US20110001356A1 - Systems and methods for electric vehicle grid stabilization - Google Patents

Abstract

A system and methods that enables power flow management using AGC commands to control power resources. Power regulation can be apportioned to the power resources. An AGC command requesting an apportioned amount of the power regulation may be transmitted to a power resource. The power flow manager can determine a power regulation range for a power resource, and transmit an AGC command based on the power regulation range. In addition, a power flow management system can detect a change in an intermittent power flow and implement a power flow strategy in response to the change in the intermittent power flow. The power flow strategy may be a smoothing strategy or a leveling strategy.

Description

• This non-provisional patent application claims priority to, and incorporates herein by reference, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/165,344 filed on Mar. 31, 2009. This application also incorporates herein by reference the following: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,657 filed Oct. 16, 2008; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,209 filed Oct. 15, 2008; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,803 filed Oct. 16, 2008; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/252,950 filed Oct. 16, 2008.
• This application includes material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates in general to the field of electric vehicles, and in particular to novel systems and methods for power flow management and electrical grid stabilization for electric vehicles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The electric power grid has become increasingly unreliable and antiquated, as evidenced by frequent large-scale power outages. Grid instability wastes energy, both directly and indirectly, e.g. by encouraging power consumers to install inefficient forms of backup generation. While clean forms of energy generation, such as wind and solar, can help to address the above problems, they suffer from intermittency. Hence, grid operators are reluctant to rely heavily on these sources, making it difficult to move away from carbon-intensive forms of electricity.
• With respect to the electric power grid, electric power delivered during periods of peak demand costs substantially more than off-peak power. The electric power grid contains limited inherent facility for storing electrical energy. Electricity must be generated constantly to meet uncertain demand, which often results in over-generation (and hence wasted energy) and sometimes results in under-generation (and hence power failures). The communications protocol by which an utility controls a power plant in regulation mode is known as Automatic Generation Control, or AGC. AGC signals have been sent to large scale conventional power plants, generally with a capacity of 1 Megawatt or more.
• Significant opportunities for improvement exist in managing power flow and stabilizing electrical grids. More economical, reliable electrical power needs to be provided at times of peak demand. Power services, such as regulation and spinning reserves, can be provided to electricity markets to stabilize the grid and provide a significant economic opportunity. Technologies can be enabled to provide broader use of intermittent power sources, such as wind and solar. Novel grid stabilization systems and methods are needed that aggregate the power generation behavior of resources via Automatic Generation Control (AGC), that provide system frequency regulation via AGC, and that smooth and level power generation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In an embodiment, a method for managing power flow includes controlling power resources via Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands. The AGC commands are transmitted by a power flow manager to the power resources. The AGC commands request power regulation. The method includes apportioning the power regulation to the power resources based on an apportionment scheme. In addition, the method may include transmitting an AGC command to a power resource, wherein the AGC command requests an apportioned amount of the power regulation from the power resource.
• The apportionment scheme may relate to various factors, including: power range of each power resource; power range of some power resources; minimization of communications to the power resources; fairness to the power resources; maximization future abilities to provide power services by the power resources; and/or, preferences or requirements of the power resources.
• In another embodiment, the method for managing power flow also includes controlling a plurality of power resources via Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands. The AGC commands are transmitted by a power flow manager to power resources, and the AGC commands request power regulation. Further, the method determines a power regulation range for a power resource, and transmits an AGC command to the power resource. The AGC command is based on the power regulation range for the power resource.
• In yet another embodiment, a method for managing power flow may include detecting a change in an intermittent power flow. Accordingly, a power flow manager detects the change in the intermittent power flow. The power flow manager also coordinates power resources to respond to the change in the intermittent power flow by implementing a power flow strategy. The power flow strategy may be a smoothing strategy or a leveling strategy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating principles of the invention.
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a power aggregation system.
• FIGS. 2A-2B are diagrams of an example of connections between an electric vehicle, the power grid, and the Internet.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example of connections between an electric resource and a flow control server of the power aggregation system.
• FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of a layout of the power aggregation system.
• FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example of control areas in the power aggregation system.
• FIG. 6 is a diagram of multiple flow control centers in the power aggregation system and a directory server for determining a flow control center.
• FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of flow control server.
• FIG. 8A is a block diagram of an example of remote intelligent power flow module.
• FIG. 8B is a block diagram of an example of transceiver and charging component combination.
• FIG. 8C is an illustration of an example of simple user interface for facilitating user controlled charging.
• FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example of resource communication protocol.
• FIG. 10 is a flow chart of an example for AGC virtualization.
• FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an example for AGC for resources beyond generation.
• FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an example of smoothing and leveling intermittent generation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
• Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
• Overview
• Described herein is a power aggregation system for distributed electric resources, and associated methods. In one implementation, a system communicates over the Internet and/or some other public or private networks with numerous individual electric resources connected to a power grid (hereinafter, “grid”). By communicating, the system can dynamically aggregate these electric resources to provide power services to grid operators (e.g. utilities, Independent System Operators (ISO), etc).
• “Power services” as used herein, refers to energy delivery as well as other ancillary services including demand response, regulation, spinning reserves, non-spinning reserves, energy imbalance, reactive power, and similar products.
• “Aggregation” as used herein refers to the ability to control power flows into and out of a set of spatially distributed electric resources with the purpose of providing a power service of larger magnitude.
• “Charge Control Management” as used herein refers to enabling or performing the starting, stopping, or level-setting of a flow of power between a power grid and an electric resource.
• “Power grid operator” as used herein, refers to the entity that is responsible for maintaining the operation and stability of the power grid within or across an electric control area. The power grid operator may constitute some combination of manual/human action/intervention and automated processes controlling generation signals in response to system sensors. A “control area operator” is one example of a power grid operator.
• “Control area” as used herein, refers to a contained portion of the electrical grid with defined input and output ports. The net flow of power into this area must equal (within some error tolerance) the sum of the power consumption within the area and power outflow from the area.
• “Power grid” as used herein means a power distribution system/network that connects producers of power with consumers of power. The network may include generators, transformers, interconnects, switching stations, and safety equipment as part of either/both the transmission system (i.e., bulk power) or the distribution system (i.e. retail power). The power aggregation system is vertically scalable for use within a neighborhood, a city, a sector, a control area, or (for example) one of the eight large-scale Interconnects in the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Moreover, the system is horizontally scalable for use in providing power services to multiple grid areas simultaneously.
• “Grid conditions” as used herein, refers to the need for more or less power flowing in or out of a section of the electric power grid, in response to one of a number of conditions, for example supply changes, demand changes, contingencies and failures, ramping events, etc. These grid conditions typically manifest themselves as power quality events such as under- or over-voltage events or under- or over-frequency events.
• “Power quality events” as used herein typically refers to manifestations of power grid instability including voltage deviations and frequency deviations; additionally, power quality events as used herein also includes other disturbances in the quality of the power delivered by the power grid such as sub-cycle voltage spikes and harmonics.
• “Electric resource” as used herein typically refers to electrical entities that can be commanded to do some or all of these three things: take power (act as load), provide power (act as power generation or source), and store energy. Examples may include battery/charger/inverter systems for electric or hybrid-electric vehicles, repositories of used-but-serviceable electric vehicle batteries, fixed energy storage, fuel cell generators, emergency generators, controllable loads, etc.
• “Electric vehicle” is used broadly herein to refer to pure electric and hybrid electric vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), especially vehicles that have significant storage battery capacity and that connect to the power grid for recharging the battery. More specifically, electric vehicle means a vehicle that gets some or all of its energy for motion and other purposes from the power grid. Moreover, an electric vehicle has an energy storage system, which may consist of batteries, capacitors, etc., or some combination thereof. An electric vehicle may or may not have the capability to provide power back to the electric grid.
• Electric vehicle “energy storage systems” (batteries, super capacitors, and/or other energy storage devices) are used herein as a representative example of electric resources intermittently or permanently connected to the grid that can have dynamic input and output of power. Such batteries can function as a power source or a power load. A collection of aggregated electric vehicle batteries can become a statistically stable resource across numerous batteries, despite recognizable tidal connection trends (e.g., an increase in the total number of vehicles connected to the grid at night; a downswing in the collective number of connected batteries as the morning commute begins, etc.) Across vast numbers of electric vehicle batteries, connection trends are predictable and such batteries become a stable and reliable resource to call upon, should the grid or a part of the grid (such as a person's home in a blackout) experience a need for increased or decreased power. Data collection and storage also enable the power aggregation system to predict connection behavior on a per-user basis.
• An Example of the Presently Disclosed System
• FIG. 1 shows apower aggregation system100. Aflow control center102 is communicatively coupled with a network, such as a public/private mix that includes theInternet104, and includes one ormore servers106 providing a centralized power aggregation service. “Internet”104 will be used herein as representative of many different types of communicative networks and network mixtures (e.g., one or more wide area networks—public or private—and/or one or more local area networks). Via a network, such as theInternet104, theflow control center102 maintainscommunication108 with operators of power grid(s), andcommunication110 with remote resources, i.e., communication with peripheral electric resources112 (“end” or “terminal” nodes/devices of a power network) that are connected to thepower grid114. In one implementation, power line communicators (PLCs), such as those that include or consist of Ethernet-over-power line bridges120 are implemented at connection locations so that the “last mile” (in this case, last feet—e.g., in a residence124) of Internet communication with remote resources is implemented over the same wire that connects eachelectric resource112 to thepower grid114. Thus, each physical location of eachelectric resource112 may be associated with a corresponding Ethernet-over-power line bridge120 (hereinafter, “bridge”) at or near the same location as theelectric resource112. Eachbridge120 is typically connected to an Internet access point of a location owner, as will be described in greater detail below. The communication medium fromflow control center102 to the connection location, such asresidence124, can take many forms, such as cable modem, DSL, satellite, fiber, WiMax, etc. In a variation,electric resources112 may connect with the Internet by a different medium than the same power wire that connects them to thepower grid114. For example, a givenelectric resource112 may have its own wireless capability to connect directly with theInternet104 or an Internet access point and thereby with theflow control center102.
• Electric resources112 of thepower aggregation system100 may include the batteries of electric vehicles connected to thepower grid114 atresidences124,parking lots126 etc.; batteries in arepository128, fuel cell generators, private dams, conventional power plants, and other resources that produce electricity and/or store electricity physically or electrically.
• In one implementation, each participatingelectric resource112 or group of local resources has a corresponding remote intelligent power flow (IPF) module134 (hereinafter, “remote IPF module”134). The centralizedflow control center102 administers thepower aggregation system100 by communicating with theremote IPF modules134 distributed peripherally among theelectric resources112. Theremote IPF modules134 perform several different functions, including, but not limited to, providing theflow control center102 with the statuses of remote resources; controlling the amount, direction, and timing of power being transferred into or out of a remoteelectric resource112; providing metering of power being transferred into or out of a remoteelectric resource112; providing safety measures during power transfer and changes of conditions in thepower grid114; logging activities; and providing self-contained control of power transfer and safety measures when communication with theflow control center102 is interrupted. Theremote IPF modules134 will be described in greater detail below.
• In another implementation, instead of having anIPF module134, eachelectric resource112 may have a corresponding transceiver (not shown) to communicate with a local charging component (not shown). The transceiver and charging component, in combination, may communicate withflow control center102 to perform some or all of the above mentioned functions ofIPF module134. A transceiver and charging component are shown inFIG. 2B and are described in greater detail herein.
• FIG. 2A shows another view of electrical and communicative connections to anelectric resource112. In this example, anelectric vehicle200 includes abattery bank202 and aremote IPF module134. Theelectric vehicle200 may connect to a conventional wall receptacle (wall outlet)204 of aresidence124, thewall receptacle204 representing the peripheral edge of thepower grid114 connected via aresidential powerline206.
• In one implementation, thepower cord208 between theelectric vehicle200 and thewall outlet204 can be composed of only conventional wire and insulation for conducting alternating current (AC) power to and from theelectric vehicle200. InFIG. 2A, a location-specificconnection locality module210 performs the function of network access point—in this case, the Internet access point. Abridge120 intervenes between thereceptacle204 and the network access point so that thepower cord208 can also carry network communications between theelectric vehicle200 and thereceptacle204. With such abridge120 andconnection locality module210 in place in a connection location, no other special wiring or physical medium is needed to communicate with theremote IPF module134 of theelectric vehicle200 other than aconventional power cord208 for providing residential line current at any conventional voltage. Upstream of theconnection locality module210, power and communication with theelectric vehicle200 are resolved into thepowerline206 and anInternet cable104.
• Alternatively, thepower cord208 may include safety features not found in conventional power and extension cords. For example, anelectrical plug212 of thepower cord208 may include electrical and/or mechanical safeguard components to prevent theremote IPF module134 from electrifying or exposing the male conductors of thepower cord208 when the conductors are exposed to a human user.
• In some embodiments, a radio frequency (RF) bridge (not shown) may assist theremote IPF module134 in communicating with a foreign system, such as a utility smart meter (not shown) and/or aconnection locality module210. For example, theremote IPF module134 may be equipped to communicate overpower cord208 or to engage in some form of RF communication, such as Zigbee or Bluetooth.TM., and the foreign system may be able to engage in a different form of RF communication. In such an implementation, the RF bridge may be equipped to communicate with both the foreign system andremote IPF module134 and to translate communications from one to a form the other may understand, and to relay those messages. In various embodiments, the RF bridge may be integrated into theremote IPF module134 or foreign system, or may be external to both. The communicative associations between the RF bridge andremote IPF module134 and between the RF bridge and foreign system may be via wired or wireless communication.
• FIG. 2B shows a further view of electrical and communicative connections to anelectric resource112. In this example, theelectric vehicle200 may include atransceiver212 rather than aremote IPF module134. Thetransceiver212 may be communicatively coupled to acharging component214 through aconnection216, and the charging component itself may be coupled to a conventional wall receptacle (wall outlet)204 of aresidence124 and toelectric vehicle200 through apower cord208. The other components shown inFIG. 2B may have the couplings and functions discussed with regard toFIG. 2A.
• In various embodiments,transceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 may, in combination, perform the same functions as theremote IPF module134.Transceiver212 may interface with computer systems ofelectric vehicle200 and communicate with chargingcomponent214, providingcharging component214 with information aboutelectric vehicle200, such as its vehicle identifier, a location identifier, and a state of charge. In response,transceiver212 may receive requests and commands which transceiver212 may relay tovehicle200's computer systems.
• Charging component214, being coupled to bothelectric vehicle200 andwall outlet204, may effectuate charge control of theelectric vehicle200. If theelectric vehicle200 is not capable of charge control management, chargingcomponent214 may directly manage the charging ofelectric vehicle200 by stopping and starting a flow of power between theelectric vehicle200 and apower grid114 in response to commands received from aflow control server106. If, on the other hand, theelectric vehicle200 is capable of charge control management, chargingcomponent214 may effectuate charge control by sending commands to theelectric vehicle200 through thetransceiver212.
• In some embodiments, thetransceiver212 may be physically coupled to theelectric vehicle200 through a data port, such as an OBD-II connector. In other embodiments, other couplings may be used. Theconnection216 betweentransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 may be a wireless signal, such as a radio frequency (RF), such as a Zigbee, or Bluetooth.TM. signal. And chargingcomponent214 may include a receiver socket to couple withpower cord208 and a plug to couple withwall outlet204. In one embodiment, chargingcomponent214 may be coupled toconnection locality module210 in either a wired or wireless fashion. For example, chargingcomponent214 might have a data interface for communicating wirelessly with both thetransceiver212 andlocality module210. In such an embodiment, thebridge120 may not be required.
• Further details about thetransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 are illustrated byFIG. 8B and described in greater detail herein.
• FIG. 3 shows another implementation of theconnection locality module210 ofFIG. 2, in greater detail. InFIG. 3, anelectric resource112 has an associatedremote IPF module134, including abridge120. Thepower cord208 connects theelectric resource112 to thepower grid114 and also to theconnection locality module210 in order to communicate with theflow control server106.
• Theconnection locality module210 includes another instance of abridge120, connected to anetwork access point302, which may include such components as a router, switch, and/or modem, to establish a hardwired or wireless connection with, in this case, theInternet104. In one implementation, thepower cord208 between the twobridges120 and120′ is replaced by a wireless Internet link, such as a wireless transceiver in theremote IPF module134 and a wireless router in theconnection locality module210.
• In other embodiments, atransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 may be used instead of aremote IPF module134. In such an embodiment, thecharging component214 may include or be coupled to abridge120, and theconnection locality module210 may also include abridge120′, as shown. In yet other embodiments, not shown, chargingcomponent214 andconnection locality module210 may communicate in a wired or wireless fashion, as mentioned previously, withoutbridges120 and120′. The wired or wireless communication may utilize any sort of connection technology known in the art, such as Ethernet or RF communication, such as Zigbee, or Bluetooth.
• System Layouts
• FIG. 4 shows alayout400 of thepower aggregation system100. Theflow control center102 can be connected to many different entities, e.g., via theInternet104, for communicating and receiving information. Thelayout400 includeselectric resources112, such as plug-inelectric vehicles200, physically connected to the grid within asingle control area402. Theelectric resources112 become an energy resource forgrid operators404 to utilize.
• Thelayout400 also includesend users406 classified intoelectric resource owners408 and electricalconnection location owners410, who may or may not be one and the same. In fact, the stakeholders in apower aggregation system100 include the system operator at theflow control center102, thegrid operator404, theresource owner408, and the owner of thelocation410 at which theelectric resource112 is connected to thepower grid114.
• Electricalconnection location owners410 can include:
• Rental car lots—rental car companies often have a large portion of their fleet parked in the lot. They can purchase fleets ofelectric vehicles200 and, participating in apower aggregation system100, generate revenue from idle fleet vehicles.
• Public parking lots—parking lot owners can participate in thepower aggregation system100 to generate revenue from parkedelectric vehicles200. Vehicle owners can be offered free parking, or additional incentives, in exchange for providing power services.
• Workplace parking—employers can participate in apower aggregation system100 to generate revenue from parked employeeelectric vehicles200. Employees can be offered incentives in exchange for providing power services.
• Residences—a home garage can merely be equipped with aconnection locality module210 to enable the homeowner to participate in thepower aggregation system100 and generate revenue from a parked car. Also, thevehicle battery202 and associated power electronics within the vehicle can provide local power backup power during times of peak load or power outages.
• Residential neighborhoods—neighborhoods can participate in apower aggregation system100 and be equipped with power-delivery devices (deployed, for example, by homeowner cooperative groups) that generate revenue from parkedelectric vehicles200.
• Thegrid operations116 ofFIG. 4 collectively include interactions withenergy markets412, the interactions ofgrid operators404, and the interactions ofautomated grid controllers118 that perform automatic physical control of thepower grid114.
• Theflow control center102 may also be coupled withinformation sources414 for input of weather reports, events, price feeds, etc.Other data sources414 include the system stakeholders, public databases, and historical system data, which may be used to optimize system performance and to satisfy constraints on thepower aggregation system100.
• Thus, apower aggregation system100 may consist of components that:
• • communicate with theelectric resources112 to gather data and actuate charging/discharging of theelectric resources112;
  • gather real-time energy prices;
  • gather real-time resource statistics;
  • predict behavior of electric resources112 (connectedness, location, state (such as battery State-Of-Charge) at a given time of interest, such as a time of connect/disconnect);
  • predict behavior of thepower grid114/load;
  • encrypt communications for privacy and data security;
  • actuate charging ofelectric vehicles200 to optimize some figure(s) of merit;
  • offer guidelines or guarantees about load availability for various points in the future, etc.
• These components can be running on a single computing resource (computer, etc.), or on a distributed set of resources (either physically co-located or not).
• Power aggregation systems100 in such alayout400 can provide many benefits: for example, lower-cost ancillary services (i.e., power services), fine-grained (both temporal and spatial) control over resource scheduling, guaranteed reliability and service levels, increased service levels via intelligent resource scheduling, and/or firming of intermittent generation sources such as wind and solar power generation.
• Thepower aggregation system100 enables agrid operator404 to control the aggregatedelectric resources112 connected to thepower grid114. Anelectric resource112 can act as a power source, load, or storage, and theresource112 may exhibit combinations of these properties. Control of a set ofelectric resources112 is the ability to actuate power consumption, generation, or energy storage from an aggregate of theseelectric resources112.
• FIG. 5 shows the role ofmultiple control areas402 in thepower aggregation system100. Eachelectric resource112 can be connected to thepower aggregation system100 within a specific electrical control area. A single instance of theflow control center102 can administerelectric resources112 from multiple distinct control areas501 (e.g.,control areas502,504, and506). In one implementation, this functionality is achieved by logically partitioning resources within thepower aggregation system100. For example, when thecontrol areas402 include an arbitrary number of control areas, control area “A”502, control area “B”504, . . . , control area “n”506, thengrid operations116 can include correspondingcontrol area operators508,510, . . . , and512. Further division into a control hierarchy that includes control division groupings above and below the illustratedcontrol areas402 allows thepower aggregation system100 to scale topower grids114 of different magnitudes and/or to varying numbers ofelectric resources112 connected with apower grid114.
• FIG. 6 shows alayout600 of apower aggregation system100 that uses multiple centralized flow control centers102 and102′ and adirectory server602 for determining a flow control center. Eachflow control center102 and102′ has its ownrespective end users406 and406′.Control areas402 to be administered by each specific instance of aflow control center102 can be assigned dynamically. For example, a firstflow control center102 may administercontrol area A502 andcontrol area B504, while a secondflow control center102′ administerscontrol area n506. Likewise, corresponding control area operators (508,510, and512) are served by the sameflow control center102 that serves their respective different control areas.
• In various embodiments, an electric resource may determine which flowcontrol center102/102′ administers itscontrol area502/504/506 by communicating with adirectory server602. The address of thedirectory server602 may be known toelectric resource112 or its associatedIPF module134 or chargingcomponent214. Upon plugging in, theelectric resource112 may communicate with thedirectory server602, providing thedirectory server112 with a resource identifier and/or a location identifier. Based on this information, thedirectory server602 may respond, identifying whichflow control center102/102′ to use.
• In another embodiment,directory server602 may be integrated with aflow control server106 of aflow control center102/102′. In such an embodiment, theelectric resource112 may contact theserver106. In response, theserver106 may either interact with theelectric resource112 itself or forward the connection to anotherflow control center102/102′ responsible for the location identifier provided by theelectric resource112.
• In some embodiments, whether integrated with aflow control server106 or not,directory server602 may include a publicly accessible database for mapping locations to flow control centers102/102′.
• Flow Control Server
• FIG. 7 shows aserver106 of theflow control center102. The illustrated implementation inFIG. 7 is only one example configuration, for descriptive purposes. Many other arrangements of the illustrated components or even different components constituting aserver106 of theflow control center102 are possible within the scope of the subject matter. Such aserver106 and flowcontrol center102 can be executed in hardware, software, or combinations of hardware, software, firmware, etc.
• Theflow control server106 includes aconnection manager702 to communicate withelectric resources112, aprediction engine704 that may include alearning engine706 and astatistics engine708, aconstraint optimizer710, and agrid interaction manager712 to receive grid control signals714. Grid control signals714 are sometimes referred to as generation control signals, such as automated generation control (AGC) signals. Theflow control server106 may further include a database/information warehouse716, aweb server718 to present a user interface toelectric resource owners408,grid operators404, and electricalconnection location owners410; acontract manager720 to negotiate contract terms withenergy markets412, and aninformation acquisition engine414 to track weather, relevant news events, etc., and download information from public andprivate databases722 for predicting behavior of large groups of theelectric resources112, monitoring energy prices, negotiating contracts, etc.
• Remote IPF Module
• FIG. 8A shows theremote IPF module134 ofFIGS. 1 and 2 in greater detail. The illustratedremote IPF module134 is only one example configuration, for descriptive purposes. Many other arrangements of the illustrated components or even different components constituting aremote IPF module134 are possible within the scope of the subject matter. Such aremote IPF module134 has some hardware components and some components that can be executed in hardware, software, or combinations of hardware, software, firmware, etc. In other embodiments, executable instructions configured to perform some or all of the operations ofremote IPF module134 may be added to hardware of anelectric resource112 such as an electric vehicle that, when combined with the executable instructions, provides equivalent functionality toremote IPF module134. References toremote IPF module134 as used herein include such executable instructions.
• The illustrated example of aremote IPF module134 is represented by an implementation suited for anelectric vehicle200. Thus, somevehicle systems800 are included as part of theremote IPF module134 for the sake of description. However, in other implementations, theremote IPF module134 may exclude some or all of thevehicles systems800 from being counted as components of theremote IPF module134.
• The depictedvehicle systems800 include a vehicle computer anddata interface802, an energy storage system, such as abattery bank202, and an inverter/charger804. Besidesvehicle systems800, theremote IPF module134 also includes a communicative power flow controller806. The communicative power flow controller806 in turn includes some components that interface with AC power from thegrid114, such as a powerline communicator, for example an Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120, and a current or current/voltage (power)sensor808, such as a current sensing transformer.
• The communicative power flow controller806 also includes Ethernet and information processing components, such as aprocessor810 or microcontroller and an associated Ethernet media access control (MAC)address812; volatilerandom access memory814,nonvolatile memory816 or data storage, an interface such as an RS-232interface818 or aCANbus interface820; an Ethernetphysical layer interface822, which enables wiring and signaling according to Ethernet standards for the physical layer through means of network access at the MAC/Data Link Layer and a common addressing format. The Ethernetphysical layer interface822 provides electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium—i.e., in one implementation, using the Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120. In a variation, wireless or other communication channels with theInternet104 are used in place of the Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120.
• The communicative power flow controller806 also includes a bidirectionalpower flow meter824 that tracks power transfer to and from eachelectric resource112, in this case thebattery bank202 of anelectric vehicle200.
• The communicative power flow controller806 operates either within, or connected to anelectric vehicle200 or otherelectric resource112 to enable the aggregation ofelectric resources112 introduced above (e.g., via a wired or wireless communication interface). These above-listed components may vary among different implementations of the communicative power flow controller806, but implementations typically include:
• • an intra-vehicle communications mechanism that enables communication with other vehicle components;
  • a mechanism to communicate with theflow control center102;
  • a processing element;
  • a data storage element;
  • a power meter; and
  • optionally, a user interface.
• Implementations of the communicative power flow controller806 can enable functionality including:
• • executing pre-programmed or learned behaviors when theelectric resource112 is offline (not connected toInternet104, or service is unavailable);
  • storing locally-cached behavior profiles for “roaming” connectivity (what to do when charging on a foreign system, i.e., when charging in the same utility territory on a foreign meter or in a separate utility territory, or in disconnected operation, i.e., when there is no network connectivity);
  • allowing the user to override current system behavior; and
  • metering power-flow information and caching meter data during offline operation for later transaction.
• Thus, the communicative power flow controller806 includes acentral processor810,interfaces818 and820 for communication within theelectric vehicle200, a powerline communicator, such as an Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120 for communication external to theelectric vehicle200, and apower flow meter824 for measuring energy flow to and from theelectric vehicle200 via aconnected AC powerline208.
• Power Flow Meter
• Power is the rate of energy consumption per interval of time. Power indicates the quantity of energy transferred during a certain period of time, thus the units of power are quantities of energy per unit of time. Thepower flow meter824 measures power for a givenelectric resource112 across a bidirectional flow—e.g., power fromgrid114 toelectric vehicle200 or fromelectric vehicle200 to thegrid114. In one implementation, theremote IPF module134 can locally cache readings from thepower flow meter824 to ensure accurate transactions with the centralflow control server106, even if the connection to the server is down temporarily, or if the server itself is unavailable.
• Transceiver and Charging Component
• FIG. 8B shows thetransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 ofFIG. 2B in greater detail. The illustratedtransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 is only one example configuration, for descriptive purposes. Many other arrangements of the illustrated components or even different components constituting thetransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 are possible within the scope of the subject matter. Such atransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 have some hardware components and some components that can be executed in hardware, software, or combinations of hardware, software, firmware, etc.
• The illustrated example of thetransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 is represented by an implementation suited for anelectric vehicle200. Thus, somevehicle systems800 are illustrated to provide context to thetransceiver212 and chargingcomponent214 components.
• The depictedvehicle systems800 include a vehicle computer anddata interface802, an energy storage system, such as abattery bank202, and an inverter/charger804. In some embodiments,vehicle systems800 may include a data port, such as an OBD-II port, that is capable of physically coupling with thetransceiver212. Thetransceiver212 may then communicate with the vehicle computer anddata interface802 through the data port, receiving information fromelectric resource112 comprised byvehicle systems800 and, in some embodiments, providing commands to the vehicle computer anddata interface802. In one implementation, the vehicle computer anddata interface802 may be capable of charge control management. In such an embodiment, the vehicle computer anddata interface802 may perform some or all of thecharging component214 operations discussed below. In other embodiments, executable instructions configured to perform some or all of the operations of the vehicle computer anddata interface802 may be added to hardware of anelectric resource112 such as an electric vehicle that, when combined with the executable instructions, provides equivalent functionality to the vehicle computer anddata interface802. References to the vehicle computer anddata interface802 as used herein include such executable instructions.
• In various embodiments, thetransceiver212 may have a physical form that is capable of coupling to a data port ofvehicle systems800. Such atransceiver212 may also include a plurality of interfaces, such as an RS-232interface818 and/or aCANBus interface820. In various embodiments, the RS-232interface818 orCANBus interface820 may enable thetransceiver212 to communicate with the vehicle computer anddata interface802 through the data port. Also, the transceiver may be or comprise an additional interface (not shown) capable of engaging in wireless communication with adata interface820 of thecharging component214. The wireless communication may be of any form known in the art, such as radio frequency (RF) communication (e.g., Zigbee, and/or Bluetooth.TM. communication). In other embodiments, the transceiver may comprise a separate conductor or may be configured to utilize apowerline208 to communicate with chargingcomponent214. In yet other embodiments, not shown,transceiver212 may simply be a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag capable of storing minimal information about theelectric resource112, such as a resource identifier, and of being read by a corresponding RFID reader of chargingcomponent214. In such other embodiments, the RFID tag might not couple with a data port or communicate with the vehicle computer anddata interface802.
• As shown, thecharging component214 may be an intelligent plug device that is physically connected to a charging medium, such as a powerline208 (the charging medium coupling thecharging component214 to the electric resource112) and an outlet of a power grid (such as thewall outlet204 shown inFIG. 2B). In otherembodiments charging component214 may be a charging station or some other external control. In some embodiments, thecharging component214 may be portable.
• In various embodiments, thecharging component214 may include components that interface with AC power from thegrid114, such as a powerline communicator, for example an Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120, and a current or current/voltage (power)sensor808, such as a current sensing transformer.
• In other embodiments, thecharging component214 may include a further Ethernet plug or wireless interface in place ofbridge120. In such an embodiment, data-over-powerline communication is not necessary, eliminating the need for abridge120. The Ethernet plug or wireless interface may communicate with a local access point, and through that access point to flowcontrol server106.
• Thecharging component214 may also include Ethernet and information processing components, such as aprocessor810 or microcontroller and an associated Ethernet media access control (MAC)address812; volatilerandom access memory814,nonvolatile memory816 or data storage, a data interface826 for communicating with thetransceiver212, and an Ethernetphysical layer interface822, which enables wiring and signaling according to Ethernet standards for the physical layer through means of network access at the MAC/Data Link Layer and a common addressing format. The Ethernetphysical layer interface822 provides electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium—i.e., in one implementation, using the Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120. In a variation, wireless or other communication channels with theInternet104 are used in place of the Ethernet-over-powerline bridge120.
• Thecharging component214 may also include a bidirectionalpower flow meter824 that tracks power transfer to and from eachelectric resource112, in this case thebattery bank202 of anelectric vehicle200.
• Further, in some embodiments, thecharging component214 may comprise an RFID reader to read the electric resource information fromtransceiver212 whentransceiver212 is an RFID tag.
• Also, in various embodiments, thecharging component214 may include a credit card reader to enable a user to identify theelectric resource112 by providing credit card information. In such an embodiment, atransceiver212 may not be necessary.
• Additionally, in one embodiment, thecharging component214 may include a user interface, such as one of the user interfaces described in greater detail below.
• Implementations of thecharging component214 can enable functionality including:
• • executing pre-programmed or learned behaviors when theelectric resource112 is offline (not connected toInternet104, or service is unavailable);
  • storing locally-cached behavior profiles for “roaming” connectivity (what to do when charging on a foreign system or in disconnected operation, i.e., when there is no network connectivity);
  • allowing the user to override current system behavior; and
  • metering power-flow information and caching meter data during offline operation for later transaction.
• User Interfaces (UI)
• Charging Station UI. An electrical charging station, whether free or for pay, can be installed with a user interface that presents useful information to the user. Specifically, by collecting information about thegrid114, the electric resource state, and the preferences of the user, the station can present information such as the current electricity price, the estimated recharge cost, the estimated time until recharge, the estimated payment for uploading power to the grid114 (either total or per hour), etc. Theinformation acquisition engine414 communicates with theelectric resource112 and with public and/orprivate data networks722 to acquire the data used in calculating this information.
• The types of information gathered from theelectric resource112 could include an electric resource identifier (resource ID) and state information like the state of charge of theelectric resource112. The resource ID could be used to obtain knowledge of the electric resource type and capabilities, preferences, etc. through lookup with theflow control server106.
• In various embodiments, the charging station system including the UI might also gather grid-based information, such as current and future energy costs at the charging station.
• User Charge Control UI Mechanisms. In various embodiments, by default,electric resources112 may receive charge control management viapower aggregation system100. In some embodiments, an override control may be provided to override charge control management and charge as soon as possible. The override control may be provided, in various embodiments, as a user interface mechanism of theremote IPF module134, thecharging component214, of the electric resource (for example, if electric resource is avehicle200, the user interface control may be integrated with dash controls of the vehicle200) or even via a web page offered byflow control server106. The control could be presented, for example, as a button, a touch screen option, a web page, or some other UI mechanism. In one embodiment, the UI may be the UI illustrated byFIG. 8C and discussed in greater detail below. In some embodiments, the override would be a one-time override, only applying to a single plug-in session. Upon disconnecting and reconnecting, the user may again need to interact with the UI mechanism to override the charge control management.
• In some embodiments, the user may pay more to charge with the override on than under charge control management, thus providing an incentive for the user to accept charge control management. Such a cost differential may be displayed or rendered to the user in conjunction with or on the UI mechanism. This differential could take into account time-varying pricing, such as Time of Use (TOU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Real-Time Pricing (RTP) schemes, as discussed above, as well as any other incentives, discounts, or payments that might be forgone by not accepting charge control management.
• UI Mechanism for Management Preferences. In various embodiments, a user interface mechanism of theremote IPF module134, thecharging component214, of the electric resource (for example, if electric resource is avehicle200, the user interface control may be integrated with dash controls of the vehicle200) or even via a web page offered byflow control server106 may enable a user to enter and/or edit management preferences to affect charge control management of the user'selectric resource112. In some embodiments, the UI mechanism may allow the user to enter/edit general preferences, such as whether charge control management is enabled, whether vehicle-to-grid power flow is enabled or whether theelectric resource112 should only be charged with clean/green power. Also, in various embodiments, the UI mechanism may enable a user to prioritize relative desires for minimizing costs, maximizing payments (i.e., fewer charge periods for higher amounts), achieving a full state-of-charge for theelectric resource112, charging as rapidly as possible, and/or charging in as environmentally-friendly a way as possible. Additionally, the UI mechanism may enable a user to provide a default schedule for when the electric resource will be used (for example, ifresource112 is avehicle200, the schedule would be for when thevehicle200 should be ready to drive). Further, the UI mechanism may enable the user to add or select special rules, such as a rule not to charge if a price threshold is exceeded or a rule to only use charge control management if it will earn the user at least a specified threshold of output. Charge control management may then be effectuated based on any part or all of these user entered preferences.
• Simple User Interface.FIG. 8C illustrates a simple user interface (UI) which enables a user to control charging based on selecting among a limited number of high level preferences. For example,UI2300 includes the categories “green”, “fast”, and “cheap” (with what is considered “green”, “fast”, and “cheap” varying from embodiment to embodiment). The categories shown inUI2300 are selected only for the sake of illustration and may instead includes these and/or any other categories applicable toelectric resource112 charging known in the art. As shown, theUI2300 may be very basic, using well known form controls such as radio buttons. In other embodiments, other graphic controls known in the art may be used. The general categories may be mapped to specific charging behaviors, such as those discussed above, by aflow control server106.
• Electric Resource Communication Protocol
• FIG. 9 illustrates a resource communication protocol. As shown, aremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 may be in communication with aflow control server106 over theInternet104 or another networking fabric or combination of networking fabrics. In various embodiments, a protocol specifying an order of messages and/or a format for messages may be used to govern the communications between theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 andflow control server106.
• In some embodiments, the protocol may include two channels, one for messages initiated by theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 and for replies to those messages from theflow control server106, and another channel for messages initiated by theflow control server106 and for replies to those messages from theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214. The channels may be asynchronous with respect to each other (that is, initiation of messages on one channel may be entirely independent of initiation of messages on the other channel). However, each channel may itself be synchronous (that is, once a message is sent on a channel, another message may not be sent until a reply to the first message is received).
• As shown, theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 may initiatecommunication902 with theflow control server106. In some embodiments,communication902 may be initiated when, for example, anelectric resource112 first plugs in/connects to thepower grid114. In other embodiments,communication902 may be initiated at another time or times. Theinitial message902 governed by the protocol may require, for example, one or more of an electric resource identifier, such as a MAC address, a protocol version used, and/or a resource identifier type.
• Upon receipt of the initial message by theflow control server106, a connection may be established between theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 andflow control server106. Upon establishing a connection, theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 may register withflow control server106 through asubsequent communication903.Communication903 may include a location identifier scheme, a latitude, a longitude, a max power value that theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 can draw, a max power value that theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 can provide, a current power value, and/or a current state of charge.
• After theinitial message902, the protocol may require or allow messages904 from theflow control server106 to theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 or messages906 fromremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 to theflow control server106. The messages904 may include, for example, one or more of commands, messages, and/or updates. Such messages904 may be provided at any time after theinitial message902. In one embodiment, messages904 may include a command setting, a power level and/or a ping to determine whether theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 is still connected.
• The messages906 may include, for example, status updates to the information provided in theregistration message903. Such messages906 may be provided at any time after theinitial message902. In one embodiment, the messages906 may be provided on a pre-determined time interval basis. In various embodiments, messages906 may even be sent when theremote IPF module134 or chargingcomponent214 is connected, but not registered. Such messages906 may include data that is stored byflow control server106 for later processing. Also, in some embodiments, messages904 may be provided in response to amessage902 or906.
• AGC Virtualizer
• An attribute of the electrical grid is that power production must always be closely matched to power consumption. As such, electric utilities predict power consumption in advance using a variety of techniques in order to schedule power production to match consumption. Because these predictions are never entirely accurate, the electric utility is left with a shortfall or surplus of produced electricity.
• To address this mismatch between predicted and actual power consumption, utilities arrange for some power generation plant to operate in a regulation mode. This is sometimes called system regulation, or frequency regulation. In regulation mode, the power output of a power plant can be increased or decreased in near real time. In the event of a power surplus, the utility orders the power plant in regulation mode to decrease power production. In the event of a power shortage, the utility orders the power plant to increase power production. Not all power plants are capable of operating in this mode, and the power plants that are often incur increased costs while in this mode. Issues such as fuel efficiently and mechanical stress must be accounted for when figuring the cost of regulation mode.
• A power flow manager can provide system frequency regulation via Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands. As such, the system may appear to behave as an ISO/TSO or a grid operator, such as a power plant, even though it is not actually a power plant. The power flow manager coordinates the behavior of power resources, such as the following: load, generation, or storage. The power resources can include plug-in vehicles, fixed energy storage, loads such as HVAC, or other devices. The AGC commands can be translated by the power flow manager into commands to specific devices, or sets of devices within its pool, in order to achieve aggregate behavior across the set of resources that matches the AGC request.
• In an embodiment, the AGC command can be transmitted to all power resources. The magnitude of the command can be divided up among the power resources in proportion to the power range of each resource, accordingly to one embodiment. For example, a command for 1 MW of down regulation can be divided up such that a device with a 2 kW potential power swing between max power in and max power out would be asked to provide half as much contribution as a device with a 4 kW potential power swing. More complex schemes can optimize dispatch based on a variety of factors, including: minimizing communication to resources; fairness; maximizing ability to provide services in the future, e.g. not filling up a plug-in vehicle that can only be charged; or, resource owner preferences or requirements.
• AGC allows for regulation in two directions. Up regulation is a request for additional power, while down regulation is the request for a reduction in power. A power flow manager can implement bi-directional regulation (both up and down) using only power resources that are capable of unidirectional power flow. This is accomplished by setting a population of power resources to consume power at a rate less than their maximum (e.g. 50%), and then adjusting power consumption up and down in accordance with AGC commands. During periods of power shortage (resulting in up regulation requests), the power resources could curtail energy use and/or increase energy output. During periods of power surplus (resulting in down regulation requests), the power resources could increase energy use and/or decrease energy output relative to their initial rate.
• FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of power flow management using AGC commands to control power resources1010. Power regulation is apportioned to the power resources1020. An AGC command, which requests an apportioned amount of the power regulation, is transmitted to a power resource1030.
• AGC for Resources Beyond Generation
• Automatic Generation Control (AGC) can be utilized to control power plants so that they may provide system frequency regulation. In an embodiment, a power plant might be scheduled to provide 30 MW of power during a certain hour, while also being available to provide 10 MW of down regulation and 20 MW of up regulation during that hour. As such, the plant output might vary anywhere from 20 MW to 50 MW. In an embodiment, AGC typically transmits a power level set point within this range, e.g. 37 MW, or may send relative power request, i.e. increase power or decrease power relative to the current level.
• Given a load or energy-storage based power resource, or an aggregation of such power resources, system frequency regulation can also be provided by adjusting the net balance of supply and demand for energy. Energy storage in discharge mode can output power much like a generation plant. Load, or energy storage in charge mode, can consume power like negative generation. When a number of vehicles/resources are grid-connected and charging, an up regulation request can be serviced by temporarily reducing the rate of vehicle charge. Additionally, generation based power resources can be part of an aggregate of other load or energy-storage based power resources.
• In one embodiment, AGC systems and protocols can be extended to handle power level set points that can be negative. As such, the power flow manager receiving the request can treat negative values as requests for energy consumption, and positive values as requests for energy production. When the AGC system does not support negative numbers, the entire power range can be shifted to start at zero, such that the shift amount becomes a separate load amount within the system. For example, a power range of −5 MW to 10 MW can be shifted to be 0 MW to 15 MW with the offset amount becoming a separate load amount of 5 MW.
• FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of power flow management using AGC commands to control power resources1110 where a power regulation range for a power resource is determined1120. An AGC command based on the power regulation range is transmitted to the power resource1130.
• Intermittent Generation Smoothing and Leveling
• Intermittent generation resources, such as wind or solar, can suffer from sudden ramping up or down in output, as well as somewhat unpredictable output levels over time. For example, the wind speed or direction can shift rapidly or a cloud can temporarily obscure the sun over a solar generation asset. Since power production must always be closely matched to power consumption, it is very difficult to integrate unreliable generation resources in to the grid, particularly as the percentage of power being provided by such resources increases in the generation mix.
• In some situations, utilities are forced to provision conventionally fueled standby power generation assets to provide backup to the intermittent generation resources. For example, natural gas turbines are often used in this way. Other rapidly adjustable generation such as hydro may also be used to provide this firming of intermittent generation. This substantially increases the real cost of renewable energy sources. To address these issues, a single power source or an aggregated collection of power resources can be controlled. Such resources may include load, generation, or storage.
• In the case of unexpected drop-off in electricity production, managed power resources can reduce their electricity consumption. Power resources capable of reverse energy flow may also contribute electricity back to the grid. In the case of an unexpected spike in electricity production, managed power resources can consume the surplus electricity by increasing their rate of energy consumption, or by other means. A collection of power resources could be managed using at least two distinct strategies: smoothing and leveling.
• In a smoothing method, the rate of change of power output can be limited. When a sudden increase or decrease in power production occurs, the managed power resources can be used to spread this sudden change over more time. As an example, a sudden drop-off in wind production from 10 MW to 0 MW could be spread out over 20 minutes (using stored power, deferred charging, and other shifts in net power draw), affording the utility additional time to locate replacement power sources or otherwise address the shortfall.
• In a leveling method, the overall contribution of the generation resources to the grid can be balanced by the power resources to provide a desired level of net generation. In an embodiment, such methods are used when output from a wind farm falls below a desired level. A collection of aggregated resources, such as plug-in vehicles, are dispatched to absorb the power drop. Some of the plug-in vehicles are requested to stop charging, or to charge at a lower rate. With a sufficiently large and capable collection of distributed power resources, leveling could increase the reliability of renewables to the same level as conventional power sources.
• In an embodiment, leveling may be more valuable than smoothing to an utility or other operator. However, leveling may require a large amount of reserve capacity relative to the amount of renewable energy being managed. Smoothing can provide substantial benefit while requiring a smaller population of distributed energy resources.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of power flow management that detects a change in an intermittent power flow1210 and implements a power flow strategy in response to the change in the intermittent power flow1220. The power flow strategy may be a smoothing strategy or a leveling strategy.
CONCLUSION
• Although systems and methods have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as examples of implementations of the claimed methods, devices, systems, etc. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (24)

1. A method for managing power flow, comprising the steps of:

controlling a plurality of power resources via Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands, wherein the AGC commands are transmitted by a power flow manager to the plurality of power resources, wherein the AGC commands request power regulation;

apportioning the power regulation to the plurality of power resources based on an apportionment scheme; and,

transmitting an AGC command to at least one of the plurality of power resources, wherein the AGC command requests an apportioned amount of the power regulation from the at least one of the plurality of power resources.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is frequency regulation.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is power generation.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is power consumption.

5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is requested in response to a power surplus event, and wherein the power regulation requests a decrease in power.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is requested in response to a power shortage event, and wherein the power regulation requests an increase in power.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power regulation is bi-directional, wherein the power regulation requests an increase in power from a first power resource and requests a decrease in power from a second power resource.

8. The method ofclaim 1, furthering comprising:

setting at least one of the plurality of power resources to consume or generate at a maximum rate; and,

adjusting power consumption or power generation for the at least one of the plurality of power resources in response to the AGC commands, wherein the power consumption is decreased or the power generation is increased during a power shortage, wherein the power consumption is increased or the power generation is decreased during a power surplus.

9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the apportionment scheme relates to factor selected from a group consisting of the following: power range of each of the plurality of power resources; power range of a portion of the plurality of power resources; minimization of communications to the plurality of power resources; fairness to the plurality of power resources; maximization future abilities to provide power services by the plurality of power resources; preferences of the plurality of power resources; or, requirements of the plurality of power resources.

10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the power resources are electric vehicles.

11. A method for managing power flow, comprising the steps of:

controlling a plurality of power resources via Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands, wherein the AGC commands are transmitted by a power flow manager to the plurality of power resources, wherein the AGC commands request power regulation;

determining a power regulation range for at least one of the plurality of power resources; and,

transmitting an AGC command to the at least one of the plurality of power resources, wherein the AGC command is based on the power regulation range for the at least one of the plurality of power resources.

12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the AGC command comprises a power level set point, wherein the power level set point is within the power regulation range for the at least one of the plurality of power resources.

13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the power level set point is negative.

14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the power flow manager treats the negative power level set point as requests for power consumption.

15. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the power regulation range for the at least one of the plurality of power resources shifts, whereby the negative power level set point is set to zero, wherein the an offset amount becomes a load amount.

16. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the AGC command comprises a relative power request, wherein the relative power request increases or decreases power relative a current power level, and wherein the power increase or power decrease is within the power regulation range for the at least one of the plurality of power resources.

17. The method ofclaim 11, furthering comprising:

adjusting a net balance of power supply and power demand for the plurality of power resources; and,

aggregating power from the plurality of power resources.

18. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the power resources are electric vehicles.

19. A method for managing power flow, comprising the steps of:

detecting a change in an intermittent power flow, wherein a power flow manager detects the change in the intermittent power flow; and,

implementing a power flow strategy in response to the change in the intermittent power flow, wherein the power flow manager coordinates a plurality of power resources to respond to the change in the intermittent power flow.

20. The method forclaim 19, wherein the power flow strategy is a smoothing strategy, wherein the plurality of power resources are utilized to spread the change in the intermittent power flow over a time period.

21. The method forclaim 20, wherein the smoothing strategy utilizes stored power, deferred charging, or shifts in net power draw.

22. The method forclaim 19, wherein the power flow strategy is a leveling strategy, wherein the plurality of power resources are utilized to balance the change in the intermittent power flow.

23. The method forclaim 22, wherein the leveling strategy requests an adjustment to charging rates of a portion of the plurality of power resources.

24. The method ofclaim 19, wherein the power resources are electric vehicles.

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