US20110276640A1 - Automated communications system - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to automated systems for organizing and facilitating information exchange between members of an organization. Automated systems that represent embodiments of the present invention allow for creation and administration of hierarchical groupings of members of the organization to facilitate efficient dissemination of information among members of groups. Embodiments of the present invention provide for automated and intelligent routing of information and communications among many different types of communications media and devices through which members of the organization can distribute and exchange information with one another. Embodiments of the present invention additionally provide for sophisticated logging, tracking, and monitoring of information distribution and management within the organization.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/309,317, filed Mar. 1, 2010.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present invention is related to communications and, in particular, to an automated communications system that allows for flexible and efficient interpersonal communications, through many different types of communications media and communications devices, between members of an organization.
BACKGROUND
• Electronic communications has rapidly developed and evolved over the past 150 years. The development of telephonic voice communications in the latter 1800's revolutionized society and communications within organizations, including businesses, commercial offices, and governmental and educational institutions. For many years, the telephone and hand-delivered mail were the primary forms of communications used within organizations. However, with the advent of computer technology, beginning in the 1950's, and with later development and commercialization of mobile telephones and other technologies, a wide array of various types of communications media and devices are now commonly available. These various different types of communications media and devices provide for distribution and exchange of many different types of information to individuals in various geographical locations. As a result, people today have an enormous range of communications capabilities at their disposal with which to communicate with one another. However, because of the number of and variety of different types of communications media and devices, organizing and managing systematic information distribution among the members of an organization is currently a vastly more complex undertaking than in earlier times. While efforts have been undertaken to provide technological bridges between different types of communications media and devices, there are few organization-level communications systems that address the emerging complexities of interpersonal communications within organizations. Individuals, organizations, and designers and manufacturers of communications systems continue to seek new methods and systems for organizing and managing information exchange and distribution within organizations in order to take full advantage of the enormous capabilities of modern communications technologies.
SUMMARY
• Embodiments of the present invention are directed to automated systems for organizing and facilitating information exchange between members of an organization. Automated systems that represent embodiments of the present invention allow for creation and administration of hierarchical groupings of members of the organization to facilitate efficient dissemination of information among members of groups. Embodiments of the present invention provide for automated and intelligent routing of information and communications among many different types of communications media and devices through which members of the organization can distribute and exchange information with one another. Embodiments of the present invention additionally provide for sophisticated logging, tracking, and monitoring of information distribution and management within the organization.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1-3 illustrate traditional information distribution and information exchange within organizations prior to the revolution in interpersonal communications brought about by the development and commercialization of personal computers, mobile telephones, and other relatively recently emerging technologies.
• FIG. 4 illustrates one dimension of the complexities of modern inter-personal communications.
• FIG. 5 illustrates, as an example, a time-of-day dimension of intra-organizational communications complexity.
• FIG. 6 illustrates additional dimensions of intra-organizational communications complexity.
• FIG. 7 shows an example organization chart for a small organization with respect to a particular member of the organization.
• FIGS. 8A-B illustrate, at a schematic level, an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 9 illustrates certain types of stored data that represent organizations and organizational structures according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10 illustrates, in more detail, the mapping of groups into group hierarchies within data stored in a database sub-system of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 illustrates hierarchical group structures that may be used to define complex structural features of an organization within data stored in a database sub-system of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 12 illustrates portions of the fundamental data structures stored within the database and database-interface subsystem of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 illustrates additional device-type and communications-media information stored by the database and database-interface subsystem of an automated communication system that represents an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 illustrates a hierarchical group structure for an organization for which intra-organizational communications is provided by an embodiment of the present invention along with an associated addressing scheme that allows users to transmit messages and other information into the automated communications system for distribution by the automated communications system to other members of the organization.
• FIGS. 15A-B illustrate two different operational modes for automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention.
• FIG. 16 illustrates a typical hardware platform for an automated communications service that represents an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 17 illustrates a distributed automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 18 provides a control-flow diagram for the input-processing subsystem of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 19 provides a control-flow diagram for the routing and message-forwarding subsystem of the system services component of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 20 is a control-flow diagram for the routing routine called instep1910 ofFIG. 19 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 21 provides a control-diagram for the post-processing subsystem of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Embodiments of the present invention are directed to automated systems for facilitating information distribution and information exchange among members of organizations As mentioned above, these automated communications systems are motivated by the rapidly increasing complexities of intra-organizational communications resulting from the rapidly evolving personal-communications technologies, from personal-computer-based information exchange to mobile phones and even more recently emerged communications technologies.
• FIGS. 1-3 illustrate traditional information distribution and information exchange within organizations prior to the revolution in interpersonal communications brought about by the development and commercialization of personal computers, mobile telephones, and other relatively recently emerging technologies.FIG. 1 illustrates 18 members of a small organization, such as a commercial office or business. InFIG. 1, each member of the organization is represented by a rectangular record, such asrectangular record102 that includes the member's name, shown inFIG. 1 as a pair of initials, the member's phone extension, and the member's mail stop, or intra-organization mail address, including initials “A. J.”104, phone extension “3901”106, and mail stop “MS10/B”108 formember102. Prior to development of modern computer systems and other processor-driven communications devices, telephones and hand-delivered mail messages were the primary methods for communication within organizations.
• FIG. 2 shows an organizational chart for the organization represented in, and discussed with respect to,FIG. 1. As shown inFIG. 2, the organization includes apresident202, twovice presidents204 and206, and four multi-member departments208-211. In traditional organizations, at the time that telephones and hand-delivered mail were the only practical intra-organization communications methods, the organizational structure was generally relatively static and monolithic. The organizational simplicity and the simplicity in choice of available intra-organizational communications means allowed for relatively efficient information exchange.
• FIG. 3 illustrates several different information-distribution scenarios in the traditional organization described with reference toFIGS. 1 and 2. In a first scenario, the president302 (202 inFIG. 2) needs to announce a policy change to members of theengineering group310,314,318, and320 (208 inFIG. 2). The president first decides whether the announcement requires telephone distribution of the information or whether, instead, the announcement can be printed and distributed by hand delivery. Assuming that, as a result of delivery-time considerations, the president elects to distribute the announcement by telephone, the president302 calls304 anadministrator306 whom the president directs to distribute the announcement, by telephone, to the engineering group. Theadministrator306 next calls308 the manager of theengineering group310 who, in turn, calls312 a senior member of theengineering group314 and instructs this senior member of the engineering group to inform other members of the engineering group. The senior member of theengineering group314 then calls316-317 the remaining members of theengineering group318 and320, respectively. In a second scenario, avice president330 decides to use telephone messaging to announce quarterly sales figures to the members of the sales division (210 inFIG. 2). The vice president calls332 the director of thesale division334 and instructs the director of the sale division to inform the other members of the sales division. Thedirector334 then calls336 thelead member338 of the eastern sales group and instructs the lead member of the eastern sales group to notify the remaining members of the eastern sales group by telephone. The director next calls340 the only member of thewestern sales division342. Meanwhile, the director of the eastern sales division calls344-345 the remaining members of theeastern sales division346 and348, respectively. Unfortunately, the director is unable to reach the member of thewestern sales division342 by telephone. Therefore, the director places acall350 to theadministrator306 to contact the member of the western sales division. Theadministrator306 calls352 anadministrative assistant354 who determines that the sole member of the western sales division is currently traveling, and reachable at a hotel, and then directly calls356member342 at the hotel.
• The traditional office communications, discussed above with reference toFIG. 3, work reasonably well due to the simplicity of the structure of the organization as well as the limited choices for communicating with organization members. However, even in this simple example, certain deficiencies can be observed. First, because of the hierarchical nature of the structure of the organization, and because of the one-to-one mode of communications provided by traditional telephone calls, disseminating information within the hierarchical organization structure is accompanied by a hierarchy of individual telephone calls and attendant delays in information transmission. Another deficiency is that, in many cases, one or a very few members, such as theadministrator306, becomes a bottleneck or hub for communications, since the administrator is often the first person called in order to distribute information by telephone. Yet another deficiency is that, when a party cannot be directly reached by telephone, a relatively time-intensive and expensive alternative communications strategy must be employed, such as that represented bytelephone calls350,352, and356 inFIG. 3. However, for many years, intra-organization communication generally followed this approach.
• By contrast to the traditional organization and traditional communications methods discussed above with reference toFIGS. 1-3, current technologies provide a wealth of different communications capabilities as well as a forest of complexities associated inter-personal communications within an organization.FIG. 4 illustrates one dimension of the complexities of modern inter-personal communications. InFIG. 1, each member of the organization is associated with two communications addresses: a telephone extension and a mail stop. By contrast, consider the number of different communications devices, associated with different communications addresses, available to a particular member of an organization currently, shown inFIG. 4. The company president A. J.402 may receive information and transmit information through many different communications media and devices, including: (1) a home landline telephone404; (2) voice communications via a home cell phone406; (3) text messaging via a home cell phone408; (4) email via a home computer410; (5) instant messaging via a home computer412; (6) voice communications via an office landline telephone414; (7) voice communications via an office cell phone416; (8) text messaging via an office cell phone418; (9) email via an office computer420; (10) instant messaging via an office computer422; (11) voice communications via an office mobile-computing device424; (12) text messaging via an office mobile-computing device426; (13) instant messaging via an office mobile-computing device428; (14) email via an office mobile computing-device430; (15) hand-delivered office mail432; (16) contacting an office administrative assistant who then contacts the company president by any of various different means shown inFIG. 4434; (17) contacting a secondary contact for the president, such as the president's husband, by any of various means436; and (18) home postal delivery438.
• In fact, the various communications media and devices, shown inFIG. 4, may actually be only a subset of the communications media and devices available to the company president. Whereas, in traditional organizations of simpler times, one needed to consider only essentially two different types of communications by which to distribute information to, or exchange information with, a particular member of the organization, in current organizations, there is a bewildering array of different possibilities for communicating with a member of the organization at any particular point in time. Just keeping track of all these different types of communications media and devices and their communications addresses represents a significant problem. However, the large diversity of possibilities for contacting a particular member, when compounded over all of the members of an organization, creates a very difficult problem for anyone seeking to distribute information, since so many different possibilities need to be considered on a member-by-member basis.
• There are, however, many more dimensions to the complexity of modern communications than the number and types of communications media and devices through which members of an organization can be reached.FIG. 5 illustrates, as an example, a time-of-day dimension of intra-organizational communications complexity. InFIG. 5, the availability of each of the different communications medium/devices shown inFIG. 4 for the company president is plotted with respect to time of day. InFIG. 5, the time of day is represented by thehorizontal axis502 and the availability for each communications medium/device is plotted alongvertical axis504. Double-headed arrows show the availability of the company president through a particular communications medium/device at each point during the day. For example, the company president can be reached by home landline telephone for a short period in themorning506 and a somewhatlonger period508 in the evening. By contrast, the president can be reached by office email throughout most of theday510 and512, although with delays during late evenings and early mornings, with the exception of a period in theevening514 during which the company president would be more effectively reached by home telephone, home email, or by other means. Not only does a member of the organization seeking to transmit information to another member of the organization need to consider which communications medium and device or communications media and devices through which to transmit the information, the member of the organization also needs to consider which of the communications media and devices are most appropriate for any particular time of day, particularly when timely receipt of the information by the recipient is important.
• However, even the added complexity of time-of-day considerations is relatively slight compared to the overall complexity of current intra-organizational communications.FIG. 6 illustrates additional dimensions of intra-organizational communications complexity. InFIG. 6, each of the various dimensions, or considerations, for transmitting information to one or more members of an organization is represented as a two-dimensional plane, such as the two-dimensional plane602 representing the time-of-day consideration discussed above with reference toFIG. 5. Similar, complex considerations for selecting a communications medium and device or communications media and devices include considerations with respect to: (1) thedate604; (2) the type of message or communications to be transmitted606; (3) the presence of, and nature of, any types of attachments to the message, such as photographs, spreadsheet data, and othersuch attachments608; (4) the nature of the group of recipients to which the information is to be transmitted610; (5) various characteristics and parameters associated with the sender of theinformation612; (6) the subject matter of the information to be transmitted614; (7) the native language in which the information is presented616; (8) the role of the sender with respect to theorganization618; (9) the urgency with which the information needs to be delivered620; (10) the location of thesender622; (11) the location of the intended recipient or recipients of theinformation624; and (12) many other such considerations, as represented bycurved arrow626. In essence, the choice of which communications medium and device to use to send or exchange information within an organization may be profoundly complicated, and involve a very difficult, hyper-dimensional optimization task. Clearly, no member of an organization can possibly make even near-optimal decisions for choosing communications media and devices for distributing information to a group of members within an organization.
• Another aspect of the difficulty of intra-organization communications in current organization environments is the. fact that, unlike in traditional organizations, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 2, the structure of modern organizations tends to be far more complex and dynamic.FIG. 7 shows an example organization chart for a small organization with respect to a particular member of the organization. The particular member of the organization is represented by across-hatched disk702, and other members of the organization are represented by numerically labeled disks, such asdisk704, with the numerical label referring to a particular group of members. Members of the organization may be represented by multiple disks inFIG. 7, other than theparticular member702. As shown inFIG. 7, the particular member of theorganization702 is a member of each of six different hierarchical groups within the organization. The particular member is the head, or root-node member, of group4 (706 inFIG. 7) and occupies various intermediate positions within each of groups1 (708 inFIG. 7),2 (710 inFIG. 7),3 (712 inFIG. 7),5 (714 inFIG. 7), and6 (716 inFIG. 7). Were the president to decide to distribute an announcement to a particular group of members of the organization, it would be difficult for any member of the organization to determine to which particular members of the organization the information should be distributed. First, there are many different overlapping groups, as in the example shown inFIG. 7, so that many different lists of members of the organization would need to be maintained. Moreover, in modern organizations, the membership in the various groups tends to change quite rapidly, and new groups may be constantly formed and current groups removed with relatively high frequency.
• Consider the complexity of the first information-distribution scenario discussed above with reference toFIG. 3. In the first step, thecompany president302 would need to make a relatively complex decision with regard to possible trade-offs in distributing the message or announcement through different communications media and devices. Or, not wishing to undertake such a complex task, the company president may instead direct theadministrator306 to distribute a particular announcement to the members of a particular group under various time-of-delivery and other constraints. The administrator would need to first determine who the members of the group are and then, for each member, consider all the possible different communications media and devices by which the member can receive information and attempt to select the most appropriate communications medium and device or communications media and devices for the member with respect to the form of the announcement and many other considerations. The task would clearly be overwhelming, particular when requested frequently with respect to different types of information and groups.
• In many cases, features and capabilities of modern communications technologies may somewhat collapse the problem space discussed above with reference toFIGS. 4-7, but they do not systematically and efficiently collapse the problem domain to a point of feasibility. For example, it is currently possible to link different types of devices to one another so that a message sent to one device is automatically forwarded to others. However, problems remain. As one example, one may wish to distribute a fairly complex, lengthy text message with additional attachments, including photographs. Such information may be readily transmitted via Internet-based email, but it is essentially impossible using instant messaging or text messaging. Therefore, even though a member not able to directly receive the email message might receive indications that the email message was sent, via instant messaging or text messaging, the member would still not receive the information that is intended to be distributed to the member. As another example, modern database technology can provide relatively easily administered and accessed listings of the members of each of the groups within an organization. However, even with such systems at hand, it may nonetheless be time-consuming and annoying to access such lists in order to transmit information. In certain cases, communications media and devices provide for automatic transmission of information to groups of members within an organization. For example, many email applications allow users to create or import named lists of members so that an email can be sent to each member of the list in one operation. However, the email-listing feature may still require time-consuming and expensive administration, on an organization-wide level, and does not address the many other dimensions of intra-organization communication complexities. Furthermore, such disparate technical features, when employed in an organization, may lead to security breaches and other opportunities for misuse or mischief. Because of the number of different types of communications media and devices through which each member of an organization may receive messages and other information, and the relatively high frequency at which new communications media and devices may become available for a particular member, and existing communications media and devices may, as a result, become less desirable or even no longer available, centrally managing even the member contact information may represent a formidably complex problem. A centralized repository for contact information is needed, but, at the same time, centralized collection and management of this information may represent an enormous cost and time burden to the organization.
• To address the above-described problems with current intra-organization communications, and many additional problems, embodiments of the present invention provide for flexible, easily administrated, and easily monitored automated systems for interconnecting members of an organization through any of many different communications media and devices.FIGS. 8A-B illustrate, at a schematic level, an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention. The automated system that represents an embodiment of the present invention includes a large number of different types of communications receivers, such asreceiver802 in a column ofreceivers804 shown on the left side ofFIG. 8A. The messages or other types of information received through these receivers are queued to received-message queues, shown in a column of received-message queues806 inFIG. 8A. There is at least one received-message queue paired with each receiver. Received messages are de-queued from the received-message queues and processed by an input-processing component orsubsystem808. The input-processing subsystem808 accesses various system services through interfaces provided by a system-services component810 discussed below with reference toFIG. 8B. Once the received messages have been processed by the input-processing subsystem808, corresponding messages for forwarding to other users and/or reply messages are queued to one or more internal message queues812-814. Subsequently, apost-processing subsystem816 de-queues messages from the internal message queues812-814, processes these messages, and queues fully processed messages corresponding to messages queued to the internal message queues to transmitter queues, such astransmitter queue820 in a column oftransmitter queues822 shown on the right side ofFIG. 8A, from which the messages for transmission are dc-queued and transmitted by transmitters, such astransmitter824 in the column oftransmitters826 shown inFIG. 8A.
• Thereceivers804 can be any type of communications receiver, including, as examples, simple-mail-transport-protocol (“SMTP”) servers connected to the Internet, voice-communications servers and modems connected to public switched telephone networks (“PSTN”), extensible-messaging-and-presence protocol (“XMPP”) servers connected to the Internet, short message peer-to-peer protocol (“SMPP”) servers connected to the Internet, hypertext transport protocol (“HTTP”) servers connected to the Internet, transmission-control-protocol/Internet-protocol (“TCP/IP”) servers connected to the Internet, and other types of message-receiving servers interconnected to wireless communications receivers, LAN devices, or other appropriate communications media. Similarly, the transmitters may be any of a wide variety of different types of transmission devices, including the various types of servers associated with physical transmission devices connected to appropriate communications media. In many cases, although the receivers and transmitters are shown as separate components inFIG. 8, the receivers and transmitters may instead be collocated within a transceiver-type component, such as an SMPP server connected to a public telephone network that both receives and transmits SMS messages. The various receivers, transmitters, and transceivers can receive and transmit many different types of messages and information, including text-based email, extensible-mark-up-language (“XML”)-encoded messages and information, instant-messaging messages, multipurpose-Internet-mail-extensions (“MIME”) documents, multimedia-messaging-service (“MMS”) messages, and even telemetry communications between various types of devices and systems via machine-to-machine (“M2M”) communications. The automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention can be, at a high level, considered to be a very high-bandwidth, intelligent, queue-based communications crossbar that receives messages and other information from a variety of different information sources, processes these messages according to internally stored and managed information, and either forwards the messages or transmits reply messages to a large number of different types of information sinks. The above-mentioned types of messages and other information, communications media, and protocols are examples, but are not intended to, in any way, constrain the types of messages and other information, communications media, and protocols that are supported by automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention. Automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention are generally designed and implemented to allow for straightforward inclusion and adaption to receiving, transmitting, and processing of any type of information by any communications medium and protocol. Automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention therefore provide a full crossbar-like interconnections between each and every communications medium, protocol, and device supported by the automated communications systems. As discussed below, it may be necessary for messages and other information received from a first communications medium according to a first protocol to be processed and adapted for transmission to a second communications medium according to a second protocol, This processing and adaptation may result in a loss of information, due to incompatibilities of certain devices, media, and protocols to transmit and/or receive certain types of messages and information. However, even when the content of a message cannot be forwarded from a first communications medium/device to a second communications device/medium, the fact that the information has been sent can generally be transmitted, so that a user or member is notified to receive the information on another of the user's compatible devices.
• FIG. 8B shows thesystems services component810 briefly mention with respect toFIG. 8A. Thesystems services component810 is a computational component that resides in, and executes on, one or more computational platforms, such as servers, distributed computer systems, and other such computational platforms. The system services component includes a routing-and-message-forwardingsubsystem830, a database anddatabase interface832, a number of application servers834-837, and a management-and-configuration-services subsystem840. All of these subsystems and application servers execute within an execution environment provided by one ormore operating systems842 that interface to one ormore hardware platforms844.
• The database and database interface subsystem (832 inFIG. 8B) contains a large amount of information with regard to organizations, the structures of organizations, members within organizations, communications media and devices, and many other types of stored information that allow for operation of the complex communications crossbar discussed above with reference toFIG. 8A.FIG. 9 illustrates certain types of stored data that represent organizations and organizational structures according to one embodiment of the present invention. The database contains one or more table entries or records for each organization for which intra-organizational communications is provided by the automated system, such asrecord902. Similarly, the database contains records or table entries that represent groups of members within organizations, such as thegroup data structure904 inFIG. 9. Finally, each user or member of the organization for which communications are provided by the automated communications system is represented by a data structure, such asdata structure906 inFIG. 9. These data structures, like those that represent organizations and groups, may be composed of one or more records or a number of rows in various different relational-database tables. In addition, the database stores various mappings between these entities. Afirst mapping908 can be implemented in the form of a table, each entry or row of which associates a group data structure with an organization data structure. For example, the first entry in the table910 associates theorganization data structure912 withgroup data structure914. This first mapping table908 thus associates each group data structure with an organization to which the group belongs. A second, similar mapping table916 maps users to particular groups. There may be many additional such mapping tables. For example, an additional mapping table may directly map users to organizations, although this table is not strictly necessary, since the same information may be obtained from mapping tables908 and916. Another mapping table920 shown inFIG. 9 maps groups to one another. This mapping table serves to organize groups into hierarchical group structures. In one implementation, each entry in the table, such asentry922, represents a parent-child relationship between two groups.Entry922, for example, represents the fact thatgroup data structure914 is the parent ofgroup data structure924 in a hierarchy of groups.
• FIG. 10 illustrates, in more detail, the mapping of groups into group hierarchies within data stored in a database sub-system of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention. InFIG. 10, 19 group data structures are shown in a horizontal row ofgroup data structures1002 at the top ofFIG. 10, each group data structure including a numerical group number. Mapping table1004 contains entries, each of which represents a parent-child relationship between two groups. The logical organization of groups into group hierarchies represented by the entries of the table1004 is shown in a bottom row ofgroup hierarchies1006 inFIG. 10. Thus, afirst group hierarchy1008 includes a broadest orroot group1010 composed of twosubgroups1012 and1014, the latter of which is in turn composed of twosubgroups1016 and1018, the latter of which contains anadditional subgroup1020. This hierarchical group structure is represented, in table1004, by entries1022-1026.FIG. 11 illustrates hierarchical group structures that may be used to define complex structural features of an organization within data stored in a database sub-system of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 11, hierarchical group structures may be used to define complex structural features of an organization. Furthermore, these hierarchical groups structures may be modified, or evolve, over time. For example, inFIG. 11, a first single-group group structure is formed that includes the set of members identified by the set of numerical member identifiers {1, 2, 10, 61, 84, and 85}1102. Later, it may be decided to form twosubgroups1104 and1106 within the group, and distribute a portion of the original members of the group between the subgroups and the highest-level group1108. The highest-level group is considered to include all of the members explicitly associated with the highest-level group and any ancestor within the group hierarchy, as shown inset notation1110 to the right of the highest-level group node. Addition of more members and a subgroup of one of the initial subgroups leads to thegroup hierarchy1112 shown to the right ofFIG. 11. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, different types of group structures may be defined.
• Creation, modification, and deletion of groups, as well as the addition and deletion of members from organizations, and many other such management and configuration tasks are carried out by the management-and-configuration-services subsystem (840 inFIG. 8B). The management-and-configuration-services subsystem provides a management-and-configuration interface, through each of the various application servers, to users of the automated system to enable the users to create, modify, and delete members and groups of members with respect to the organizations to which they belong. In many communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention, the particular management-and-configuration interface provided to a user may depend on access rights and privileges granted to the user by administrative or management users associated with organizations and groups within organizations. The application servers provide suitable formatting and presentation for each of the various types of communications-medium/device-type combinations supported by the automated communications system, as well as message-sending and message-receiving user interfaces that allow users to create and send various types of messages to individual users or groups of users within an organization.
• An enormous advantage to organization to which communications services are provided by automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention is that the information needed to transfer messages and information to each member of an organization are stored in a logically centralized database. This ameliorates and, in many cases, entirely removes the otherwise burdensome task of managing contact information and other information needed for exchange of information between members of an organization from the organization. The information is, of course, always available for inspection, editing, and other management operations through the management and configuration interfaces provided through various application servers to members of the organization by automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention. An addition, the information can be largely entered into the system and updated as needed by individual members of the organization, rather than being collected from members and then entered by an administrator or other party. Because of the rapidly changing nature of modern communications, individual members are best positioned to ensure that their contact and other information is entered and updated to provide efficient and effective information flow. Furthermore, by providing members with the ability to specify communications devices and various parameters and constraints associated with receiving information through them, an organization can avoid the often difficult task of establishing and enforcing relatively inflexible and burdensome policies on members of the organization, although automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention do support specification and distribution of intra-organizational communications policies to members, when needed and desired.
• FIG. 12 illustrates portions of the fundamental data structures stored within the database and database-interface subsystem of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 12 provides an example user ormember data structure1202, an examplegroup data structure1204, and an exampleorganization data structure1206. These data structures may be composed one or more records or one or more different entries in one or more different relational tables within various different types of databases. The example data structure shown inFIG. 12 is intended to illustrate only a portion of the various types of information that may be collected and stored for users, groups, and organizations. InFIG. 12, for example, the user data structure includes many different types of information to characterize a particular user, including the user'sname1208, the number of roles and indication of the types of roles performed by the user within theorganization1210, the user'sage1214, the user'sgender1216, the number of certifications and indications of which certifications are held by theuser1218, the number of communications devices through which the user can receive and transmit information to other members of theorganization1220 and a detailed list of those devices, device types, their addresses, and other information regarding the communications devices used by theuser1222, an indication of the languages with which the user can communicate1224, and the user'shome address1226. Clearly, these are only but a few examples of the many different types of information that can be collected and stored to characterize users or members of an organization, which may additionally include one or more numeric identifiers for the user, various types of user preferences, and other such information. Similarly, a group may be associated with agroup name1230, agroup type1232, attributes the define the criteria for membership in thegroup1234, agroup sponsor1236, the number of users with administrative privileges with respect to thegroup1238, and various characteristics for information exchanged amonggroup members1240. Again, there are many additional types of information that can be collected and stored to characterize groups, including numeric group identifiers, various communications addresses associated with groups, and other such information. Similarly, an organization may be described by the organization'sname1250,address1252, the service type provided by the communications system to theorganization1254, and many other different types of information.
• The database and database-interface subsystem (832 inFIG. 8B) additionally contains stored data that describes device types and the various types of communication media through which the automated communications system can receive and transmit messages and other information.FIG. 13 illustrates additional device-type and communications-media information stored by the database and database-interface subsystem of an automated communication system that represents an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 13, the database and database-interface subsystem may include a data structure for each of the different types of communications devices and associated protocols supported by the system, such as device-type data structure1302. Similarly, the database and database-interface subsystem of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention may store data structures, each of which represents a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver for a communications medium included within the automated communications system, such asdata structure1304. In addition, the database and database-interface subsystem stores various mapping tables, such as a mapping table1306 that maps device types to one another to indicate the device types that are compatible or can receive and transmit information to one another via the automated communications system and mapping table1308 that associates device types and protocols with receivers, transmitters, and transceivers and associated with communications media that can be accessed and used by the device types.
• The database and database-interface subsystem (832 inFIG. 8B) of the automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention additionally stores log information describing information exchanges between users as well as interaction of users with the configuration-and-management interfaces provided to users by the automated communications system. The management-and-configuration subsystem provides, through each of various application services, an interface to appropriately privileged users to allow the users to search for, list, and view the contents of historical records of the messages transmitted from one user to another, as well as the commands issued by users to the configuration and management subsystem. Unlike in many organizations today, the automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention therefore provides a detailed record of intra-organizational information transfer and communications regardless of which communications media and communications devices the information was transferred through. This logging feature can be used to recover lost information, verify information transmission at subsequent points in time, and provide useful records for various regulatory management activities within the organization.
• There are many different ways by which the automated communications system that represent embodiments of the present invention can be accessed by users. In many embodiments of the present invention, simple, efficient, and low-overhead methods are used for routing messages from user devices into the automated communications system.FIG. 14 illustrates a hierarchical group structure for an organization for which intra-organizational communications is provided by an embodiment of the present invention along with an associated addressing scheme that allows users to transmit messages and other information into the automated communications system for distribution by the automated communications system to other members of the organization. InFIG. 14, the structural organization for company ABC is shown, including aroot node1402, or overall group, and a variety of hierarchically arranged subgroups. InFIG. 14, an email address that can be used by a user to send an email to all of the members of a particular group or subgroups is shown above each node in the hierarchical group structure. In this scheme, like pathnames for files within a hierarchical file system, a particular group or subgroup is specified by a list of subgroup and group names, separated by “.” characters, in lowest-level-to-highest-level order, representing a path to the particular group or subgroup in the hierarchical structure. A user need not remember all of these group names, but may instead employ a suitable application-server interface, displayed on the user's device, to view a hierarchical representation of the groups within an organization and select a particular group to which to send a next message. The appropriate email address is then entered as the “To:” address in the email message by the application server. Similar organization and group addressing schemes are used for each of the various other types of communications media and devices supported by an automated communications service that represents an embodiment of the present invention. For an example, various groups and subgroups within an organization may be associated with different telephone numbers which a user can call, either directly or through an application-server interface, to distribute voice mails to the members of the group.
• FIGS. 15A-B illustrate two different operational modes for automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 15A, the automated communications system, including the queue-based communications crossbar and services system shown inFIGS. 8A-B, can reside as a component within a mobile-operator network or mobile-operator networks to provide intra-organizational communications through ISPs and a mobile-operator network interface. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 15B, the automated intra-organizational communications system that represent embodiments of the present invention may be separate, stand-alone entities andbusinesses1510 that provide intra-organizational communications services directly to ISPs and to mobile-operator networks to which user's devices are connected.
• FIG. 16 illustrates a typical hardware platform for an automated communications service that represents an embodiment of the present invention. The platform includes the various transmitters, receivers, and transceivers1602-1604 for the communications media1606-1608 supported by the automated communications system. Messages received by these transceivers are transmitted, via alocal area network1610, to servers or other computational platforms1612-1614 on which the queue-based crossbar system and services components are implemented.
• FIG. 17 illustrates a distributed automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 17, incoming and outgoing messages may be received and transmitted by a number of proxy servers1702-1704 that forward messages and receive messages, through load-balancingnodes1706 and1708, to geographically separate clusters ofapplication servers1710 and1712 and geographically separate clustereddatabase engines1714 and1716.
• Next, control-flow diagrams are provided to illustrate the functionality embodied in each of the major subsystems of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention, shown inFIGS. 8A-B.FIG. 18 provides a control-flow diagram for the input-processing subsystem of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention. The input-processing subsystem is generally implemented as a continuous loop in which the input-processing subsystem waits, instep1802, for a next input event. Input events include notification of reception and queuing of new messages from any of the various different communications media and associated transceivers through which the automated communications system receives information from users. When such an event occurs, the input-processing subsystem accesses each input queue in the for-loop of steps1804-1812. For each input queue, the input-processing subsystem handles each message queued to the input queue in the inner while-loop of steps1805-1811. For each message queued to a currently considered input queue, the input-processing subsystem dequeues the message from the queue instep1806 and calls the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem (830 inFIG. 8B) to process the message. The routing and message-forward subsystem responds with a list of or more reply and/or forwarding messages corresponding to the received message, which the input-processing subsystem processes in the innermost for-loop of steps1808-1810. For each message in the list of reply and/or forwarding messages, the input-processing subsystem queues the message to an appropriate internal message queue (1812-1814 inFIG. 8A). There may be many internal message queues in an automated communications system in order to geographically distribute message-queue-based processing and/or in order to partition outgoing messages in various ways, including according to time to transmission, according to the general class of communications media to which the message are to be transmitted, and according to various other criteria. Thus, the input-processing subsystem is responsible for managing incoming messages and calling the system services subsystem to generate appropriate reply and/or forwarding messages corresponding to input messages that the input-processing subsystem then queues to the message queues for delivery to users.
• FIG. 19 provides a control-flow diagram for the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem of the system services component of an automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention. Instep1902, the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem receives a next message from the input-processing subsystem (808 inFIG. 8A). Instep1904, the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem accesses the database (832 inFIG. 8B) in order to authorize the user from which the message was received and verify that the group or recipient to which the message is addressed exists, that the user is authorized to send messages to the group or recipient, and to carry out other authorization and verification tasks. When the user is not authorized to send messages within the organization, when the group or recipient cannot be verified, or when other such errors are detected, instep1906, then the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem invokes any of various different types of error-handling procedures1908. These may include logging the unauthorized attempt to access the automated communications system and returning some type of error message to the sender of the message. Next, instep1908, the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem determines whether or not the message is intended to be forwarded to other users of the organization, in which case arouting routine1910 is called to return a list of forwarding messages to the input-processing subsystem instep1912, and, when the message is instead directed to an application server as part of requesting or responding to a management or configuration interface provided by the management-and-configuration service subsystem (840 inFIG. 8B), the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem forwards the message to the appropriate application server in step1914 (834-837 inFIG. 8B) and returns any response received from the application server, instep1916, to the input-processing subsystem instep1918.
• FIG. 20 is a control-flow diagram for the routing routine called instep1910 ofFIG. 19 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The routing routine first determines the group to which the message is to be sent, instep2002. Then, in the for-loop of steps2004-2013, the routing routine prepares a message for forwarding to each user in the group to which the sender of the message intends the message to be forwarded. Instep2005, the routing routine determines the set of devices to which the message can be forwarded for the currently considered user or member. This set of devices may be, for example, all devices owned by the member, as determined from a member data structure accessed from the database, which are compatible with the device and/or communications medium from which the initial message was received by the automated communications system. Then, in an inner for-loop of steps2006-2008, the routing routine applies one or more filters to the initial set of devices in order to select one or a few devices for the recipient user to which the message can be forwarded. These filters correspond to the many different types of considerations discussed above with reference toFIGS. 5 and 6. For example, one filter may incorporate the time-of-day information for the user and the user's devices, as illustrated inFIG. 5. Other filters may incorporate many other considerations, such as the type of information that is being sent, the location of the recipient, date, and many other such considerations. The filters may be implemented as a set of logic propositions, complex decision trees, or in many other ways. Once the initial list of devices has been filtered to produce a final list of devices for the user, then, in the for-loop of steps2009-2012, the routing routine prepares a message for each device of the recipient, including indications of the appropriate transmitter and message queue for queuing the message and adds the message to a list of messages. When messages have been prepared for all devices of all users, then the entire list of messages is returned to the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem instep2016.
• FIG. 21 provides a control-diagram for the post-processing subsystem of an automated communications system that represents one embodiment of the present invention. The post-processing subsystem,816 inFIG. 8A, dequeues messages from the message queues for queuing to individual transmitter queues associated with transmitters or transceivers. In the outer far-loop of steps2102-2111, the post-processing subsystem continuously examines each of the internal message queues. In the inner for-loop of steps2103-2110, the post-processing subsystem dequeues all messages ready for forwarding or transmission from the currently considered message queue. Instep2104, the post-processing subsystem dequeues the next message from the currently considered message queue and determines whether or not any translation is required for the message. If translation is needed, as determined instep2105, the message is translated instep2106 in a way appropriate for the type of device, communications medium, group, and recipient to which the message is to be transmitted. Instep2107, the post-processing subsystem determines whether any attachments need to be attached or appended to the message and, if so, adds or appends the appropriate attachments instep2108. Instep2109, the post-processing subsystem queues the final, translated and completely post-processed message to the appropriate transmitter queue.
• Automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention provide a wealth of different types of features, functionalities, and services to the members of an organization. As one example, information sent by a user to a group of users can be translated and processed, according to various criteria and considerations, prior to being forwarded to the users of the group. For example, text messages contained in email sent by one user to the members of a group can be reformatted, abbreviated, or otherwise processed to allow the message to be sent to communications devices, such as to mobile phones, with limited text-display capabilities or even via instant messaging services. This type of processing may also involve translating a message from one language to another, selecting only portions of the message suitable for each recipient, and many other types of translation and processing tasks. The automated communications system may carry out a complex set of operations and considerations to optimize information transmission. For example, when the urgency for message delivery to members of the group is relatively low, the automated communications system may delay message transmission to certain recipients in order to take advantage of favorable communications rates or device availabilities with respect to particular recipients. The automated communications system that represents an embodiment of the present invention may similarly optimize message forwarding with respect to many different considerations, including selecting the most effective device or devices to reach a particular user on a particular date, at a particular time of day, or with regard to many other constraints and considerations. Incorporation of multiple application servers within the system-services subcomponent of the automated communications systems allows for feature-rich, flexible management-and-configuration interfaces to be displayed to users on each of the various different types of communications devices to which the user selects to access the management and configuration services.
• Although the present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments, it is not intended that the invention be limited to these embodiments. Modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in many different ways by varying any of many different implementation parameters, including programming languages, control structures, modular organization, data structures, operating-system platforms, and hardware platforms. Any of many different types of communications addressing and communications-direction schemes can be employed to direct messages from users into the automated communications systems, such as the hierarchical email-address scheme discussed with reference toFIG. 14. Automated communication systems that represent embodiments of the present invention can be adapted to distribute information and facilitate exchange of information by members of an organization over a wide variety of different types of communications media and through many different types of communications devices. In general, the automated communications systems that represent embodiments of the present invention are implemented in a highly modular fashion to allow for straightforward addition of communications-medium support and communications-device support for new types of communications media and devices.
• The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the invention. The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention are presented for purpose of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments are shown and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents:

Claims (17)

1. An automated communications system comprising:

an input-processing subsystem that

processes the messages received from receiving components that each receives messages from a communications medium by

forwarding each message directed to a management-and-configuration interface to a routing-and-message-forwarding component that returns a corresponding message, and

forwarding each message directed to a group to the routing-and-message-forwarding component which returns a corresponding message for each member of the group, and

queues the one or more corresponding messages to one or more internal queues; and

a post-processing subsystem that

dequeues messages from the one or more internal message queues,

processes each message dequeued messages from the one or more internal message queues to generate one or more processed messages, and

forwards the one or more processed messages to sending components that each sends processed messages to a communications medium.

2. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 wherein the receiving components and sending components include:

SMTP servers connected to the Internet;

voice-communications servers and modems connected to public switched telephone networks;

XMPP servers connected to the Internet;

SMPP servers connected to the Internet;

HTTP servers connected to the Internet;

TCP/IP servers connected to the Internet; and

other types of message-receiving servers interconnected to wireless communications receivers. LAN devices, and other appropriate communications media.

3. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 further including a system-services component, implemented on one or more computing platforms, that includes:

a database and database interface;

application servers that each provides management, configuration, message-sending, and message-receiving user interfaces on one or more types of communications devices;

the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem that receives messages from the input-processing component and returns corresponding messages to the input-processing by

forwarding each received message directed to a management-and-configuration interface to an application server that interacts with a management-and-configuration subsystem to return a corresponding message, and

accessing the database through the database interface to determine members of a group to which a received message directed to a group to return a corresponding message for each member of the group; and

a management-and-con figuration subsystem that provides management and configuration services through applications-server-provided user interfaces to communications devices.

4. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the database stores data structures representing:

each organization for which intra-organization communications services are provided by the automated communications system;

each group of members defined for an organization to which messages can be sent by members of the organization; and

each member of an organization who receives and/or sends messages to other members of the organization through the automated communications system.

5. The automated communications system ofclaim 4 wherein the database additionally stores mappings that map:

groups to organizations;

members to groups; and

groups to nodes of a hierarchical group structure.

6. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the database additionally stores data structures representing:

each type of communications device and protocol through which a member of an organization receives and/or sends messages to other members of the organization through the automated communications system; and

each receiving and sending component of the automated communications system.

7. The automated communications system ofclaim 6 wherein the database additionally stores mappings that map:

each communications device to one or more receiving-and-sending components; and

each type of communications device and protocol to other types of communications devices and protocols with which messages and other information can be exchanged.

8. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the management-and-configuration subsystem provides management facilities that allow an authorized user to:

create a group of members of an organization;

add members of an organization to a group;

delete members of an organization from a group;

add a subgroup to a group;

remove a subgroup from a group;

delete a group;

edit information stored in the database that describes an organization; and

edit information stored in the database that describes a member of an organization.

9. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the management-and-configuration subsystem provides configuration facilities that allow an authorized user to:

add message-receiving and message-sending components to the automated communications system;

delete message-receiving and message-sending components from the automated communications system;

launch system services, including various types and levels of logging and error handling;

remove system services; and

specify operational parameters of the automated communications system.

10. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem, upon receiving a message from the input-processing component, accesses the database through the database interface to:

authorize and verify the user from which the message was received; and

verify the group or management-and-configuration interface to which the message is directed.

11. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the routing-and-message-forwarding subsystem, upon receiving a message directed to a group:

determines the members of the group by the database through the database interface;

for each member,

determines an initial set of communications devices and protocols to which the received message can be forwarded,

applies one or more types of considerations to successively remove sub-optimal communications devices and protocols from the initial set of communications devices and protocols, and

prepares a corresponding message for each communications device and protocol remaining in the set of communications devices and protocols.

12. The automated communications system ofclaim 3 wherein the one or more types of considerations include whether a communications device and protocol:

is available at particular times of the day;

can be used to deliver the message on a particular date;

can render information included in, or attached to, the received message; and

can receive the message in a particular location.

13. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 wherein post-processing subsystem processes each message dequeued messages from the one or more internal message queues to generate one or more processed messages by one or more of:

translating information in the message to a form that can be rendered by the communications device and protocol to which the message is directed;

attaching information to the message;

translating text within the message to a different natural language; and

selecting only portions of the message to transmit.

14. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 wherein post-processing subsystem dequeues a message from the one or more internal message queues at a time that allows the message to be delivered in a cost-effective manner.

15. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 wherein each internal message queue contains messages that are to be transmitted over different time ranges.

16. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 wherein each internal message queue is located in a different component automates communications system of a distributed automated communications system.

17. The automated communications system ofclaim 1 to which messages can be sent and from which messages can be received in the form of:

text-based email messages;

voice messages;

MMS messages;

XML-encoded documents and messages;

MIME emails;

instant-messaging messages; and

telemetry communications between various types of devices and systems via M2M communications.

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