cases may not equal 100% when added together.

Table 16 sets forth the percent heavy chain family usage for antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice (VI), antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice having a cognate W1-39 light chain (VI-Vκ1-39), antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered light chain mice (Vκ1-39), antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice having a cognate Vκ3-20 light chain (VI-Vκ3-20), and antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered light chain mice (Vκ3-20). Table 17 sets forth the percent V_Hand J_Hgene usage for antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice (VI), antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice having a cognate Vκ1-39 light chain (VI-Vκ1-39), antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered light chain mice (Vκ1-39), antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice having a cognate Vκ3-20 light chain (VI-Vκ3-20), and antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered light chain mice (Vκ3-20). Table 18 sets forth the percent V_Hgene usage for antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered light chain mice (Vκ1-39 Mice) from each immunization group (Antigens E, F, G and H) and the percent V_Hgene usage for antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered light chain mice (Vκ3-20 Mice) from selected immunization groups (Antigens E and G).

As shown in this Example, heavy chain gene usage for antigens tested in Vκ1-39Jκ5 engineered light chain mice was characterized by a preponderance of V_Hfamily III subgroups (V_H3-7, V_H3-9, V_H3-11, V_H3-13, V_H3-20, V_H3-23, V_H3-30, V_H3-33 and V_H3-48). Notable usage of other V_Hfamily subgroups was characterized by usage of V_H1-18, V_H1-69, V_H2-5, V_H4-59 and V_H6-1. For antigens tested in Vκ3-20Jκ1 engineered light chain mice, heavy chain gene usage was characterized by a preponderance of V_Hfamily III, V_Hfamily IV and V_Hfamily V subgroups (V_H3-11, V_H3-30, V_H3-33, V_H4-39, V_H4-59 and V_H5-51). Notable usage of other V_Hfamily subgroups was characterized by usage of V_H1-18, V_H1-69, V_H2-70 and V_H6-1.

Somatic Hypermutation Frequency. Heavy and light chains from antibodies raised in VELCOIMMUNE® mice and the engineered light chain mice (described above) were aligned to germline sequences according to the heavy and light chain gene usage demonstrated for each heavy and/or light chain. Amino acid changes for each framework region (FW) and complementarity determining region (CDR) for both heavy and light chain of each sequence were calculated. Results are shown in Tables 19-22. Percentages in Tables 21-24 represent rounded values and in some cases may not equal 100% when added together.

Table 19 sets forth the number of amino acid (AA) changes observed in each FW and CDR region of heavy chains of antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice, heavy chains of antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered light chain mice (Vκ1-39 Mice) and heavy chains of antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered light chain mice (Vκ3-20 Mice). Table 20 sets forth the number of amino acid (AA) changes observed in each FW and CDR region of light chains of antibodies from VELCOIMMUNE® mice, the light chain of antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered mice (Vκ1-39 Mice) and the light chain of antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered mice (Vκ3-20 Mice). Table 21 sets forth the number of amino acid (AA) changes observed in each FW and CDR region of heavy chains of antibodies from Vκ1-39 engineered light chain mice (Vκ1-39 Mice) for selected immunization groups (Antigens E, F and H). Table 22 sets forth the number of amino acid (AA) changes observed in each FW and CDR region of heavy chains of antibodies from Vκ3-20 engineered light chain mice (Vκ3-20 Mice) for selected immunization groups (Antigens E and G).

TABLE 16

V_HFamily	VI	VI-Vκ1-39	Vκ1-39	VI-Vκ3-20	Vκ3-20

1	9.0	14.8	3.3	7.1	4.9
2	2.2	1.8	4.6	0	1.6
3	77.8	69.8	77.3	61.4	29.5
4	8.4	8.3	11.2	27.1	39.3
5	0.9	0	0.7	4.3	23.0
6	1.7	5.3	3.0	0	1.6

TABLE 17

VI	VI-Vκ1-39	Vκ1-39	VI-Vκ3-20	Vκ3-20

V_HGene
1-2	3.9	8.3	0	2.9	0
1-3	0	0	0	0	0
1-8	1.3	0.6	0	1.4	0
1-18	3.0	0.6	1.3	2.1	1.6
1-24	0.4	3.6	0	0.7	0
1-46	0.1	0	0	0	0
1-58	0	0	0	0	0
1-69	0.3	1.8	2.0	0	3.3
2-5	1.9	0	4.6	0	0
2-26	0.2	1.8	0.0	0	0
2-70	0.1	0	0	0	1.6
3-7	3.0	14.8	0	1.4	0
3-9	8.5	3.6	29.6	16.4	0
3-11	5.4	10.7	0	7.1	1.6
3-13	3.2	1.8	0.7	2.1	0
3-15	4.0	4.7	0.3	0.7	0
3-20	1.0	0.6	0.3	5.0	0
3-21	0.8	0.6	0	2.1	0
3-23	20.4	8.9	3.3	8.6	0
3-30	17.6	4.1	35.2	12.9	1.6
3-33	12.6	14.8	0	5.0	26.2
3-43	0.2	0.6	0	0	0
3-48	0.8	1.2	7.2	0	0
3-53	0.3	3.6	0.3	0	0
3-64	0	0	0.3	0	0
3-72	0	0	0	0	0
3-73	0	0	0	0	0
4-31	2.7	0	0.7	8.6	0
4-34	1.8	0.6	0.3	14.3	0
4-39	1.6	0.6	3.0	2.1	14.8
4-59	2.3	7.1	7.2	2.1	24.6
5-51	0.9	0	0.7	4.3	23.0
6-1	1.7	5.3	3.0	0	1.6
J_HGene
1	1.5	1.2	7.1	0	0
2	4.5	2.4	0.7	5.0	26.9
3	10.5	16.6	13.1	13.6	26.9
4	44.0	34.3	32.3	50.7	9.6
5	9.6	10.1	16.8	7.9	1.9
6	29.7	35.5	30.0	22.9	34.6

	TABLE 18

	Vκ1-39 Mice	Vκ3-20 Mice

	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen	Antigen
V_HGene	E	F	G	H	E	G

1-2	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-3	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-8	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-18	0	0	0	8.3	0	3.1
1-24	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-46	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-58	0	0	0	0	0	0
1-69	2.9	0	25.0	0	0	6.3
2-5	8.2	0	0	0	0	0
2-26	0	0	0	0	0	0
2-70	0	0	0	0	0	3.1
3-7	0	0	0	0	0	0
3-9	1.2	98.8	0	14.6	0	0
3-11	0	0	0	0	0	3.1
3-13	0.6	0	25.0	0	0	0
3-15	0	1.2	0	0	0	0
3-20	0	0	25.0	0	0	0
3-21	0	0	0	0	0	0
3-23	4.1	0	25.0	4.2	0	0
3-30	62.9	0	0	0	3.4	0
3-33	0	0	0	0	13.8	37.5
3-43	0	0	0	0	0	0
3-48	0.6	0	0	43.8	0	0
3-53	1.6	0	0	0	0	0
3-64	1.6	0	0	0	0	0
3-72	0	0	0	0	0	0
3-73	0	0	0	0	0	0
4-31	0	0	0	4.2	0	0
4-34	0	0	0	2.1	0	0
4-39	5.3	0	0	0	31.0	0
4-59	11.8	0	0	4.2	3.4	43.8
5-51	1.2	0	0	0	48.3	0
6-1	0	0	0	18.8	0	3.1

TABLE 19

	Heavy Chains of Antibodies from
	VELCOIMMUNE ® Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	63	32	36	26	12	82
1	23	32	41	31	22	17
2	9	25	17	23	27	1
3	4	10	5	16	13	0
4	0	1	1	3	12	0
>5	1	0	0	1	14	0

Heavy Chains of Antibodies from Vκ1-39 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	65	8	34	30	9	37
1	25	26	35	34	19	54
2	9	44	23	20	33	9
3	1	19	8	12	22	0
4	0	3	0	5	11	0
>5	1	0	0	0	7	0

Heavy Chains of Antibodies from Vκ3-20 Mice

#AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	57	8	54	16	8	93
1	41	43	34	39	21	7
2	2	25	10	18	20	0
3	0	15	2	21	13	0
4	0	10	0	3	20	0
>5	0	0	0	2	18	0

TABLE 20

	Light Chains of Antibodies from
	VELCOIMMUNE ® Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	65	24	49	60	33	23
1	24	20	34	31	27	38
2	9	27	16	9	18	28
3	1	20	1	0	14	7
4	0	7	0	0	4	3
>5	1	1	0	0	3	0

Light Chains of Antibodies from Vκ1-39 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	91	75	80	90	71	63
1	9	19	17	10	21	27
2	0	5	1	1	5	8
3	0	0	1	0	2	1
4	0	0	0	0	2	1
>5	0	0	0	0	0	0

Light Chains of Antibodies from Vκ3-20 Mice

#AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	90	47	93	97	63	57
1	10	27	3	3	20	43
2	0	27	3	0	17	0
3	0	0	0	0	0	0
4	0	0	0	0	0	0
>5	0	0	0	0	0	0

TABLE 21

	Heavy Chains of Anti-Antigen E Antibodies
	from Vκ1-39 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	75	8	49	41	14	36
1	21	25	33	35	25	52
2	4	43	14	18	28	12
3	0	20	4	5	16	0
4	0	5	0	1	12	0
>5	1	0	0	0	5	0

	Heavy Chains of Anti-Antigen F Antibodies
	from Vκ1-39 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	52	0	6	6	2	15
1	35	24	32	35	15	78
2	11	59	46	22	49	7
3	0	17	16	24	29	0
4	0	0	0	12	4	0
>5	1	0	0	0	1	0

	Heavy Chains of Anti-Antigen H Antibodies
	from Vκ1-39 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	54	21	29	33	4	77
1	17	35	50	27	6	23
2	23	21	15	21	25	0
3	6	21	4	15	27	0
4	0	2	2	2	15	0
>5	0	0	0	2	23	0

TABLE 22

	Heavy Chains of Anti-Antigen E Antibodies
	from Vκ3-20 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	79	17	62	24	17	90
1	21	28	34	55	31	10
2	0	28	3	21	24	0
3	0	14	0	0	10	0
4	0	14	0	0	3	0
>5	0	0	0	0	14	0

	Heavy Chains of Anti-Antigen G Antibodies
	from Vκ3-20 Mice

# AA Changes	FW1	CDR1	FW2	CDR2	FW3	CDR3

0	38	0	47	9	0	97
1	59	56	34	25	13	3
2	3	22	16	16	16	0
3	0	16	3	41	16	0
4	0	6	0	6	34	0
>5	0	0	0	3	22	0

Claims

1. A mouse that expresses a population of antigen-specific antibodies in response to challenge with an antigen, wherein all of the immunoglobulin light chains of the population of antigen-specific antibodies comprise a human light chain variable (V_L) region derived from the same single human V_Lgene segment and the immunoglobulin heavy chains comprise a human heavy chain variable (V_H) region derived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from V_H1-2, V_H1-3, V_H1-8, V_H1-18, V_H1-24, V_H1-46, V_H1-58, V_H1-69, V_H2-5, V_H2-26, V_H2-70, V_H3-7, V_H3-9, V_H3-11, V_H3-13, V_H3-15, V_H3-20, V_H3-21, V_H3-23, V_H3-30, V_H3-33, V_H3-43, V_H3-48, V_H3-53, V_H3-64, V_H3-72, V_H3-73, V_H4-31, V_H4-34, V_H4-39, V_H4-59, V_H5-51, V_H6-1.

2. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the same single human V_Lgene segment is a human Vκ1-39 gene segment.

3. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the same single human V_Lgene segment is a human Vκ3-20 gene segment.

4. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein all of the immunoglobulin light chains comprise a human light chain J (J_L) gene segment.

5. The mouse ofclaim 4, wherein the human J_Lgene segment is selected from a human Jκ1 and a Jκ5 gene segment.

6. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the mouse lacks a sequence selected from a mouse immunoglobulin V_Lgene segment, a mouse immunoglobulin J_Lgene segment, and a combination thereof.

7. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a human, mouse, or rat immunoglobulin light chain constant (C_L) region.

8. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the human V_Lregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus.

9. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the human V_Hregion is operably linked to a human, mouse, or rat immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (C_H) region.

10. The mouse ofclaim 1, wherein the human V_Hregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

11. A mouse that expresses a population of antigen-specific antibodies in response to challenge with an antigen, wherein all of the immunoglobulin light chains of the population of antigen-specific antibodies comprise a human V_Lregion derived from a human Vκ1-39 gene segment and the immunoglobulin heavy chains comprise a human heavy chain variable (V_H) region derived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from V_H1-18, V_H1-69, V_H2-5, V_H3-9, V_H3-13, V_H3-15, V_H3-20, V_H3-23, V_H3-30, V_H3-48, V_H3-53, V_H3-64, V_H4-31, V_H4-34, V_H4-39, V_H4-59, V_H5-51 and V_H6-1.

12. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Lregion comprises a Jκ5 sequence.

13. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the mouse lacks a mouse immunoglobulin V_Land/or J_L. gene segment.

14. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a human, rat, or mouse immunoglobulin light chain constant (C_L) region.

15. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Lregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus.

16. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Hregion comprises a sequence that encodes a human J_Hregion selected from a human J_H1, J_H2, J_H3, J_H4, J_H5, and J_H6 gene segment.

17. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Hregion is operably linked to a human, rat, or mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (C_H) region.

18. The mouse ofclaim 11, wherein the human V_Hregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

19. A mouse that expresses a population of antigen-specific antibodies in response to challenge with an antigen, wherein all of the immunoglobulin light chains of the population of antigen-specific antibodies comprise a human V_Lregion derived from a human Vκ3-20 gene segment and the immunoglobulin heavy chains comprise a human heavy chain variable (V_H) region derived from a human V_Hgene segment selected from V_H1-18, V_H1-69, V_H2-70, V_H3-11, V_H3-30, V_H3-33, V_H3-53, V_H4-39, V_H4-59, V_H5-51 and V_H6-1.

20. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Lregion comprises a Jκ5 sequence.

21. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the mouse lacks a mouse immunoglobulin V_Land/or J_Lgene segment.

22. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Lregion is operably linked to a human, rat, or mouse immunoglobulin light chain constant (C_L) region.

23. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Lregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus.

24. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Hregion comprises a sequence that encodes a human J_Hregion selected from a human J_H2, J_H3, J_H4, J_H5, and J_H6 gene segment.

25. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Hregion is operably linked to a human, rat, or mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (C_H) region.

26. The mouse ofclaim 19, wherein the human V_Hregion is expressed from an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.