US20100169509A1

Movatterモバイル変換

Info

Publication number: US20100169509A1
Application number: US12/719,436
Authority: US
Inventors: Greg Marriott
Original assignee: Apple Inc
Current assignee: Apple Inc
Priority date: 2004-10-25
Filing date: 2010-03-08
Publication date: 2010-07-01
Also published as: AU2007300022B2; EP2254043A1; US20070033295A1; WO2008039938A1; EP2082368A1; AU2007300022A1; WO2008039938A9; CN101506838A; US7706637B2

Abstract

Methods and system for transferring images between devices is disclosed. For example, differently scaled images by a host device may automatically and/or selectively be transferred to a media player for display. In turn, appropriately scaled images may be transferred automatically and/or selectively to another display device for example a TV, camera or printer. The selectivity may occur either at the host level or at the player level.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/535,646, filed Sep. 27, 2006 which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/973,657, filed Oct. 25, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,433,546 issued Oct. 7, 2008 entitled IMAGE SCALING ARRANGEMENT, which is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. application Ser. No. 10/973,657 claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/728,812, filed Oct. 19, 2005, and entitled HOST CONFIGURED FOR INTEROPERATION WITH COUPLED PORTABLE MEDIA PLAYER DEVICE, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to portable media devices and more particularly to interoperation of a portable media device with a host apparatus.

2. Description of the Related Art

The hand-held consumer electronics market is exploding, and an increasing number of these products including for example PDAs, music players, cellular phones, cameras, and video games have increased their functionality to distance themselves from their competitors. By way of example, cellular phones have added PDA and camera functionality, PDAs have added cellular phone and music player functionality, music players have added PDA and video game functionality, etc. In the future, it is foreseeable that the functionality of all these devices will continue to merge into a single device. As these products evolve, it is believed that many design challenges will be encountered.

Many hand-held computing devices work hand in hand with a personal computer. The personal computer typically serves as a base to the portable hand-held computer device. For example, because they are hand-held, they are typically a portable extension of the personal computer. Like personal computers, these highly portable devices typically include a processor that operates to execute computer code and produce and use data in conjunction with an operating system. Unlike personal computers, however, these devices typically use less complex operating systems as well as smaller and less expensive processors that are slower than the processors used in personal computers. While this may be appropriate when the devices operate normally, difficulties arise when these hand-held computing devices are called upon to perform process intensive tasks. The difficulties include slow responsiveness and high power consumption. As a result, the user may be left with a negative user experience, i.e., users may not like a product that is slow and whose battery life is short.

Personal computers typically include software that helps manage the handheld computing devices. The personal computer may include for example a photo management program that helps transfer photos from the camera to the personal computer. The photo management program may also allow a user to sort, store and catalog their images as well as to provide touch-up capabilities such as red eye reduction, black and white conversion, image cropping and rotation. In some cases, the cameras modify the original image by embedding or storing thumbnail images inside the original image. The photo management program uses the embedded thumbnail images when importing the original image. For example, as each photo is being imported, the photo management program may show the thumbnail image thereby relaying to the user that the image is being imported.

In addition to photo management programs, the personal computer may also include music management programs that help transfer music from the personal computer to a music player such as an MP3 music player. Like the photo management program their music, the music management program may also allow a user to sort, modify, store and catalog their music. More particularly, the music program may give the user the ability to organize their music into playlists, edit file information, record music, download files to a music player, purchase music over the Internet (World Wide Web), run a visualizer to display the music in a visual form, and encode or transcode music into different audio formats such as MP3, AIFF, WAV, AAC, and ALE. Typically, music players only understand a single music format. Therefore, the music management program typically can to transcode the music stored in the personal computer from one music format to the desired music format of a music player.

In some cases, both the photo and music programs are linked so that the images and music stored therein can be played together. For example, the photo management program may allow a user to produce slide shows that show images to music. By way of example, the photo management program may correspond to iPhoto™ and the music management program may correspond to iTunes™, both of which are manufactured by and available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Synchronization operations have been conventionally performed between portable devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and host computers, to synchronize electronic files or other resources. For example, these files or other resources can pertain to text files, data files, calendar appointments, emails, to-do lists, electronic rolodexes, etc.

In the case of media players, such as MP3 players, files are typically moved between a host computer and a media player through use of a drag and drop operation, like is conventionally done with respect to copying of a data file from a Windows desktop to a floppy disk. Hence, the user of the media player can manually initiates synchronization for individual media items. As a consequence, synchronization tends to be tedious and time consuming for users. More recently, media players have been able to be synchronized with a host computer when a bus connection over a cable is made. Here, the synchronization can be automatically initiated when the cable is connected between the host computer and the media player. The iPod™ offered by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. has the capability to provide such synchronization over a cable.

Thus, there is a continuing need for improved features for connecting and transferring data between media devices and their hosts. In particular, it is desirable to configure the interoperation of a host device and an attached media device, in view of capabilities of the attached media device. This is particularly so where there is ubiquitous use of host software and media devices having varying capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates, in one embodiment, to a method of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device capable of storing and presenting media items, namely, images. The method includes designating, at the host device, at least one image for downloading to the portable media device. The method also includes producing an image collection for each requested image at the host device. Each image collection contains new versions of the requested image. Each new version can have a different image profile based on the capabilities of the portable media device. The method further includes sending at least the image collection including each version of the requested image to the portable media device. In some cases, the requested image is also sent with the various versions thereof.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to an operational method for a portable media device. The method includes storing image data. The image data includes a plurality of image collections. Each image collection contains a plurality of differently formatted images based on the same original image. The image collections are separately generated on a device other than the portable media device. In some cases, the original image is stored along with the differently formatted images. The method also includes receiving a display command. The display command designates one or more images of the image data to be displayed. The method further includes retrieving at least the designated images. The method additionally includes outputting one or more of the retrieved images.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a method of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device capable of storing and playing media items. The method includes receiving an image download request. The image download request designates one or more images for downloading from the host device to the portable media device. The method also includes creating a database entry for each of the images to be downloaded. The method further includes copying the database entry on at least the portable media device. The method additionally includes creating an image collection for each requested image at the host. The image collection includes the original image and differently formatted images based on the original image. Moreover, the method includes copying the image collection to the portable media player and updating the database entry with information about each of the images in the image collection.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a portable media device capable of viewing images. The device includes a storage device containing downloaded image data. The downloaded image data includes a plurality of image collections. Each image collection includes a plurality of different versions of the original image. In some cases, the downloaded image data also includes the original image. The device also includes a processor configured to supply at least a portion of the image data to a display.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a computer readable medium including at least computer program code for managing images. The computer readable medium including capabilities for storing a plurality of image collections where each image collection includes a plurality of different versions of the original image and in some instances the original image as well. The computer readable medium also including capabilities for retrieving one or images from storage when a display command is generated and presenting one or more of the retrieved images.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a download embodied as a carrier wave in a media communication system that facilitates communications between a host device and a portable media device. The download includes image data including a plurality of image collections. Each image collection includes an a plurality of different versions of an original image, and in some cases the original image as well.

The invention relates, in another embodiment, to a media management method. The method includes loading one or more images to a personal computer and storing the one or more images on the personal computer. The method also includes connecting a hand held media device to the personal computer. The method further includes presenting images or image identifiers on personal computer and generating a download command designating one or more images to be downloaded from the personal computer to the hand held media device. The method additionally includes determining the image formats required by the hand held media device, creating new versions of the designated images and copying and storing at least the new versions of the designated images on the hand held media device. Moreover, the method includes disconnecting the hand held media device from the personal computer. Additionally, the method includes generating a display command on the hand held media device, retrieving one or more images from storage based on the display command, and presenting one or more of the retrieved images.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a method of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an operational method for a portable media device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a method of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary diagram of a photo database file, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A-5F are diagrams of image set files, in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is media method, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a media management system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a media player, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is perspective view of a handheld computing device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a media device operational method, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 11A-11E are diagrams of several exemplary screen shots of a media player with photo viewing capabilities, in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11F is a diagram of a pictorial of a TV screen image provided by a television coupled to the media player, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method to configure a host device to interoperate with a portable media player.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating a method operating on the host device to configure the portable media player to use updated system software.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of an image provided by the host and how the image is transformed by the portable media player upon playback.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of theFIG. 14 transformation, but with the image being pre-rotated by the host such that the resulting image is correctly oriented upon playback.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to portable media devices with image functionality and also to image transfer between portable media devices and their hosts. Media devices with image functionality typically require several different image formats to support the various display modes of the media device. For example, media devices typically require a full screen image that fills the entire display screen of the media device as well as various thumbnail images, which may help a user browse through a group of images.

One method for creating these various images is to download the original image to the portable media device and then to transcode the original image into the required formats on the portable media device when they need to be displayed. This is sometimes referred to as processing data on-the-fly. While this may work, it is generally believed that this methodology has several drawbacks that make it less appealing to the user. For example, because formatting images is a process intensive task (especially on portable media devices that lack the horsepower of their larger hosts), portable media devices tend to operate slowly and consume more power. Hence, formatting images on portable media devices tend to result in an unsatisfactory user experience. For one, the user has to wait while the image is being formatted. For another, the battery of the portable media device tends to run out more regularly.

In order to overcome these drawbacks, the present invention provides a method where images are preformatted on the host before or during the download thereto. When an image is identified for download various preformatted images derived from the original image (and possibly the original images) are sent to the portable media device. The processing is performed on the host, which can handle these tasks more easily than the portable media player. The tasks may, for example, include scaling, cropping, rotation, color correction and the like. Once received by the portable media device, the preformatted images and possibly the original image are stored for later use. By storing these images, the media device is relieved from having to perform any of the labor intensive tasks associated with image formatting. That is, the preformatted images relieve the media device of much of the work required to display them. As a result, the device operates faster and without repeated needs for recharging. In one embodiment, at least some of the preformatted images are thumbnail images.

During media device use, a user may request that an image be displayed. Instead of processing the original image as in the method described above, the device simply obtains the appropriate preformatted image from storage and presents it to the user on a display. The preformatted images may include a full screen image and several different thumbnail sized images. The full screen image typically depends on the size of the display contained in the portable media device, i.e., the full screen image generally fills the entire screen. The different sized thumbnail images, which come in various sizes, may be used in a variety of ways including separately or together. For example, a plurality of smaller thumbnails may be grouped together so that a user can quickly browse through a large number of images. The preformatted images may also follow formats associated with standards or other devices to which the portable media device can be linked. For example, at least one the preformatted images may be based on television formats so that the portable media device can present images on televisions (TVs). The TV formats may, for example, include NTSC, PAL, HDTV, and the like. The formats may also be based on formats associated with printers, cameras or similar image using devices.

In some cases, the media device when connected to a host expresses or informs the host as to which image formats are desired when an image is downloaded to the media device. The media device may, for example, send various image profiles corresponding to the different formats to the host device. The image profile generally contains the attributes or keys for each image format. By way of example, the image profiles may describe size, orientation, pixel format, color depth, etc. for each image format. This particular methodology helps with compatibility issues that typically come up when different media devices having different versions of software and hardware are used, i.e., the version of the software/hardware is made irrelevant since the media device expresses what information it wants from the host device.

Embodiments of the invention are discussed below with reference toFIG. 111F. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments.

FIG. 1 is amethod100 of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Themethod100 may, for example, be performed by media management software. The method includes

blocks

102,104 and106. Inblock102, an image download request is received at the host device. The image download request designates at least one image stored on the host device for downloading to the portable media device. In some cases, only a single image is requested and in other cases a plurality of images are requested. The request can be made at the host device or the media device through a user interface. For example, the user may select a group of images and then select a download button. Alternatively, the request can be made by the media device without user input.

Inblock104, an image collection for each requested image is produced at the host device. Each image collection contains the new versions or different formats of the original image. In some cases, the image collection may also contain the original image. For example, the new versions may include a full screen image, which corresponds to the screen size on the media player, various thumbnail images, each of which are typically smaller versions of the original image, as well as various other images including for example TV images. It should be noted that the file sizes of the new versions are typically much smaller than the file size of the original image. They therefore take up less space in storage than would the corresponding original image.

Each new version has a different image profile based on the display needs of the portable media device. The image profiles for particular media devices may be stored in the host device or the image profiles may be given to the host device by the media device. In the first case, the media device may provide the host device with an Identifier (ID), which can be used by the host to determine the image profiles for the requesting media device. For example, after obtaining the ID the host may refer to a previously stored table or list that includes all the capabilities of the identified media device. In the later case, the media device may automatically upload this information as part of synchronization or handshaking procedure with the host device.

The image profile generally includes a list of keys or attributes which define the qualities or characteristics of each image. The keys or attributes may include for example FormatID, RenderWidth, RenderHeight, DisplayWidth, DisplayHeight, PixelFormat, Sizing, BackColor, Rotation, ScanFormat, ColorAdjustment, GammaAdjustment, and the like.

FormatID refers to an identification number that defines the image profile. Changing any of the attributes within the image profile will change the identification number. The media management program uses this ID to identify thumbnail locations in both the host and media devices.

RenderWidth is the width of the image in pixels at render time. RenderHeight is the height of the image in pixels at render time. RenderWidth and RenderHeight generally refers to actual physical size.

DisplayWidth is the width of the image in pixels at display time. DisplayHeight is the height of the image in pixels at display time. It should be noted that DisplayHeight and DisplayWidth can differ from RenderHeight and RenderWidth in those cases like NTSC where the pixels are not square. DisplayWidth and DisplayHeight generally refer to the true size.

PixelFormat describes information encoded in each pixel (e.g., color components (RGB), transparency, etc.). Several formats can be used including, for example, the QuickDraw/QuickTime pixel format.

Sizing describes what happens if the original image is smaller than the desired thumbnail. By way of example, if 0, scale the image to the desired height/width. If 1, scale the image to the desired height/width only if the image is larger than RenderWidth or RenderHeight, i.e., don't scale small images. If 2, center-crop the image to the desired height/width rather than scaling it.

BackColor describes what color the background should be in cases where the images don't fill the entire viewing area. The background color may be in big-endian ARGB format as a hexadecimal string.

Rotation described if and how an image should be rotated. The image rotation is typically in degrees. For example, the rotation values may be 0, 90, 180 and 270.

ScanFormat designates what scan format the image is stored in. ImageFormat may include progressive format or interlace format.

ColorAdjustment describes whether or not a color adjustment is needed, and if needed what the color adjustment should be. By way of example, if 0, no color adjustment is applied. If 1, NTSC color adjustment is applied. If 2, PAL color adjustment is applied.

GammaAdjustment describes whether a gamma correction needs to be applied to the image (e.g., brightness). If not supplied, no correction is done.

Inblock106, the image collection for each requested image is sent to the portable media device as part of the downloading process. Once received by the portable media device, the image collection is stored in the portable media device for later use. The image collection may be stored in the memory of the portable media device. In order to efficiently store the images in memory, each of the different image sets may be stored in their own file. That is, images having the same image profile are grouped in the same file. For example, the original images may be stored in a first file, the full screen images may be stored in a second file, a first set of thumbnail images may be stored in a third file, a second set of thumbnail images may be stored in a fourth file, the TV images may be stored in a fifth file and so on.

It should be noted that in some cases, the original image may not be sent to or stored on the hand held media device. This may be done to save valuable storage space on the hand held media devices that typically have limited storage capacity. As should be appreciated, the file size of the original image is typically much larger than the thumbnail images and therefore they can take up more space in memory. The decision of whether to include the original image with the rest of the images may be made by the user. For example, the user may be presented with a choice as whether they desire or do not desire to download or store the original image. This decision may be based on how the user uses the media device. For some, the media device may be used to transfer images from one host to another. In cases such as these, the user typically wants to include the original image. The decision may be set for all downloads or it may be made at each down load request. Similarly, the same decision can be made for all the different formats if so desired (as some of these formats may not be needed).

Once downloaded and during operation of the media device, a display request may be made on the media device. Thereafter, one or more images are retrieved from memory based on the display request. The display request indicates the images to be shown on the media player and/or images that are to be sent to another device connected to the media device. Once retrieved, the images can be displayed. The manner in which the images are displayed are typically determined by the mode of the media device. The modes can include a browse mode, a slide show mode, a full screen mode, etc. In browse mode, a plurality of tiny thumbnail images are displayed in rows and columns. In a slide show mode, a medium thumbnail image may be displayed in the center and smaller thumbnail images may be displayed on either side of the medium thumbnail image. The small image to the left of the medium image may represent a previously shown image, the medium image may represent the current image being shown, and the small image to the left of the medium image may represent the next image in the slide show sequence. If a TV is connected to the media device, the media device may output the TV version of the current image being shown to the TV. In a full screen mode, the full screen image is displayed.

FIG. 2 is an operational method for aportable media device200, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The method includes

blocks

202,204,206 and208. Inblock202, image data is stored. The image data includes at least a plurality of image collections. The image collections contain a plurality of differently formatted images based on an original image and may also include the original image. The image collections are not formed on the portable media device. They are separately generated on a device other than the portable media device. The image collections may for example be generated on a host device that downloads them to the portable media device for storage. By way of example, the image collections may be provided by the method described inFIG. 1. Alternatively or additionally, the image collections may be downloaded from another portable media device that has already downloaded them from a host.

Inblock204, a display command is received. The display command designates one or more images of the image data to be displayed. The display command may be generated via a user making a selection on the user interface of the media player.

Inblock206, at least the designated images are retrieved. In some cases, only the designated images are retrieved. In other case, more than the designated images are retrieved. For example, although the display command may only designate a single image, other images associated or linked to that image may be additionally retrieved.

Inblock208, the one or more retrieved images are outputted. The retrieved images may be outputted to a display. The display may be located on the portable media device or it may be located external to the portable media device. In either case, upon receiving the retrieved images, the retrieved images are displayed. IN some cases, all of the images are displayed, and in other case only a portion of the images are displayed. The later case may be implemented when the size and number of images is greater than the screen size.

FIG. 3 is amethod300 of transferring image data between a host device and a portable media device, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The method may for example be performed by a media management program operating on the host device. The method begins atblock302 where a down load request is received. The download request designates one or more images to be downloaded from the host device to the portable media device. The download request is typically implemented via a user selection, i.e., a user selects one or more images and initiates a downloading procedure.

Followingblock302, the method proceeds to block304 where a database entry is created for each image to be downloaded. The database entry provides information about the images to be downloaded. The information may for example be metadata. Followingblock304, the method proceeds to block306 where the database entry is written or copied on the media device. The database entry is typically copied to an image database on the media device. If an image database does not exist, one will typically be created. If one does exist, the database entry will be copied thereto.

Also followingblock304, the method proceeds to block308 where an image collection is created on the host. This may include transcoding new versions of the selected image based on a plurality of image profiles, and grouping the new versions of the original image and in some cases the original image into an image collection. The image profiles define the features of the new images. By way of example, the image profiles may include keys for making thumbnails and other images such as those which can be used on TV, printers, and other media devices (e.g., camera). The image profiles may be supplied to the host device by the media device, and thereafter stored locally on the host device. This may be part of the synchronization procedure that occurs between the host device and media device when they are connected together.

Followingblock308, the method proceeds to block310 where each image in the image collection is written or copied to the media device. That is, each new version of the original image and in some cases the original image are copied to the media device. In one embodiment, each particular type of image is stored in a separate file on the media device. For example, all of the originals are stored in an original image file, all of a first thumbnails are stored in a first thumbnail image file, and so on.

Followingblock310, the method proceeds to block312 where the database entry is updated. That is, the database entry is filled with the appropriate image data. The step of updating typically includes grouping together all the images of a particular image collection (original, thumbnails, TV), and providing pointers to the location where the actual image is stored (e.g., image files).

It should be noted that in most cases the host device stores a copy of the database entry and image collections in parallel with the media device.

It should be noted that the all or some of the steps mentioned above can occur separately as distinct events or they can occur simultaneously. In the later case, at least some of the steps can be interleaved. In interleaving, while some images are being copied, other images are being created. Interleaving is generally preferred in order to reduce the amount of time needed for downloading.

The image data stored in the media device will now be described. As mentioned above the image data is spread among multiple files. The main image database file holds image metadata, photo album lists, and “pointers” to the original image as well as all available thumbnails. The images themselves are stored either as individual files (originals) or in image set files, which contain one or more thumbnails of the same type. This is typically done to save storage space. It should be noted, however, that this is not a limitation and that the images may be stored as an image collection rather than in separate files.

In one embodiment, the photo database file contains a header followed by several “sections.” The number of sections can be widely varied although it is expected that the photo database will contain three sections: image list section, album list section and the image record ID table. The image list section contains a list of all images stored on the media device. Each image entry contains all of the metadata for an image as well as a list of locations for all available images associated therewith including the original, thumbnails and TV. Each image has a unique persistent record ID which is used in both the album and record ID table sections. The album list section contains a list of the albums, each of which is simply an ordered list of image record IDs. The image record ID table is a table containing record IDs and file offsets for all images, sorted in ascending record ID order. This table allows the media device to quickly load only those image records for a given album, rather than requiring loading the whole image record list.

The images themselves are stored in image set files. Each image set file contains a file header, followed by one or more images, each with a header. This allows scavenging of the data should the need arise. The image records in the photo database are by file specification (path) and file offset, so it is not necessary to parse an image set file to get to a particular image. The number of images per file and/or the maximum image files size may be widely varied. By way of example, the maximum size may be 500 Megabytes.

The following is an exemplary layout for the photo database stored on the media device:


	File header
	Image List Section Header
	ImageList header
	Image
1metadata
	Image
1 OriginalImage Location
	Image
1Thumbnail 1 Image location
	<additional image locations>
	Image 2 Metadata
	Image 2 Original Image Location
	Image 2Thumbnail 1 Image location
	<additional image locations>
	<additional images>
	Album ListSection Header
	Album
1Metadata
	Album
1Image Record ID 1
	Album 1 Image Record ID 2
	<additional album images>
	Album 1Metadata
	Album
1Image Record ID 1
	Album 1 Image Record ID 2
	<additional album images>
	<additional albums>
	Record ID List Section Header
	Record ID ListHeader
	Record ID
1 Description
	Record ID 2 Description
	<additional record Ids>

The following is an exemplary layout for an image set file stored on the media device:

1 DataImage 2 HeaderImage 2 Data<Additional Images>

FIG. 4 is an exemplary diagram of aphoto database file350, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Thephoto database350 includes afile header352, an imagelist section header354, an albumlist section header356 and a record IDlist section header358. Inside the imageslist section header354 areimage entries360, andpointers362, which provide image locations for the various images in the image entry including for example the original image0 and a plurality of thumbnails T thereof. Inside the albumlist section header356 arealbum entries364 andrecord IDs366 for each of the images in the album. Inside the record IDlist section header358 are RecordID list header368 andrecord ID descriptions370.

FIGS. 5A-5E are diagrams of exemplary image set files372, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 5A is a diagram of an original image set file372A,FIG. 5B is a diagram of a tiny thumbnail set file372B,FIG. 5C is a diagram of a small thumbnail set file372C,FIG. 5D is a diagram of a medium thumbnail set file372D,FIG. 5E is a diagram of a full screen image set file372E, and

FIG. 5F is a diagram of a TV screen image set file372F. In each of these figures, the image set files372 include a file header374,image headers376 and theactual image data378.

FIG. 6 ismedia method400, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The method may be performed on a media system including a host device such as a personal computer and a media device. The method begins atblock402 where one or more images are uploaded into a personal computer. The images may be uploaded from a camera, memory device, Internet or the like. Afterblock402, the method proceeds to block404 where the images are stored in the personal computer.

Blocks

402 and404 may be accomplished with a media management program. InBlock406, a media player is connected to the personal computer. This may be accomplished through a wired or wireless connection. The connection may include a handshaking and/or synching procedure.

In some cases, the media management program is automatically opened when the two devices are connected. The particular media management program opened may depend on the type of media device. If the media device is a music player, the media management program may be a music program. If the media device is a photo player, the media management program may be an image program. If the media device is a combination music/photo player, the media management program may be music program or a photo program or a combination of the two. If the different programs are operated independently, the music program and the photo program may be linked so that information can be shared there between. For example, the music program may be able to access data from the photo program and vice versa.

Inblock408, images and/or image identifiers (e.g., text) are presented on the personal computer. This too may be accomplished with the media management program. In fact, the images and image identifiers may be included in a photo window associated with a graphical user interface. Inblock410, a download command is generated. The download command designates one or more images to be downloaded from the personal computer to the portable media device. The download command may be generated when a user selects one or more images and hits a download feature located in the photo window.

Inblock412, the image formats required by the portable media device are determined. The determination may be made before the download or it may be made as part of the downloading process. In some cases, the host device stores a list of required formats for a variety of media devices. In other cases, the portable media device supplies the personal computer with required formats and image profiles, which describe how to format each image. Inblock414, new versions of the original image are created. That is, using the image profiles, the personal computer transcodes the original image into differently formatted images based on the image profile. By way of example, the transcoding may be performed by a multimedia technology such as QuickTime of Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. QuickTime is a powerful, cross platform, multimedia technology for manipulating, enhancing, and storing video, sound, animation, graphics, text, music, and the like. InBlock416, the new versions of the original image and in some cases the original image are copied and stored onto the media device.

Inblock418, the media device is disconnected from the personal computer thereby allowing the images to be transported via the portable media device. Inblock420, a display command is generated on the media device during transport. Inblock422, one or more images are retrieved based on the display command. Inblock424, at least one of the retrieved images is presented. The retrieved image can be any of the stored images including the original and/or the new images. The retrieved image can be presented on the portable media device as for example though an LCD and/or it can be presented on an external display such as a television.

At least some of the description above (for example, with reference toFIG. 3) has been in the context of image collections created on the host for transfer to the media device. Images need not be provided from the host device to a media player as part of an image collection. In one example, an image display on the media player (e.g., thedisplay714 of themedia player700 shown inFIG. 9) is physically oriented in the media player such that, for images provided for display on the image display, the images are rotated. It can be seen that inherent rotation of images is due to an inherent property of the media player.

In accordance with one example, for a media player known by the host to have such an image display, the host device preprocesses images in a manner complementary to the inherent image rotation by the media player, before transferring the images to the media player. As discussed above, by the host performing such preprocessing, the media device is relived from having to perform the labor-intensive tasks associated with image formatting to compensate for the inherent image rotation by the media player.

For example, referring toFIG. 14, image data not preprocessed (i.e., in this case, not transformed) is denoted byreference numeral1402.Reference numeral1404 indicates animage display1404, using the media player described in the previous paragraph. It can be seen that the image in the image display1404 (including the person and the tree) is rotated counterclockwise by ninety degrees from the image represented by the untransformed image data.

On the other hand, inFIG. 15,reference numeral1502 denotes image data that has been transformed to be rotated clockwise by ninety degrees in the host before being provided to the media player. As a result, in theimage display1504, the image is properly displayed (equivalent to theuntransformed image data1402 inFIG. 14).

Other inherent image transformations may occur on the media player, and these inherent transformations may be accommodated for using preprocessing on the host. The inherent transformations that may be accommodated for in this manner are not limited to being related to image display but may, for example, be related to audio playback or other types of media playback.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of amedia management system500, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Themedia management system500 includes ahost computer502 and amedia player504. Thehost computer502 is typically a personal computer. The host computer, among other conventional components, includes amanagement module506, which is a software module. Themanagement module506 provides for centralized management of media items not only on thehost computer502 but also on themedia player504. More particularly, themanagement module506 manages those media items stored in amedia store508 associated with thehost computer502. Themanagement module506 also interacts with a media database510 to store media information associated with the media items stored in themedia store508.

The media items may correspond to audio, images or video items. The media information, on the other hand, pertains to characteristics or attributes of the media items. For example, in the case of audio or audiovisual media, the media information can include one or more of: title, album, track, artist, composer and genre. These types of media information are specific to particular media items. In addition, the media information can pertain to quality characteristics of the media items. Examples of quality characteristics of media items can include one or more of: bit rate, sample rate, equalizer setting, volume adjustment, start/stop and total time, etc.

Still further, thehost computer502 includes aplay module512. Theplay module512 is a software module that can be utilized to play certain media items stored in themedia store508. Theplay module412 can also utilize media information from the media database510. Typically, the media information of interest corresponds to the media items to be played by theplay module512.

Thehost computer502 also includes acommunication module514 that couples to acorresponding communication module416 within themedia player504. A connection or link518 removeably couples the

communication modules

514 and416. In one embodiment, the connection or link518 is a cable that provides a data bus, such as a FIREWIRE™ bus or USB bus, which is well known in the art. In another embodiment, the connection or link518 is a wireless channel or connection through a wireless network. Hence, depending on implementation, the

communication modules

514 and516 may communicate in a wired or wireless manner.

Themedia player504 also includes amedia store520 that stores media items within themedia player504. The media items being stored to themedia store520 are typically received over the connection or link518 from thehost computer502. More particularly, themanagement module506 sends all or certain of those media items residing on themedia store508 over the connection or link518 to themedia store520 within themedia player504. Additionally, the corresponding media information for the media items that is also delivered to themedia player504 from thehost computer502 can be stored in amedia database522. In this regard, certain media information from the media database510 within thehost computer502 can be sent to themedia database522 within themedia player504 over the connection or link518. Still further, lists identifying certain of the media items can also be sent by themanagement module506 over the connection or link518 to themedia store520 or themedia database522 within themedia player504.

Furthermore, themedia player504 includes a play module524 that couples to themedia store520 and themedia database522. The play module524 is a software module that can be utilized to play certain media items stored in themedia store520. The play module524 can also utilize media information from themedia database422. Typically, the media information of interest corresponds to the media items to be played by the play module524.

Hence, in one embodiment, themedia player504 has limited or no capability to manage media items on themedia player504. However, themanagement module506 within thehost computer502 can indirectly manage the media items residing on themedia player504. For example, to “add” a media item to themedia player504, themanagement module506 serves to identify the media item to be added to themedia player504 from themedia store508 and then causes the identified media item to be delivered to themedia player504. As another example, to “delete” a media item from themedia player504, themanagement module506 serves to identify the media item to be deleted from themedia store508 and then causes the identified media item to be deleted from themedia player504. As still another example, if changes (i.e., alterations) to characteristics of a media item were made at thehost computer502 using themanagement module506, then such characteristics can also be carried over to the corresponding media item on themedia player504. In one implementation, the additions, deletions and/or changes occur in a batch-like process during synchronization of the media items on themedia player504 with the media items on thehost computer502.

In another embodiment, themedia player504 has limited or no capability to manage playlists on themedia player504. However, themanagement module506 within thehost computer502 through management of the playlists residing on the host computer can indirectly manage the playlists residing on themedia player504. In this regard, additions, deletions or changes to playlists can be performed on thehost computer502 and then by carried over to themedia player404 when delivered thereto.

As previously noted, synchronization is a form of media management. The ability to automatically initiate synchronization was also previously discussed. Still further, however, the synchronization between devices can be restricted so as to prevent automatic synchronization when the host computer and media player do not recognize one another.

According to one embodiment, when a media player is first connected to a host computer (or even more generally when matching identifiers are not present), the user of the media player is queried as to whether the user desires to affiliate, assign or lock the media player to the host computer. When the user of the media player elects to affiliate, assign or lock the media player with the host computer, then a pseudorandom identifier is obtained and stored in either the media database or a file within both the host computer and the media player. In one implementation, the identifier is an identifier associated with (e.g., known or generated by) the host computer or its management module and such identifier is sent to and stored in the media player. In another implementation, the identifier is associated with (e.g., known or generated by) the media player and is sent to and stored in a file or media database of the host computer.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of amedia player600, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Themedia player600 includes aprocessor602 that pertains to a microprocessor or controller for controlling the overall operation of themedia player600. Themedia player600 stores media data pertaining to media items in afile system604 and acache606. Thefile system604 is, typically, a storage disk or a plurality of disks. Thefile system604 typically provides high capacity storage capability for themedia player600. However, since the access time to thefile system604 is relatively slow, themedia player600 can also include acache606. Thecache606 is, for example, Random-Access Memory (RAM) provided by semiconductor memory. The relative access time to thecache606 is substantially shorter than for thefile system604. However, thecache506 does not have the large storage capacity of thefile system604. Further, thefile system504, when active, consumes more power than does thecache606. The power consumption is often a concern when themedia player600 is a portable media player that is powered by a battery (not shown). Themedia player600 also includes aRAM620 and a Read-Only Memory (ROM)622. TheROM622 can store programs, utilities or processes to be executed in a non-volatile manner. TheRAM620 provides volatile data storage, such as for thecache606.

Themedia player600 also includes auser input device608 that allows a user of themedia player600 to interact with themedia player600. For example, theuser input device608 can take a variety of forms, such as a button, keypad, dial, etc. Still further, themedia player600 includes a display610 (screen display) that can be controlled by theprocessor602 to display information to the user. Adata bus611 can facilitate data transfer between at least thefile system604, thecache606, theprocessor602, and theCODECs612.

In one embodiment, themedia player600 serves to store a plurality of media items in thefile system604. The media items may for example correspond to audio (e.g., songs, books), images (e.g., photos) or videos (e.g., movies). When a user desires to have the media player play a particular media item, a list of available media items is typically displayed on the display610. Then, using theuser input device608, a user can select one of the available media items. Theprocessor602, upon receiving a selection of a particular media item, supplies the media data (e.g., audio file, image file or video file) for the particular media item to the appropriate device. For audio items, the processor supplies the media item to a coder/decoder (CODEC)612. TheCODEC612 then produces analog output signals for aspeaker614. Thespeaker614 can be a speaker internal to themedia player600 or external to themedia player600. For example, headphones or earphones that connect to themedia player600 would be considered an external speaker.

For visual items, the processor supplies the media item to the display610. The display may for example be a liquid crystal display (LCD) that is integral with the media player. Alternatively, the display may be an external display such as a CRT or LCD, or a television of any particular type. In some cases, the processor is configured to supply media data to both an integrated display and an external display. In cases such as this, the media data displayed on both displays may be the same of it may be different. In the later case, for example, the internal display may include a slide show interface showing the previous image, the next image and the image currently being displayed on the external display.

Themedia player600 also includes a network/bus interface616 that couples to adata link618. The data link618 allows themedia player600 to couple to a host computer. The data link618 can be provided over a wired connection or a wireless connection. In the case of a wireless connection, the network/bus interface616 can include a wireless transceiver.

In another embodiment, a media player can be used with a docking station. The docking station can provide wireless communication capability (e.g., wireless transceiver) for the media player, such that the media player can communicate with a host device using the wireless communication capability when docked at the docking station. The docking station may or may not be itself portable.

The wireless network, connection or channel can be radio-frequency based, so as to not require line-of-sight arrangement between sending and receiving devices. Hence, synchronization can be achieved while a media player remains in a bag, vehicle or other container.

The host device can also be a media player. In such case, the synchronization of media items can between two media players.

The various aspects, embodiments, implementations or features of the invention can be used separately or in any combination.

The invention is preferably implemented by software, but can also be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, DVDs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves. The computer readable medium can also be distributed over network-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

FIG. 9 is perspective view of ahandheld computing device700, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Thecomputing device700 is capable of processing data and more particularly media such as audio, video, images, etc. By way of example, thecomputing device700 may generally correspond to a music player, game player, video player, camera, cell phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), and/or the like. With regards to being handheld, thecomputing device700 can be operated solely by the user's hand(s), i.e., no reference surface such as a desktop is needed. In some cases, the handheld device is sized for placement into a pocket of the user. By being pocket sized, the user does not have to directly carry the device and therefore the device can be taken almost anywhere the user travels (e.g., the user is not limited by carrying a large, bulky and heavy device).

As shown, thecomputing device700 includes ahousing712 that encloses and supports internally various electrical components (including integrated circuit chips and other circuitry) to provide computing operations for the device. The integrated circuit chips and other circuitry may include a microprocessor, memory, a battery, and various input/output (I/O) support circuitry. In most cases, the microprocessor executes instructions and carries out operations associated with the computing device. For example, using instructions retrieved for example from memory, the microprocessor may control the reception and manipulation of input and output data between components of thecomputing device700. In fact, the microprocessor may work with an operating system to execute computer code and produce and use data stored in memory. By way of example, the memory may include a hard drive, flash memory, Read-Only Memory (ROM), Random-Access Memory (RAM) and/or the like.

Thecomputing device700 also includes adisplay714. Thedisplay714, which is assembled within thehousing712 and which is visible through an opening in thehousing712, is used to display a graphical user interface (GUI) as well as other information to the user (e.g., text, objects, graphics). Thedisplay714 generally takes the form of a flat panel display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD).

Thecomputing device700 also includes one or more input devices718 configured to transfer data from the outside world into thecomputing device700. The input devices718 may for example be used to perform tracking/scrolling, to make selections or to issue commands in thecomputing device700. By way of example, the input devices718 may correspond to keypads, joysticks, touch screens, touch pads, track balls, wheels, buttons, switches, and/or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, thecomputing device700 includes atouch pad718A and a plurality ofbuttons718B, which are assembled within thehousing712 and which are accessible through openings in thehousing712.

Thecomputing device700 may include one ormore switches720 including power switches, hold switches, and the like. Furthermore, thedevice700 may include one ormore connectors722 including data ports and power terminals722A and B, as well as audio and/orvideo jacks722C.

In the illustrated embodiment, thecomputing device700 is a pocket sized hand held music/photo player that allows a user to store a large collection of music and photos, and to listen to this music and view the photos on the go (e.g., while working, traveling, exercising, etc.). In such a case, the memory may contain media management software having both music playing and photo displaying capabilities. Furthermore, the GUI may visually provide music and photo menus, as well as music and photo controls to the user. Moreover, the touch pad may provide scrolling functions, which allow a user to traverse through menus or controls on the GUI as well as to browse through a list of songs or photos, and the buttons may provide button functions that open a menu, play a song, display a photo, fast forward through a song, seek through a playlist or album and/or the like. In addition, the music/photo player typically includes an audio jack for outputting audio, a video jack for outputting photos and videos and a data port for transmitting and receiving media data (and other data.) to and from a host device. In some cases, the audio and video jack are combined into a single jack. By way of example, the music photo player may correspond to the iPod™ series music players manufactured by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

FIG. 10 is a media deviceoperational method800, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theoperational method800 may for example be performed on a portable media device, and more particularly a portable music/photo player. Themethod800 generally begins atblock802 where a main menu is presented to a user on a display. See for exampleFIG. 11A, which shows themain menu850 presented on the display. Themain menu850 generally includesseveral options852 associated with operating the media device. By way of example, themain menu850 may includeoptions852 such as music, photos, extras, settings, shuffle songs and backlight. In most cases, each of theoptions852 includes its own sub menu of sub options, which are associated with the main option. Each of these sub options may open another sub menu of sub options or they may initiate an action. By way of example, the music submenu may include music library, playlist, and browse options and the photo sub menu may include photo library, album and slide show setting options.

Followingblock802, the method proceeds to block804 where a determination is made as to whether the photo option was selected. If not, the method waits or proceeds back to block802. If so (as shown by the slider bar inFIG. 11A), the method proceeds to block806 where the photo sub menu is presented to the user on the display. By way of example, seeFIG. 11B which shows thephoto sub menu854 presented on the display. Thephoto sub menu854 may include one ormore photo options856, which may represent different modes of photo viewing, and which may give the user the ability to change settings associated with photo viewing. In the illustrated embodiment, thesub menu854 includes a photo library option, one or more album options and a photo settings options.

Followingblock806, the method proceeds to block808 where a determination is made as to whether or not the library option is selected. If the library option is selected, the method proceeds to block810 where all the stored images are retrieved. Thereafter, inblock812, the images are displayed based on predetermined settings. If the library is not selected, the method proceeds to block814 where a determination is made as to whether or not the album option is selected. If the album option is selected, the method proceeds to block816 where only the album images are retrieved. Thereafter, inblock818, the images are displayed based on predetermined settings.

In either of

blocks

812 and818, the entire group or some portion of the retrieved group can be displayed. The amount displayed generally depends on the number of images inside the library or album. If it is large, the screen may not be capable of displaying all of the images at once. In cases such as these, some of the images are kept out of the viewing area until the user decides to pull them up. The manner in which they are displayed generally depends on the desired display configuration established in the settings menu.

In browse mode, a large group oftiny thumbnails858 are displayed in columns and rows as shown inFIG. 11C. The user can browse through thetiny thumbnails858 via a scrolling action either image by image or row by row or column by column, etc. As the user scrolls through the images a new set of data (e.g., images or line of images) is brought into view in the viewing area. In most cases, once the viewing area is full, each new set of data appears at the edge of the viewing area and all other sets of data move over one position. That is, the new set of data appears for each set of data that moves out of the viewing area. In some cases, when a particular image is selected while browsing, the full screen version of that image is displayed as shown inFIG. 11E. Alternatively, the configuration shown inFIG. 11D may be displayed with the current image being the medium thumbnail of the image selected, and the previous and next images being the small thumbnails of the images located next to the image selected.

In slide show mode, only the previous, current, and next images are displayed. The previous and next images may besmall thumbnails860 while the current image may be amedium thumbnail862 as shown inFIG. 11D. The user may traverse through the retrieved images by clicking a forward or back button, i.e., the forward button causes the current image to move to the previous image, the next image to move to the current image, and a new image to move into the next image. In some cases, when a the current image is selected while traversing through the slide show, thefull screen version864 of that image is displayed as shown inFIG. 11E.

In TV mode, the TV thumbnail(s)866 is outputted to a TV for display as shown inFIG. 11F. The TV display may mimic what is being shown on the media player. For example, the TV display may display any of the previous screen shots (FIGS. 11C,11D,11E) or variations thereof. During a slide show, for example, the TV screen image may be based on the same original image as the current image in the slide show window.

If the album option is not selected, the method proceeds to block820 where a determination is made as to whether or not the setting option is selected. If the setting option is selected, the method proceeds to block822 where a setting menu is presented to the user on the display. The setting menu may include control settings pertaining to one or more display events. In fact, the setting menu may serve as a control panel for reviewing and/or customizing the control settings, i.e., the user may quickly and conveniently review the control settings and make changes thereto. Once the user saves the changes, the modified control settings will be employed to handle future display events. By way of example, the settings may include features that allow a user to assign music tracks to albums, to turn the assigned music on/off, to turn TV out on/off, to choose between modes, etc. The settings may also allow a user to select slide shows and whether to display the images in full screen or slide show mode and whether to show the images in random or sequenced order as well as to end or repeat when finished.

Earlier in this description, with reference toFIG. 1 (with particular reference to step104 in theFIG. 1 flowchart), it is discussed how an image profile is generated in the host device. With reference toFIG. 12, we now describe an example of how, more generally, the host device is configured for interoperation with a particular media player.

Atstep1202, it is determined if the media player is able to provide the host with an absolute definition of the device's capabilities. That is, it is determined if the media player is able to provide an identifier or other absolute definition to the host. For example, the host may be able to match the identifier to a media player capability table (generally, a collection of data regarding device capabilities) either stored within the host or accessible to the host (e.g., via the Internet or other network). The identifier may be a device serial number, identification of a family of media players with common capabilities (from the point of view of the host device, at least), or other identifier.

If it is determined atstep1202 that the media player is able to provide the host with an absolute definition of the media player's capabilities, then atstep1204, it is determined whether the host device can understand the absolute definition. That is, it is determined if the host device can access a valid (or, at least, what appears to be valid) player capabilities definition corresponding to the absolute definition. If so, atstep1206, the host is configured for interoperation with the media player in accordance with the accessed device capabilities definition.

Otherwise, if it is determined atstep1202 that media player is not able to provide the host with an absolute definition of the media player's capabilities, or if it is determined atstep1204 that the host cannot understand an absolute definition that is provided by the media player to the host, then it is determined atstep1208 whether the media player can send a parametric definition of the media player's capabilities. If so, then the host receives the parametric definition atstep1210 and sets those parameters that are understood.

For example, the definition may use key/value pairs, using Extensible Markup Language (XML) or a similar markup language, as shown in Appendix A., As another example, a simpler tagged text format may be utilized, as also shown in Appendix A.

Step

1212 is reached after either step1208 (in which it is determined that the media player cannot send a parametric definition of the media player's capabilities) or step1210 (in which the host receives the parametric definition and sets those parameters that are understood). Atstep1212, the host determines which capabilities have not been configured (either as a result of the media player not being able to send a parametric definition step1208) or the host not being able to understand some of the received parameters step1210) and determines a value for those non-configured parameters. For example, the host determines the value for the non-configured parameters by using either a default value, or by heuristically or otherwise determining the value of the non-configured parameters.

In addition to generating an image profile (or other characterization of media handling capabilities of the media player), a process similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 12 may be employed in cooperation with a process to update processing of the media player. In one example, the process to update processing of the media player accomplishes loading of latest “system” software to the media player.

In one particular example, a process similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 12 is employed to determine characteristics of the media player, in order to determine if there is more appropriate system software available for use by the media player. Such a process is described with reference toFIG. 13.

Atstep1302, the host determines characteristics of the media player using, for example, a process similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 12. Atstep1304, the host determines whether there is “more appropriate” system software available for the media player having the host-determined characteristics. By “more appropriate,” it is meant, for example, that for media players having the characteristics of the attached media player, a new version of system software has been developed (e.g., to provide greater capability or to fix bugs).

If it is determined atstep1302 that there is not more appropriate system software available for the media player, then theFIG. 13 processing ends. Otherwise, the host causes the media player to be configured to use the more appropriate system software.

One example of the host causing the media player to be configured to use the more appropriate system software is described with reference to

steps

1306 and1308 of theFIG. 13 flowchart. Atstep1306, the more appropriate system software is caused by the host, in cooperation with the media player, to be copied to a staging area of the media player. In one example, the staging area is a particular partition of a disk drive of the media player.

Atstep1308, the media player is caused to be configured to use the more appropriate system software that was copied to the staging area of the media player. For example, the media player may be caused to reboot, which causes the more appropriate system software to be copied from the staging area of the media player to flash memory of the media player. In this way, upon subsequent boot up of the media player, the media player is configured to use the more appropriate system software. The media player may be caused to boot again such that the media player is configured to immediately use the more appropriate system software.

While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. For example, although the invention is primarily directed at images, it should be noted that it may also be applied to music. In the case of music, different versions of the same song may be created, downloaded and stored. The different versions can be based on a variety of things including for example adjustments made to characteristics of the song (e.g., tempo, pitch), adding or removing elements of the song (e.g., voice or instrument), and/or the like. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.