CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/293,306 filed on Jan. 8, 2010, the subject matter of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention is directed to insulated cooler bags. The present invention is further directed to methods of making and using insulated cooler bags.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThere exists a need in the art for insulated cooler bags that provide one or more of the following features: (1) a dry storage component in combination with one or more wet storage components, (2) a combination of cooler bag materials that enables vapor permeability, but not water permeability, into desired dry storage areas of the cooler bag, and (3) a lightweight construction.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to the discovery of insulated cooler bags. The disclosed insulated cooler bags provide one or more of the following features: (1) a dry storage component in combination with one or more wet storage components, (2) a combination of cooler bag materials that enables vapor permeability, but not water permeability, into desired dry storage areas of the cooler bag, and (3) a lightweight construction.
In one exemplary embodiment, the insulated cooler bags of the present invention comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) an outer shell layer comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an outermost bag surface and an inner bag surface, wherein first and second portions of the outermost bag surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag surface face one another; and at least one inner compartment positioned between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, the at least one inner compartment comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material.
In another exemplary embodiment, the insulated cooler bags of the present invention comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) an outer shell layer comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an outermost bag surface and an inner bag surface, wherein first and second portions of the outermost bag surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag surface face one another; at least one inner compartment positioned between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, the at least one inner compartment comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material; closure devices operatively adapted to provide access into the at least one inner compartment and first and second wet storage compartments; at least one insulative material between the outermost bag surface and the inner bag surface; and one or more carrying straps, wherein (i) a first portion of the inner compartment wall material and the first portion of the inner bag surface form the first wet storage compartment positioned along one side of the at least one inner compartment, (ii) a second portion of the inner compartment wall material and the second portion of the inner bag surface form the second wet storage compartment positioned along an opposite side of the at least one inner compartment, (iii) the inner bag surface comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor and liquid impermeable material, and (iv) the vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a continuous film optionally reinforced with fibrous material.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the insulated cooler bags of the present invention comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) an outer shell layer comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an outermost bag surface and an inner bag surface, wherein first and second portions of the outermost bag surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag surface face one another; at least one inner compartment positioned between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, the at least one inner compartment comprising (or consisting essentially of, or consisting of) an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material; first and second intermediate walls positioned on opposite sides of the at least one inner compartment; closure devices operatively adapted to provide access into the at least one inner compartment and first and second wet storage compartments; at least one insulative material between the outermost bag surface and the inner bag surface; and one or more carrying straps, wherein (i) the first intermediate wall and the first portion of the inner bag surface form the first wet storage compartment positioned along one side of the at least one inner compartment, (ii) the second intermediate wall and the second portion of the inner bag surface form the second wet storage compartment positioned along an opposite side of the at least one inner compartment, (iii) each of the first and second intermediate walls comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) vapor and liquid impermeable material, (iv) the inner bag surface comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor and liquid impermeable material, and (v) the vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a continuous film optionally reinforced with fibrous material.
The present invention is further directed to methods of making insulated cooler bags. In one exemplary embodiment, the method of making an insulated cooler bag comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) forming one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material; and configuring the one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material into the insulated cooler bag. The step of forming one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material may comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) one or more steps including, but not limited to, forming an outermost bag layer, forming an inner bag layer, forming an insulative layer to be positioned between the outermost bag layer and the inner bag layer, forming one or more intermediate wall layers, and forming an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material. The step of configuring the one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material into the insulated cooler bag may comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) one or more steps including, but not limited to, assembling an outermost bag layer and an inner bag layer so as to position an insulative layer between the outermost bag layer and the inner bag layer; forming a bag with the configured layers so that first and second portions of the outermost bag layer surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag layer surface face one another; optionally positioning one or more intermediate wall layers between opposing (i.e., facing) first and second portions of the inner bag layer surface of the bag; and positioning at least one inner compartment between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material.
The present invention is even further directed to methods of using insulated cooler bags. In one exemplary embodiment, the method of using an insulated cooler bag comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) providing an insulated cooler bag as disclosed herein to a user. In some exemplary embodiments, the step of providing comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) offering for sale the insulated cooler bag.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESThe present invention is further described with reference to the appended figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a side view of an exemplary insulated cooler bag of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts another side view of the exemplary insulated cooler bag ofFIG. 1 along direction X shown inFIG. 1;
FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of the exemplary insulated cooler bag ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein the exemplary insulated cooler bag has a first internal configuration;
FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of the exemplary insulated cooler bag ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein the exemplary insulated cooler bag has a second internal configuration;
FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of the exemplary insulated cooler bag ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein the exemplary insulated cooler bag has a third internal configuration;
FIG. 6 depicts a top view of the exemplary insulated cooler bag ofFIG. 1 along direction X shown inFIG. 1;
FIG. 7 depicts a view of an exemplary inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material; and
FIG. 8 depicts a view of exemplary first and second intermediate walls, wherein at least a portion of the first and second intermediate walls comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONTo promote an understanding of the principles of the present invention, descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention follow and specific language is used to describe the specific embodiments. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is intended by the use of specific language. Alterations, further modifications, and such further applications of the principles of the present invention discussed are contemplated as would normally occur to one ordinarily skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
The present invention is directed to insulated cooler bags. The present invention is also directed to methods of making insulated cooler bags. The present invention is further directed to methods of using insulated cooler bags.
A description of exemplary insulated cooler bag components is provided below.
I. Insulated Cooler BagsThe insulated cooler bags of the present invention may comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) a number of individual components. A description of individual components and combinations of individual components is provided below.
FIG. 1 depicts a side view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 1, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 comprises anouter shell layer11 comprising anoutermost bag surface12, optional carryingstrap13, optional label (or card insertion area)14, andoptional drain15.
FIG. 2 depicts another side view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 ofFIG. 1 along direction X shown inFIG. 1. As shown inFIG. 2, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 comprisesouter shell layer11 comprising outermost bag surfacefirst portion12, outermost bag surfacesecond portion13 on an opposite side of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10, outermost bag surfacethird portion17 of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 between outermost bag surfacefirst portion12 and outermost bag surfacesecond portion13, and exemplary closure devices (e.g., zippers)16,26 and36 positioned along atop surface18.
FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 has a first internal configuration. In this exemplary embodiment, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 comprisesouter shell layer11 comprising outermost bag surfacefirst portion12; outermost bag surfacesecond portion13 on an opposite side of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10; aninner bag surface20, wherein first andsecond portions22 and23 ofinner bag surface20 face one another; at least oneinner compartment30 positioned between first andsecond portions22 and23 ofinner bag surface20, the at least oneinner compartment30 comprising an innercompartment wall material38, wherein at least a portion of innercompartment wall material38 comprises a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89; and exemplary closure devices (e.g., zippers)16,26 and36 positioned along atop surface18.
In this exemplary embodiment,inner compartment30 comprises a pocket-like configuration positioned between first andsecond portions22 and23 ofinner bag surface20. Afirst portion85 of innercompartment wall material38 andfirst portion22 ofinner bag surface20 form a firstwet storage compartment70 positioned along one side ofinner compartment30, and asecond portion87 of innercompartment wall material38 andsecond portion23 ofinner bag surface20 form a secondwet storage compartment72 positioned along an opposite side ofinner compartment30.
Desirably, at least a portion of closedend52 ofinner compartment30 is positioned above alower portion24 ofinner bag surface20 so thatwet storage compartments70 and72 are in fluid communication with one another as shown inFIG. 3. Although not shown inFIG. 3, a portion of closedend52 may be attached tolower portion24 ofinner bag surface20 to stabilize the position ofinner compartment30 within exemplary insulatedcooler bag10.
FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 has a second internal configuration. In this exemplary embodiment, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 comprisesouter shell layer11 comprising outermost bag surfacefirst portion12; outermost bag surfacesecond portion13 on an opposite side of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10; aninner bag surface20, wherein first andsecond portions22 and23 ofinner bag surface20 face one another; at least oneinner compartment30 positioned between first andsecond portions22 and23 ofinner bag surface20, the at least oneinner compartment30 comprising an innercompartment wall material38, wherein at least a portion of innercompartment wall material38 comprises a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89; and exemplary closure devices (e.g., zippers)16,26 and36 positioned along atop surface18.
In this exemplary embodiment, first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 are positioned on opposite sides ofinner compartment30, wherein firstintermediate wall32 andfirst portion22 ofinner bag surface20 form firstwet storage compartment70 positioned along one side ofinner compartment30, and secondintermediate wall39 andsecond portion23 ofinner bag surface20 form secondwet storage compartment72 positioned along an opposite side ofinner compartment30, wherein each of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 comprise vapor and liquidimpermeable material89.
Desirably, each of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 have an opening therein, positioned above alower portion24 ofinner bag surface20, so thatwet storage compartments70 and72 are in fluid communication with one another (although not shown inFIG. 4).
FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 ofFIG. 1 along line A-A shown inFIG. 1, wherein exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 has a third internal configuration. In this exemplary embodiment, first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 are positioned on opposite sides ofinner compartment30, which is in the form of a pocket positioned between first and secondintermediate walls32 and39, wherein firstintermediate wall32 andfirst portion22 ofinner bag surface20 form firstwet storage compartment70 positioned along one side ofinner compartment30, and secondintermediate wall39 andsecond portion23 ofinner bag surface20 form secondwet storage compartment72 positioned along an opposite side ofinner compartment30. In this exemplary embodiment, each of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 and innercompartment wall material38 at least partially comprise vapor and liquidimpermeable material89.
Desirably, at least a portion of closedend52 ofinner compartment30 is positioned above alower portion24 ofinner bag surface20 and each of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 have an opening therein, positioned above alower portion24 ofinner bag surface20, so thatwet storage compartments70 and72 are in fluid communication with one another (although not shown inFIG. 5). Although not shown inFIG. 5, a portion of closedend52 may be attached tolower portion24 ofinner bag surface20 to stabilize the position ofinner compartment30 within exemplary insulatedcooler bag10.
FIG. 6 depicts a top view of exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 ofFIG. 1 along direction X shown inFIG. 1. As shown inFIG. 6, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 may comprise one or more closure devices including, but not limited to,closure device16 operatively adapted to provide access intoinner compartment30, andclosure devices26 and36 operatively adapted to provide access into first and secondwet storage compartments70 and72. Suitable closure devices may include, but are not limited to, zippers, hook/loop material, snaps, buttons, a ZIP-LOCK™ feature, or any combination thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, each ofclosure devices16,26 and36 comprises a zipper.
In a further exemplary embodiment,closure device16 is operatively adapted to move in a first direction M to provide access into inner compartment30 (i.e., to be in an “open” position), while each ofclosure devices26 and36 is operatively adapted to move in a second direction N, opposite the first direction M, to provide access into first and second wet storage compartments70 and72 (i.e., to be in an “open” position).
In any of the above-mentioned embodiments, innercompartment wall material38 and/or each of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 may comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of) vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89. In some exemplary embodiments, substantially all of innercompartment wall material38 comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89. In other exemplary embodiments, innercompartment wall material38 comprises vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 and further comprises a vapor and liquid impermeable material.FIGS. 7-8 depict various configurations comprising both vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 and a vapor and liquid impermeable material.
As shown inFIG. 7, exemplary innercompartment wall material38 comprises vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 surrounded by a vapor impermeable, liquidimpermeable material98. In this exemplary embodiment, innercompartment wall material38 comprises a continuous vapor and liquidimpermeable material98 having one ormore areas97 therein with each of the one or more areas comprising vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89. In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), innercompartment wall material38 comprises a continuous vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 having one or more areas therein with each of the one or more areas comprising vapor and liquid impermeable material (e.g., a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 in the form of a film or film/fabric laminate with one or more areas coated with a vapor and liquid impermeable material, or a continuous vapor and liquid impermeable material with one or more areas, such as patches, of a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 in the form of a film or film/fabric laminate positioned within openings through the continuous vapor and liquid impermeable material).
FIG. 8 depicts a view of exemplary first and secondintermediate walls32 and39, wherein at least a portion of first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 comprises a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89. As shown inFIG. 8, exemplary first (or second) intermediate wall32 (or39) comprises vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 surrounded by vapor impermeable, liquidimpermeable material98. In this exemplary embodiment, first (or second) intermediate wall32 (or39) comprises a continuous vapor and liquidimpermeable material98 having one ormore areas97 therein with each of the one or more areas comprising vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89. In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), first (or second) intermediate wall32 (or39) comprises a continuous vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 having one or more areas therein with each of the one or more areas comprising vapor and liquid impermeable material (e.g., a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 in the form of a film or film/fabric laminate with one or more areas coated with a vapor and liquid impermeable material, or a continuous vapor and liquid impermeable material with one or more areas, such as patches, of a vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 in the form of a film or film/fabric laminate positioned within openings through the continuous vapor and liquid impermeable material).
In any of the disclosed embodiments, vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 may comprise any vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material in the form of a single layer or a combination of layers. For example, in some embodiments, vapor permeable, liquidimpermeable material89 may comprise a film optionally reinforced with fibrous material. Desirably, the film optionally reinforced with fibrous material comprises a continuous film without any apertures therein.
Suitable vapor permeable, liquid impermeable film materials include, but are not limited to, polyolefins such as polyethylene (such as low density polyethylene) (LDPE), and polypropylene, ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (i.e., diisocyanates and short chain diols) polyamide thermoplastic elastomers a polymer/polymer composite combining polydimethyl siloxane and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in an interpenetrating polymer network (i.e., a film that is a physical blend of two polymers), a copolyester of glycol (1,2-ethanediol) and a mixture of dicarboxylic acids made of the Eastman Company and is known as #14766, or any combination thereof.
As shown inFIGS. 1-2, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 further comprising at least onedrain15.Drain15 comprises adrain opening150 extending thruouter shell layer11 from an outermost bag surface portion toinner bag surface20. The one ormore drains15 anddrain openings150 are operatively adapted to drain firstwet storage compartment70, secondwet storage compartment72, or both firstwet storage compartment70 and secondwet storage compartment72.
Exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 desirably comprisesinner bag surface20, whereininner bag surface20 comprises a vapor and liquid impermeable material. It should be understood that any vapor and liquid impermeable material may be used to forminner bag surface20. Desirably, the vapor and liquid impermeable material provides a soft, deformable surface. Suitable vapor and liquid impermeable materials include, but are not limited to, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
Exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 also desirably comprises at least one insulative material betweenoutermost bag surface11 andinner bag surface20. In addition, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 desirably comprises at least one insulative material within each of the first and secondintermediate walls32 and39 (i.e., in locations other than possible areas of vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material89). Suitable insulative materials include, but are not limited to, air, foam, a cellular layer, fibrous material, or any combination thereof.
As shown inFIGS. 1-2, exemplary insulatedcooler bag10 may further comprise one or more carrying straps13. Typically, the one or more carrying straps13 are each attached tooutermost bag surface11.
In one exemplary embodiment, the insulated cooler bag of the present invention comprises an outer shell layer comprising an outermost bag surface and an inner bag surface, wherein first and second portions of the outermost bag surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag surface face one another; at least one inner compartment positioned between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, the at least one inner compartment comprising an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material; closure devices operatively adapted to provide access into the at least one inner compartment and first and second wet storage compartments; at least one insulative material between the outermost bag surface and the inner bag surface; and one or more carrying straps, wherein: (i) a first portion of the inner compartment wall material and the first portion of the inner bag surface form the first wet storage compartment positioned along one side of the at least one inner compartment, (ii) a second portion of the inner compartment wall material and the second portion of the inner bag surface form the second wet storage compartment positioned along an opposite side of the at least one inner compartment, (iii) the inner bag surface comprises a vapor and liquid impermeable material, and (iv) the vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material comprises a continuous film optionally reinforced with fibrous material.
In another exemplary embodiment, the insulated cooler bag of the present invention comprises an outer shell layer comprising an outermost bag surface and an inner bag surface, wherein first and second portions of the outermost bag surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag surface face one another; at least one inner compartment positioned between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, the at least one inner compartment comprising an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material; first and second intermediate walls positioned on opposite sides of the at least one inner compartment; closure devices operatively adapted to provide access into the at least one inner compartment and first and second wet storage compartments; at least one insulative material between the outermost bag surface and the inner bag surface; and one or more carrying straps, wherein: (i) the first intermediate wall and the first portion of the inner bag surface form the first wet storage compartment positioned along one side of the at least one inner compartment, (ii) the second intermediate wall and the second portion of the inner bag surface form the second wet storage compartment positioned along an opposite side of the at least one inner compartment, (iii) each of the first and second intermediate walls comprise vapor and liquid impermeable material, (iv) the inner bag surface comprises a vapor and liquid impermeable material, and (v) the vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material comprises a continuous film optionally reinforced with fibrous material.
II. Methods of Making Insulated Cooler BagsThe present invention is further directed to methods of making insulating cooler bags. In one exemplary embodiment, the method of making an insulated cooler bag comprises forming one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material; and configuring the one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material into the insulated cooler bag.
In some embodiments, the step of forming one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material may comprise one or more steps including, but not limited to, forming an outermost bag layer, forming an inner bag layer, forming an insulative layer to be positioned between the outermost bag layer and the inner bag layer, forming one or more intermediate wall layers, and forming an inner compartment wall material, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material.
In some embodiments, the step of configuring the one or more layers of insulated cooler bag material into the insulated cooler bag may comprise one or more steps including, but not limited to, assembling an outermost bag layer and an inner bag layer so as to position an insulative layer between the outermost bag layer and the inner bag layer; forming a bag with the configured layers so that first and second portions of the outermost bag layer surface are on opposite sides of the bag, and first and second portions of the inner bag layer surface face one another; optionally positioning one or more intermediate wall layers between opposing (i.e., facing) first and second portions of the inner bag layer surface of the bag; and positioning at least one inner compartment between the first and second portions of the inner bag surface, wherein at least a portion of the inner compartment wall material comprises a vapor permeable, liquid impermeable material.
III. Applications/UsesThe present invention is further directed to methods of using the disclosed insulated cooler bags.
In one exemplary embodiment, the method of using an insulated cooler bag comprises providing an insulated cooler bag as disclosed herein to a user. In some exemplary embodiments, the step of providing comprises offering for sale the insulated cooler bag.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method of using an insulated cooler bag comprises cooling or keeping cool one or more food items (or any other item to be kept cool) positioned within at least one inner compartment of the insulating cooler bag. The method may further comprise incorporating one or more pieces of ice (or other cold-producing materials) within one or more wet storage compartments of the insulated cooler bag; and incorporating the one or more food items (or any other item to be kept cool) into the at least one inner compartment of the insulating cooler bag so as to cool the one or more food items (or any other item to be kept cool).
While the specification has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing, may readily conceive of alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.