The present invention relates to packaging and applicator devices for applying a cosmetic composition, and more particularly to packaging and applicator devices for applying an eyeliner or a tattoo composition, in particular compositions for drawing a line on the eyelids.
Applicator devices for applying eyeliner generally comprise a container containing the liquid eyeliner, and an applicator that is provided with an applicator tip and that has a stem that is engaged in the container when said container is closed. That type of device poses two problems. Firstly, it is necessary to ensure that, in normal conditions of use, the liquid cannot normally escape from the container, in particular by wetting the portion of the stem that is not engaged inside the container, and secondly the applicator tip should be loaded with enough composition to enable the applicator to be used for a satisfactory amount of time before being returned to the receptacle.
Application FR 2 603 780 describes a packaging and applicator device for applying an eyeliner, the device comprising a container containing the composition for application, and an applicator that is suitable for being screw-fastened on the container. The container comprises a tubular body that is closed at its bottom and that is provided with an opening at its top, in which opening there is fastened an insert that, at its top, includes a neck on which the applicator is screw-fastened. The insert carries a wiper member that is made out of an elastomer material. The wiper member comprises: an outer skirt that bears against the insert, between said insert and a wall of the body of the container; an inner chimney that is engaged inside the insert; and a sealing lip that is cone-shaped, extending the insert downwards, having an orifice that passes therethrough, and in which the applicator tip of the applicator comes to be engaged when said applicator is in place in the container.
Patent EP 0 354 823 B1 describes a device in which the insert includes a sleeve made with a threaded neck, the sleeve comprising a first cone-shaped portion that is connected by means of a shoulder to a second cone-shaped portion that comes to face the applicator tip. The stem includes an annular gasket that is formed by a separate washer that bears against the shoulder when the applicator is in place.
Application WO 93/01734 discloses a device in which the insert mounted in the body of the container carries a sealing member.
Patent application EP 1 336 353 A1 describes applicator devices for applying eyeliner.
Devices sold under the trade name REVLON COLORSTAY® are also known that comprise: a container having a body that is made integrally with the neck of the container; and a wiper member that is inserted into the neck and that is made as a single part out of thermoplastic material, the wiper member including a portion that is snap-fastened in the neck and that is extended downwards by a portion of narrower inside section that is configured to wipe the stem of the applicator. The wiper member is made with a constriction that defines an inner lip for wiping the stem.
The invention seeks to improve still further packaging and applicator devices for applying a cosmetic composition, in particular so as to simplify their manufacture, while preserving satisfactory performance in terms of makeup application and leaktightness.
In exemplary embodiments the invention achieves this by means of a packaging and applicator device for applying a cosmetic composition, in particular eyeliner, the device comprising:
- an applicator comprising:
- a stem; and
- an applicator endpiece that is carried by the stem; and
- a container containing the composition for application, and comprising:
- a body;
- an outer neck for fastening the applicator on the container; and
- an inner sleeve that is molded integrally with the neck, the sleeve comprising first and second portions that extend consecutively towards the bottom wall of the container, with a change in slope between the two portions. The first portion extends without contact with the stem, and the second portion comes into contact, in particular leaktight contact, with at least one of the applicator endpiece and the distal half of the stem when the applicator is in place on the container.
The change in slope may occur by forming an edge or a rounded wall.
The inner sleeve is situated below the outer neck. The inner sleeve may extend facing the inside surface of the body. An annular groove may be formed inside the body, around the sleeve.
Both the sleeve and the neck may form parts of an insert fitted on the container. The insert may be molded entirely out of a single material. In a variant, the sleeve is molded with at least one portion of the body of the container.
The distal half of the stem designates that half of the stem that is adjacent to the distal end of the stem, and that is obtained by halving the visible length of the stem when observed perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis.
Leaktightness may be obtained with the second portion, and the first portion makes it possible to create a capillary break avoiding any surplus of composition being taken away by the applicator when it is removed from the container.
The first portion is advantageously converging, in particular cone-shaped, and the same applies for the second portion. The slope of the first portion may lie in therange 10° to 35°, in particular in therange 20° to 25°, e.g. about 23°. The slope of the second portion may lie in the range 0.5° to 9°, e.g. in therange 1° to 3°, in particular about 2°. The slope of the second portion may be less steep than the slope of the first portion. This may make it easier to obtain axial contact of greater axial extent, and, where appropriate, to obtain better sealing.
The second portion may come into contact with the stem only. In a variant, the second portion comes into contact with the applicator endpiece only. Still in a variant, the second portion comes into contact with both of them.
The bottom of the sleeve may be open. The sleeve may have the stem or the endpiece passing therethrough.
The neck may be threaded, and the applicator may be arranged to be screw-fastened on the neck. Other fastener means may be provided, e.g. snap-fastening the applicator on the neck, or retaining it by friction.
The stem may be terminated by a distal portion that is cone-shaped or tapered in some other way, thereby making it easier to obtain leaktight contact with the second portion, where appropriate.
The applicator endpiece may be fastened in various ways to the stem.
The stem may be crimped on the applicator endpiece. The applicator endpiece may include a portion that is engaged in a housing of the stem.
The distal end of the stem need not project beyond the distal end of the sleeve when the applicator is in place on the container.
The stem may include a hole for allowing air to escape, in particular in the event of increased pressure, and for facilitating loading by capillarity, where appropriate. The hole may open out into the housing of the stem that receives the applicator endpiece, and it may be positioned above a zone where the sleeve contacts the stem and/or the applicator endpiece.
The axial dimension of the second portion may lie in therange 1 millimeter (mm) to 20 mm, in particular in therange 4 mm to 6 mm, e.g. about 5 mm.
The applicator endpiece may be elastically deformable, and may deform in visible manner on use, in order to draw a line on the eyelids.
The applicator endpiece may be made with one or more applicator tips, each having a free end that makes it possible to draw a line. The applicator endpiece may be arranged to draw two lines simultaneously, where appropriate.
The applicator endpiece may optionally be of shape that is circularly symmetrical.
The applicator endpiece may comprise at least one axial groove.
The width of the axial groove may, in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, decrease towards the head of the applicator endpiece.
In a variant, the width of the axial groove may approximately be uniform.
The length of the axial groove may be greater than or equal to 25%, for example 50%, of the total length of the applicator endpiece.
The axial groove may not be a through opening.
The axial groove may have a bottom at a depth that varies according to the axial position along the endpiece, for example decreasing towards the head of the endpiece.
The endpiece may, in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, be provided with two opposite grooves, opening on opposite faces of the endpiece.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the endpiece may comprise a cylindrical portion in contact with the stem and having substantially the same diameter as the stem. When the applicator is in place on the container, this cylindrical portion may advantageously come into contact with one of the first or second portions to provide leaktightness.
The applicator endpiece makes it possible to draw a line of width that differs as a function of its orientation relative to the surface over which it is moved. To this end, the applicator endpiece may present a shape that is not circularly symmetrical.
Where appropriate, the handle portion may be open at its proximal end. Mounting the handle portion on the neck need not in itself provide leaktight closing from the outside, with it being possible for sealing to be obtained by means of the stem and/or the applicator endpiece. Thus, by way of example, sealing may be obtained by means of the applicator endpiece, the stem, and/or the handle portion.
With the exception of the applicator endpiece, the applicator may be made out of a polyolefin, e.g. polypropylene. Both the container and the insert may be made out of a polyolefin, e.g. out of the same material, e.g. polypropylene. Thus, the insert need not be made out of an elastomer.
The body of the container may be made out of a transparent material.
The stem of the applicator may be made as a single part out of thermoplastic material, e.g. a polyolefin, in particular polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE); polyamide (PA); polyoxymethylene (POM); polystyrene (PS); or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
The handle portion or the stem may include sealing means that co-operate with the neck. The sealing means may be a cone-shaped surface that is formed on the stem or the handle portion and that comes into contact with the neck or a sealing skirt.
In the vicinity of its distal end, the stem may include a sealing bead that bears against the sleeve, such a bead being of thickness lying in the range 0.5 mm to 1 mm, for example.
The handle portion may be made with a shape that is not circularly symmetrical, and the applicator endpiece may be fastened in angularly-identified manner relative to the handle portion, in particular when the applicator endpiece is not itself circularly symmetrical, e.g. as when it is possible, depending on its orientation, to draw a fine line or a thick line, a single line or multiple lines. The handle portion may include indicator means for indicating the position of the applicator relative to the skin, e.g. a flat. The applicator may also include a visual indicator such as a shape or a sign, informing the user of the orientation of the applicator endpiece.
The level of the composition is preferably situated below the sleeve, so as to reduce any risk of leakage in the event of increased pressure.
The sleeve need not have a shoulder that is oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve. Sealing may be achieved other than by the stem bearing axially against such a shoulder. The stem of the applicator need not have a separate washer, unlike the stem described in EP 0 354 823 B1.
The stem may present a cross-section that may be smaller or greater than the section of the bottom opening of the sleeve.
Other exemplary embodiments of the invention also provide a method of applying makeup to the eyelids, wherein a device as defined above is used.
The invention can be better understood on reading the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments thereof, and on examining the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section of a packaging and applicator device made in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a detail ofFIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A to 3C are views similar toFIG. 2 of variant embodiments;
FIGS. 4A to 4M show variant embodiments of applicator tips, withFIG. 4B being a view as seen looking along IV ofFIG. 4A;
FIGS. 5A to 5C show ways in which the applicator tip may be fastened to the stem of the applicator;
FIGS. 6A to 6G show variant embodiments of the applicator, withFIG. 6D being a cross-section on VI-VI ofFIG. 6C;
FIG. 7A shows a fragmentary longitudinal section of a variant embodiment of a packaging and applicator device of the invention;
FIG. 7B shows a container in isolation and made in accordance with a variant embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7C is a diagrammatic cross-section of the body of theFIG. 7B container;
FIG. 8 shows a variant embodiment of a container;
FIG. 9 shows a variant embodiment of the distal portion of the stem of the applicator;
FIGS. 10,10A and10B are elevation views of variant devices; and
FIG. 11 is an elevation view of the device ofFIG. 10A where the applicator has been removed from the container.
FIG. 1 shows a packaging andapplicator device1 comprising acontainer2 containing a cosmetic P for application, e.g. an eyeliner, and anapplicator3 that is suitable for fastening in removable manner on thecontainer2.
Theapplicator3 is separate from thecontainer2 while the composition P is being applied.
The composition P is preferably liquid, and may contain pigments such as iron oxides or carbon black and an alcohol, or some other solvent, for example.
Thecontainer2 includes abody4 that is closed at its bottom by abottom wall6, and that is open at its top. By way of example, thebody4 is made of a thermoplastic material by injection-molding or by injection blow-molding.
Aninsert10 is fastened in the top opening of the body, e.g. by snap-fastening.
As shown, theinsert10 may include atubular fastener skirt11 that co-operates with a portion inrelief12 formed on the inside surface of thebody4. By way of example, theskirt11 may include an annular groove that snap-fastens on a bead formed on the inside surface of the container body.
Theinsert10 is formed with aneck14 that enables theapplicator3 to be fastened on the container. In the embodiment shown, theneck14 includes anexternal thread15, and theapplicator3 is arranged to be screw-fastened on the thread, said applicator including an internally-threadedmounting skirt37 for this purpose.
On its surface that comes to face the mountingskirt11 of theinsert10, thecontainer2 may include axial ribs, and the mountingskirt11 may include corresponding grooves, or vice versa, so as to prevent theinsert10 from moving on thebody4. In a variant, theinsert10 may also be heat-sealed onto the container.
Theinsert10 may include acollar17 that bears against thetop end18 of thebody4, as shown.
In accordance with the invention, theinsert10 is made with aninner sleeve20 that is open axially at its bottom end. Thesleeve20 includes twosuccessive portions21 and22 that, in the embodiment under consideration, are cone-shaped around the longitudinal axis X of the container, and diverge upwards, forming respective angles at the apex α1and α2relative to the axis X, as shown inFIG. 2.
Theportions21 and22 extend at a distance from the side wall of thebody4. Thus, an annular groove is formed between thesleeve20 and thebody4.
In the variant shown inFIG. 3C, the sleeve includes more than two successive portions of different slopes, e.g. threeportions21,22, and25. Thelast portion25 may be substantially circularly cylindrical of axis X, as shown.
It can be seen inFIG. 3C that thestem32 may come into contact with thesecond portion22 and that the endpiece may come into contact with the sleeve, e.g. at the junction between the second and third portions.
As shown, thefirst portion21 may be connected to atransverse wall23 of the insert, at the base of theneck14, which insert extends perpendicularly to the axis X and, at its periphery, defines thecollar17. Theinside surface24 of thefirst portion21 may extend, without a step, in the extension of the inside surface of theneck26, as shown.
Theapplicator3 includes ahandle portion30 and astem32 that is connected at its proximal end to thehandle portion30, and that carries at its distal end, anapplicator endpiece35.
Theapplicator endpiece35 is used to apply composition P and may include a flocked coating and/or one or more capillary grooves, in particular for increasing the quantity of composition stored by the applicator and/or for channeling the flow of composition P towards the distal end of the applicator endpiece.
By way of example, theapplicator endpiece35 includes a single applicator tip, as shown inFIG. 1. Theapplicator endpiece35 may comprise a foam, a felt, a flocked body, in particular a body made of PE, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polyurethane (PU).
At its distal end, thestem32 may present abevel32a.
In the embodiment inFIG. 1, thestem32 is fitted on thehandle portion30, said stem including, e.g. at its proximal end, a mountingskirt36 that is force-fitted and/or snap-fastened in an adapted housing of thehandle portion30.
Theinside surface24 of thefirst portion21 need not have any projection-forming portion in relief on its inside surface that faces thestem32.
A change in slope is formed, without a step, at thejunction29 of the first andsecond portions21,22.
In the embodiment under consideration, theapplicator endpiece35 comes into contact with theinside surface40 of thesecond portion22.
In the embodiment under consideration, thestem32 comes to bear against theinside surface40 of thesecond portion22.
Theinside surface24 of thefirst portion21 does not itself come into contact with thestem32.
It can be seen inFIG. 1 that thedistal end32bof thestem32 does not project beyond the bottom of thesleeve20, unlike theapplicator endpiece35.
In variants not shown, it is only thestem32 or theapplicator endpiece35 that comes into leaktight contact with theinside surface40 of the second portion.
When the container is standing on a horizontal plane surface, the level of the composition in said container need not reach the applicator endpiece, thereby reducing the risk of composition leaking in the event of increased pressure in the container. The level of the composition preferably also remains below the distal end of thesleeve20.
Theapplicator endpiece35 and/or thestem32 bearing against thesecond portion22 make it possible to form a closure that avoids the composition flowing into thespace43 formed between thestem32 and thesleeve20, when the container is closed.
The slope α2may be greater than α1as shown inFIG. 2. In a variant, as shown inFIG. 3A, the angle α1is greater than the angle α2. The slope α1or α2is defined as being the half-angle at the apex of the cone having a generator line that creates theinside surface40 or24, respectively.
When the applicator is in place on the container, the distance s between thestem32 and theinside surface24 of thefirst portion21 may be greater than or equal to 0.5 mm at all points.
By way of example, the axial dimension l1of thefirst portion21 is greater than the axial dimension l2of thesecond portion22. By way of example, l2lies in therange 1 mm to 20 mm, in particular in therange 4 mm to 6 mm, e.g. 5 mm.
As shown inFIG. 2, thesecond portion22 may come into contact with theapplicator endpiece35 via itsdistal end46.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may also come into contact with thesecond portion22 over a height d measured along the longer axis X, as shown inFIG. 3A.
Regardless of the embodiment of theinner sleeve20 and of theapplicator endpiece35, it is possible to have a contact height d between theapplicator endpiece35 and thesecond portion22 that lies in the range 0.2 mm to 5 mm, for example.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may include a cone-shapedportion50 that has the same slope as thesecond portion22, so as to enable contact to take place over a relatively long distance.
FIG. 3B shows the possibility of theapplicator endpiece35 coming into contact with theinside surface40 of thesecond portion22 via aportion55 adjacent to thestem32. This makes it possible to create anannular space56 between theapplicator endpiece35 and theinner sleeve20, in which space composition P may accumulate before the applicator is removed.
FIG. 3B also shows the possibility of thesecond portion22 not being cone-shaped, but having aninside surface40 that is circularly cylindrical around the axis X, for example.
As shown inFIG. 3A, thestem32 of the applicator may present a cross-section that is greater than the bottom opening of thesecond portion22, or greater than the inside section of the sleeve at the junction of the first and second portions. Thestem32 may also present a bottom section, as shown inFIG. 3B. In this figure, it can be seen that the section of the stem is smaller than the bottom opening of the sleeve.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may be made with various shapes, and, as shown inFIG. 4C for example, with a circularly-symmetrical cone shape around the axis X.
In a variant, as shown inFIG. 4M, theapplicator endpiece35 may be cylindrical-shaped and provided with arounded head60. Therounded head60 may, for example, be substantially hemispherical as shown inFIG. 4M.
As shown inFIGS. 4A and 4B, theapplicator endpiece35 may also be made with ahead60 that is flat along a plane S that is parallel to the plane inFIG. 4A, e.g. having a thickness w measured perpendicularly to the plane that is constant over a non-zero distance along the axis X. When thehead60 is observed perpendicularly to the plane S, as inFIG. 4A, the applicator endpiece may present aconstriction62 between itsportion64 for connection to thestem32, and thehead60 that presents a shape passing via a maximum of width s.
The applicator endpiece may alternatively be made with afork67 at its end, as shown inFIG. 4D. Other examples of applicator endpieces having multiple tips are described inEP 1 336 353 A1.
FIG. 4E shows an example of anendpiece35 comprising an applicator tip that is flocked.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may alternatively comprise an applicator tip comprising a bundle of fibers, as shown inFIGS. 4F and 41.FIG. 4F represents a felt tip whereasFIG. 41 represents a brush tip.
The distal end of the applicator endpiece may present a generally beveled shape, as shown inFIG. 4G. In particular, the beveled shape may be obtained by means of a plurality of projections of decreasing length, as shown, or, in a variant, by a single applicator tip having an end face that is beveled.
As shown inFIG. 4H, thehousing49 of thestem32 receiving theapplicator endpiece35 may include avent39 that may, for example, open out, as shown, to face the portion of theapplicator endpiece35 that is inserted into the stem. In a variant not shown, thevent39 opens out into a portion of thehousing49 that is situated above theapplicator endpiece35.
Whatever the embodiment of theapplicator endpiece35 considered, theapplicator endpiece35 may comprise at least oneaxial groove200 as shown inFIGS. 4J to 4L.
The width z of thegroove200 may, as represented inFIGS. 4J and 4L, decrease towards thehead60.
In a variant, whatever the shape of theapplicator endpiece35, the width z of theaxial groove200 may approximately be uniform as shown inFIG. 4K.
The length l3of theaxial groove200 may be greater than or equal to 25%, for example 50%, of the total length l4of theapplicator endpiece35 as shown for example inFIG. 4L.
FIGS. 4J and 4L do not showaxial grooves200 that extend over thehead60. In a variant, theaxial groove200 may extend over thehead60, for example over a disc-shaped head.
Thehead60 of theapplicator endpiece35 may be disc-shaped or ball-shaped as shown inFIG. 4L. When thehead60 of theapplicator endpiece35 is disc-shaped, the disc may be facing forward on a same side as thegroove200.
Thegroove200 may not be a through opening.
Thegroove200 may have a bottom at a depth that varies according to the axial position along theendpiece35, for example decreasing towards thehead60.
Theendpiece35 may, in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, be provided with twoopposite grooves200, opening on opposite faces of theendpiece35.
In particular, the presence of thevent39 enables air to escape in the event of increased pressure inside the container, in particular in the event of leaktight contact between the portion ofstem32 that is situated below thevent39 and thesleeve20. Air may possibly flow through the applicator endpiece when the porosity of said endpiece allows it, or through a mounting clearance that exists between the applicator endpiece and the housing of the stem that receives it.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may be mounted on thestem32 in various ways, without going beyond the ambit of the present invention.
For example, and as shown inFIG. 5A, theapplicator endpiece35 may be made with a mountingportion70 that is inserted into ahousing71 of thestem32. Thestem32 may be stamped in its portion that overlies the mountingportion70, so as to form aconstriction73 that participates in holding theapplicator endpiece35 on thestem32.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may alternatively be molded onto a fastener portion inrelief76 that is formed at the end of thestem32, as shown inFIG. 5B.
Thestem32 may be hollow and the applicator endpiece may include a shouldered rear portion80 that comes to bear against a shoulder81 in the proximity of the distal end of thestem32.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may alternatively be bonded, heat-sealed, or stapled on thestem32.
Theapplicator endpiece35 may be made with a flockedcoating90 or without a flocked coating, in particular as a function of the makeup effect that is desired.
In addition, theendpiece35 may comprise acylindrical portion201 in contact with thestem32 and having substantially the same diameter as thestem32.
Thiscylindrical portion201 may come into contact with one of the first or second portions to advantageously provide leaktightness when the applicator is in place on the container.
FIGS. 6A to 6G show variant embodiments of the applicator.
In the embodiment inFIG. 6A, thestem32 is molded integrally with thehandle portion30, with anannular sealing lip92 that comes to bear against the inside surface of the neck of the container, and with an internally-threadedmounting skirt93 that is configured to be screw-fastened on theneck14. As shown, it can be seen that thestem32 may extend over more than half the length of the handle portion, and that the stem may be connected to the handle portion in the proximity of the proximal end thereof.
Thestem32 may be connected to thehandle portion30 in the vicinity of the proximal end94 thereof.
Thehandle portion30 may be made with at least oneopening100, as shown inFIG. 6B.
Thehandle portion30 may alternatively be made with one ormore fins102, as shown inFIGS. 6C and 6D.
Thehandle portion30 may be made with ribs or steps, as shown inFIG. 6E in particular, so as to avoid too much thickness of material.
Thestem32 may be made with sealing means110, as shown inFIG. 6F. By way of example, the sealing means110 include a cone-shaped surface, as shown, that may bear in leaktight manner against the neck of the container, for example.
Thestem32 may be made with aconstriction120, as shown inFIG. 6G, that may impart more flexibility to thestem32 during application. The constriction may be a flattening of the stem in one direction, so as to impart more flexibility to the stem in that direction, without changing the flexibility of the stem in a perpendicular direction. In a variant, theconstriction120 is formed by an annular groove that increases the flexibility of thestem32 in any direction.
As shown inFIG. 7A, the container may be made withribs105 that are transverse to the longitudinal axis X.Similar ribs106 may be made on theapplicator3.
Theinsert10 may be fastened onbodies4 of various shapes. An economy of scale may thus be achieved by fabricating the same insert for containers of various shapes.
Thebody4 may include a series ofradial fins108, as shown inFIGS. 7B and 7C.
FIG. 8 shows the possibility of molding the sleeve integrally with thebody4. The container may then include abottom wall6 that is fitted on thebody4 and that is, for example, fastened thereon by snap-fastening, heat-sealing, adhesive, or screw-fastening, amongst others possibilities.
As shown inFIG. 9, thestem32 of the applicator may include an annular bead32dfor coming into contact with thesecond portion22 of the sleeve, e.g. in leaktight manner. By way of example, the bead32dmay project over thickness e lying in the range 0.5 mm to 1 mm relative to the adjacent surface of thestem32 that may be circularly cylindrical.
An assembly formed of an applicator and of an insert may be mounted on a container in removable manner, and once the composition has been used up, the container may be replaced by a new full container that optionally has the same appearance. In a variant, the applicator may also be used on a new container once the composition contained in the initial container has been used up.
Numerous shapes are possible for the container and the applicator.
The envelope surface of the container may present a shape having a constriction at mid-height, as shown inFIG. 10.
Whatever the embodiment of thedevice1, the envelope surface of thecontainer2 may comprise acylindrical part300 as shown inFIGS. 10A,10B and11.
Moreover, as shown inFIGS. 10A,10B and11, the width of the envelope surface of thecontainer2 may decrease towards theneck14.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments shown. Characteristics from the variant embodiments described above, may be combined together within embodiments that are not shown.
The expression “comprising a” should be understood as being synonymous with “comprising at least one” unless specified to the contrary.