US20110238111A1 - Soft Tissue Fixation Using A Looped Suture Construct - Google Patents

Abstract

A looped suture construct is formed by looping a suture on itself and slidably connecting the suture through an anchoring structure such that a looped end and a free end of the suture are on opposite sides of the slidable connection. The anchoring structure may be bone, a suture anchor, or another structure securely attached to bone. The looped end and the free end are passed through the soft tissue to be repaired. The free end is then passed through the looped end. Tension is applied to the free end to draw the soft tissue into contact with the desired bone, whereupon the free end is secured to maintain the tension. The looped suture end remains open and positioned on one side or surface of the soft tissue. Suture anchors of the invention are pre-loaded with at least one suture having a looped end and at least one free end.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• This claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/318,344, filed Mar. 28, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to surgical fixation of soft tissue. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for soft tissue repair using a looped suture construct.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Soft tissues, such as, for example, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and the like, are attached to bone throughout the human body. Various injuries and conditions may result in soft tissue separating or tearing away from bone. When this occurs, surgery is required to mechanically reattach the soft tissue to bone to allow the soft tissue to naturally reattach itself to the bone. Surgical repair of soft tissue typically involves passing one or more strands of suture through the soft tissue, applying tension to the suture strands to draw the soft tissue into contact with the bone, and then securing the one or more suture strands ultimately to bone usually via one or more devices implanted in the bone to complete the repair.
• A major source of failure of such surgical repairs occurs at the tissue-suture interface and is known as “suture pull-through.” That is, one or more strands of suture may pull through the soft tissue. This can occur because a significant amount of tension is usually applied to the sutures to draw the soft tissue into contact with the bone, and because the individual suture strands, which are strong relative to the soft tissue, typically engage the tissue for only a short length. Suture pull-through is even more likely to occur when the suture strands run parallel to the soft tissue fibers. When pull-through occurs, the repair fails because the soft tissue is either no longer attached to the bone or not in sufficient contact with the bone to promote healing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Soft tissue fixation according to the invention includes the passing of at least one suture through the tissue to be repaired. The passed suture is either preferably already in the form of a loop, or a loop is formed after the suture is passed through the soft tissue. The looped suture remains open and positioned on one side or surface of the soft tissue such that it is able to grab a large surface portion of the tissue in the loop. This improves the suture's grip on the tissue and decreases the likelihood that the suture will pull through the tissue, thus increasing the likelihood of surgical success.
• In one embodiment of the invention, a suture is looped on itself yielding a looped end and at least one free end. The looped end is passed through a soft tissue to be repaired. The at least one free end is slidably connected through an anchoring structure. Such a structure may be a bone or suture anchor (referred to hereinafter as a suture anchor). The at least one free end is then passed through the soft tissue adjacent the looped end and then through the looped end, creating a grasping-type stitch, which also may be referred to as a cinch or loop-type stitch. Tension is applied to the at least one free end to pull the soft tissue into contact with the bone. The looped end remains open, grasping a large portion of the soft tissue surface opposite the bone. The at least one free end is then fastened ultimately to bone to maintain the tension, forming a looped suture construct that completes the repair.
• In another embodiment of the invention, a suture anchor is pre-loaded with at least one looped suture, the looped suture having a looped end and one or two free ends. Pre-loaded suture anchors (i.e., suture anchors threaded with suture prior to implantation in bone) save the surgeon valuable time in the operating room. In those embodiments with one free end of suture, the original two free ends may be temporarily or permanently attached to each other to form the single free end, which in some instances may facilitate the surgical repair procedure. In other embodiments, one of the original two free ends may be tied off to the suture anchor, leaving one free end and one looped end for completing the looped suture construct. And in still other embodiments, the looped end may be formed by attaching one of the original free ends back on the suture itself and then slidably connecting the remaining free end through the suture anchor, leaving a looped end and a free end. Suture anchors of the invention may be pre-loaded with from one to six looped sutures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above and other advantages of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
• FIGS. 1A-1D are, respectively, top, corresponding front elevational, top, and corresponding front elevational views illustrating generally a known method of suturing soft tissue to bone;
• FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate an embodiment of the invention for suturing soft tissue to bone using a looped suture construct;
• FIGS. 3A and 3B are top and corresponding front elevational views, respectively, illustrating an alternative embodiment of a looped suture construct according to the invention;
• FIG. 4 illustrates another alternative embodiment of a looped suture construct according to the invention;
• FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for suturing soft tissue to bone using a double-row looped suture construct according to the invention;
• FIG. 6 illustrates generally a known suture anchor configuration wherein two sutures are each slidably connected through the anchor, leaving four free suture ends available for manipulation;
• FIGS. 7-9 illustrate generally various embodiments of suture anchor configurations according to the invention wherein a long continuous suture is looped on itself and slidably connected through the anchor forming a looped end on one side of the slidable connection and one or two free ends on the other side of the slidable connection;
• FIG. 10 illustrates generally an embodiment of a suture anchor configuration according to the invention wherein several long continuous sutures are slidably connected through the anchor, each suture forming a looped end on one side of the slidable connection and two free ends on the other side of the slidable connection;
• FIGS. 11-13 illustrate generally various embodiments of suture anchor body configurations that can be used with the invention;
• FIGS. 14-16 illustrate generally various embodiments of suture anchor slidable-connection configurations that can be used with the invention; and
• FIG. 17 is a top view illustrating another embodiment of a suture anchor configuration that can be used with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to apparatus and methods of fixing soft tissue to bone that improve the tissue-grasping strength of the suture and thus the likelihood of surgical success. In particular, by forming a looped suture construct in accordance with the invention, a larger surface area of soft tissue can be grabbed by the suture, which decreases the chance of suture pull-through.
• FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate generally a known method of repairing soft tissue torn or otherwise separated from bone. This method may be used in, for example, rotator cuff surgery, which may be open, mini-open, or arthroscopic. Such surgery typically involves selection of suture anchors, placement of those anchors, suture passage through the soft tissue, which in the case of rotator cuff repair is a tendon, and suture tying and/or other known suture fixation techniques. As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, asuture anchor102 is implanted in abone104. Sutureanchor102 hassuture strands106a-dextending therefrom. Suturestrands106a-dmay be four separate sutures each fixedly attached toanchor102, or they may be a pair of sutures each slidably connected (via, e.g., an eyelet) throughanchor102. That is, suture strands106aand106bmay be a single suture slidably connected throughanchor102, andsuture strands106cand106dmay be a second suture slidably connected throughanchor102. Alternatively,suture strands106a-dmay be three separate sutures, two fixedly attached toanchor102 and the other slidably connected throughanchor102.Suture strands106a-dmay have been pre-loaded intoanchor102 beforeanchor102 was implanted intobone104, or a surgeon may attachsuture strands106a-dto implantedanchor102 in situ.
• Suture strands106a-dare each individually passed throughtendon108 with a specialized handheld surgical tool known variously as, for example, a sharp grasper, suture passer, tissue penetrator, passer instrument, or suture passing instrument. A wide variety of such specialized tools capable of passing suture through soft tissue are known, and each tool usually includes a handle, a tissue-grasping component (e.g., tongs), and a needle to pass the suture through the tissue. Aftersuture strands106a-dare passed through the soft tissue, tension is applied to the strands to pulltendon108 into contact withbone104, as shown inFIGS. 1C and 1D. Suture strands106aand106bandstrands106cand106dmay then be tied together, as illustrated by knots107aand107b, respectively, to mechanically holdtendon108 in contact withbone104, thus completing the repair. Note that the suture strands alternatively may be secured using knotless or other techniques known in the art.
• One of the disadvantages of this suture construct is that one or both of suture sections106a,bor106c,dmay pull through tendon108 (particularly if they run parallel to the tendon fibers), because each section is likely under significant tension and each section engagestopside tendon surface109 for only a short length. An ideal rotator cuff repair should have a strong tissue grip that minimizes the formation of gaps between the tendon and bone and that maintains mechanical stability until healing occurs. Accordingly, even a partial suture pull-through may cause the repair to fail.
• FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate an embodiment of the invention wherein soft tissue is surgically attached to bone using a looped suture construct. The looped suture constructs of the invention provide superior tissue-holding capabilities.Embodiment200 preferably includessuture anchor202, which is preferably pre-loaded withsuture206 having looped end206xand free ends206yand206z.Suture206 is made of one or more biocompatible fibers and may be, for example, #2 braided polyester.Suture206 is slidably connected to anchor202 such that the slidable connection is between loopedend206xand free ends206yand206z. The slidable connection allowssuture206 to slide smoothly throughanchor202 when pulled from preferably either the looped end side or the free ends side. Suture anchors having a slidable connection, which may be, for example, an eyelet, are known (other examples of slidable connections are described further below). Preferably pre-loaded,suture anchor202 may then be implanted intobone204.Suture anchor202 may be of the type, for example, that is implanted by tapping the anchor into a pre-drilled or pre-punched hole in the bone or into bone directly (i.e., no pre-formed hole needed), resulting in a friction or press fit.Suture anchor202 alternatively may be of another type of implantable suture anchor, examples of which are described further below. Loopedend206xand free ends206yand206zare now ready to be manipulated by the surgeon.
• As shown inFIGS. 2A and 2B, loopedend206xis passed throughtendon208 from anunderside surface211 of the tendon (i.e., the surface facing bone204) up through the oppositetopside surface209 of the tendon. Specialized surgical tools capable of passing a looped suture through soft tissue are known. Each of free ends206yand206zare also passed throughtendon208 fromunderside surface211 and throughtopside surface209 adjacent loopedend206x. For typical rotator cuff surgery, the distance between loopedend206xand free ends206yand206zmay range from 2 mm to 15 mm. Note that each free end may be individually passed throughtendon208 or, alternatively, they may be passed together throughtendon208 with an appropriate surgical tool. Note also that while the terms “topside” and “underside” refer to the orientation of the surfaces as shown in the FIGS., they are not limited to any particular orientation (e.g., top, bottom, left, right). The “topside” surface refers to the surface of the soft tissue facing opposite or away from the bone, while the “underside” surface refers to the surface facing and ultimately coming into contact with the bone.
• As shown inFIGS. 2C and 2D, free ends206yand206zare both passed through loopedend206x. Free ends206yand206zare then pulled tight (i.e., tension is applied) such that loopedend206xremains open and positioned ontopside surface209. That is, loopedend206xis not pulled tight into a knot, but remains open as shown inFIG. 2E. As free ends206yand206zare tightened,tendon208 reduces to bone204 (i.e.,tendon208 is pulled into contact with bone204). Once tightened, free ends206yand206zmay be fastened to one or more other suture anchors implanted in bone204 (see, for example,suture anchor210 inFIG. 2F) to complete the looped suture construct.
• Note that other fastening techniques and configurations (including knotless fixation) of free ends206yand206zare possible. For example, in other embodiments of the invention, only one of free ends206yand206zis passed throughtendon208 and loopedend206x. The other free end may be tied off to the anchor or passed around the end oftendon208 and fastened to the free end pulled tight through loopedend206x, as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B. Alternatively, the other free end may also be passed throughtendon208, which may then be fastened to the free end pulled tight through loopedend206x, as shown inFIG. 4. The two free ends206yand206zmay be fastened to each other by, for example, tying them into aknot307 or by using a suitable adhesive or other fastening technique known in the art. Note also that each of free ends206yand206zmay instead be fastened directly to bone, if feasible, or to another structure present at the surgical site. Such other structures may be another nearby bone or a previously implanted device that may be, for example, a bone clamp, plate, rod, pin or connecting device that may or may not be related to the soft tissue repair at hand. Such alternative constructs advantageously eliminate the need forsecond suture anchor210, while still providing the same advantages asembodiment200. Note further thatsuture anchor202 also may not be needed if suitable bone and/or other structures are available at the surgical site to slidably connect and ultimatelysecure suture206.
• In another embodiment of the invention,suture206 may not be pre-loaded intoanchor202. Instead, a surgeon may pass in situ a first free end ofsuture206 throughtendon208 fromunderside surface211 throughtopside surface209, and then back throughtendon208 fromtopside surface209 throughunderside surface211, leaving a looped end on topsidesurface209. The first free end, a second free end ofsuture206, or both may then be slidably connected throughsuture anchor202 or other suitable structure, whereupon one or both free ends may be passed back throughtendon208 fromunderside surface211 throughtopside surface209 adjacent the looped end. The two free ends may then be manipulated as described above.
• Comparing the known suture construct ofFIG. 1C with the looped suture constructs ofFIGS. 2E,3A, and4 shows that suture206 with its open loop positioned ontopside surface209 advantageously has a grasp on a larger surface portion oftendon208 than does suture sections106a,band106c,dcombined. Moreover, the looped suture constructs of the invention advantageously have at least some portions of the looped suture that do not run parallel with fibers of the soft tissue. These advantages result in improved tissue-grasping strength while reducing the likelihood of suture pull-through.
• FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the invention in which a double-row looped suture construct is used. In those surgical applications where, for example, a larger area ofsoft tissue508 needs to be attached tobone504, multiple looped suture constructs in accordance with the invention may be used. Note that although constructs501aand501bare shown as that of embodiment400 (FIG. 4), other suture tying or fixation techniques, both as shown herein or as known in the art, may be used in each construct provided that looped ends506xand516xremain open and positioned ontopside surface509. For example, constructs501aand501bmay each be that of any one of embodiments200 (FIGS. 2E and 2F),300 (FIGS. 3A and 3B), or400 (FIG. 4).
• FIG. 6 shows a known suture anchor configuration whereinsuture anchor602 is pre-loaded with twosutures606 and616 each slidably connected to anchor602. The slidable connection may be through an eyelet or equivalent structure inanchor602, and allows either side of the suture to be pulled through the anchor. As shown, four free suture ends (i.e., suture ends606a,606b,616a, and616b) are available for manipulation by a surgeon. Knownsuture anchor602 may be used, for example, in the known method of repairing soft tissue illustrated inFIGS. 1A-1D.
• FIGS. 7-9 show several embodiments of suture anchor configurations according to the invention. In each configuration, a long continuous suture is slidably connected to the anchor such that a looped end extends from one side of the slidable connection, and one or two free ends of the suture extend from the other side of the slidable connection. The length of the suture depends on the surgical application. For example, in rotator cuff repair, the length of the suture may range from 10 cm to 100 cm. InFIG. 7, suture706 forms a looped end706xextending from one side ofslidable connection712 ofsuture anchor702, while free ends706yand706zextend from the other side ofslidable connection712.FIG. 8 showssuture806 slidably connected to sutureanchor802.Suture806 has a loopedend806xextending from one side ofslidable connection812. The two ends ofsuture806 extend from the other side of the slidable connection and are either temporarily or permanently bonded to each other to form a single free end806yfor easier passage through the soft tissue to be repaired in those surgical applications requiring such a suture free end configuration. The two ends806yand806zmay be bonded to each other using any suitable technique known in the art.FIG. 9 showssuture anchor902 pre-loaded withsuture906 having a looped end906xformed on one side ofslidable connection912. As shown, suture end906zis bonded back ontosuture906 on the same side ofconnection912 as looped end906x. The remaining free end906yis threaded throughslidable connection912 and extends outward on the other side ofconnection912. Suture end906zmay be bonded to suture906 using any suitable technique known in the art. In those embodiments of the invention requiring a suture anchor, the suture anchor is preferably pre-loaded (i.e., prior to implantation) with at least one suture as shown inFIGS. 7-9.
• FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of a suture anchor configuration according to the invention.Suture anchor1002 is preferably pre-loaded with threesutures1006,1016, and1026. Each suture has a looped end (i.e.,1006x,1016x, and1026x) extending from one side ofslidable connection1012 and, in this embodiment, two free ends (i.e.,1006yand1006z,1016yand1016z, and1026yand1026z) extending from the other side ofslidable connection1012. Suture anchors configured in accordance with the invention may have from one to six sutures pre-loaded therein. The pre-loaded sutures may be in any one of the looped forms shown inFIGS. 7-9, and may be in any combination of the looped forms shown inFIGS. 7-9. One or more of the sutures optionally may be a different color (e.g., blue, green, white, etc.).
• Suture anchors have a generally cylindrical body that may be tapered and have one or more surface features for engaging bone or another implanted device, depending on the manner in which the suture anchor is to be implanted into bone. For example, suture anchors may be screwed, twisted, friction or press-fitted, punched, or otherwise fastened to the bone. Suture anchors can be of various lengths and may range in diameter from 1 mm to 15 mm.
• FIGS. 11-13 illustrate generally some of the known suture anchor body type configurations that can be used in accordance with the invention.FIG. 11 shows a threadedsuture anchor1102 having a continuoushelical thread1117 wrapping aroundbody1119, which tapers to a narrow point. As is known, the height and pitch of the thread can vary.Thread1117 may be a self-tapping thread that allowsanchor1102 to be screwed directly into bone without first having to drill a pilot hole. Alternatively,thread1117 may be conventional requiring a pre-drilled hole in the bone.FIG. 12 shows a tap-intype suture anchor1202 that can either be tapped directly into bone or into a pre-drilled hole in the bone or a hollow anchoring sleeve pre-installed in the bone.Suture anchor1202 preferably has a plurality ofprongs1221 that engage the bone or anchoring sleeve to securely hold the anchor in place (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,017).Suture anchor1202 may also have, for example, a plurality ofsuture engaging hooks1223 for slidably connecting one or more sutures thereto. Note that hooks1223 may also be included in other embodiments of suture anchors.FIG. 13 shows a wedge-like suture anchor1302 having a plurality of teeth for engaging bone (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,279).Bone teeth1325 are oriented longitudinally to facilitate insertion (either directly into bone or into a pilot hole in the bone) and retention of the anchor thereafter, and may vary in number, size, and location onbody1319. Although the shape ofteeth1325 is shown as basically triangular or pyramidal, other shapes are possible. Note that the embodiments of the invention requiring one or more suture anchors are not limited to the body types shown inFIGS. 11-13.
• Suture anchors also have a suture attaching mechanism. Such mechanisms are known and can vary widely as to configuration and features for connecting and securing suture to the anchor. A suture attaching mechanism may be made up of one or more separate parts assembled together and attached to the body of the anchor, or it may be formed integrally with the anchor body. For use in accordance with the invention, a suture attaching mechanism should at least initially provide a slidable connection for one or more sutures attached thereto. That is, a suture connected to the suture attaching mechanism should be able to be pulled easily through the suture anchor from at least one side of the suture attaching mechanism at least initially. For example, some known suture anchors may have an internal locking device that initially allows the suture to slide through the attaching mechanism and thereafter allows a surgeon to lock the suture in place. Another known anchor allows the suture to slide through when pulled in one direction and locks the suture in place when the suture is pulled in the opposite direction.
• FIGS. 14-17 show various embodiments of suture anchors having suture attaching mechanisms that can be used with the invention.FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of asuture anchor1402 having aneyelet1412 formed by a suture loop orbiocompatible wire1422 that extends longitudinally aroundsuture anchor body1419 in longitudinal channel1432 (see again, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,279). In other similar embodiments, the loop of suture or wire is disposed/secured within the body of the anchor, sometimes with a separate, insertable part.FIG. 15 showssuture anchor1502 having a suture attaching mechanism in the form of aneyelet1512 integrally extending from a top surface ofanchor body1519, whileFIG. 16 showssuture anchor1602 having a recessedeyelet1612 within a top portion ofanchor body1619. Recessedeyelet1602 is preferably flush with a top surface of anchor1602 (i.e., the eyelet does not project beyond or outside the top surface).
• FIG. 17 is a top view of another embodiment of a suture anchor that can be used with the invention.Suture anchor1702 has a plurality ofsuture ports1712a-hspaced apart around the circumference of the anchor head. Pairs of suture ports may be connected together via internal U-shaped channels or passageways (not shown) within the body of the anchor to provide sutures with a slidable connection toanchor1702. For example, suture ports1712aand1712bmay be connected together internally such that a suture threaded into port1712aexits from port1712b(and vice versa). Similarly,suture ports1712cand1712d,1712eand1712f, and1712gand1712hmay also be connected together internally to provide a slidable connection to sutures respectively threaded there through. In the embodiment shown, four sutures configured in accordance with the invention (i.e., each looped on itself) may be pre-loaded intoanchor1702.Suture anchor1702 also has adrive socket1727 configured to be engaged by a complementary drive tool capable of driving the suture anchor into bone via screwing, twisting, tapping, or otherwise installing the anchor into bone, depending on the type of anchor body and surface features. Note that the drive socket and complementary tool are not limited to the hexagonal shape shown, but may be of other suitable geometries. Note that those embodiments of the invention requiring one or more suture anchors are not limited to the suture attaching mechanisms shown inFIGS. 14-17.
• Suture anchors of the invention may be made of one or more biocompatible materials and/or composites thereof as is known in the art. Such materials may include various non-absorbable materials such as metals and metal alloys including, but not limited to, stainless steel, titanium, Nitanol, cobalt, and non-absorbable polyesters. Suture anchor materials may also include various bioabsorbable plastics and other materials including, but not limited to, polyglycolic or polylactic acid polymers. Furthermore, still other materials, such as carbon fiber and other suitable polymers, may be used. Suture anchors of the invention may be made as a single unit using conventional shaping or molding techniques, or they may be made in separate parts assembled together also using conventional methods and techniques.
• Note that the invention is not limited to only those suture anchors shown in the FIGS. Various other types of suture anchor configurations, including those configured with any suitable combination of features disclosed herein as well as others known in the art, may be used in accordance with the invention, provided that they include a slidable suture connection operative to receive at least one suture having a looped end and one or two free ends as described above.
• In addition to rotator cuff surgery, the looped suture constructs and pre-loaded suture anchors of the invention may be used in a variety of other medical procedures throughout different areas of the body. For example, the invention may be used in biceps tenodesis (proximal or distal), labral and other soft tissue repairs in the shoulder and hip joints, ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) procedures, ligament repairs and reconstruction in the upper and lower extremities, and ligament repairs and reconstruction in the hand/wrist and elbow. The looped suture constructs of the invention advantageously can be of different sizes to accommodate different sized soft tissue fixation.
• While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described and disclosed, modifications to the methods and apparatus described herein are still possible within the scope of the invention. For example, although reference has been made throughout this disclosure to the attachment of suture anchors and suture constructs to bone, the suture anchors and constructs described herein are not limited to attachment to only bone. Alternatively, they may be attached to other structures, such as, for example, suitable implanted devices or constructs. Such implanted devices and constructs may include, for example, hip and knee replacement parts and various types of bone clamps, plates, rods, pins, and related connecting devices.
• Note that some embodiments of the invention may not require a suture anchor. For example, a looped suture construct in accordance with the invention may be anchored directly to bone at a surgical site where the bone has features that allow one or more suture free ends to be slidably connected thereto and ultimately secured. The bone features may be natural or surgeon created (e.g., a drilled through-hole through a section of bone to slidably connect a suture). Accordingly, the term “suture attaching mechanism” as used herein is not necessarily limited to a mechanical device, but may also refer to a suitable bone feature that can be used as such.
• Note also that the methods and apparatus disclosed herein are not limited to the medical treatment of humans but, alternatively, may be applied to the treatment of animals or used in various educational and/or research activities. For example, the methods and apparatus may be used on cadavers, nonliving animal parts, and/or synthetic parts (that, e.g., simulate soft tissue and bone) for teaching purposes and/or laboratory studies.
• Thus it is seen that apparatus and methods of soft tissue fixation using a looped suture construct and, where needed, pre-loaded suture anchors are provided. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation, and the invention is limited only by the following claims.

Claims (30)

1. A method of suturing soft tissue comprising:

passing a loop of suture through soft tissue, the loop of suture exiting the tissue through a first tissue surface;

passing a free end of the suture through the soft tissue adjacent the loop of suture, the free end of the suture exiting the tissue through the first tissue surface, wherein the suture is slidably connected to a suture attaching mechanism of an anchoring structure such that the attaching mechanism is between the loop of suture and the free end of the suture;

passing the free end of the suture through the loop of suture;

applying tension to the free end of the suture such that the soft tissue is pulled into contact with a desired structure and the loop of suture remains open and positioned on the first tissue surface; and

securing the free end of the suture to maintain the applied tension.

2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising prior to the passing of a free end of suture through the soft tissue:

passing the free end of the suture through the suture attaching mechanism of the anchoring structure.

3. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising:

passing a second free end of the suture through the soft tissue adjacent the loop of suture, the second free end of suture exiting the tissue through the first tissue surface, wherein the suture attaching mechanism is between the loop of suture and the second free end of the suture;

passing the second free end of the suture through the loop of suture;

applying tension to the second free end of the suture such that the soft tissue is pulled into contact with the desired structure and the loop of suture remains open and positioned on the first tissue surface; and

securing the second free end of the suture to maintain the applied tension on the second free end.

4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the securing of the free end of the suture to maintain the applied tension comprises:

securing a second free end of the suture to the free end of the suture to maintain the applied tension, wherein the suture attaching mechanism is between the loop of suture and the second free end of the suture.

5. The method ofclaim 4 further comprising before the securing of the second free end of the suture to the free end of the suture:

passing the second free end of the suture through the soft tissue adjacent the loop of suture, the second free end of the suture exiting the tissue through the first tissue surface.

6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the securing of the free end of the suture to maintain the applied tension comprises attaching the free end of the suture to a suture anchor implanted in the desired structure.

7. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising implanting the anchoring structure into the desired structure.

8. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the anchoring structure has the loop of suture and the free end of the suture pre-loaded therein such that the suture attaching mechanism is between the loop of suture and the free end of the suture.

9. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the anchoring structure comprises a suture anchor.

10. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the suture attaching mechanism comprises an eyelet.

11. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the desired structure comprises bone.

12. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the anchoring structure and the desired structure are the same.

13. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the soft tissue comprises a tendon, ligament, or muscle.

14. A method of suturing soft tissue comprising:

passing a first free end of suture through soft tissue, the first free end exiting the tissue through a first tissue surface;

passing the first free end of suture back through the soft tissue to form a loop of suture on the first tissue surface, the first free end exiting the tissue through a second tissue surface;

passing a second free end of the suture through the soft tissue adjacent the loop of suture, the second free end exiting the tissue through the first tissue surface, wherein the suture is slidably connected to a suture attaching mechanism of an anchoring structure such that the attaching mechanism is between the loop of suture and the second free end;

passing the second free end of the suture through the loop of suture;

applying tension to the first and second free ends of the suture such that the soft tissue is pulled into contact with a desired structure and the loop of suture remains open and positioned on the first tissue surface; and

securing the first and second free ends of the suture to maintain the applied tension.

15. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising passing the first free end of the suture through the suture attaching mechanism of the anchoring structure after forming the loop of suture.

16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the securing of the first and second free ends comprises:

passing the first free end of suture through the soft tissue after passing the first free end through the suture attaching mechanism, the first free end exiting the tissue through the first tissue surface; and

tying the first and second free ends of the suture together into a knot.

17. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising pre-loading the anchoring structure with the suture such that the suture attaching mechanism is between the first and second free ends of the suture.

18. The method ofclaim 17 further comprising implanting the anchoring structure into the desired structure.

19. A method of forming a suture anchor comprising:

forming a body configured to be implanted into bone;

connecting to or integrating with the body a suture attaching mechanism configured to provide a slidable connection to suture attached thereto;

looping a suture on itself to create a looped end of the suture and at least one free end of the suture; and

connecting the suture to the attaching mechanism such that the attaching mechanism is between the looped end and the at least one free end.

20. The method ofclaim 19 wherein the suture looped on itself has two free ends, the method further comprising after the looping of a suture on itself:

bonding one of the two free ends to the suture itself to form the looped end and the at least one free end.

21. The method ofclaim 20 wherein the connecting of the suture to the attaching mechanism comprises connecting the suture to the attaching mechanism such that the looped end and the bonding of one the two free ends to the suture is on one side of the attaching mechanism and the at least one free end is on another side of the attaching mechanism.

22. The method ofclaim 20 wherein the connecting of the suture to the attaching mechanism comprises connecting the suture to the attaching mechanism such that the looped end is on one side of the attaching mechanism and the bonding of one the two free ends to the suture and the at least one free end are on another side of the attaching mechanism.

23. A suture anchor comprising:

a body configured to be implanted into bone;

a suture having a looped end and at least one free end; and

a suture attaching mechanism connected to or integrally formed with the body and configured to provide a slidable connection to suture connected thereto, the suture attaching mechanism connected to the suture between the looped end and the at least one free end.

24. The suture anchor ofclaim 23 wherein:

the suture has two free ends; and

the suture attaching mechanism is connected to the suture between the looped end and the two free ends.

25. The suture anchor ofclaim 23 wherein the suture attaching mechanism comprises an eyelet.

26. The suture anchor ofclaim 23 further comprising a plurality of sutures slidably connected to the suture attaching mechanism, each of the plurality of sutures having a looped end and at least one free end, the suture attaching mechanism connected between each looped end and its respective at least one free end.

27. The suture anchor ofclaim 23 wherein the body comprises self-tapping threads.

28. A looped suture construct comprising:

a suture having a looped end and at least one free end; and

a suture anchor slidably connected to the suture such that the suture anchor is between the looped end and the at least one free end; wherein:

the looped end is open and positioned on a surface of a soft tissue;

the at least one end is passed through the soft tissue and the looped end and is tensioned such that the looped end remains open and positioned on the soft tissue surface; and

the at least one free end is secured to maintain the tension.

29. The looped suture construct ofclaim 28 wherein:

the suture has a second free end;

the suture anchor is between the looped end and the second free end; and

the at least one free end is secured to the second free end to maintain the tension.

30. The looped suture construct ofclaim 28 wherein:

the suture has a second free end;

the suture anchor is between the looped end and the second free end;

the second free end is passed through the looped end and tensioned such that the looped end remains open and positioned on the soft tissue surface; and

the second free end is secured to maintain the tension.

Images