US20120173151A1 - Methods of assessing diabetes treatment protocols based on protocol complexity levels and patient proficiency levels - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of methods of assessing a diabetes treatment protocol comprise determining a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor, determining a patient proficiency level corresponding to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor, comparing the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level via the processor, and providing an output based on the comparison.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD
• Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to diabetes management, and specifically relate to methods of assessing a diabetes treatment protocol to align the skill set of a patient with the complexity of the diabetes treatment protocol.
BACKGROUND
• A disease which is long lasting or which reoccurs often is defined typically as a chronic disease. Known chronic diseases include, among others, depression, compulsive obsession disorder, alcoholism, asthma, autoimmune diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis, lupus erythematosus), osteoporosis, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Such chronic diseases require chronic care management for effective long-term treatment.
• In the example of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, it is known that diabetes manifests itself differently in each person because of each person's unique physiology that interacts with variable health and lifestyle factors such as diet, weight, stress, illness, sleep, exercise, and medication intake.
• Biomarkers are patient biologically derived indicators of biological or pathogenic processes, pharmacologic responses, events or conditions (e.g., aging, disease or illness risk, presence or progression, etc.). For example, a biomarker can be an objective measurement of a variable related to a disease, which may serve as an indicator or predictor of that disease. In the case of diabetes mellitus, such biomarkers include measured values for glucose, lipids, triglycerides, and the like. A biomarker can also be a set of parameters from which to infer the presence or risk of a disease, rather than a measured value of the disease itself. When properly collected and evaluated, biomarkers can provide useful information related to a medical question about the patient, as well as be used as part of a medical assessment, as a medical control, and/or for medical optimization.
• For diabetes, clinicians generally treat diabetic persons according to published therapeutic guidelines such as, for example, Joslin Diabetes Center & Joslin Clinic,Clinical Guideline for Pharmacological Management ofType2Diabetes(2007) and Joslin Diabetes Center & Joslin Clinic,Clinical Guideline for Adults with Diabetes(2008). The guidelines may specify a desired biomarker value, e.g., a fasting blood glucose value of less than 100 mg/dl, or the clinician can specify a desired biomarker value based on the clinician's training and experience in treating patients with diabetes.
• While the development of a suitable diabetes treatment protocol or treatment regimen is important, the success of a diabetes treatment protocol is dependent on the patient or patient's adherence to the diabetes treatment protocol. However, adherence may be prevented when the diabetes treatment protocol or the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol are too complex for the patient. Specifically, a patient may lack the required skill set to perform tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol (e.g., collecting biomarker readings). Moreover, the patient may be unaware that they lack the required skill set to perform the diabetes treatment protocol.
• It is desirable to provide a method of tailoring a diabetes treatment protocol to a patient skill set by providing additional upfront and ongoing assistance specific for patients who have not yet demonstrated proficiency for a diabetes treatment protocol.
SUMMARY
• Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to improving adherence of a protocol by tailoring the complexity of a diabetes treatment protocol to the skill set of a patent. It is understood that adherence to a protocol is improved when the goals are agreed upon, the steps are understood and the patient possesses the appropriate materials and skills to complete the subtasks. Consequently, the present embodiments compare the skill set of a patient (patient proficiency level) with the complexity of the diabetes treatment protocol. Additionally, the embodiments of the present invention may benefit the patient or healthcare provider by informing the patient of a complexity level of a diabetes treatment protocol, and a patient's proficiency level in relation to the diabetes treatment protocol.
• In one embodiment, a method of assessing a diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing a processor is provided. The method comprises determining a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor, determining a patient proficiency level corresponding to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor, comparing the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level, wherein the comparison is performed by the processor, and providing an output based on the comparison.
• According to another embodiment, a collection device for assessing a diabetes treatment protocol is provided. The collection device comprises a meter configured to measure one or more selected biomarkers, a processor disposed inside the meter and coupled to memory, software having instructions that when executed by the processor causes the processor to compute a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol, compute a patient proficiency level corresponding to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol, and compare the patient proficiency level and the protocol complexity level. The collection device further comprises a display unit configured to provide the results of the comparison.
• According to yet another embodiment, a method of calculating a protocol complexity level for a diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing a processor is provided, wherein the processor is programmed with calculation instructions for the protocol complexity level which corresponds to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol. The method comprises selecting a calculation methodology for the protocol complexity level utilizing the processor, wherein the processor selects the calculation methodology appropriate for the diabetes treatment protocol by executing the programmed calculation instructions. The selected calculation methodology may utilize predefined protocol complexity values associated with known diabetes treatment protocols, task complexity values which are assigned to one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, or combinations thereof. The method further comprises computing the protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol using the selected calculation methodology.
• In yet another embodiment, a method of calculating a patient proficiency level for a diabetes treatment protocol is provided, wherein the method utilizes a processor, the processor being programmed with calculation instructions for the patient proficiency level. The method comprises selecting a calculation methodology for the patient proficiency level via the processor, wherein the processor selects the calculation methodology appropriate for the diabetes treatment protocol by executing the programmed calculation instructions. The selected calculation methodology utilizes predefined patient proficiency levels, prior patient proficiency levels calculated based on stored data of previously performed treatment protocol or any tasks of the treatment protocol, or combinations thereof; and computing the patient proficiency level for the diabetes treatment protocol based on the selected calculation methodology.
• These and other advantages and features of the invention disclosed herein, will be made more apparent from the description, drawings and claims that follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention can be best understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals.
• FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a chronic care management system for a diabetes patient and a clinician along with others having an interest in the chronic care management of the patient according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 2 and 2A are diagrams showing embodiments of a system suitable for implementing a structured testing method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a collection device embodiment according to the present invention.
• FIG. 4 shows a depiction in tabular format of a data record embodiment created from using a structured testing method on the collection device ofFIG. 3 according to the present invention.
• FIGS. 5A-5C are flow charts depicting various embodiments of tailoring the diabetes treatment protocol according to patient skill set.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The present invention will be described below relative to various illustrative embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in a number of different applications and embodiments and is not specifically limited in its application to the particular embodiments depicted herein. In particular, the present invention will be discussed below in connection with diabetes management via sampling blood, although those of ordinary skill will recognize that the present invention could be modified to be used with other types of fluids or analytes besides glucose, and/or useful in managing other chronic diseases besides diabetes.
• As used herein with the various illustrated embodiments described below, the follow terms include, but are not limited to, the following meanings.
• The term “biomarker” can mean a physiological variable measured to provide data relevant to a patient such as for example, a blood glucose value, an interstitial glucose value, an HbA1c value, a heart rate measurement, a blood pressure measurement, lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and the like.
• The term “contextualizing” can mean documenting and interrelating conditions that exists or will occur surrounding a collection of a specific biomarker measurement. Preferably, data about documenting and interrelating conditions that exists or will occur surrounding a collection of a specific biomarker are stored together with the collected biomarker data and are linked to it. In particular, a further assessment of the collected biomarker data takes into account the data about documenting and interrelating conditions so that not only the data as such are evaluated but also the link between data to which it is contextualized. The data about documenting and interrelating conditions can include for example information about the time, food and/or exercises which occurs surrounding a collection of a specific biomarker measurement and/or simultaneously thereto. For example, the context of a structured collection procedure according in an embodiment to the present invention can be documented by utilizing entry criterion for verifying a fasting state with the diabetic person before accepting a biomarker value during a Basal titration optimization focused testing procedure.
• The term “criteria” can mean one or more criterions, and can be at least one or more of a guideline(s), rule(s), characteristic(s), and dimension(s) used to judge whether one or more conditions are satisfied or met to begin, accept, and/or end one or more procedural steps, actions, and/or values.
• The term “adherence” can mean that a person following a structured collection procedure or a diabetes treatment protocol performs requested procedural steps appropriately. For example, the biomarker data should be measured under prescribed conditions of the structured collection procedure. If then the prescribed conditions are given for a biomarker measurement the adherence is defined as appropriate. For examples, the prescribed conditions are time related conditions and/or exemplarily can include eating of meals, taking a fasting sample, eating a type of meal with a requested window of time, taking a fasting sample at a requested time, sleeping a minimum amount of time, and the like. The adherence can be defined as appropriate or not appropriate for a structured collection procedure, a group of sample instances, or a single data point of a contextualized biomarker data. Preferably, the adherence can be defined as appropriate or not appropriate by a range of a prescribed condition(s) or by a selectively determined prescribed condition(s). Moreover the adherence can be calculated as a rate of adherence describing in which extent the adherence is given for a structured collection procedure or a single data point in particular of a contextualized biomarker data.
• The term “medical use case or question” can mean at least one or more of a procedure, situation, condition, and/or question providing an uncertainty about the factuality of existence of some medical facts, combined with a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena. Medical use case or question can be already deposited and stored in the system so that the diabetic person can select between different medical use cases or questions. Alternatively, the medical use case or question can be defined by the diabetic person themselves.
• The terms “focused”, “structured”, and “episodic” are used herein interchangeably with the term “testing” and can mean a predefined sequence in which to conduct the testing.
• The terms “diabetes treatment protocol” and “structured testing” may be used interchangeably herein to describe a sequence of tasks used in diabetes treatment or the optimization of diabetes treatment.
• The terms “software” and “program” may be used interchangeably herein.
• For example, the skill assessment permits the process700 to check and assess if the individual possesses the proper level of skill before moving into a new activity and/or protocol, i.e., adifferent collection procedure70. If not, then the process700 then provides/recommends the skill development activities for the individual12 to complete in order to gain the necessary skill level for the new activity and/orcollection procedure70.
• FIG. 1 shows a chroniccare management system10 for a diabetes patient(s)12 and a clinician(s)14 along withothers16 having an interest in the chronic care management of thepatient12.Patient12, having dysglycemia, may include persons with a metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes,type 1 diabetes,type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Theothers16 with an interest in the patient's care may include family members, friends, support groups, and religious organizations all of which can influence the patient's conformance with therapy. The patient12 may have access to apatient computer18, such as a home computer, which can connect to a public network50 (wired or wireless), such as the internet, cellular network, etc., and couple to a dongle, docking station, ordevice reader22 for communicating with an external portable device, such as aportable collection device24. An example of a device reader is shown in the manual “Accu-Chek® Smart Pix Device Reader Diabetic person's Manual” (2008) available from Roche Diagnostics.
• Thecollection device24 can be essentially any portable electronic device that can function as an acquisition mechanism for determining and storing digitally a biomarker value(s) according to a structured collection procedure, and which can function to run the structured collection procedure and the method of the present invention. Greater details regarding various illustrated embodiments of the structured collection procedure are provided hereafter in later sections. In a preferred embodiment, thecollection device24 can be a self-monitoringblood glucose meter26 or a continuous glucose monitor28. An example of a blood glucose meter is the Accu-Chek® Active meter, and the Accu-Chek® Aviva meter described in the booklet “Accu-Chek® Aviva Blood Glucose Meter Owner's Booklet (2007), portions of which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,368 B1 entitled “Meter and method of using the meter for determining the concentration of a component of a fluid” assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference. An example of a continuous glucose monitor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,389,133 “Method and device for continuous monitoring of the concentration of an analyte” (Jun. 17, 2008) assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In addition to thecollection device24, the patient12 can use a variety of products to manage his or her diabetes including:test strips30 carried in avial32 for use in thecollection device24;software34 which can operate on thepatient computer18, thecollection device24, ahandheld computing device36, such as a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant, and/or a mobile phone; andpaper tools38.Software34 can be pre-loaded or provided either via a computer readable medium40 or over thepublic network50 and loaded for operation on thepatient computer18, thecollection device24, the clinician computer/office workstation25, and thehandheld computing device36, if desired. In still other embodiments, thesoftware34 can also be integrated into thedevice reader22 that is coupled to the computer (e.g.,computers18 or25) for operation thereon, or accessed remotely through thepublic network50, such as from aserver52.
• The patient12 can also use for certain diabetes therapies,additional therapy devices42, andother devices44. Additionally,therapy devices42 can include devices such as anambulatory infusion pump46, aninsulin pen48, and a lancingdevice51. An example of anambulatory insulin pump46 include but not limited thereto the Accu-Chek® Spirit pump described in the manual “Accu-Chek® Spirit Insulin Pump System Pump Diabetic person Guide” (2007) available from Disetronic Medical Systems AG. Theother devices44 can be medical devices that provide patient data such as blood pressure, fitness devices that provide patient data such as exercise information, and elder care device that provide notification to care givers. Theother devices44 can be configured to communicate with each other according to standards planned by Continua® Health Alliance. These therapy devices can be separate or integrated into the collection devices and data processing devices described herein.
• Theclinicians14 for diabetes are diverse and can include e.g., nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians, endocrinologists, and other such health care providers. Theclinician14 typically has access to aclinician computer25, such as a clinician office computer, which can also be provided with thesoftware34. Ahealthcare record system27, such as Microsoft® HealthVault™ and Google™ Health, may also be used by thepatient12 and theclinician14 oncomputers18,25 to exchange information via thepublic network50 or via other network means (LANs, WANs, VPNs, etc.), and to store information such as collection data from thecollection device24,handheld collection device36, blood glucose monitor28, etc to an electronic medical record of the patient e.g., EMR53 (FIG. 2A) which can be provided to and fromcomputer18,25 and/orserver52.
• Most patients12 andclinicians14 can interact over thepublic network50 with each other and with others having computers/servers52. Such others can include the patient'semployer54, athird party payer56, such as an insurance company who pays some or all of the patient's healthcare expenses, apharmacy58 that dispenses certain diabetic consumable items, ahospital60, agovernment agency62, which can also be a payer, andcompanies64 providing healthcare products and services for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The patient12 can also grant permissions to access the patient's electronic health record to others, such as theemployer54, thepayer56, thepharmacy58, thehospital60, and thegovernment agencies62 via thehealthcare record system27, which can reside on theclinician computer25 and/or one ormore servers52. Reference hereafter is also made toFIG. 2.
• FIG. 2 shows a system embodiment suitable for implementing a structured testing method according to an embodiment of the present invention, which in another embodiment can be a part of the chroniccare management system10 and communicate with such components, via conventional wired or wireless communication means. Thesystem41 can include theclinician computer25 that is in communication with aserver52 as well as thecollection device24. Communications between theclinician computer25 and theserver52 can be facilitated via a communication link to thepublic network50, to aprivate network66, or combinations thereof. Theprivate network66 can be a local area network or a wide are network (wired or wireless) connecting to thepublic network50 via anetwork device68 such as a (web) server, router, modem, hub, and the likes.
• In one embodiment, theserver52 can be a central repository for a plurality of structured collection procedures (or protocols)70a,70b,70c,70d,in which the details of a few exemplary structured collection procedures are provided in later sections. Theserver52, as well as thenetwork device68, can function also as a data aggregator for completed ones of thestructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,70d.Accordingly, in such an embodiment, data of a completed collection procedure(s) from a collection device of the patient12 can then be provided from theserver52 and/ornetwork device68 to theclinician computer25 when requested in response to retrieval for such patient data.
• In one embodiment, one or more of the plurality ofstructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,70don theserver52 can be provided over thepublic network50, such as through a secure web interface55 (FIG. 2A, showing another embodiment of the system41) implemented on thepatient computer18, theclinician computer25, and/or thecollection device24. In another embodiment, theclinician computer25 can serve as the interface (wired or wireless)72 between theserver52 and thecollection device24. In still another embodiment, thestructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,70d,as well assoftware34, may be provided on a computerreadable medium40 and loaded directed on thepatient computer18, theclinician computer25, and/or thecollection device24. In still another embodiment, thestructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,70dmay be provided pre-loaded (embedded) in the memory of thecollection device24. In still other embodiments, new/updated/modifiedstructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,70dmay be sent between thepatient computer18, theclinician computer25, theserver52 and/or thecollection device24 via thepublic network50, theprivate network66, via a direct device connection (wired or wireless)74, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, in one embodiment the external devices e.g.,computer18 and25, can be used to establish acommunication link72,74 between thecollection device24 and still further electronic devices such as other remote Personal Computer (PC), and/or servers such as through thepublic network50, such as the Internet and/or other communication networks (e.g., LANs, WANs, VPNs, etc.), such asprivate network66.
• Theclinician computer25, as a conventional personal computer/workstation, can include aprocessor76 which executes programs, such assoftware34, and such as frommemory78 and/or computerreadable medium40.Memory78 can include system memory (RAM, ROM, EEPROM, etc.), and storage memory, such as hard drives and/or flash memory (internal or external). Theclinician computer25 can also include adisplay driver80 to interface adisplay82 with theprocessor76, input/output connections84 for connecting diabeticperson interface devices86, such as a keyboard and mouse (wired or wireless), and computerreadable drives88 for portable memory and discs, such as computerreadable medium40. Theclinician computer25 can further includecommunication interfaces90 for connections to thepublic network50 and other devices, such as collection device24 (wired or wireless), and abus interface92 for connecting the above mentioned electronic components to theprocessor76. Reference hereafter is now made toFIG. 3.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating theportable collection device24 depicted inFIG. 2. In the illustrated embodiment, thecollection device24 can include one or more microprocessors, such asprocessor102, which may be a central processing unit comprising at least one more single or multi-core and cache memory, which can be connected to abus104, which may include data, memory, control, and/or address buses. Thecollection device24 can include thesoftware34, which provides instruction codes that causes aprocessor102 of the device to implement the methods of the present invention that are discussed hereafter in later sections. Thecollection device24 may include adisplay interface106 providing graphics, text, and other data from the bus104 (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on adisplay108. Thedisplay interface106 may be a display driver of an integrated graphics solution that utilizes a portion ofmain memory110 of thecollection device24, such as random access memory (RAM) and processing from theprocessor102 or may be a dedicated graphic processing unit. In another embodiment, thedisplay interface106 and display108 can additionally provide a touch screen interface for providing data to thecollection device24 in a well-known manner.
• Main memory110 in one embodiment can be random access memory (RAM), and in other embodiments may include other memory such as a ROM, PROM, EPROM or EEPROM, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, thecollection device24 can includesecondary memory112, which may include, for example, ahard disk drive114 and/or a computerreadable medium drive116 for the computerreadable medium40, representing for example, at least one of a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory connector (e.g., USB connector, Firewire connector, PC card slot), etc. Thedrive116 reads from and/or writes to the computer readable medium40 in a well-known manner. Computerreadable medium40, represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk (CD or DVD), flash drive, PC card, etc. which is read by and written to by thedrive116. As will be appreciated, the computerreadable medium40 can have stored therein thesoftware34 and/orstructured collection procedures70a,70b,70c,and70das well as data resulting from completed collections performed according to one or more of thecollection procedures70a,70b,70c,and70d.
• In alternative embodiments,secondary memory112 may include other means for allowing thesoftware34, thecollection procedures70a,70b,70c,70d,other computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into thecollection device24. Such means may include, for example, aremovable storage unit120 and aninterface connector122. Examples of such removable storage units/interfaces can include a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory chip (e.g., ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc.) and associated socket, and other removable storage units120 (e.g. hard drives) andinterface connector122 which allow software and data to be transferred from theremovable storage unit120 to thecollection device24.
• Thecollection device24 in one embodiment can include acommunication module124. Thecommunication module124 allows software (e.g., thesoftware34, thecollection procedures70a,70b,70c,and70d) and data (e.g., data resulting from completed collections performed according to one or more of thecollection procedures70a,70b,70c,and70d) to be transferred between thecollection device24 and an external device(s)126. Examples ofcommunication module124 may include one or more of a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port (e.g., USB, Firewire, serial, parallel, etc.), a PC or PCMCIA slot and card, a wireless transceiver, and combinations thereof. The external device(s)126 can be thepatient computer18, theclinician computer25, thehandheld computing devices36, such as a laptop computer, a personal digital assistance (PDA), a mobile (cellular) phone, and/or a dongle, a docking station, ordevice reader22. In such an embodiment, the external device126 may provided and/or connect to one or more of a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port (e.g., USB, Firewire, serial, parallel, etc.), a PCMCIA slot and card, a wireless transceiver, and combinations thereof for providing communication over thepublic network50 orprivate network66, such as with theclinician computer25 orserver52. Software and data transferred viacommunication module124 can be in the form of wired orwireless signals128, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being sent and received bycommunication module124. For example, as is known, signals128 may be sent betweencommunication module124 and the external device(s)126 using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, an infrared link, other communications channels, and combinations thereof. Specific techniques for connecting electronic devices through wired and/or wireless connections (e.g. USB and Bluetooth, respectively) are well known in the art.
• In another embodiment, thecollection device24 can be used with theexternal device132, such as provided as a handheld computer or a mobile phone, to perform actions such as prompt a patient to take an action, acquire a data event, and perform calculations on information. An example of a collection device combined with such an external device126 provided as a hand held computer is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/424,757 filed Jun. 16, 2006 entitled “System and method for collecting patient information from which diabetes therapy may be determined,” assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference. Another example of a handheld computer is shown in the diabetic person guide entitled “Accu-Chek® Pocket Compass Software with Bolus Calculator Diabetic person Guide” (2007) available from Roche Diagnostics.
• In the illustrative embodiment, thecollection device24 can provide ameasurement engine138 for reading abiosensor140. Thebiosensor140, which in one embodiment is the disposable test strip30 (FIG. 1), is used with thecollection device24 to receive a sample such as for example, of capillary blood, which is exposed to an enzymatic reaction and measured by electrochemistry techniques, optical techniques, or both by themeasurement engine138 to measure and provide a biomarker value, such as for example, a blood glucose level. An example of a disposable test strip and measurement engine is disclosed in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2005/0016844 A1 “Reagent stripe for test strip” (Jan. 27, 2005), and assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference. In other embodiments, themeasurement engine138 andbiosensor140 can be of a type used to provide a biomarker value for other types of sampled fluids or analytes besides or in addition to glucose, heart rate, blood pressure measurement, and combinations thereof. Such an alternative embodiment is useful in embodiments where values from more then one biomarker type are requested by a structured collection procedure according to the present invention. In still another embodiment, thebiosensor140 may be a sensor with an indwelling catheter(s) or being a subcutaneous tissue fluid sampling device(s), such as when thecollection device24 is implemented as a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) in communication with an infusion device, such as pump46 (FIG. 1). In still another embodiments, thecollection device24 can be a controller implementing thesoftware34 and communicating between the infusion device (e.g.,ambulatory infusion pump46 and electronic insulin pen48) and thebiosensor140.
• Data, comprising at least the information collected by thebiosensor140, is provided by themeasurement engine138 to theprocessor102 which may execute a computer program stored inmemory110 to perform various calculations and processes using the data. For example, such a computer program is described by U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/492,667, filed Jun. 26, 2009, titled “Method, System, and Computer Program Product for Providing Both an Estimated True Mean Blood Glucose Value and Estimated Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) Value from Structured Spot Measurements Of Blood Glucose,” and assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference. The data from themeasurement engine138 and the results of the calculation and processes by theprocessor102 using the data is herein referred to as self-monitored data. The self-monitored data may include, but not limited thereto, the glucose values of apatient12, the insulin dose values, the insulin types, and the parameter values used byprocessor102 to calculate future glucose values, supplemental insulin doses, and carbohydrate supplement amounts as well as such values, doses, and amounts. Such data along with a date-time stamp169 for each measured glucose value and administered insulin dose value is stored in adata file145 ofmemory110 and/or112. Aninternal clock144 of thecollection device24 can supply the current date and time toprocessor102 for such use.
• Thecollection device24 can further provide adiabetic person interface146, such as buttons, keys, a trackball, touchpad, touch screen, etc. for data entry, program control and navigation of selections, choices and data, making information requests, and the likes. In one embodiment, thediabetic person interface146 can comprises one ormore buttons147,149 for entry and navigation of the data provided inmemory110 and/or112. In one embodiment, the diabetic person can use one or more ofbuttons147,149 to enter (document) contextualizing information, such as data related to the everyday lifestyle of thepatient12 and to acknowledge that prescribed tasks are completed. Such lifestyle data may relate to food intake, medication use, energy levels, exercise, sleep, general health conditions and overall well-being sense of the patient12 (e.g., happy, sad, rested, stressed, tired, etc.). Such lifestyle data can be recorded intomemory110 and/or112 of thecollection device24 as part of the self-monitored data via navigating through a selection menu displayed ondisplay108 usingbuttons147,149 and/or via a touch screen diabetic person interface provided by thedisplay108. It is to be appreciated that thediabetic person interface146 can also be used to display on thedisplay108 the self monitored data or portions thereof, such as used by theprocessor102 to display measured glucose levels as well as any entered data.
• In one embodiment, thecollection device24 can be switched on by pressing any one of thebuttons147,149 or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, in which thebiosensor140 is a test-strip, thecollection device24 can be automatically switched on when the test-strip is inserted into thecollection device24 for measurement by themeasurement engine138 of a glucose level in a sample of blood placed on the test-strip. In one embodiment, thecollection device24 can be switched off by holding down one of thebuttons147,149 for a pre-defined period of time, or in another embodiment can be shut down automatically after a pre-defined period of non-use of thediabetic person interface146.
• Anindicator148 can also be connected toprocessor102, and which can operate under the control ofprocessor102 to emit audible, tactile (vibrations), and/or visual alerts/reminders to the patient of daily times for bG measurements and events, such as for example, to take a meal, of possible future hypoglycemia, and the likes. Asuitable power supply150 is also provided to power thecollection device24 as is well known to make the device portable.
• As mentioned above previously, thecollection device24 may be pre-loaded with thesoftware34 or by provided therewith via the computer readable medium40 as well as received via thecommunication module124 bysignal128 directly or indirectly though theexternal device132 and/ornetwork50. When provided in the latter matter, thesoftware34 when received by theprocessor102 of thecollection device24 is stored in main memory110 (as illustrated) and/orsecondary memory112. Thesoftware34 contains instructions, when executed by theprocessor102, enables the processor to perform the features/functions of the present invention as discussed herein in later sections. In another embodiment, thesoftware34 may be stored in the computerreadable medium40 and loaded by theprocessor102 into cache memory to cause theprocessor102 to perform the features/functions of the invention as described herein. In another embodiment, thesoftware34 is implemented primarily in hardware logic using, for example, hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine to perform the feature/functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s). In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using a combination of both hardware and software.
• In an example software embodiment of the invention, the methods described hereafter can be implemented in the C++ programming language, but could be implemented in other programs such as, but not limited to, Visual Basic, C, C#, Java or other programs available to those skilled in the art. In still other embodiment, theprogram34 may be implemented using a script language or other proprietary interpretable language used in conjunction with an interpreter. Reference hereafter is also made toFIG. 4.
• FIG. 4 depicts in tabular form adata file145 containingdata records152 of self-monitoreddata154 resulting from a structured collection procedure according to an embodiment of the present invention. The data records152 (e.g., rows) along with the self-monitoring data154 (e.g., various one of the columns) can also provide associated therewith contextual information156 (e.g., other various ones of the columns as well as via row and column header information). Suchcontextual information156 can be collected either automatically, such as for example via input received automatically from the measurement engine, the biosensor, and/or any one of the other devices, or via input received from the diabetic person interface which was manually enter by the patient in response to a collection request (e.g., a question displayed by theprocessor102 on the display108) during the structured collection procedure. Accordingly, as suchcontextual information156 can be provided with eachdata record152 in a preferred embodiment, such information is readily available to a physician and no further collection of such information is necessarily needed to be provided again by the patient either manually or orally after completing the structured collection procedure. In another embodiment, if suchcontextual information156 and/or additional contextual information is collected after completion of a structured collection procedure according to the present invention, such information may be provided in the associated data file and/orrecord145,152 at a later time such as via one of thecomputers18,25. Such information would then be associated with the self-monitored data in the data file145, and thus would not need to be provided again orally or manually. Such a process in the latter embodiment may be needed in the situation where the structured collection procedure is implemented as or partly as apaper tool38 which is used with a collection device incapable of running thesoftware34 implementing such a structured collection procedure.
• It is to be appreciated that the date file145 (or portions thereof, such as only the self-monitored data154) can be sent/downloaded (wired or wireless) from thecollection device24 via thecommunication module124 to another electronic device, such the external device132 (PC, PDA, or cellular telephone), or via thenetwork50 to theclinician computer25. Clinicians can use diabetes software provided on theclinician computer25 to evaluate the received self-monitoreddata154 as well as thecontextual information156 of thepatient12 for therapy results. An example of some of the functions which may be incorporated into the diabetes software and which is configured for a personal computer is the Accu-Chek® 360 Diabetes Management System available from Roche Diagnostics that is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/999,968 filed Dec. 7, 2007, titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SETTING TIME BLOCK,” and assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In a preferred embodiment, thecollection device24 can be provided as portable blood glucose meter, which is used by thepatient12 for recording self-monitored data comprising insulin dosage readings and spot measured glucose levels. Examples of such bG meters as mentioned above previously include but are not limited to, the Accu-Chek® Active meter and the Accu-Chek® Aviva system both by Roche Diagnostics, Inc. which are compatible with the Accu-Chek® 360° Diabetes management software to download test results to a personal computer or the Accu-Chek® Pocket Compass Software for downloading and communication with a PDA. Accordingly, it is to be appreciated that thecollection device24 can include the software and hardware necessary to process, analyze and interpret the self monitored data in accordance with predefined flow sequences (as described below in detail) and generate an appropriate data interpretation output. In one embodiment, the results of the data analysis and interpretation performed upon the stored patient data by thecollection device24 can be displayed in the form of a report, trend-monitoring graphs, and charts to help patients manage their physiological condition and support patient-doctor communications. In other embodiments, the bG data from thecollection device24 may be used to generated reports (hardcopy or electronic) via theexternal device132 and/or thepatient computer18 and/or theclinician computer25.
• Thecollection device24 can further provide the diabetic person and/or his or her clinician with at least one or more of the possibilities comprising: a) editing data descriptions, e. g. the title and description of a record; b) saving records at a specified location, in particular in diabetic person-definable directories as described above; c) recalling records for display; d) searching records according to different criteria (date, time, title, description etc.); e) sorting records according to different criteria (e.g., values of the bG level, date, time, duration, title, description, etc.); f) deleting records; g) exporting records; and/or h) performing data comparisons, modifying records, excluding records as is well known.
• As used herein, lifestyle can be described in general as a pattern in an individual's habits such as meals, exercise, and work schedule. The individual additionally may be on medications such as insulin therapy or orals that they are required to take in a periodic fashion. Influence of such action on glucose is implicitly considered by the present invention.
• It is to be appreciated that theprocessor102 of thecollection device24 can implement one or morestructured collection procedures70 provided inmemory110 and/or112. Eachstructured collection procedure70 in one embodiment can be stand-alone software, thereby providing the necessary program instructions which when executed by theprocessor102 causes the processor to perform thestructure collection procedure70 as well as other prescribed functions. In other embodiments, eachstructured collection procedure70 can be part of thesoftware34, and can be then be selectively executed by theprocessor102 either via receiving a selection from a menu list provided in thedisplay108 from thediabetic person interface146 in one embodiment or via activation of a particular diabetic person interface, such as a structured collection procedure run mode button (not shown) provided to thecollection device24 in another embodiment. It is to be appreciated that thesoftware34, likewise, provides the necessary program instructions which when executed by theprocessor102 causes the processor to perform thestructure collection procedure70 as well as other prescribed functions of thesoftware34 discussed herein. One suitable example of having a selectable structured collection procedure provided as a selectable mode of a collection meter is disclosed by in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/491,523, filed Jun. 25, 2009, titled “Episodic Blood Glucose Monitoring System With An Interactive Graphical Diabetic person Interface And Methods Thereof,” assigned to Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In still another embodiment, a command instruction can be sent from theclinician computer25 and received by theprocessor102 via thecommunication module124, which places thecollection device24 in a collection mode which runs automatically the structuredcollection procedure70. Such a command instruction may specify which of the one or more structured collection procedures to run and/or provide a structured collection procedure to run. In still another embodiment, a list of defined medical use cases or medical questions can be presented on thedisplay108 by theprocessor102, and a particularstructured collection procedure70 can be automatically chosen by theprocessor102 from a plurality of structured collection procedures (e.g.,procedures70a,70b,70c,and70d) depending on the selection of the defined medical use cases or medical questions received by theprocessor102 via thediabetic person interface146.
• In still another embodiment, after selection, the structured collection procedure(s)70 can be provided through the computer readable medium e.g.,40 and loaded by thecollection device24, downloaded fromcomputer18 or25, the other device(s)132, orserver52.Server52, for example, may be a healthcare provider or company providing such pre-definedstructured collection procedures70 for downloading according to a selected defined medical use case or question. It is to be appreciated that the structured collection procedure(s)70 may be developed by a healthcare company (e.g. company64) and implemented via thepublic network50 through a webpage and/or made available for downloading onserver52, such as illustrated inFIG. 2. In still other embodiments, notices that a newstructured collection procedure70 is available for use on thecollection device24 to help address a particular use case/medical question that a diabetic person (e.g., healthcare provider and patient) may have can be provided in any standard fashion, such for via postal letters/cards, email, text messaging, tweets, and the likes.
• In some embodiments, as mentioned above previously, apaper tool38 can perform some of the functions provided by thediabetes software34. An example of some of the functions which may be incorporated into thediabetes software34 and which is configured as apaper tool38 is the Accu-Chek®360 View Blood Glucose Analysis System paper form available from Roche Diagnostics also disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,458 filed Feb. 29, 2007 entitled “Device and method for assessing blood glucose control,” assigned to Roche Diagnostic Operations, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• In still another embodiment, thesoftware34 can be implemented on the continuous glucose monitor28 (FIG. 1). In this manner, the continuous glucose monitor28 can be used to obtain time-resolved data. Such time-resolved data can be useful to identify fluctuations and trends that would otherwise go unnoticed with spot monitoring of blood glucose levels and standard HbA1c tests. Such as, for example, low overnight glucose levels, high blood glucose levels between meals, and early morning spikes in blood glucose levels as well as how diet and physical activity affect blood glucose along with the effect of therapy changes.
• In addition tocollection device24 andsoftware34,clinicians14 can prescribe other diabetes therapy devices forpatients12 such as anambulatory insulin pump46 as well as electronically based insulin pen48 (FIG. 1). Theinsulin pump46 typically includes configuration software such as that disclosed in the manual “Accu-Chek® Insulin Pump Configuration Software” also available from Disetronic Medical Systems AG. Theinsulin pump46 can record and provide insulin dosage and other information, as well as the electronically basedinsulin pen48, to a computer, and thus can be used as another means for providing biomarker data as requested by the structured collection procedure70 (FIG. 2) according to the present invention.
• It is to be appreciated that, and as mentioned above previously, one or more of the method steps discussed hereafter can be configured as a paper tool38 (FIG. 1), but preferably all the method steps are facilitated electronically on system41 (FIG. 2) or on any electronic device/computer, such ascollection device24, having a processor and memory as a program(s) residing in memory. As is known, when a computer executes the program, instructions codes of the program cause the processor of the computer to perform the method steps associated therewith. In still other embodiments, some or all of the method steps discussed hereafter can be configured on computerreadable medium40 storing instruction codes of a program that, when executed by a computer, cause the processor of the computer to perform the method steps associated therewith.
• Before conducting the structured testing procedure of the diabetes treatment protocol, the present inventors recognized that it is beneficial to evaluate the complexity of the protocol in light of the skill level of the patient conducting the diabetes treatment protocol. Consequently, as shown in the embodiments ofFIGS. 5A-5C, the present inventors have developed systems of tailoring the diabetes treatment to the proficiency level of the patient.
• Referring to the embodiment ofFIG. 5A, a method of tailoring a diabetes treatment protocol to a patient comprises determining a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing a diabetes treatment protocol. As used herein, the diabetes treatment protocol comprises one or more tasks, and some procedures for performing the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. The tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol may be selected from the group consisting of obtaining biomarker readings, counting carbohydrate levels, administering insulin, are combinations thereof. The insulin may be basal or bolus insulin administered orally or via injection. The biomarker readings, which may be obtained after fasting, after a meal, after administration of insulin, or combinations thereof, may include information concerning a biomarker type selected from the group consisting of glucose, triglycerides, low density lipids, high density lipids, or combinations thereof.
• The diabetes treatment protocol and the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol are based on the treatment goals, for example, those treatment goals set by the healthcare provider. Based on the treatment goals, one or a plurality of diabetes treatment protocols may be developed, such that the patient or healthcare provider has the option to select the diabetes treatment protocol to be performed. Moreover, it enables the patient to understand the complexity of any task in the diabetes treatment protocol.
• Embodiments of the disclosure can be implemented, for example, as follows: a paper tool; diabetes software integrated into a collection device such as a blood glucose meter; diabetes software integrated into a personal digital assistant, handheld computer, or mobile phone; diabetes software integrated into a device reader coupled to a computer; diabetes software operating on a computer such as a personal computer; and diabetes software accessed remotely through the internet. In collection devices, the display unit may provide one or more diabetes treatment protocols to the patient to facilitate the selection of a diabetes treatment protocol to be performed, wherein the selection may be performed by the patient of healthcare provider.
• The protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol may be set by a healthcare provider, or may be calculated via the patient or a processor by utilizing various suitable metrics or guidelines. In one embodiment, the protocol complexity level may be calculated from rule based guidelines such as the Medication Regimen Complexity Index. These guidelines may be included in the software running on the collection device, or on a paper-based form or manual. Alternatively, empirically determined heuristics for task completion may be used to compute the protocol complexity level. For example, each task in the diabetes treatment protocol may be scored individually based on these empirically determined heuristics, and the protocol complexity level may then be calculated from the scores (i.e., the protocol task complexity levels as described in greater detail below) for all tasks in the diabetes treatment protocol. It is contemplated that the scores of each task may be weighted the same or differently. When computing the protocol complexity level, the protocol task complexity levels may be summed, averaged, or via another suitable mathematical operation. The protocol task levels and the protocol task complexity levels may be stored and used for subsequent analysis, for example, in the memory of a biomarker collection device.
• In one embodiment, the method of calculating a protocol complexity level for the diabetes treatment protocol comprises selecting via the processor a calculation methodology for the protocol complexity level. Based on the diabetes treatment protocol and the tasks therein, the calculation instructions, which are programmed into the processor, enables the processor to select the calculation methodology which is appropriate for that diabetes treatment protocol. In one embodiment, the selected calculation methodology may calculate the protocol complexity level based on predefined or known diabetes protocol treatment complexity values associated with known diabetes treatment protocols. As some protocols have a known complexity value, the protocol complexity level may simply be this known value. In another embodiment, the selected calculation methodology may be computed from task complexity values for one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. These task complexity values may be weighted differently, weighted evenly, or it is possible that some tasks of the protocol may be ignored. For example, one task may greatly impact the complexity of the protocol, whereas another task is simplistic and does not add to the complexity of protocol, thus the complex task is weighted heavier in the computation of the protocol complexity level and the simplistic task is ignored.
• In yet another embodiment, the calculation methodology may be computed from a combination of the predefined complexity values and the task complexity values for one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. In this calculation, the predefined diabetes protocol complexity values are weighted more, less or the same as the protocol task complexity levels in the calculation of the protocol complexity level. For example, the diabetes treatment protocol may comprise a known protocol plus an additional task. Thus, the protocol complexity calculation heavily weights the predefined diabetes protocol treatment but also considers the task complexity value of the additional task albeit at a lower weighting.
• The complexity of a diabetes treatment protocol may depend on various factors associated with the diabetes treatment protocol. For example and not by way of limitation, these factors may include the frequency of insulin administration, a frequency of biomarker collection, the complexity of biomarker collection, a time of day of biomarker collection, a risk of adverse events associated with each task in the diabetes treatment protocol, and combinations thereof. Other factors like duration of the diabetes protocol may increase or decrease an overall complexity of the diabetes treatment protocol. In one exemplary embodiment, the patient is required to perform a task of administering the right dose of long-acting insulin at the right time, and also perform the task of collecting a biomarker reading (e.g., blood glucose) after fasting. Since these tasks are not complex (e.g., fasting bG in a morning time window), the weighting would not be as high as a corresponding blood glucose test within anarrower time window 2 hours after the consumption of a meal.
• The protocol complexity level may be updated dynamically before, during and after the protocol. For example, if a task of the protocol is changed, added, or removed from the protocol, the processor may automatically recalculate the protocol complexity level upon the adjustment to the diabetes treatment protocol.
• As an illustration, the protocol complexity level could be modeled on the ratings of ski/hiking trails (green circle to double black diamond). In such a mode, the envisioned difficulty of the set of structured tests would be divided into a fixed number of difficulty ratings (e.g., 4 or 5) and represented with a clearly distinguishable rating icon and possibly the associated numerical difficulty. In following with the ski trail theme, the least difficult rating (green circle 1) might be associated with a treatment protocol for collecting glucose measurements before and after breakfast, whereas the most difficult rating (double black diamond 5) might be associated with a treatment protocol intended to assess and optimize in a chained fashion the therapeutic parameters related to the basal rate, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, and insulin sensitivity factor for a patient on an insulin pump.
• In addition to determining the protocol complexity level, the patient proficiency level is also determined, wherein the patient proficiency level corresponds to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol. The patient proficiency level could be manually set by the healthcare provider. Alternatively, the proficiency level of individual tasks may be manually scored, and the patient proficiency level may be calculated from the manually scored patient task proficiency levels. The patient proficiency level may be determined based on a patient's answers to a survey, a patient's prior or current diabetes treatment regimen, or combinations thereof. The collection device may prompt the user with medical or treatment related questions to gather information to compute the patient proficiency level. Moreover, the patient proficiency level may also be computed from contextualized data associated with biomarker readings.
• Additionally, like the protocol complexity level, the patient proficiency level may also be computed using a rule-based approach, or may also be computed based on the patient proficiency at individual tasks. In one embodiment, the patient proficiency level for a diabetes treatment protocol may be calculated by a processor programmed with calculation instructions for the patient proficiency level. These calculation instructions enable the processor to select a calculation methodology for the patient proficiency level which is appropriate for the diabetes treatment protocol. The selected calculation methodology may utilize predefined patient proficiency levels, the patient adherence level, the patient sophistication level, or various factors in its calculation of the patient proficiency level. In one example, the processor may determine whether a patient has previously performed the diabetes treatment protocol or any tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, and thereby determine a patient adherence level for the performed diabetes treatment protocol or any performed tasks. Since the patient has conducted the protocol previously, the selected calculation methodology for the patient proficiency level may simply be computed from the patient adherence level, or may be computed from the patient proficiency level calculated for the previous protocol. If computed at a task level, the patient proficiency level may illustrate the progress of a patient during the diabetes treatment protocol.
• In another embodiment, the patient proficiency levels may simply be calculated from predefined patient proficiency levels for known protocols. For example, it the patient proficiency level for a sample population conducting this protocol is known, that value may be used, typically as a starting point for the calculation of the patient proficiency level. If there is adherence data for the patient, than that data would be weighed more heavily in the calculation of the patient proficiency level than the predefined values.
• Additionally, the selected calculation methodology may also consider a patient sophistication level. The patient sophistication level considers a patient's understanding and familiarity with how their body responds to specific actions. For example, a patient's understanding of how fasting, exercising, administering insulin, etc may affect their bG level provides an indication of the patient's effectiveness in a diabetes treatment protocol. As a result, the processor may evaluate the patient sophistication by comparing a patient estimate of their biomarker reading in comparison to a measured biomarker reading after a patient action, such as eating a meal, exercising, fasting, and administering insulin. This is called paired testing. If the estimate is close to the measured value, than the patient is deemed to be more sophisticated and their patient proficiency level may be raised accordingly. In addition to the above noted benefits, the embodiments of the present invention also enable self-discovery by the patient with diabetes. Self-discovery can accelerate learning by making concepts tangible and relevant to the patient. For example, by focusing on one specific event or activity, the patient is involved and has ownership in investigating what contributes to blood glucose (bG) spikes related to that specific event or activity. By focusing on one specific event or activity at a time, the patient may not be overwhelmed and the impact of a specific lifestyle choice on overall bG control can be isolated. In this manner, the patient can discover if a prescribed regimen works and determine for themselves whether a change in behavior is worthwhile. For example, patients withtype 1 diabetes can use paired testing to understand how their body responds to different behaviors, like exercise, change in environment (e.g., going to camp, college, or work) or a change in routine (e.g., transition from a structured situation to the flexibility of holidays). Patients withtype 2 diabetes are often asked to change multiple behaviors at once from food choices, portion sizes, exercise, etc., but the health impact is not always seen immediately. Paired testing links lifestyle to bG levels and thus reduces skepticism that a prescribed regime is worthwhile. Additionally, if the patient is receiving diabetes education, such as those with gestational diabetes, using the present invention to weave paired testing activates or events as explained hereafter into an education curriculum can help reinforce learning at each step and help link bG variation to daily lifestyle choices.
• In addition, the selected calculation methodology may consider a patient's preferences when computing the patient proficiency level. For example, if a patient does not like to exercise, the patient will likely get a lower patient proficiency level for an exercise focused diabetes treatment protocol, or alternatively a higher patient proficiency level for a diabetes treatment protocol with minimal exercise focus. Consequently, the patient may be asked to select his or her most preferred activities, preferred food, behavior etc. If the diabetes treatment protocol can achieve the desired goals while including the patient preferences, this may increase the patient proficiency level and is a desirable outcome. If the diabetes treatment protocol does not include these patient preferences, the patient may be still be asked by the processor about the performance and/or adherence to the non-preferred tasks.
• In addition to the above factors, the selected calculation methodology may also calculate the patient proficiency from a combination of the patient adherence level, the predefined patient proficiency levels, the patient sophistication level, and the patient preferences. Moreover, the patient proficiency level is dynamic and may be recalculated often, for example, upon successful completion of the diabetes protocol or individual tasks of the protocol, or upon the failure to complete the diabetes treatment protocol or the failure to complete individual tasks of the protocol. The user proficiency level may also be recalculated after changes to the diabetes treatment protocol.
• Referring again toFIG. 5A, the methods of the present invention further comprise comparing the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level. If the patient proficiency level is at or above the protocol complexity level, then the procedures are deemed sufficient for the patient to perform the diabetes treatment protocol and the patient is instructed via the display unit to commence with the diabetes treatment protocol using the procedures. If the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level, then the procedures should be supplemented to bridge the gap between the patient proficiency level and the protocol complexity level. The patient must possess the proper level of skill before moving onto a new task and/or protocol, i.e., a different collection procedure. If not, then the processor provides/recommends the skill development activities for the individual to complete in order to gain the necessary skill level for the new activity and/or collection procedure.
• The supplemented procedures may comprise training materials, tutorials, additional instructions for one or more of the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, or combinations thereof. If the patient proficiency level is deficient because of the patient's inexperience with the protocol tasks, training or educational materials may be sufficient to enable the patient to improve his/her skill set, such that a patient proficiency level is on par with the protocol complexity level.
• If the patient proficiency level is deficient because of the patient's prior lack of adherence to diabetes treatment protocols, the procedures may be supplemented with additional tools such as cognitive behavioral therapy or motivational interviewing. Additionally, the clinician might consider lower difficulty alternative structured tests to answer the medical question, or might consider offering intermediate communication with the patient to assess early any potential challenges. Moreover, the patient may be directed to exit the diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level.
• Upon supplementation of the procedures, the patient may be instructed via the display unit to perform the tasks of the diabetes protocol using the supplemented procedures. Upon conducting the testing, it must be determined if the patient adheres to the diabetes treatment protocol. If the patient fails to adhere to the diabetes treatment protocol, the patient may be instructed via the display unit to contact a health care provider regarding the lack of adherence. In one embodiment, it may be possible for the patient to select a different diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level.
• As an aid to the patient, the processor may automatically generate a status report based on the comparison of the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level. In addition to informing the patient or healthcare provider of the comparison, the status report may provide a probability of success for the patient in performing the diabetes treatment protocol, and subsequently may also automatically generate a status report when the patient has adhered or failed to adhere to the diabetes treatment protocol. If the probability of success is above a probability of success threshold value (for example, at least above 50% probability), the patient may then be instructed to perform the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. If the probability of success is below a threshold level, the procedures may be supplemented to increase the probability of success.
• Status reporting of the structured collection procedure running on a device can be in printed and/or electronic format, and be provided to both patients and clinicians for different purposes, such as for the patient, e.g., troubleshooting, motivation, determining health status, and the likes, and for the clinician, e.g., to learn about patients' needs, to identify depressive patients, to determine health status, and the like. Status reporting can be provided in many forms. For example, in certain structured collection procedure embodiments, information indicating at what stage of protocol execution that a patient is in can be provided. For example, a display can provide information e.g., such as in the form of a displayed electronic message. Additionally, results at the end of execution of the collection procedure can be provided to the patient in still other embodiments as part of a results message of the status reporting. In still other embodiments, a number of different reports can be electronically displayed as a report list, e.g., Report A, Report B, Report C, etc., from which a patient can select a desired report via the patient interface from the list at the conclusion of a structured collection procedure. In such an embodiment, for example, one report can be a tabular or a graphical representation of the outcome of the collection procedure. Another report can be a tabular or graphical representation of how well the collection procedure was followed, and still another report can be a tabular or graphical representation of performance on different aspects of the collection procedure to serve as a guide for selecting future collection procedures or identifying areas where additional patient support may be needed. Still other types of report may include: providing the number of adherence elements; providing the average glucose readings in fasting and in post-prandial periods; and providing the differences in bG in week and weekend periods. In still other embodiments, the functions of saving and printing a selected report can also be provided on the display by the device as well as transmitted to a designated health care provider via a send function. In such an embodiment, the health care provider can be designated in memory of the device such as by an email address and/or IP address, such as of a server, computer, and/or computing device of the health care provider, to which the selected report is sent, e.g. over network. In still other embodiments, the patient could be exposed to “partial” reporting of on-going results in anticipation of the reporting they would receive upon completion of the structured collection procedure. In further embodiments, such status reporting can be displayed on a number of different devices, such as the device reader, or with any other device including computer etc., that can display such status reporting of the collection procedure. For more details on status reporting, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/818,894 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• As an alternative to considering the complexity of the entire protocol as shown in the embodiments ofFIG. 5A, the embodiments ofFIG. 5B facilitates the tailoring of individual tasks to a patient's skill set, such that a patient task proficiency level is at or above the complexity level of the individual task. In this embodiment, the protocol task complexity level is determined for at least one of the plurality of tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, wherein the protocol task complexity level corresponds to a degree of difficulty of completing at least one of tasks in the diabetes treatment protocol. Similarly, the patient task proficiency level is also computed for the task, wherein the patient task proficiency level corresponds to a skill set of the patient in conducting the task. Both the protocol task complexity level and the patient task complexity level may be manually set, or may be computed via suitable guidelines or rules. If the patient task proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level, then the procedures are supplemented for at least the task at issue and the patient is instructed to perform one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. If the patient task proficiency level is above or at the protocol task complexity level, then the patient may be instructed via the display unit to perform the task; however, the procedures are not supplemented.
• Referring toFIG. 5B, the patient's adherence to the task is also considered. If there has been adherence (e.g., the fasting blood glucose reading has been properly collected), the patient may be instructed to perform additional tasks in the diabetes treatment protocol. If the patient has failed to adhere to the task, the patient may be instructed to contact a health care provider. These steps may be repeated for any additional task in the diabetes treatment protocol.
• Alternatively, the embodiment ofFIG. 5C combines the protocol complexity level analysis as shown inFIG. 5A with the task specific complexity analysis as shown inFIG. 5B. This is advantageous, because it enables the patient or healthcare provider to pinpoint or troubleshoot any task in the diabetes treatment protocol which is causing a patient's skill set to be deficient in comparison to the protocol complexity level.
• In the embodiment ofFIG. 5C, the patient proficiency level is compared to the protocol complexity level. If the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level, the complexity of at least one individual task should be considered. Referring again toFIG. 5C, the protocol task complexity level and a patient task proficiency level is then determined for at least one of the plurality of tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol. If the patient task proficiency level is below the protocol task complexity level for that task, the procedures may be supplemented for that individual task or for the protocol generally. If the patient task proficiency level is at or above the protocol task complexity level, other tasks should be evaluated in order to ascertain which task(s) has a protocol task complexity level greater than the patient task proficiency level, and is therefore driving a protocol complexity to a level higher than the patient proficiency level. By pinpointing individual tasks wherein the patient task proficiency level is below the protocol task complexity level, it is possible to bridge the knowledge gap for that deficient task and the protocol as a whole.
• Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention are identified herein as preferred or particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present invention is not necessarily limited to these preferred aspects of the invention.
• All cited documents are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this written document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to the term in this written document shall govern.
• While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.

Claims (39)

1. A method of assessing a diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing a processor comprising:

determining a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor;

determining a patient proficiency level corresponding to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing the processor;

comparing the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level, wherein the comparison is performed by the processor; and

providing an output based on the comparison.

2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising supplementing procedures for performing the diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level.

3. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising instructing the patient to exit the diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level.

4. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising automatically generating a status report based on the comparison of the protocol complexity level to the patient proficiency level.

5. The method ofclaim 4 wherein the status report provides a probability of success for the patient in performing the diabetes treatment protocol.

6. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising instructing the patient to perform the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is equal to or above the protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol.

7. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising determining whether the patient has adhered to the diabetes treatment protocol.

8. The method ofclaim 7 further comprising automatically generating a status report when the patient has failed to adhere to the diabetes treatment protocol.

9. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising re-calculating the patient proficiency level after performing one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol.

10. The method ofclaim 7 further comprising instructing the patient to contact a health care provider if the patient has failed to adhere to the diabetes treatment protocol.

11. The method ofclaim 1 wherein one or more of the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol are scored individually.

12. The method ofclaim 11 wherein the protocol complexity level is computed from the individual scores for the tasks in the diabetes treatment protocol.

13. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the patient proficiency level is determined based on a patient's answers to a survey, a patient's prior or current diabetes treatment regimen, or combinations thereof.

14. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the supplemented procedures comprise training materials, tutorials, additional instructions for one or more of the tasks, or combinations thereof.

15. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising selecting a different diabetes treatment protocol if the patient proficiency level is below the protocol complexity level.

16. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising setting diabetes treatment goals, and developing at least one diabetes treatment protocol in accordance with the diabetes treatment goals.

17. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising providing one or more diabetes treatment protocols to facilitate selection by the patient or healthcare provider of the diabetes treatment protocol to be performed.

18. The method ofclaim 1 comprising determining a protocol task complexity level for at least one task of the diabetes treatment protocol if the protocol complexity level is greater than the patient proficiency level of the diabetes treatment protocol, the protocol task complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing at least one task in the diabetes treatment protocol;

determining a patient task proficiency level corresponding to the skill set of the patient in conducting at least one of the tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol; and

comparing the protocol task complexity level to the patient task proficiency level.

19. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising selecting a different diabetes treatment protocol or selecting one or more different tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol if the patient task proficiency level is below the protocol task complexity level.

20. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising supplementing the procedures for that task if the patient task proficiency level is below the protocol task complexity level.

21. A collection device for assessing a diabetes treatment protocol, comprising:

a meter configured to measure one or more selected biomarkers;

a processor disposed inside the meter and coupled to memory,

software having instructions that when executed by the processor causes the processor to:

compute a protocol complexity level corresponding to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol;

compute a patient proficiency level corresponding to a skill set of the patient in conducting the diabetes treatment protocol; and

compare the patient proficiency level and the protocol complexity level; and

a display unit configured to provide the results of the comparison.

22. A method of calculating a protocol complexity level for a diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing a processor, the processor being programmed with calculation instructions for the protocol complexity level which corresponds to a degree of difficulty of completing the diabetes treatment protocol, the method comprising:

selecting a calculation methodology for the protocol complexity level utilizing the processor, wherein the processor selects the calculation methodology appropriate for the diabetes treatment protocol by executing the programmed calculation instructions, wherein the selected calculation methodology utilizes

predefined protocol complexity values associated with known diabetes treatment protocols,

task complexity values which are assigned to one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, or

combinations thereof; and

computing the protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol using the selected calculation methodology.

23. The method ofclaim 22 wherein the calculation methodology calculates the protocol complexity level by weighting task complexity values differently, weighting task values evenly, ignoring task complexity values for specific tasks, or combinations thereof.

24. The method ofclaim 22 further comprising adjusting the protocol complexity level if it is determined that a duration of the diabetes treatment protocol or a number of steps of the diabetes treatment protocol increases or decreases an overall complexity of the diabetes treatment protocol.

25. The method ofclaim 22 wherein the protocol complexity level is calculated from the combination of predefined diabetes protocol complexity values and protocol task complexity level.

26. The method ofclaim 25 wherein predefined diabetes protocol complexity values are weighted more, less or the same as the protocol task complexity level in the calculation of the protocol complexity level.

27. The method ofclaim 25 wherein the protocol task complexity levels consider one or more factors selected from the group consisting of a frequency of insulin administration, a frequency of biomarker collection, the complexity of biomarker collection, a time of day of biomarker collection, a risk of adverse events associated with each task in the diabetes treatment protocol, and combinations thereof.

28. The method ofclaim 27 further comprising recalculating the protocol complexity level upon changes to the diabetes treatment protocol.

29. A method of calculating a patient proficiency level for a diabetes treatment protocol by utilizing a processor, the processor being programmed with calculation instructions for the patient proficiency level corresponding a patient skill set in performing the diabetes treatment protocol, the method comprising:

selecting a calculation methodology for the patient proficiency level via the processor, wherein the processor selects the calculation methodology appropriate for the diabetes treatment protocol by executing the programmed calculation instructions, wherein the selected calculation methodology utilizes

predefined patient proficiency levels,

prior patient proficiency levels calculated based on stored data of previously performed treatment protocol or any tasks of the treatment protocol, or

combinations thereof; and

computing the patient proficiency level for the diabetes treatment protocol based on the selected calculation methodology.

30. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is determined from contextualized data associated with a biomarker reading.

31. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is computed based on stored data comprising a comparison of requested estimated values and measured values.

32. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is computed based on stored data comprising a calculation of the progress of treatment during the previously performed treatment protocol or any tasks of the treatment protocol

33. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is computed based on stored data whereby the previously performed treatment protocol comprising a protocol which prompts the patient to answer treatment related questions

34. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is computed based on the patient adherence level, wherein the patent proficiency level is computed from the previously performed treatment protocol or any tasks of the treatment protocol

35. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is computed from a combination of patient adherence levels, predefined patient proficiency levels, patent sophistication levels, patient preferences, or combinations thereof.

36. The method ofclaim 29 wherein the patient proficiency level is determined based on a patient's answers to a survey, a patient's prior or current diabetes treatment regimen, or combinations thereof.

37. The method ofclaim 29 further comprising recalculating the patient proficiency level upon changes to the diabetes treatment protocol.

38. A collection device configured to assess a protocol complexity level for a diabetes treatment protocol, comprising:

a meter configured to measure one or more selected biomarkers;

a processor disposed inside the meter and coupled to memory;

software having instructions that when executed by the processor causes the processor to:

select a calculation methodology appropriate for computing the protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol wherein the selected calculation methodology utilizes

predefined protocol complexity values associated with known diabetes treatment protocols,

task complexity values which are assigned to one or more tasks of the diabetes treatment protocol, or

combinations thereof; and

compute the protocol complexity level of the diabetes treatment protocol;

and

a display unit configured to output the computed protocol complexity level.

39. A collection device configured to assess a patient proficiency level for a diabetes treatment protocol, comprising:

a meter configured to measure one or more selected biomarkers;

a processor disposed inside the meter and coupled to memory;

software having instructions that when executed by the processor causes the processor to:

select a calculation methodology appropriate for computing the patient proficiency level of the diabetes treatment protocol, wherein the selected calculation methodology utilizes

predefined patient proficiency levels,

prior patient proficiency levels calculated based on stored data of previously performed treatment protocol or any tasks of the treatment protocol, or

combinations thereof, and

compute the patient proficiency level of the diabetes treatment protocol;

and

a display unit configured to output the computed patient proficiency level.

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