US20110103582A1 - System for securing access to data streams - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and an apparatus for protecting digital content, in which an output format for received compressed encrypted digital content is determined based, at least in part, on a rule determining whether clear compressed output format is allowed. When the clear compressed output format is not allowed, the content is received in a form in which it has been encrypted by at least two different encryption methods, and processing of the content comprises a combination of decrypting in accordance with one of the encryption methods and decompression in an atomic operation.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to delivery of digital content, and more particularly to systems for controlling the delivery of digital content based on rules.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The IEEE 1394 high-speed serial bus provides enhanced PC connectivity for consumer electronics audio/video (A/V) appliances, storage peripherals, other PCs, and portable devices, making it possible to transfer content quickly and efficiently around such devices. An industry developed standard, DTCP (5C) copy protection scheme (Digital Transmission Content Protection Specification, Vol. 1, available at www.dtcp.com/info_dtcp_v1.pdf), provides content protection against the unauthorized copying and transmission of digital images and sound. DTCP was developed to encrypt digital content as it moves over an IEEE 1394 interface from pay television systems like cable and satellite. The DTCP scheme supports capabilities such as moving copies from personal video recorders to removable digital tape or disc recordings, and transferring copies among servers located in different places in a home. DTCP technology includes three basic copy control states, designated Copy Freely, Copy One Generation, and Copy Never, any of which can be applied to particular items of content. The DTCP system thus enables generations of control information, where the copy control state of data in a particular location directly affects the next generation copy control state, dependant on the particular copy control in use for the first generation.
• In general, pay television systems, as well as MPEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11)/DVD have been designed to protect content, while controlling the transport stream and delivering clear uncompressed content for display. (DVD specifications are available on the Internet at ecma:ch. Specific specifications include ECMA-267 (97) 120 mm DVD-Read-Only Disk; ECMA-268 (97) 80 mm DVD-Read-Only Disk; and ECMA-272 (99) 120 DVD Rewriteable Disk (DVD-RAM) also published as ISO-IEC 16824).
• Digital data is particularly valuable in its clear compressed format, as clear compressed digital data can easily be transmitted because of its size. Additionally, every copy of clear compressed digital data is identical. End to end content protection has shown the importance of maintaining the data encrypted until it is being used; see, for example, the discussion in NDS marketing white paper XTV Persistent End-to-End Content Protection (30 Jul. 2002 publication number XT-M164).
• When encrypted video has been decrypted, it still cannot be used until it has been decompressed and decoded. However, other data types are used in the format derived by decryption, with no further processing. For example, related but not limited to television programming, interactive data and metadata (for example program titles) typically require no further processing after decryption. As a result, by “pretending” that video data is not video, it may be possible to fool a system into delivering video in clear compressed format. The video data can then be disseminated rapidly, bypassing all content protection and conditional access schemes.
• Throughout the present specification, various encryption algorithms are referred to. Information on the encryption algorithms referred to can be found in Bruce Schneier,Applied Cryptography, second edition, 1996, John Wiley and Sons; and in Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone,A Handbook of Applied Cryptography,1997, CRC Press.
• The disclosures of all references mentioned above and throughout the present specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Given the shortcomings of the prior art as described above, it is desirable to provide a mechanism that controls whether scrambled compressed content can be used: in clear compressed format; or only after decoding.
• The present invention, in preferred embodiments thereof, seeks to provide an improved mechanism whereby additional security features are added to a video processor. Preferably, the additional security features include headend control which explicitly determines whether the content can be output clear compressed or not. The headend control is enforced in preferred embodiments of the present invention by providing content which is protected by additional encryption and by utilizing an additional decryption element that is only accessible when preparing clear uncompressed content.
• The term “headend” is used throughout the present specification and claims to include any hardware and software used to prepare digital data for distribution; such preparation typically includes encrypting, compressing and multiplexing the digital data.
• The term “data” is used throughout the present specification and claims to include one or more of the following: video; audio; teletext; interactive applications; and metadata. Metadata typically includes one or more of the following: program specific information; service information; electronic program guide information; or any other metadata which might be included in a broadcast stream.
• The term “clear” is used throughout the present specification to refer to a state of data which is neither scrambled nor encrypted. For example, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “clear compressed data” refers to compressed data which is neither scrambled nor encrypted.
• The term “render” is used, in all of its grammatical forms, throughout the present specification and claims to refer to any appropriate mechanism or method of making content palpable to one or more of the senses. In particular and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, “render” refers not only to display of video content but also to playback of audio content.
• The term “null compression” is used throughout the present specification and claims to mean not compressed.
• There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a method for protecting digital content including receiving compressed encrypted digital content, determining an output format based, at least in part, on all of the following a user-requested output format, received control information, and a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed, and producing output from the compressed digital content based on a result of the determining, wherein, if the rule does not allow clear compressed output format, the compressed encrypted digital content is provided in a form which prevents production of clear compressed output in the producing step.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the form which prevents production of clear compressed output includes compressed encrypted digital content, additionally encrypted in accordance with a second encryption method, and the producing includes decrypting in accordance with the second encryption method, and decompressing, and the producing includes an atomic operation.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the method includes providing an output-producing hardware device, wherein at least the producing is performed in the hardware device.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the hardware device is characterized by a device profile, and the determining is also based, at least in part, on the device profile.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the determining is also performed in the hardware device.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the hardware device is included in a single integrated circuit.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the integrated circuit is included in a smart card.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the method includes rendering the output sensible to at least one human sense.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the rendering includes at least one of the following: audio rendering; visual rendering; and audio/visual rendering.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the compression includes null compression.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention local scrambling is applied to the content.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention no output is produced.
• There is also provided in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention apparatus for protecting digital content including a digital content receiver receiving compressed encrypted digital content, an output format determination unit determining an output format based, at least in part, on all of the following: a user-requested output format; received control information; and a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed, and a content output unit producing output from the compressed digital content based on a result produced by the output format determination unit, wherein, if the rule does not allow clear compressed output format, the compressed encrypted digital content is provided to the digital content receiver in a form which prevents production of clear compressed output by the content output unit.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the form which prevents production of clear compressed output includes compressed encrypted digital content, additionally encrypted in accordance with a second encryption method, and the content output unit includes a decrypting unit decrypting in accordance with the second encryption method, and decompressing apparatus, and the content output unit produces output in an atomic operation.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the apparatus includes an output-producing hardware device, wherein at least the content output unit is included in the hardware device.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the hardware device is characterized by a device profile, and the output format determination unit determines the output format based, at least in part, on the device profile.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the output format determination unit is also included in the hardware device.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the hardware device is included in a single integrated circuit.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the integrated circuit is included in a smart card.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the apparatus includes a rendering device which renders the output sensible to at least one human sense.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the rendering device includes at least one of the following: an audio rendering device; a visual rendering device; and an audio/visual rendering device.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the compression includes null compression.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention local compression is applied to the content.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention no output is produced.
• There is also provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a digital content receiver (DCR) including: a local scrambling descrambler; a broadcast descrambler receiving an output produced by the local scrambling descrambler; a local scrambler, a combined extra encryption algorithm decryptor and decoder/decompressor (XDDC), and a switch operative to provide an output of the broadcast descrambler to exactly one of the local scrambler and the XDDC, wherein the DCR is operative to receive control information and compressed encrypted digital content, and at least the setting of the switch is determined, at least in part, by the control information, and the DCR is operative to produce an output based on all of the following: the compressed digital content; a user-requested output format; the received control information; and a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed, and if the rule does not allow clear compressed output format, the compressed encrypted digital content is provided to the DCR in a form which prevents production of clear compressed output as the output of the DCR.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the local scrambling descrambler is operative to perform exactly one of the following operations based, at least in part, on the received control information: receive an input and produce an output substantially identical to the received input; and receive an input, and perform descrambling on the received input, thereby producing an output.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the local scrambler is operative to perform exactly one of the following operations based, at least in part, on the received control information receive an input and produce an output substantially identical to the received input, and receive an input and perform local scrambling on the received input, thereby producing an output.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the DCR includes an output-producing hardware device, wherein at least the content output unit is included in the hardware device.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the hardware device is included in a single integrated circuit.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the integrated circuit is included in a smart card.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the DCR includes a rendering device which renders the output sensible to at least one human sense.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the rendering device includes at least one of the following an audio rendering device, a visual rendering device, and an audio/visual rendering device.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the XDDC is operative, based, at least in part, on the received control information, to receive an input, and descramble and decode the received input in an atomic operation, thereby producing an output.
• There is also provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a content-protected personal video recorder (PVR) including a DCR, and a PVR unit including PVR storage media, the PVR unit receiving the output produced by the DCR.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the PVR unit is operative to store the received output on the PVR storage media.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the output produced by the DCR includes locally scrambled output.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the PVR unit is operative to retrieve the stored output from the PVR storage media.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the output retrieved by the PVR includes locally scrambled output.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the DCR performs at least one of the following on the locally scrambled output retrieved by the PVR decryption, and decompression.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the PVR unit is operative to store received XEA encrypted output on the PVR storage media.
• Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the output produced by the DCR includes XEA encrypted output.
• Moreover in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the PVR unit is operative to retrieve the stored XEA encrypted output from the PVR storage media.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the output retrieved by the PVR includes XEA encrypted output.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the DCR performs, as an atomic operation, decryption and decompression on the XEA encrypted output retrieved by the PVR.
• There is also provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a content-protected television system including a DCR, and a television unit, the television unit receiving the output produced by the DCR.
• Further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the television unit includes an analog television unit.
• Still further in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the television unit includes a digital television unit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
• FIG. 1 is a generalized block diagram illustration of a clear compressed content control system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2A is a generalized block diagram illustration of a system for producing scrambled compressed digital content, useful for understanding the operation of the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 2B is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative system for producing scrambled compressed digital content, useful for understanding the operation of the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a generalized block diagram illustration of a preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating an implementation in which output is stored in a PVR;
• FIG. 4 is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating an implementation in which output comprises compressed content;
• FIG. 5 is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating an implementation in which output is displayed on an analog television;
• FIG. 6A is a generalized block diagram illustration of yet another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating an implementation in which output is not useable;
• FIG. 6B is a generalized block diagram illustration of a preferred embodiment of control information, useful for understandingFIG. 6A;
• FIG. 7 is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating an implementation in which output is displayed on a digital television;
• FIG. 8 is a generalized block diagram illustration of yet another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating another implementation in which output is stored in a PVR;
• FIG. 9 is a generalized block diagram illustration of still another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating another implementation in which output is displayed on a digital television;
• FIG. 10 is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating another implementation in which output is displayed on an analog television;
• FIG. 11 is a generalized block diagram illustration of a mode of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which compressed encrypted content is output;
• FIG. 12 is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative mode of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear uncompressed content is output;
• FIG. 13 is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative mode of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear compressed content is output;
• FIG. 14 is a generalized block diagram illustration of an yet another alternative mode of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which no output is to be produced;
• FIG. 15 is a generalized block diagram illustration of an still another alternative mode of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear compressed content is attempted to be output but no output is allowed; and
• FIG. 16 is a simplified flowchart illustration of a preferred method of operation of the system ofFIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• Reference is now made toFIG. 1, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of a clear compressed content control system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• The system ofFIG. 1 comprises a digital content receiver (DCR)5. TheDCR5 is preferably operative to receive scrambled compressed digital content and to produce therefrom one or more types of output in accordance with content control rules, as will be described in more detail below. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that theDCR5 may comprise a single integrated circuit. Persons skilled in the art will further appreciate that the circuit described in this specification need not be embedded in fixed hardware; rather, all or part of the circuit described may be embedded in a removable security element, such as a smart card.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 2A, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of a system for producing scrambled compressed digital content, useful for understanding operation of the system ofFIG. 1. The system ofFIG. 2A is provided by way of example only and is not meant to be limiting.
• In the system illustrated inFIG. 2A,clear content10, typically comprising clear digital content, is input. Acompression device20 compresses theclear content10, using any appropriate compression method, such as MPEG-2 or MPEG-4, as is well known in the art, to produce compressed cleardigital content30.
• The compressed cleardigital content30 is input to abroadcast scrambler40, which, using encryption methods known in the art, produces therefrom scrambled compresseddigital content50. Non-limiting examples of such encryption methods include DVB (refer to standard ETSI EN 301 192), DES, and 3DES (both DES and 3DES are described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 265-301).
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 2B, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative system for producing scrambled compressed digital content, useful for understanding operation of the system ofFIG. 1. The system ofFIG. 2B is provided by way of example only and is not meant to be limiting.
• The system ofFIG. 2B is preferably similar to the system ofFIG. 2A, and additionally comprises apparatus for implementing an “extra” encryption algorithm (XEA). Nonlimiting examples of encryption schemes usable for XEA, which schemes are well known in the art, preferably include Diffie-Hellman (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 513-516) and El-Gamal (refer toApplied Cryptographypgs. 532-533).
• In the system illustrated inFIG. 2B,clear content10, typically comprising clear digital content, is received: Acompression device20 compresses theclear content10, using any appropriate compression method, as is well known in the art, to produce compressed cleardigital content30.
• The compressed cleardigital content30 is received by anXEA scrambler240, which produces therefrom XEA scrambled compresseddigital content230.
• The XEA scrambled compresseddigital content230 is input to thebroadcast scrambler40. Thebroadcast scrambler40 produces therefrom broadcast scrambled XEA scrambled compresseddigital content250 using encryption methods similar to those described above with reference toFIG. 2A.
• Referring back toFIG. 1, theDCR5 preferably comprises the following components, each of which is typically implemented in either hardware, software, or a combination thereof:
• 1. A descrambler, shown inFIG. 1 by way of example only as alocal scrambling descrambler100. It is appreciated that the type ofdescrambler100 provided in the system ofFIG. 1 is chosen to correspond to a type of scrambling used to scramble content intended for theDCR5. Examples of local scrambling would include, but not be limited to, such well known algorithms as AES (FIPS-197, described in csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf), skipjack (FIPS-185, described in csrc.nist.gov/encryption/skipjack/skipjack.pdf), blowfish (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 336-339), RC5 (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 344-346), IDEA (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 319-325), two fish (described on the Internet at www.counterpane.com/twofish.html), DEAL (described on the Internet at www RC6 (described on the Internet at theory.lcs.mit.edu/˜rivest/rc6.ps), serpent (described on the Internet at www.cl.cam.ac.uk/˜rja14/serpent.html), RC4 (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 397-398), and SEAL (described inApplied Cryptography, referred to above, at pp. 398-400).
• 2. Abroadcast descrambler110, which is preferably operatively associated with thelocal scrambling descrambler100. Thebroadcast descrambler110 is preferably operative to receive the output produced by thelocal scrambling descrambler100 and to perform broadcast descrambling thereon.
• 3. Alocal scrambler120, which is preferably operatively associated with thebroadcast descrambler110 via aswitch140. When theswitch140 is set to send output from thebroadcast descrambler110 to thelocal scrambler120, thelocal scrambler120 is preferably operative to receive said output and to perform local scrambling thereon. It is appreciated that, depending on the information in thecontrol information160, thelocal scrambler120 may alternatively take no scrambling action; in such a case thelocal scrambler120 preferably produces output substantially identical to the input received by thelocal scrambler120.
• 4. A combined XEA decryptor and decode/decompressor (XDDC)130, which is also preferably operatively associated with thebroadcast descrambler110 via theswitch140. When theswitch140 is set to send output from thebroadcast descrambler110 to theXDDC130, theXDDC130 is preferably operative to receive said output and to perform both XEA decryption and decoding/decompression thereon.
• The attribute of operations being able to be performed only together, and not separately, is referred to in the present specification and claims as an “atomic operation”.
• For example, decryption and decoding/decompression in theXDDC130 comprise an atomic operation. TheXDDC130 is designed in such a way that theXDDC130 must perform decoding and decompressing together. TheXDDC130 will not perform decoding alone, nor will the XDDC perform decompressing alone. Anti-tamper techniques, which are well known in the art, are preferably used to ensure the integrity of theXDDC130.
• The term “XEA”, as used throughout the present specification and claims refers to any appropriate encryption scheme. Nonlimiting examples of encryption schemes usable for XEA might preferably include Diffie-Hellman and El-Gamal. The key (also referred to herein as a “control word”) for XEA is preferably provided by a conditional access system broadcasting an entitlement control message, as is known in the art. A device (not shown inFIG. 1) such as a set-top box or PVR, in which theDCR5 may preferably be comprised, receives the entitlement control message. Using techniques known in the art, the device (not shown inFIG. 1) derives the control word from the entitlement control message and provides the control word to theDCR5.
• 5. A plurality of switches, shown inFIG. 1 as thefirst switch140 and thesecond switch150 described above. As will be described in more detail below, the plurality of switches preferably also includes other switches (not shown inFIG. 1). Each of the plurality of switches is preferably set in accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5. Thecontrol information160 is preferably determined, at least in part, by an owner or controller (not shown) of digital content (not shown inFIG. 1) sent to theDCR5. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, thecontrol information160 is also preferably determined, at least in part, based on input of a user of theDCR5, requesting to make use of the digital content in a particular way. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, thecontrol information160 is also preferably determined, at least in part, based on receiver policy. Thecontrol information160 and the manner in which the plurality of switches are preferably set are described in more detail below.
• It is appreciated that, depending on the information contained in thecontrol information160 and the scrambling state of the content, each of thelocal scrambling descrambler100; thebroadcast descrambler110; thelocal scrambler120; and theXDDC130 in the system ofFIG. 1 may be either preferably operational or non-operational. For example, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, thelocal scrambling descrambler100 may or may not perform local scrambling descrambling. Another non-limiting example would be that thelocal scrambler120 may or may not perform local scrambling. It is appreciated that if any one or more of thelocal scrambling descrambler100; thebroadcast descrambler110; thelocal scrambler120; and theXDDC130 are non-operational, data input into the non-operational element would be passed substantially unchanged as the output thereof.
• Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that theDCR5 also preferably comprises other components (not shown), which typically comprise conventional components well known in the art of content receivers. Non-limiting examples of such components include tuners, demultiplexers, and digital-to-analog converters.
• The operation of the system ofFIG. 1 is now briefly described.
• Various modes of operation of the system ofFIG. 1 are determined based on thecontrol information160 received by theDCR5. Preferably, upon receiving a new item of digital content, thefirst switch140 is set to 0 and thesecond switch150 is set to 1, preventing any output from being produced by theDCR5; this is intended to guarantee that output based on any particular item of digital content is controlled only on the basis ofcontrol information160 associated with that item of digital content.
• Persons skilled in the art will appreciate, as discussed above, that digital data is particularly valuable in its clear compressed format because a recipient without authorization can easily use clear compressed digital data. Furthermore, digital data in its clear compressed format is easily transmitted. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention, in certain preferred embodiments thereof, to prevent the output of clear compressed content when thecontrol information160 does not permit such output.
• The following discussion, beginning with the description ofFIG. 3 and until the end of the description ofFIG. 10, relates to various implementations of systems comprising the DCR5: Detailed description of theDCR5 resumes with the description ofFIG. 11. InFIGS. 3-10 and in the descriptions ofFIGS. 3-10, in many cases, for ease of depiction and description, details of theDCR5 are omitted.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 3, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of a preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 3, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is received as input by adevice310, comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of such thedevice310 would be a set-top box (STB) or personal video recorder (PVR). In the implementation ofFIG. 3, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 bypasses theDCR5 in order to be output as broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 to storage media (not shown inFIG. 3) comprised in aPVR320. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that thePVR320 may comprise the same unit or may share components with theDCR5, and is shown as a separate unit inFIG. 3 for illustrative purposes only.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 4, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of an alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 4, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambledcontent50 is input into adevice310, comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 4, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambledcontent50 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110, producing compressed cleardigital content30. The compressed cleardigital content30 is output from the system. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the implementation ofFIG. 4 is useful when the broadcast scrambledcontent50 comprises interactive television data and does not comprise valuable video content.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 5, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 5, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thedevice310, comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 5, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled content, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambledcompressed content230.
• The XEA scrambledcompressed content230 is then input into theXDDC130, which, in an atomic operation, producesclear content10. Theclear content10 thus produced is input into ananalog television510 for viewing.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 6A, which is generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 6A, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thedevice310 preferably comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 6B which is a generalized illustration of several elements which are preferably comprised incontrol information160, useful for understandingFIG. 6A.Control information160 preferably comprises: an owner orcontroller usage rule610; adigital receiver policy620; anduser input630.
• In the implementation ofFIG. 6A, at least one element of the owner orcontroller usage rule610, and/or thedigital receiver policy620 prohibit decryption. In the implementation ofFIG. 6A, the user attempts to useuser input630 of thecontrol information160 in order to override the decryption prohibition resulting from the combination of owner orcontroller usage rule610 and thedigital receiver policy620.
• In the implementation ofFIG. 6A, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambledcontent250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambledcompressed content230. In the absence of any further control information, the XEA scrambledcompressed content230 output is not decrypted.
• Lacking decryption, and in the absence of another means of performing XEA decryption, the XEA scrambledcompressed content230 output is rendered effectively useless.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 7, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 7, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thedevice310 comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 7, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambledcompressed content230.
• The XEA scrambledcompressed content230 is input into thelocal scrambler120 which outputs local scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710. The local scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710 is output by thedevice310 and input into adigital television720.
• Within thedigital television720, in accordance with secondgeneration control information860, the local scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710 is input into thelocal scrambling descrambler730, producing XEA scrambledcompressed content230. The XEA scrambledcompressed content230 is input into theXDDC130, which in an atomic operation producesclear content10, suitable for viewing.
• With reference to the secondgeneration control information860, it is appreciated that in all cases where there iscontrol information160 and secondgeneration control information860, theoriginal control information160 is preferably reflected in the secondgeneration control information860. Non-limiting examples of firstgeneration control information160 being reflected in secondgeneration control information860 would be, as discussed above, the DTCP specification basic copy states. A specific non-limiting example of the operation of first and second generation control information would be where firstgeneration control information160 allows copy once; in such a case, the secondgeneration control information860 for the copy would allow no further copying. Another specific non-limiting example would be where the firstgeneration control information160 allows copy freely; the secondgeneration control information860 would also allow copy freely.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 8, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 8, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thedevice310 comprising aDCR5. A non-limiting example of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 8, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110.
• In accordance with thecontrol information160, thebroadcast descrambler110 takes no action. It is appreciated that thebroadcast scrambler110 preferably comprises an internal switch (not shown), which, based on thecontrol information160, is set to take no action. The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thelocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 outputs locally scrambled broadcast scrambled XEA scrambledcompressed content810. The locally scrambled broadcast scrambled XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then output to aPVR820. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that thePVR820 may comprise the same unit or may share components with thedevice310, and is shown as a separate unit inFIG. 8 for illustrative purposes only. Should thePVR820 comprise the same unit as thedevice310, it is appreciated that the locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 would preferably comprise locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content850.
• The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then input into alocal scrambling descrambler830, producing broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250. The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into abroadcast descrambler110.
• In accordance with the secondgeneration control information860, thebroadcast descrambler110 takes no action, and the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thelocal scrambler120. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the secondgeneration control information860 preferably differs from thecontrol information160, as explained above in reference toFIG. 7. Thelocal scrambler120 outputs locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content850. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content850 is then stored on aPVR storage disk840. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content850 preferably differs from the locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 in that a different control word is preferably used in local scrambling.
• With reference to the secondgeneration control information860, it is appreciated that in all cases where there iscontrol information160 and a second generation ofcontrol information860, theoriginal control information160 is preferably reflected in the second generation ofcontrol information860, as described above more fully with reference toFIG. 7.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 9, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 9, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thedevice310 comprising aDCR5. A non-limiting example of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 9, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110.
• In accordance with thecontrol information160, thebroadcast descrambler110 takes no action, and the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thelocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 outputs locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then output to aPVR820. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that thePVR820 may be comprised in thedevice310, or may reside externally thereto, as illustrated inFIG. 9. Should thePVR820 comprise the same unit as the STB orPVR310, it is appreciated that the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambled, compressedencrypted content230. The XEA scrambled, compressedencrypted content230 is then input directly into thelocal scrambler120, producing locally scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710, as described below.
• In accordance with secondgeneration control information860, the locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then input into alocal scrambling descrambler830, producing broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250. The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into abroadcast descrambler110.
• With reference to the secondgeneration control information860, it is appreciated that in all cases where there iscontrol information160 and a second generation ofcontrol information860, theoriginal control information160 is preferably reflected in the second generation ofcontrol information860, as described above more fully with reference toFIG. 7.
• Thebroadcast descrambler110 outputs XEA scrambledcompressed content230, which is input into alocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 produces locally scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710 which is input into adigital television720.
• Within thedigital television720 the locally scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content710 is input into alocal scrambling descrambler730, producing XEAcompressed content230. The XEA compressedcontent230 is input into theXDDC130, which performs an atomic operation producingclear content10 suitable for viewing.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 10, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of another alternative preferred implementation of the system ofFIG. 1. In the system ofFIG. 10, in accordance with receivedcontrol information160, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into adevice310, comprising theDCR5. Non-limiting examples of thedevice310 would be a STB or PVR. In the implementation ofFIG. 10, and based on thecontrol information160, the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thebroadcast descrambler110.
• In accordance with thecontrol information160, thebroadcast descrambler110 takes no action, and the broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input to thelocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 outputs locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then output to aPVR820. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that thePVR820 may comprise the same unit or may share components with thedevice310, and is shown as a separate unit inFIG. 10 for illustrative purposes only.
• In accordance with secondgeneration control information860, the locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content810 is then input into anlocal scrambling descrambler830, producing broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250. The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is input into abroadcast descrambler110.
• With reference to the secondgeneration control information860, it is appreciated that in all cases where there iscontrol information160 and a second generation ofcontrol information860, theoriginal control information160 is preferably reflected in the second generation ofcontrol information860, as described above more fully with reference toFIG. 7.
• Thebroadcast descrambler110 outputs XEA scrambledcompressed content230 which is input into theXDDC130. TheXDDC130 performs an atomic operation outputtingclear content10, suitable for viewing on ananalog television510.
• Referring back toFIG. 1, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the preferred modes of operation of the system ofFIG. 1 comprise the following modes:
• A. Permitted Modes
• The term “permitted modes”, as used herein, refers to modes of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, which are permitted by the owner or controller of the item of digital content received by theDCR5.
• • I. Compressed encrypted content is to be output.
  • II. Clear uncompressed content is to be output.
  • III. Clear compressed content is to be output.
• B. Default Mode, in the Absence of any Control Information
• • IV. No output is to be produced.
• C. Forbidden Mode
• • V. Clear compressed content is attempted to be output, not in accordance with thecontrol information160.
• Preferred modes of operation of the system ofFIG. 1, in accordance with each of modes I-V, are now described in greater detail.
• I. Compressed Encrypted Content is to be Output.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 11, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which compressed encrypted content is output.
• In the mode of operation shown inFIG. 11, locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input to theDCR5. The broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is descrambled by thelocal scrambler descrambler100 producing broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50.
• The broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50 is descrambled by thebroadcast descrambler110, producing compressed cleardigital content30.
• Thefirst switch140 is set in accordance with thecontrol information160 received by theDCR5 to output compressed cleardigital content30 to thelocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 scrambles the compressed cleardigital content30, producing compressed locally scrambledoutput310.
• Thesecond switch150 is set in accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5 to allow output of the compressed locally scrambledoutput310.
• It is appreciated that there exist in the mode of operation shown inFIG. 11 possible alternative inputs to theDCR5. Inputs not depicted include: locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content. In the cases of locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content, in accordance with thecontrol information160, similarly to the case where locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input, the mode of operation shown inFIG. 11 produces compressed locally scrambledoutput310.
• II. Clear Uncompressed Content is to be Output.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 12, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear uncompressed content is to be output.
• In the mode of operation inFIG. 12, locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content270 is input to theDCR5. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content270 is descrambled by thelocal scrambling descrambler100 producing broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250.
• The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content250 is descrambled by thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambledcompressed content230.
• Thefirst switch140 is set in accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5 to output the XEA scrambledcompressed content230 to theXDDC130.
• The XEA scrambledcompressed content230 is XEA decrypted and decompressed by theXDDC130, which performs an atomic operation producing uncompressedclear content10.
• Thesecond switch150 is not relevant to the operation of producing uncompressedclear content10; therefore, the setting of thesecond switch150 is preferably not changed from the default position thereof.
• It is appreciated that there exist in the mode of operation shown inFIG. 12 possible alternative inputs to theDCR5. Inputs not depicted include: locally scrambled XEA scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled XEA scrambled compressed content. In the cases of locally scrambled XEA scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled XEA scrambled compressed content, in accordance with thecontrol information160, similarly to the case where locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambledcompressed content270 is input, the mode of operation shown inFIG. 12 produces uncompressedclear content10.
• III. Clear Compressed Content is to be Output.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 13, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear compressed content is to be output.
• In the mode of operation inFIG. 13, locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input to theDCR5. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is descrambled by thelocal scrambling descrambler100 producing broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50.
• The broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50 is descrambled by thebroadcast descrambler110, producing compressed cleardigital content30.
• Thefirst switch140 is set in accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5 to output compressed cleardigital content30 to thelocal scrambler120. In accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5 and intended for thelocal scrambler120, thelocal scrambler120 does not scramble the compressed cleardigital content30; thelocal scrambler120 preferably passes the received input as its output with no change. It is appreciated that thelocal scrambler120 preferably comprises an internal switch (not shown), which in the present implementation is set to take no action.
• Thesecond switch150 is set in accordance withcontrol information160 received by theDCR5 to allow output of the compressed cleardigital content30.
• It is appreciated that there exist in the mode of operation shown inFIG. 13 possible alternative inputs to theDCR5. Inputs not depicted include: locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content. In the cases of locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content, in accordance with thecontrol information160, similarly to the case where locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input, the mode of operation shown inFIG. 13 produces compressed cleardigital content30.
• IV. No Output is to be Produced.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 14, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which no output is to be produced.
• In the mode of operation inFIG. 14, locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input to theDCR5. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is descrambled by thelocal scrambling descrambler100 producing broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50.
• In the absence ofvalid control information160 the broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50 is not descrambled by thebroadcast descrambler110, and is thus useless. Alternatively, if thecontrol information160 mandates local scrambling, thelocal scrambler120 scrambles the broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent50 producing locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled,compressed content310.
• It is appreciated that there exist in the mode of operation shown inFIG. 14 possible alternative inputs to theDCR5. Inputs not depicted include: locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content. In the case of locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content, in the absence ofvalid control information160, similarly to the case where locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input, the mode of operation shown inFIG. 14 produces no useful output.
• V. Clear Compressed Content is Attempted to be Output, not in Accordance with theControl Information160.
• Reference is now additionally made toFIG. 15, which is a generalized block diagram illustration of the system ofFIG. 1, illustrating a mode in which clear compressed content is attempted to be output, not in accordance with thecontrol information160. It is appreciated thatsubstitute control information1560 is input to theDCR5 by a person attempting to produce output not in accordance withcontrol information160.
• In the mode of operation inFIG. 15, locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambled,compressed content270 is input to theDCR5. The locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambled,compressed content270 is descrambled by thelocal scrambling descrambler100, which outputs broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambled,compressed content250.
• The broadcast scrambled, XEA scrambled,compressed content250 is descrambled by thebroadcast descrambler110, producing XEA scrambled,compressed content230.
• Thefirst switch140 is set in accordance withsubstitute control information1560 received by theDCR5 to output XEA scrambled,compressed content230 to thelocal scrambler120. In accordance with thesubstitute control information1560 received by theDCR5 and directed to thelocal scrambler120, the XEA scrambled,compressed content230 bypasses thelocal scrambler120. Thelocal scrambler120 thereby preferably outputs XEA scrambled,compressed content230. Thesecond switch150, in the presence ofsubstitute control information1560 is set to 0, so that theDCR5 outputs XEA scrambled,compressed content230. However, the XEA scrambled, compressedencrypted content230 is unusable because it bypassed theXDDC130, and the XEA encryption was never removed.
• Thus, the attempt to spoof the system ofFIG. 15 by providingsubstitute control information1560 is rendered futile.
• It is appreciated that there exist in the mode of operation shown inFIG. 15 possible alternative inputs to theDCR5. Inputs not depicted include: locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content. In the case of locally scrambled compressed content and broadcast scrambled compressed content, in accordance with thecontrol information160, similarly to the case where locally scrambled, broadcast scrambled, compressedcontent70 is input, the mode of operation shown inFIG. 15 produces useless compressedencrypted output230.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 16, which is a simplified flowchart illustration of a preferred method of operation of the system ofFIG. 1. The method ofFIG. 16 preferably comprises the following steps:
• Compressed digital content is received (step810). If the rule referred to below instep820 does not allow a clear compressed output format, the compressed encrypted digital content is provided in a form which prevents production of clear compressed output as explained below instep830. For example, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, if the rule does not allow clear compressed output, the compressed encrypted digital content is provided as XEA encrypted content, as described above in reference toFIG. 15.
• An output format for the compressed digital content is determined, the output format being based, at least in part, on all of the following: a user-requested output format; received control information; and a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed (step820).
• Output is produced from the compressed digital content based on a result of step820 (step830). If the control information that does not permit clear compressed output has been replaced by unauthorized control information that permits clear compressed output, then the result of attempting to produce clear compressed will not be usable, as described above with reference toFIG. 15.
• It is appreciated that various features of the invention which are, for clarity, described in the contexts of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.
• It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the invention is defined only by the claims which follow:

Claims (21)

1-47. (canceled)

48. A method for protecting digital content, the method comprising:

receiving compressed encrypted digital content;

determining an output format based, at least in part, on a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed; and

processing the compressed encrypted digital content so that any output produced will conform with the determined output format;

wherein, when the rule does not allow the clear compressed output format, (a) the compressed encrypted digital content is received in a form in which the compressed encrypted digital content has been encrypted by at least a first encryption method and a second encryption method, and (b) the processing step comprises a combination of decrypting in accordance with the second encryption method and decompressing, the decrypting and decompressing combination being an atomic operation so that the decrypting and decompressing can be performed only together and cannot be performed separately.

49. The method according toclaim 48, wherein the processing step is performed in a hardware device.

50. The method according toclaim 49,

wherein the hardware device is characterized by a device profile; and

wherein the determined output format is based, in part, on the device profile.

51. The method according toclaim 49, wherein the determining step is performed in the hardware device.

52. The method according toclaim 49, wherein a single integrated circuit comprises the hardware device.

53. The method according toclaim 52, wherein a smart card comprises the single integrated circuit.

54. The method according toclaim 48, further comprising:

rendering an output sensible to at least one human sense.

55. The method according toclaim 54, wherein the rendering comprises at least one of the following: audio rendering; visual rendering; and audio/visual rendering.

56. The method according toclaim 48, further comprising:

applying local scrambling to the content.

57. The method according toclaim 48, wherein the determined output format is based, in part, on a digital content owner/controller usage rule, the digital content owner/controller usage rule comprising a copy control state selected from a group consisting of: (a) Copy Freely; (b) Copy One Generation; and (c) Copy Never.

58. An apparatus for protecting digital content, the apparatus comprising:

a digital content receiver for receiving compressed encrypted digital content;

an output format determination unit for determining an output format based, at least in part, on a rule determining whether a clear compressed output format is allowed; and

a processor for processing the compressed encrypted digital content so that any output produced will conform with the determined output format;

wherein, when the rule does not allow the clear compressed output format, (a) the compressed encrypted digital content is received in a form, in which the compressed encrypted digital content has been encrypted by at least a first encryption method and a second encryption method, and (b) the processing comprises a combination of decrypting in accordance with the second encryption method and decompressing, the decrypting and decompressing combination being an atomic operation so that the decrypting and decompressing can be performed only together and cannot be performed separately.

59. The apparatus according toclaim 58, further comprising:

a hardware device;

wherein the hardware device comprises the processor.

60. The apparatus according toclaim 59,

wherein the hardware device is characterized by a device profile, and

wherein the determined output format is based, in part, on the device profile.

61. The apparatus according toclaim 59, wherein the hardware device further comprises the output format determination unit.

62. The apparatus according toclaim 59, wherein a single integrated circuit comprises the hardware device.

63. The apparatus according toclaim 62, wherein a smart card comprises the single integrated circuit.

64. The apparatus according toclaim 58, further comprising: a rendering device for rendering an output sensible to at least one human sense.

65. The apparatus according toclaim 64, wherein the rendering device comprises at least one of the following: an audio rendering device; a visual rendering device; and an audio/visual rendering device.

66. The apparatus according toclaim 58, further comprising: a local scrambler for applying local scrambling to the content.

67. The apparatus according toclaim 58 wherein the determined output format is based, in part, on a digital content owner/controller usage rule, the digital content owner/controller usage rule comprising a copy control state selected from a group consisting of: (a) Copy Freely; (b) Copy One Generation; and (c) Copy Never.

Images