US20090259236A2 - Gastric retaining devices and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods, devices and systems facilitate gastric retention of a variety of therapeutic devices. devices generally include a support portion for preventing the device from passing through the pyloric valve or esophagus wherein a retaining member may optionally be included on the distal end of the positioning member for further maintaining a position of the device in the stomach. Some embodiments are deliverable into the stomach through the esophagus, either by swallowing or trough a delivery tube or catheter. Some embodiments are fully reversible. Some embodiments self-expand within the stomach, while others are inflated or otherwise expanded.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/833,950, filed on Apr. 27, 2004, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/671,191, filed Sep. 24, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/4910,421, filed Jul. 28, 2003. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/525,105, filed Nov. 26, 2003. The full disclosures of all applications cited in this paragraph are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention. The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods. More specifically, the invention relates to devices and methods for partially and/or intermittently obstructing a pyloric valve to decrease gastric emptying, such as for treating obesity.
• Obesity has become a medical problem of epidemic proportions in the United States. Recent governmental studies estimate that as many as 40% of Americans are obese (defined as a Body Mass Index over 30), and of those, almost 20% are morbidly obese. Unfortunately, there is no indication that these percentages will decrease and every indication that they will increase in the coming years. Studies have linked obesity to countless health risks, a small sampling of which includes cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, orthopedic injuries and complaints, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic fatigue and depression. Despite billions of dollars spent searching for obesity cures, conducting research into nutrition and exercise, and educating the public about obesity, efforts to date have been largely ineffective.
• Many Americans have tried combating obesity with diet, exercise and even medications, to no avail. Most people who lose weight through diet and exercise gain it back again in a short period of time. Available medications can have serious side effects, as was evidenced by the recent scare with the Fen-Phen dietary medication. Faced with the difficulty of diet and exercise, nutritional information that seems to change radically and rapidly, and diet medications and supplements that typically do not work and may cause serious side effects, many obese people become frustrated and either decide to remain obese or choose to pursue a more drastic treatment option.
• The more drastic options typically involve surgical procedures, such as stomach stapling, other gastric reduction surgical techniques, placement of a constrictive band around the outside of the stomach, and gastic bypass. The most well known procedure, in part due to well-publicized experiences of celebrities like Al Roker and Carney Wilson, is the gastric bypass operation, known technically as a Roux-En-Y gastric bypass. In this procedure, the stomach is actually bypassed, and a very small stomach-like pouch remains, making a patient feel full after ingesting a small amount of food. Although gastric bypass can be highly effective, it is acknowledged to be a very high-risk operation, with a 1-2% mortality rate, a number of possible complications such as digestive problems, and a recovery period of up to 6 months. The other surgical alternatives are also associated with either high risk, low rate of effectiveness, or both.
• Stemming from the high risks of gastric surgical procedures and the ineffectiveness of diet and exercise for many obese people, a number of medical devices have been developed to address weight loss and obesity, but these too have numerous drawbacks. Some devices, for example, try to bypass a portion of the stomach or small intestine by essentially creating a tube or chute through which food passes without any nutrients or calories being absorbed. Such devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,584 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0040804 and 2003/0109931. Unfortunately, these are designed to cause absorption problems in a patient, which may reduce intake of calories into the body but which also typically leads to “dumping” of food too rapidly through the digestive tract, leading to numerous gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Another approach, as described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0093117, involves performing a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a stomach, typically to reduce its volume. The drawbacks with such approaches are that they are still relatively invasive and they are typically difficult or impossible to reverse.
• Other techniques involve placing space-occupying balloons and other devices within the stomach to make the patient feel full after eating small amounts of food. One such a device, for example, is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0109935. Space occupying devices by themselves, however, may not be as effective as other treatments, and many currently available devices have an unacceptably serious risk of collapsing, passing through the stomach, and lodging somewhere in the intestines, thus causing a serious and potentially fatal intestinal blockage.
• Yet another technique that has been attempted for treating obesity involves slowing down the rate at which food passes from the stomach, through the pyloric valve at the distal end of the stomach, and into the duodenum—i.e., the first part of the small intestine. Some researchers have found, for example, that stimulation of the gastric vagus nerve may result in reduced gastric motility leading to a loss of over 20% of excess weight in a nine month period. In another approach, severing the gastric vagus nerve may also be effective in treating obesity. These therapies, however, require invasive, sometimes irreversible, surgical procedures, and may have adverse effects on the ability of the vagus nerve to perform other important functions.
• Others have tried slowing gastric emptying by placing implants or injecting bulking agents into tissue at or immediately adjacent the pyloric valve. Such techniques are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,540,789 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0153806 and 2003/0158601. In general, such methods have not been found to be effective and, again, are often irreversible.
• Therefore, because obesity is such an endemic and serious health problem, and because currently available treatment options are often ineffective, extremely risky or both, a need exists for effective, relatively non-invasive treatments for obesity. Ideally, such treatments would be relatively easy to use and deploy in a patient and would help treat obesity without a high risk of side effects or severe complications. Such treatments would also ideally be reversible. At least some of these objectives will be met by the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides devices, methods and systems for obstructing or occluding a pyloric valve to provide weight loss and in some cases treat or ameliorate obesity Devices are generally delivered into the stomach where they expand or are expanded to partially and/or intermittently obstruct or occlude the pyloric valve. By partially or intermittently obstructing or occluding the pyloric valve, contents of the stomach (i.e., food) are retained longer in the stomach, thus causing a patient to feel full sooner and longer, and thus leading to reduced food intake and to weight loss.
• A device is generally configured such that, upon placement in the stomach, it moves naturally to the pyloric valve and contacts tissue adjacent the valve to obstruct the valve opening. A portion of the device is configured to assure that the device cannot pass through the pyloric valve and into the intestine, while another portion of the device is configured to contact stomach tissue adjacent the pyloric valve without damaging the tissue. During digestion and the natural contractions of the stomach, the device moves in and out of contact with the valve such that gastric contents are allowed to pass through to the small intestine, but the rate of passage is slowed. In a number of embodiments, a device may be introduced into the stomach either through a catheter device extending through the esophagus or by a patient swallowing the device. In some embodiments, the device may be retrieved and removed through the esophagus, often using the same device that was used for delivery. In other embodiments the obstructing device may dissolve over time and pass harmlessly through the digestive tract. In still further embodiments, the device is constructed as a retaining rather than an obstructing device, retaining a functional component such as gastric volume displacement component, a drug delivery component, or a gastric stimulator in the stomach while still allowing fluid to pass through the stomach and the pylorus.
• In one aspect of the present invention, a device for obstructing a pyloric valve of a stomach includes an expandable support portion adapted to expand in the stomach from a first configuration to a larger second configuration, and a compliant tissue engagement portion coupled with the expandable support portion and adapted to engage stomach tissue adjacent the pyloric valve to at least intermittently obstruct the pyloric valve. In the second configuration, the support portion prevents passage of the device through the pyloric valve. In general, the support portion and the tissue engagement portion may have any of a number of different configurations. In one embodiment, the two portions are part of one, unitary extrusion, with the support portion having a greater wall thickness than the tissue engagement portion and/or containing one or more support members, such as support rings, lattices, frames or the like. In other embodiments, the two portions may be separate pieces coupled together. The compliant tissue engagement portion generally is sufficiently compliant so as to prevent or avoid injury (such as erosion) of stomach tissue with which the device comes in contact.
• In some embodiments, though not in all, the expandable support portion is self-expanding, thus including at least one self-expanding material. For example, the self-expanding material may include but is not limited to Nitinol, spring stainless steel or other shape-memory, super-elastic or spring-loaded materials. In some embodiments, the self-expanding material includes at least one support member, such as but not limited to one or more rings, coils, cages, struts, scaffolding, baskets, spokes or umbrellas. Such support members may be configured such that, once expanded, they prevent the device from collapsing and passing into the intestine. In some embodiments, the support portion includes one or more support members coupled with at least one material, such as of GORE-TEX®, silicone, polyurethane or polyethylene. The tissue engagement portion, in turn, may extend from the support portion and be made of the same or different material, such as those just listed.
• In alternative embodiments, the self-expanding material may include a self-expanding foam disposed within the expandable support portion and possibly the tissue engagement portion as well. For example, the foam may comprise polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam, silicone foam or the like. Like the support members just described, the expandable foam helps prevent passage of the device through the pyloric valve. Optionally, in some embodiments, the self-expanding material expands upon contacting one or more substances naturally present in the stomach.
• In some embodiments, the support portion and the tissue engagement portion comprise at least one of GORE-TEX®, silicone, polyurethane and polyethylene, with the wall thickness of the support portion being greater than the wall thickness of the tissue engagement portion. In such a device the support portion may also include one or more support members, such as Nitinol rings or the like. In some embodiments, the tissue engagement portion is adapted to temporarily form a seal with the pyloric valve upon contacting the tissue adjacent the valve, and the tissue engagement portion is sufficiently compliant to avoid causing damage to the tissue on contacting it.
• In various embodiments, the obstruction device may have any suitable dimensions, configurations or the like. In one embodiment, for example, the support portion in the second configuration has a widest cross-sectional diameter of between 2.5 cm and 15 cm. The support portion and tissue engagement portion, in one embodiment, have a combined volume in the second configuration greater than 200 cc. This combined volume, in some embodiments, is sufficient to allow the device to act as a space occupying device (as well as a pyloric valve obstructing device) for treating obesity. In addition to its dimensions, the specific gravity or buoyancy of the device may enhance its ability to contact and obstruct the pyloric valve. In one embodiment, for example, the device has a specific gravity of between 0.25 and 4.0. Some embodiments may include one or more chambers for introducing a gas or fluid to adjust the buoyancy of the device, or other mechanisms for adjusting buoyancy.
• As mentioned, the support portion and tissue engagement portion may have any suitable shape in various embodiments. In some embodiments, for example, the device may have an overall cross-sectional shape of a circle, ellipse, triangle, diamond, rectangle, square, star, combinations thereof or the like. In one embodiment, for example, the device may have an oblong or tubular shape. In some embodiments, the device is hollow, with one or more openings to allow passage of stomach contents in and out of the hollow portion. In another embodiment, the device is cone-shaped, with the tissue engagement portion disposed toward an apex of the cone and the support portion disposed toward a base of the cone. Another embodiment may be shaped like a cup. As will be described further below, a number of suitable alternatives are possible in various embodiments.
• Some embodiments of the device also include a positioning member extending from the tissue engagement portion and having a shape adapted to pass at least partially through the pyloric valve to position the device over the pyloric valve. In one embodiment, the device further includes an inner plug and a compliant outer shell. The shell is movable from a first configuration in which it overlaps at least part of the positioning member to a second configuration in which it overlaps at least part of the plug. In this embodiment, the plug and a first portion of the shell in the second configuration act as the support portion, and a second portion of the shell in the second configuration acts as the tissue engagement portion. In one embodiment, the shell in the second configuration is generally cone-shaped. The outer shell may be made of any suitable material(s), but in one embodiment it comprises a material such as GORE-TEX®, silicone, polyurethane or polyethylene, with the wall thickness of the first portion being greater than the wall thickness of the second portion. The thicker first portion provides some of the support function, while the thinner second portion provides the tissue engagement function. In some embodiments, the outer shell is movable from the first configuration to the second configuration by applying force to the shell with a distal end of an elongate catheter device. Also in some embodiments, the inner plug may be solid and may have a largest cross-sectional diameter of at least 10 mm.
• Some of the embodiments including a positioning member may further include a retaining member coupled with a distal end of the positioning member for maintaining the device in intermittent contact with the pyloric valve. In some embodiments, the retaining member self-expands from a first configuration to a second configuration. Such a self-expanding retaining member may expand within the stomach or within the duodenum, in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the retaining member and the obstructing member are in fluid communication through the positioning member. A cross-sectional diameter of the retaining member may be either smaller or larger than a cross-sectional diameter of the support portion in the second configuration, according to various embodiments.
• In various embodiments, the retaining member may include any of a number of different features. For example, in one embodiment the retaining member includes at least one hole, ring, loop or other surface feature for attaching a removal device, for removing the obstructing device from the stomach. In one embodiment, the retaining member includes at least one radiopaque marker or material for facilitating visualization of the device. In some embodiments, the retaining member is adapted to deliver at least one therapeutic or diagnostic agent to an intestine distal to the pyloric valve. For example, the retaining member may include a degradable material caning the therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Alternatively, the retaining member may include one or more housings for releasably containing the therapeutic or diagnostic agent. In other embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent comprises a coating over at least part of the retaining member. In some embodiments, the retaining member includes are imaging device for imaging an intestine distal to the pyloric valve. The retaining member may also include a chemical measuring device for measuring levels in an intestine of at least one of lipids, sugars, alcohols, drugs, pH levels, pancreatic secretions, biliary secretions and/or other dietary or physiological chemicals.
• A retaining member and/or a positioning member having certain dimensions may be advantageous in various embodiments. For example, in one embodiment a retaining member has a cross-sectional diameter of between 0.5 cm and 3.0 cm. In some embodiments, the positioning member has a length of at least 3.0 cm. In some embodiments, the positioning member has a cross-sectional diameter of 2 cm or less. The positioning member may have a general shape adapted to permit the device to intermittently move into and out of contact with the pyloric valve, such as a cylindrical shape or the like. In some embodiments, the positioning member is adapted to self-expand from a first diameter to a larger second diameter within the pyloric valve. In some embodiments, a distal end of the positioning member is weighted.
• In a number of embodiments, the device is deliverable into the stomach through an esophagus with the support portion in the first configuration. In some embodiments, for example, a biodegradable covering is disposed over at least the support portion, the covering being adapted to constrain the support portion in the first configuration for delivery into the stomach and to degrade in the stomach to release the support portion from constraint. Whether including such a cover or not, in some embodiments the device is adapted to be swallowed by a patient with the support portion in the first configuration. Such a swallowed device may further include a retaining cord removably coupled with the device and adapted to extend from the device through the patient's esophagus to the patient's mouth. The cord may retain the device in the stomach until it expands from a first configuration to a second configuration, and then may be removed to allow the obstructing device to contact the pylorus. Optionally, the cord may provide for removal of the device if it does not properly deploy in the stomach. In some cases, the cord may be swallowed and may dissolve in the patient's stomach.
• In other embodiments, the device may removably couplable with an endoscope, an orogastric tube or any other suitable elongate delivery device for delivery of the device to the stomach through the esophagus. In some embodiments, the device is adapted to be delivered through a lumen of a tube extending from the mouth through the esophagus into the stomach. Optionally, the support portion may be collapsible from the second configuration to the first configuration for removal of the device through the esophagus. Alternatively, the device may comprise one or more biodegradable materials so as to degrade over time and pass through the pyloric valve and the rest of a digestive system. Such biodegradable materials may include but are not limited to cellulose, polyethylene glycol, collagen, polylactic acid and/or other polymers.
• The device as a whole may include any of a number of various features in various embodiments. For example, in one embodiment the support portion and/or the tissue engagement portion may include one or more radiopaque materials, dyes and/or markers. One embodiment may further include one or more therapeutic or diagnostic agents releasably coupled with the device for release within the stomach. Optionally, some embodiments include an imaging device coupled with the obstructing device for imaging the stomach, the pyloric valve, and/or the intestine distal to the pyloric valve. Some embodiments may include a chemical measuring device coupled with the obstructing device for measuring levels in the stomach of lipids, sugars, alcohols and/or the like. Some embodiments may include a space occupying member coupled with the obstructing device for occupying space in the stomach to treat obesity. Some embodiments may include one or more electrodes coupled with the device and removably attachable to stomach tissue. In such embodiments, a power source for applying energy to the electrodes, as well as other features, may be housed within the device. Electrodes may be coupled with the device via one or more cords or tethers.
• In another aspect of the invention, a device for obstructing a pyloric valve of a stomach comprises an obstructing member adapted to expand in the stomach from a first configuration to a larger second configuration and a positioning member extending from the obstructing member. As described above, the positioning member has a shape adapted to pass at least partially through the pyloric valve to position the obstructing member over the pyloric valve. In some embodiments, the obstructing member self-expands from the first configuration to the second configuration.
• In some embodiments, the obstructing member comprises an inner plug and a compliant outer shell. The shell is movable from a first configuration in which it overlaps at least part of the positioning member to a second configuration in which it overlaps at least part of the plug. The plug and a first portion of the shell in the second configuration act as the support portion, and a second portion of the shell in the second configuration acts as the tissue engagement portion. The inner plug and outer shell may have any of the features already described. The device as a whole may also have any of the features described above, in various embodiments. For example, some embodiments further include a retaining member as previously described.
• In another aspect of the invention, a system for obstructing a pyloric valve of a stomach includes a pyloric valve obstructing device and a delivery device for delivering the pyloric valve obstructing device to the stomach through the esophagus. The pyloric valve obstructing device includes an expandable support portion adapted to expand in the stomach from a first configuration to a larger second configuration and a compliant tissue engagement portion coupled with the expandable support portion and adapted to engage stomach tissue adjacent the pyloric valve such that the device at least intermittently obstructs the pyloric valve. This obstruction device may optionally be self-expanding and may include any of the other features described above in various embodiments.
• In some embodiments, the delivery device comprises an elongate flexible catheter. For example the flexible catheter may comprise an endoscope, an orogastric tube or the like in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the flexible catheter defines a lumen in which the obstructing device is housed during delivery. Such a flexible catheter may optionally further include a coupling mechanism for releasably holding the obstructing device within the lumen during delivery. The delivery device may also be adapted to remove the obstructing device from the stomach through the esophagus, in some embodiments. In an alternative embodiment, the device may be delivery in a collapsed state alongside an endoscope.
• In alternative embodiments, the delivery device comprises a biodegradable caplet for containing the obstructing device to allow it to be swallowed by a patient, the biodegradable caplet dissolving within the stomach. In these or other embodiments, the obstructing device may comprise one or more biodegradable materials so as to degrade over time and pass through the pyloric valve and the rest of a digestive system. Such biodegradable materials may include but are not limited to cellulose, polyethylene glycol, collagen, polylactic acid and/or other polymers.
• In some embodiments, the system further includes a space occupying member coupled with the obstructing device for occupying space in the stomach to treat obesity.
• In another aspect of the present invention, a method for obstructing a pyloric valve of a stomach involves delivering a pyloric valve obstructing device through an esophagus to the stomach and releasing the obstructing device in the stomach to allow it to expand from a first configuration to a larger second configuration. As has been described above, the obstructing device in the second configuration is adapted to at least intermittently contact and obstruct the pyloric valve.
• In some embodiments, releasing the obstructing device involves releasing the device from constraint to allow it to self-expand from the first configuration to the second configuration. For example, the obstructing device may be delivered to the stomach via an elongate flexible catheter, tube or scope advanced through an esophagus. In other embodiments, releasing the obstructing device involves allowing a patient to ingest the obstructing device in its first configuration. In some embodiments, for example, the device may be folded or compressed for swallowing, with the device unfolding or expanding upon arrival in the stomach. In another embodiment, delivering the device involves allowing the patient to ingest a biodegradable capsule containing the obstructing device in the first configuration, the biodegradable capsule degrading in the stomach to allow expansion to the second configuration.
• Although some methods involve releasing a self-expanding obstructing device, other embodiments may involve actuating the expansion, using one or more delivery devices. For example, in some embodiments the method further involves inflating the obstructing device within the stomach before releasing it. Further details of inflatable obstructing devices and methods for their use can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/671,191, of which the present application is a continuation-in-part and which was previously incorporated by reference. In alternative embodiments, the method may further involve moving an expandable shell of the obstructing device from a first position to a second position to expand the obstructing device from its first configuration to its second configuration. For example, in one embodiment the shell may be invert from a position facilitating delivery of the device to a position for obstructing the pyloric valve, using a distal end of a catheter delivery device. In some methods, it may also be possible to adjust buoyancy of the obstructing device before or after releasing it to allow it to migrate naturally within the stomach to contact and obstruct the pyloric valve. Adjusting the buoyancy, for example, might involve introducing a fluid or a gas into one or more chambers of the device.
• In many, if not all, embodiments, delivery of an obstructing device is reversible. Reversibility may be achieved by a number of different techniques. In one embodiment, for example, the method for obstructing the pyloric valve further involves collapsing the obstructing device from the second configuration to the first configuration and removing the obstructing device from the stomach through the esophagus. An alternative embodiment involves cutting the obstructing device into multiple pieces and removing the obstructing device from the stomach through the esophagus. In either of these embodiments, the delivering, releasing, collapsing and removing steps may in some cases be achieved via one or more elongate flexible catheters, tubes or scopes advanced through an esophagus. In other embodiments, releasing the obstructing device in the stomach causes the device to begin to degrade. In such embodiments, reversibility is achieved by the device degrading over time and passing harmlessly through the digestive tract.
• In some embodiments, the method further includes maintaining the obstructing or occluding device in at least intermittent contact with the pyloric valve by providing the device with a portion that extends at least partially through the pyloric valve. In some embodiments, a first portion of the obstructing or occluding member expands from the first configuration to the second configuration in the stomach, and a second portion of the obstructing or occluding member passes through the pyloric valve into adjacent intestine before expanding from the first configuration to the second larger configuration. Optionally, a bridging portion may extend between the first and second portions, trough the pyloric valve, which may expand within the stomach or the pyloric valve. The bridging portion will have a length that allows it to pass through the gastric opening with the first and second obstructing or occluding portions on opposite sides of the opening and is slightly longer than the passage through the opening itself to allow the bridging portion to move longitudinally and intermittently for short distances within the passage and thereby permit the obstructing or occluding members to intermittently obstruct or occlude the passage.
• The method may include additional features, such as visualizing at least one radiopaque marker or material of the obstructing device. In some embodiments, multiple radiopaque markers may be used to visualize the orientation of the device. In some case, the entire device is made of a radiopaque material. In another embodiment, the method includes acquiring one or more images of the stomach, the pyloric valve and/or the intestine, using an imaging device coupled with the obstructing device. In some embodiments, the obstructing member has a size in its second configuration that is sufficiently large as to act as a space-occupying device for further treating obesity. In other embodiments, the method may further involve expanding a space-occupying member coupled with the obstructing member within the stomach to further treat obesity.
• In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for obstructing a pyloric valve of a stomach involves passing a pyloric valve obstructing device in a first configuration through a lumen of an elongate catheter device extending through an esophagus to the stomach, advancing the obstructing device at least partially out of a distal end of the catheter device, and expanding the obstructing device from the first configuration to a second larger configuration using the catheter device. In one embodiment, for example, expanding the obstructing device involves inverting a compliant shell covering part of the device from a first, collapsed configuration to a second, expanded configuration, using a distal portion of the catheter device. Optionally, the method may further involve releasing the obstructing device from the catheter device.
• These and other aspects and embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below, with reference to the drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1A to1C show cross-sectional views of one variation of a pyloric corking device designed to partially and/or intermittently obstruct a gastric opening in an unexpanded, partially unexpanded, and fully expanded configuration, respectively.
• FIGS. 2A to2D show side views of variations of the device utilizing occlusion members of different shapes.
• FIGS. 3A to3C show cross-sectional views of another variation of the pyloric corking device.
• FIG. 4A shows a side view of yet another variation of the device having a tapered bridging member.
• FIG. 4B shows a side view of yet another variation of the device having conical occlusion members held at a distance from one another.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B show side views of yet another variation of the device having a single occlusion member and alternative anchor members.
• FIGS. 6A to6C show cross-sectional views of the stomach and one variation for nasogastric (or endoscopic) placement of a non-ingestible variation of the device.
• FIGS. 7A to7C show cross-sectional views of the stomach and another variation for nasogastric (or endoscopic) placement of a non-ingestible variation of the device.
• FIGS. 8A to8D show cross-sectional views of the stomach and yet another variation for placement of a variation of the device through ingestion.
• FIGS. 9A to9D show cross-sectional views of the stomach and yet another variation for placement of another variation of the device through ingestion.
• FIGS. 10A to10D show cross-sectional views of the stomach and one variation for removal of the device.
• FIGS. 11A and 11B show top and perspective views, respectively, of an alternative variation of the device incorporating multiple prongs designed to intermittently obstruct the pyloric valve.
• FIGS. 12A and 12B show side and top views, respectively, of another variation of the device incorporating multiple prongs designed to intermittently obstruct the pyloric valve.
• FIGS. 13A to13D show cross-sectional views of an alternative use of the device for preventing gastroduodenal reflux during tube feeding.
• FIGS. 14A to14D show cross-sectional views of an alternative use of the device in combination with one or several gastric fillers.
• FIGS. 15A to15D show cross-sectional views of a device designed to partially displace intragastric volume and intermittently obstruct a gastric opening, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of a device as inFIGS. 15A to15D with a rupture.
• FIG. 17A shows a cross-sectional view of a device having a positioning member and a retaining member, according to one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 17B shows a cross-sectional view of a device having a positioning member with an inflation port, according to one embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 18A and 18B show cross-sectional views of two different embodiments of a device for obstructing a pyloric valve, according to two embodiments.
• FIGS. 19A and 19B show side views of an device for obstructing a pyloric valve, according to another embodiment.
• FIGS. 20A to20C illustrate a method for delivering and deploying the device ofFIGS. 19A and 19B.
• FIGS. 21A and 21B are cross-sectional views of one variation of the device. InFIG. 21A, the device is shown as it is being introduced past the esophageal sphincter. InFIG. 21B, the device is shown fully placed in the stomach.
• FIGS. 22A and 22B are close-up views of the device, withFIG. 22A showing the device close to but not obstructing the pylorus andFIG. 22B showing the device obstructing the pylorus.
• FIG. 23 shows retention of the device after an accidental rupture in vivo.
• FIG. 24A is a cross sectional view of the device with an anchoring intestinal bulb, andFIG. 24B is a cross-sectional view of the device with anchoring intestinal tubing and a distal inflation port.
• FIG. 25A is a cross sectional view of the device with supportive internal caging.
• FIG. 25B is a cross sectional view of the device with a shape memory external shell.
• FIGS. 26A, 26B, and26C illustrate a device within the scope of the invention, that supports and retains a functional component such as a gastric volume reducer, a drug pump or a gastric stimulator inside the stomach without obstructing the pylorus, and can be inserted and removed at will by a physician. InFIG. 26A, the device is shown fixed in a relaxed configuration that allows for retention in the stomach. InFIG. 26B, the device is shown in an intermediate configuration, and inFIG. 26C, the device is shown in a deformed configuration for removal or insertion.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• FIGS. 1A to1C are cross-sectional views showing the expansion, respectively, of one variation of a pyloric corking device which is designed to partially and/or intermittently obstruct a gastric opening, particularly the pyloric valve. In this particular variation,FIG. 1A illustrates thedevice4 in an unexpanded or uninflated state and ready for delivery and/or insertion into the pyloric valve.FIG. 11B shows thedistal occlusion member14 in an expanded state. In use, once thedevice4 has been placed, e.g., in the pyloric region or beyond, the distal occlusion member14 (or “retaining member”) may be inflated through the influx of any number of biocompatible fluids or gases, e.g., saline, water, air, nitrogen, etc., through thetubing8 leading to theinflation port6, which may be self-sealing.Tubing8 may include any number of delivery tubes such as catheters, endoscopes, etc.
• Thedistal occlusion member14 may be configured to inflate before the inflation ofproximal occlusion member16 by fabricating the inflatable member ofdistal occlusion member14 with a material which is more easily distensible relative to a material of theproximal occlusion member16. Materials which may be used in fabricating theocclusion members14,16 may include any number of materials such as silicone, silicone elastomers, latex, polyurethane, PTFE, FEP, etc. Alternatively, self-expanding materials, such as foam or hydrogels which typically expand upon contact with fluids, may be utilized within theocclusion members14,16. If such self-expanding materials are utilized, they may be disposed in theocclusion member14,16 and a fluid such as saline, may be infused to expand the materials. Different self-expanding materials may be incorporated in thedistal occlusion member14 than in theproximal occlusion member16 to obtain differing radial pressures exerted by the expanding materials.
• In yet another alternative, an expanding scaffolding or supporting structure of any kind may be utilized within each of theocclusion members14,16. Such a scaffold or structure may be made of a shape memory foam, a shape memory alloy or super-elastic alloy, such as Nitinol, or shape memory polymers. The scaffold or structure may be compressed into a delivery configuration and then either allowed to expand into the desired occlusive shape by self-expansion or by supplying an activation energy, e.g., electrical, heat, RF energy, etc. In either case, thedistal occlusive member14 may be positioned distal of the pyloric valve and then inflated or expanded into its larger configuration. It may then be pulled proximally against the pyloric annulus, at which point proximalocclusive member16 may be inflated or expanded by infusion throughport6, as shown inFIG. 1C. With bothocclusion members14,16 inflated or expanded, bridgingmember10 connecting the two may span the pylorus. Bridgingmember10 may be of various diameters, such as 1 mm and less, which does not significantly obstruct the pyloric sphincter, up to 8-10 mm in diameter, which does typically obstruct the pyloric sphincter, or any other suitable diameter.
• Bridgingmember10 may be designed to have a flexible length sufficient to allow theocclusion members14,16 to maintain its position with respect to the pyloric valve yet still enable themembers14,16 to move.Proximal occlusion member16 may move from fully obstructing the pyloric valve to moving proximally of the pyloric valve to the extent thatdistal occlusion member14 allowsmember16 to move. This movement may be elicited by the natural movements of the gastric lumen (stomach) and muscles surrounding the pyloric valve. Thus, whenproximal occlusion member16 is moved proximally, the pyloric valve is only partially obstructed and may allow for the intermittent passage of food between the bridgingmember10 and the valve. Because any food within the stomach is retained for longer periods of time, feelings of satiation many be initiated sooner and prolonged so that the patient consumes less food. Moreover, to allow for the relative movement of theocclusion members14,16, bridgingmember10 may be of a length which is sufficient to allow for its placement through the pyloric valve (or through another gastric opening) such that there is sufficient tolerance for theocclusion members14,16 to move proximally and distally relative to the pyloric valve. For instance, in the event that a patient's pyloric valve extends about 2 cm in length, the bridgingmember10 is preferably longer than 2 cm, for example, up to 8 cm in length. Moreover, whileocclusion members14,16 are inflatable or expandable, bridgingmember10 itself may be configured to inflate or expand in diameter.
• A visible dye or marker, preferably being highly visible, may optionally be infused into one or both of theocclusion members14,16 to function as a safety measure. Alternatively, one or both of theocclusion members14,16 may optionally be fabricated from a material which is highly visible and visually distinct from tissue so that in the unlikely event of anocclusion member14,16 rupturing, the dye or pieces of theocclusion member14,16 may become visible once passed from the body. This may indicate to the patient or physician that a rupture of the device has occurred.
• Another variation may incorporate slow-releasing drugs infused into the materials covering the device or materials incorporated into the device. These drugs, which may be any number of drugs, may slowly infuse into the patient by drug release into the intestinal tract or through contact with the patient. Alternatively, the devices may incorporate electrical stimulation technologies. For instance, electrical probes may extend from a surface of the device for insertion into the surrounding tissue or electrodes may be formed over a surface of the device instead.
• In yet another alternative, theocclusion members14,16 may be covered by an erodable or biodegradable covering over one or bothmembers14,16. Such a covering may be configured to constrain one or bothmembers14,16 and once the device has been ingested or placed within the gastric lumen, contact with the surrounding fluids may naturally erode the covering thus allowing the covered occlusion member to expand or inflate. In another variation, proximal and distal occlusion members may each be covered by different materials each configured to erode at differing rates or in different environments, as described in further detail below.
• In the variation shown inFIGS. 1A to1C, thedevice4 may include anoptional lumen18 defined through thedevice4.Option d lumen18 may allow for the passage of fluids and food through thedevice4 entering thelumen18 throughentry port2 and exiting through theexit port20. Thelumen18 may be designed to allow for the passage of a reduced volume of food through thedevice4, in which case thedevice4 shown may be configured with a relatively shortened bridgingmember10 to inhibit the relative movement of thedevice4 relative to the pylorus. With this variation, thelumen18 has been configured so that it may be capable of actively pumping or metering the contents of thegastric lumen74 into theintestine76 through thedevice4. In such a case, the need for thedevice4 to be able to move to un-occlude the pyloric valve is removed. As shown in the figures, an optional pump oractive metering valve12 may be incorporated into thedevice4. Pump orvalve12 may be configured to simply open and allow for the passage of the stomach contents throughlumen18 andvalve12 upon sensing the presence of foreign objects, such as food, in the stomach or upon sensing a predetermined pressure from the contents. Other sensing parameters may include temperature and pH levels. Alternatively, the pump orvalve12 may be configured to actively pump the stomach contents through thelumen18 via a pumping mechanism automatically activated by pump orvalve12 or externally activated by the patient or physician through wireless communication. In the case where the device is configured with avalve12, the valve may be configured as a uni-directional valve to allow the flow of fluids and food only from the stomach to the intestinal tract.
• Thedevice4 could have any shape provided that the shape and/or total volume of theproximal occlusion member16 is sufficient to prevent its passage through the pyloric valve and into the intestines.FIGS. 2A to2D show side views of different shape variations which are possible for use as occlusion members. For instance,FIG. 2A shows a side view of adevice variation22 in which proximal anddistal occlusion members24,26 have a cross-sectional shape along a longitudinal axis defined by thedevice22 in the form of circles, to form spherical occlusion members. Although proximal anddistal occlusion members24,26 are illustrated having equally sized diameters, the diameters may be varied depending upon the desired shape and device configuration. For instance,proximal occlusion member24 may be configured to have a diameter larger thandistal occlusion member26. Alternatively, a device having the opposite configuration may also be utilized, although this may be less preferable.Lumen28 and pump orvalve12 may be optionally included, again depending upon the desired device configuration.
• FIG. 2B shows another device variation in which proximal anddistal occlusion members30,32 may have a cross-sectional shape along a longitudinal axis defined by the device in the form of ellipses, to form ellipsoids. The major axes of the elliptically-shapedocclusion members30,32 are preferably oriented perpendicularly relative to the longitudinal axis of the device in this variation, although various angles may be formed as well.FIG. 2C shows the variation in which proximal anddistal occlusion members34,36 may be formed as triangles, to form conically-shaped occlusion members. In this variation, bridgingmember38 may be minimal in length and may simply be formed by the intersection of theocclusion members34,38 to form a waist region.FIG. 2D shows yet another variation in which proximal anddistal occlusion members40,42 may be formed as diamond shapes, to form a variation of conically-shaped occlusion members. This variation may also form awaist region44.
• Although these variations show specific shapes, these are merely intended to be illustrative of the various types of shapes which, may be utilized and is not intended to be limiting. For instance, any shape, such as rectangles, squares, etc., which may function to occlude a gastric opening and prevent the device from falling therethrough may be utilized and are within the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, various combinations of the different shapes as occlusion members on a single device may also be utilized, such as a device having a distal occlusion member in the shape of a sphere and a proximal occlusion member in the shape of a cone.
• FIGS. 3A to3C show cross-sectional views of another variation of a pyloric corking device which is also designed to intermittently obstruct a gastric opening. Similar to the device shown inFIGS. 1A to1C, this particular variation omits the use of a lumen defined through theentire device46. Thisdevice46 may also incorporate any of the features described above for expanding the occlusion members. For instance, foam of varying expansion pressures may be utilized to ensure that expansion occurs in thedistal occlusion member50 prior to expansion in theproximal occlusion member48 upon the injection of a fluid, e.g., saline or water, into thedevice46. Thedevice46 is configured so that the influx of fluids from theinfusion tubing8 through theentry port6 is channeled through thelumen52 of the central portion from theproximal occlusion member48 to thedistal occlusion member50. Thedevice46 may also be placed in the same manner as a device as inFIGS. 1A to1C, as described in further detail below. This variation may also incorporate aninflation port6, which may be metallic, so that removal of thedevice46, if necessary, can be accomplished through the simple placement of a magnetically tipped suction catheter. The catheter, when appropriately placed, may cause the device to deflate by applying a suction force to facilitate the easy removal of thedevice46 from the pyloric valve. With a metallic ring placed around the inflation port of the device, the magnetically tipped suction catheter can be advanced into the patient, or placed using a nasogastric tube. A sensor can then indicate that the magnet has engaged the metallic ring, a vacuum can be activated, and the entire device deflated through rupture of a pressure-sensitive barrier or through the simple application of vacuum forces. Thedevice46 can thus be removed through any endoscopic or percutaneous approach, e.g., an oro- or nano-gastric approach. While this variation may have alumen52 connecting the proximal48 and distal50 occlusion members, thislumen52 may be closed to gastric space and instead be used to communicate an inflation fluid to inflate theocclusion members48,50. The occlusion members of thedevice46 may have any shape as described above, for instance inFIGS. 1A to2D).
• Yet another variation of the device is shown inFIG. 4A. In this variation, thedevice54 may have a bridgingmember60 which is tapered. The bridgingmember60 may be tapered to become wider along its length from thedistal occlusion member58 to theproximal occlusion member56. The tapered bridgingmember60 may be utilized to facilitate movement of thedevice54 to un-occlude the pyloric valve. As the pyloric valve contracts about the bridgingmember60, the taper may aid in moving the device proximally. The angle of the taper may be varied, depending upon the desired results, as may the size and shapes of the occludingmembers56,58.
• FIG. 4B shows another variation similar to that shown above. In this variation, thedevice55 may haveocclusion members57,59 having conically-shaped members which are connected via a bridgingmember61. This bridgingmember61 may have a length which holdsocclusion members57,59 at a distance from one another sufficient to enable thedevice55 to move relative to the pyloric valve. Thedevice55 may inflate or expand theocclusion members57,59 using any of the methods disclosed herein and thedevice55 may also optionally incorporate a central lumen and a passive or active valve or pumping mechanism, if desired.
• In another embodiment, the distal occlusion member may be omitted entirely.FIG. 5A, for instance, shows a side view of analternative variation62 in which the bridging member66 (or “positioning member”) may extend at some length, e.g., 5 cm or greater, from aproximal occlusion member64. The bridgingmember66 may be placed within the intestinal tract, e.g., the duodenum, while held in place by theproximal occlusion member64 abutting the pyloric valve. The positioning of theproximal occlusion member64 relative to the pyloric valve may be maintained by the frictional forces generated by the bridgingmember66 rubbing against the walls the intestinal tract. Theocclusion member64 may function in the same manner as described above in intermittently un-occluding the pyloric valve during stomach contractions and movement, but may be held in place by the length of the bridgingmember66. Although the distal end of the bridgingmember68 may be free-floating in the intestinal tract, it may optionally be weighted by aweight68 or by a number of hooks orbarbs72 for attachment to the intestinal walls, as shown in thedevice70 ofFIG. 5B.
• It is furthermore within the scope of this disclosure that certain features between the different device variations described herein may be incorporated into various combinations. For instance, a device having a proximal occlusion member having a spherical shape and a distal occlusion member having a conical shape may be utilized. As a further example, his device may also incorporate various methods to inflate or expand the distal occlusion member in a different manner as the proximal occlusion member. Moreover, this device may also have a biodegradable covering over only one occlusion member and may also incorporate the valve and/or pump integrated within the device and may also optionally include a lumen defined throughout the length of the device. These examples are merely intended to be illustrative of the various combinations which may be employed by combining various aspects from different variations described herein and are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
• FIGS. 6A to6C show cross-sectional views of the stomach and one variation for nasogastric (or endoscopic) placement of a non-ingestible, active variation of thedevice4. As thedevice4 is delivered through theesophagus78, it may be in a compressed, un-inflated, or un-expanded configuration, as shown inFIG. 6A, while being positioned via theoptional tubing8. Once thedevice4 has been positioned to span the pylorus with the occlusion members in thestomach74 andduodenum76, respectively, thedevice4 may be inflated or expanded using any of the methods described above, as shown inFIG. 6B. Thetubing8 may then be detached and thedevice4 left in place, as shown inFIG. 6C.
• FIGS. 7A to7C show cross-sectional views of the stomach and another variation for nasogastric (or endoscopic) placement of a non-ingestible, passive variation of thedevice46. As above, thedevice46 may be advanced through theesophagus78 while in a compressed, un-inflated, or un-expanded configuration, as shown inFIG. 7A. As shown inFIG. 7B, once thedevice46 has been placed spanning the pylorus with the occlusion members in thestomach74 andduodenum76, respectively, the device may be inflated or expanded and thetubing8 may be detached and thedevice46 left in place, as shown inFIG. 7C.
• FIGS. 8A to8D show cross-sectional views of the stomach and yet another variation for placement of a passive (or “self-expanding”) embodiment of thedevice80. As shown inFIG. 8A, thedevice80 may be simply ingested. As it enters thestomach74, gastric fluids may erode an acid sensitive coating over the inflation port of theproximal occlusion member82. Once the coating has degraded, theproximal occlusion member82 may be configured to expand or inflate, as shown inFIG. 8B. Once the expansion or inflation has occurred, thedevice80 will remain in thestomach74 and eventually thedistal occlusion member84 may pass into the duodenum76 while still in its un-expanded or un-inflated state due to the natural contractions of the stomach, as shown inFIG. 8C. Once thedistal occlusion member84 has passed into theduodenum76, an alkaline sensitive coating over thedistal occlusion member84 may be eroded and expansion or inflation of thedistal occlusion member84 will occur with the device spanning the pyloric valve, as shown inFIG. 8D. The covering over thedistal occlusion member84 may be configured to erode only once it has contacted the acidic environment specific to theduodenum76, where the pH level is approximately 6. In order to facilitate removal, the twoocclusion members82,84 may be connected by a central,hollow lumen86, as described above, with abarrier88 designed to rupture upon the application of a predetermined pressure level. Thus, with application of a vacuum having the appropriate pressure level, thebarrier88 may be configured to rupture and theentire device80 may be deflated.
• FIGS. 9A to9D show cross-sectional views of the stomach and yet another variation for placement of a passive variation of thedevice90 through ingestion. In this alternative variation, thedevice90 can be ingested orally. As thedevice90 enters thestomach74, shown inFIG. 9A, both the proximal anddistal occlusion members82,92, respectively, may be configured to inflate upon erosion of acid-sensitive coatings over the inflation port ordevice90, as shown inFIGS. 9B and 9C. Once inflation or expansion has been accomplished, thedistal occlusion member92 will eventually be passed due to its smaller size (approximately the diameter of the dilated pyloric valve 5-15 mm) while theproximal occlusion member82 will remain thestomach74 due to its larger size, e.g., 15 mm or greater in diameter and up to 60 mm in diameter due to physiologic limitations in the pyloric region of the stomach, as shown inFIG. 91D Thus, oneocclusion member92 may be designed to be small enough to be passed through the pyloric valve while theproximal occlusion member82 may be designed to be retained in thestomach74 with bothocclusion members82,92 inflating in thestomach74. One of the occlusion members can have an inflation port covered with an acid-sensitive coating while the other is acid-resistant bur erodes at the pH found in the intestine (approximately 6.0). Thus, once the device is ingested, one of the occlusion members will expand retaining the device in the gastric space after which gastric motility will eventually move the remaining uninflated occlusion member into the intestine. Once the second occlusion member contacts the intestinal tract, the inflation port may be eroded by the intestinal milieu and the second portion may slowly inflate leaving the device spanning the pyloric valve.
• A number of different alternatives and variations may be employed in self-expanding or “passive” pyloric valve obstructing devices and methods such as those just described. In some embodiments, a device may be folded, compressed or otherwise formed into a smaller configuration for swallowing by a patient, without using a biodegradable coating. Upon passing through the esophagus into the stomach, the folded device may unfold due to one or more shape-memory Nitinol support rings or other self-expanding support members. In any swallowing embodiment, a device may also include a tether that extends from the device, back through the esophagus to the patient's mouth. Such a tether may be used for retaining the obstructing device in the stomach until it expands, retrieving the obstructing device if it does not deploy as desired in the patient's stomach and/or the like. In some embodiments, the tether may be swallowed to dissolve in the stomach. In other embodiments, a swallowed device may contact the pyloric valve but not include a bridging member for spanning the valve. Other variations are contemplated within the scope of the invention, according to various embodiments.
• FIGS. 10A to10D show cross-sectional views of thestomach74 showing one variation for removal of the device80 (passive variation illustrated). Thedevice80 is shown inFIG. 10A between thestomach74 and theduodenum76. As seen inFIG. 10B, a magnetic tipped suction catheter orendoscope94 is introduced and thedevice80 may be deflated and removed, as shown inFIGS. 10C and 10D. In contacting theinflation port6 with thecatheter94, the tip may be configured with an electrical contact as an aid in determining whether thecatheter94 has properly contacted theinflation port6. Alternatively, thedevice80 may be removed through endoscopy or it may be designed to degrade over time and eventually be passed through the intestines.
• In other embodiments, an obstruction device may be removed by deflating or collapsing the device and removing it through a lumen of a catheter device. In one embodiment, the device may be cut into small pieces and removed through a catheter lumen. in yet another embodiment, the device may dissolve over time and pass harmlessly through the pyloric valve and the digestive system. Any number of suitable alternatives for removal or passage of the device are possible in various embodiments.
• FIGS. 11A and 11B show top and perspective views, respectively, of an alternative variation for the device which may reside solely in the stomach. This particular variation may incorporatemultiple prongs100,102,104,106,108,110 designed to intermittently cork the pylorus. In this variation, anexpansile material96 may be appropriately shaped in order to promote occlusion of the pylorus. The device may be ejected from the pylorus due to contractions, but may be re-inserted through one of the various prongs. As a further measure, the device may definemultiple apertures98 through each set of prongs to prevent complete obstruction of the pyloric valve.
• FIGS. 12A and 12B show side and top views, respectively, of another variation of A device as inFIGS. 11A and 11B. In this variation, a fewer number ofmultiple prongs112,114,116,118 may be utilized and each prong may also define anaperture120 therethrough However, as shown in this variation, each of the prongs may be flexible and tapered or rounded to prevent damage to the surrounding tissue.
• FIGS. 13A to13D show cross-sectional views of an alternative use of the devices described herein. In this variation, the device may be utilized in the prevention of gastroduodenal reflux during tube feeding. As shown, thedevice124 is similar to variations described above; however, in this variation, alumen132 defined through thedevice124 for tube feed delivery may define anoutlet134 designed to be positioned in theduodenum76. The proximal portion of thedevice124 may also be attached to afeeding tube126 and aninflation tubing130. Feedingtube126 may be used to deliver tube feeds through thelumen132 directly to theduodenum140 while theinflation tubing130 may be used to inflate an inflatable pyloric spanner or bridgingmember136 during tube feeding to prevent reflux of deliveredmaterial140. Thedevice124 can also incorporate athird tube128 which may provide for aspiration of thegastric contents138 to prevent reflux of the delivered material into the lungs and to decompress thestomach74. The proximal portion of the occlusive member can either maintain its inflated or expanded state or it can be decompressed at times to relieve pressure on the pyloric valve. In this variation, a percutaneous approach is shown, but a nasogastric approach or another approach is possible.
• FIGS. 14A to14D show cross-sectional views of yet another alternative use of devices of the present invention. As shown inFIGS. 14A to14C, adevice90 may be placed to occlude the pyloric valve. In this case, thedevice90 is shown as having been ingested, although placement of thedevice90 may be affected via any of the methods described above. As shown inFIG. 14D, the addition of one or several gastric fillers142, e.g., inflatable gastric balloons, expandable scaffolding, or any other number of space-occupying devices generally known in the art, may be utilized. In this variation, thedevice90 may be placed and then the gastric fillers142 may be introduced. Thedevice90 may be utilized to ensure that the gastric fillers142 are not passed through the pyloric valve until they are sufficiently small, thereby allowing for non-degradable substances to be utilized without the concomitant risk of small bowel obstruction.
• FIGS. 15A to15 D are cross-sectional views demonstrating the use of another embodiment of adevice150 for intermittently obstructing apyloric valve156, and in this embodiment for partially filling the gastric space.FIG. 15A illustrates thedevice150 in an unexpanded or uninflated state and ready for delivery and/or insertion into the stomach via acatheter device152, such as an endoscope, tubing or the like. The device, in this embodiment, includes anexpandable foam154, which is expanded when thedevice150 is within the stomach, as shown inFIG. 15B. Any suitable nontoxic liquids or gases may be introduced through aninflation port158, for expanding thedevice150 and/or thefoam154.
• Any suitable materials may be used to form thedevice150. In one embodiment, for example, thedevice150 may comprise an expandable balloon fabricated from silicone, silicone elastomers, latex, polyurethane, PTFE, FEP, and/or the like. The internal inflatable lumen of the balloon can be filled with an expansile cohesive material such as a dehydrated and crosslinked PEG, a dehydrated hydrogel, or other swellable mass, or buttressed with a shape memory material such as a shape memory foam, shape memory metals (such as Nitinol), or shape memory polymers. The buttressing materials can be placed anywhere on the device, including inside the flexible balloon material. Alternatively, the wall of the balloon itself can be composed of a shape memory material, obviating the need for any filling or buttressing. If self-expanding materials are utilized, they may be disposed inside the balloon, and the balloon may be infused with a fluid such as saline to expand the materials.
• As shown inFIG. 15B, thedevice150 in one embodiment includes aproximal portion153 and adistal portion155. In some embodiments, theproximal portion153 has a supportive or structural function, for assuring that thedevice150 has a large enough cross sectional diameter to prevent passage of thedevice150 through the pyloric valve. Typically, thedistal portion155 functions to contact thepyloric valve156 and/or tissue adjacent thepyloric valve156, to intermittently and/or partially block thevalve156. In some embodiments, thedistal portion155 is made of compliant material, so that when it contacts stomach tissue in, around or adjacent thepyloric valve156, it does not harm the tissue. In some embodiments theproximal portion153 anddistal portion155 are made of the same material, with theproximal portion153 having a greater amount of material, greater wall thickness or the like, relative to thedistal portion155.
• Generally, thedevice150 may have any of a number of suitable shapes, such as an irregular oblong shape as shown, an elongated spherical shape, a cone, a diamond or the like. In some embodiments, the shape is selected such that thedevice150 naturally migrates toward thepyloric valve156, with thedistal portion155 aligned to contact thevalve156. In these and other embodiments, migration of thedevice150 to thevalve156 may be further enhanced by selecting a specific gravity or buoyancy of the device to allow it to move through the stomach contents towards thevalve156.
• FIGS. 15C and 15D thedistal portion155 of thedevice150 in interacting with thepyloric valve156. As illustrated, the shape of thedistal portion155 is configured to move out of (FIG. 15C) and into (FIG. 15D) contact with thevalve156. This typically occurs during the natural contractions of the stomach, thus providing for intermittent obstruction of thepyloric valve156. Intermittent obstruction of thepyloric valve156 causes food in the stomach to be retained longer, and thus, feelings of satiation may be initiated sooner and may last longer, leading the patient to consume less food. The embodiment shown inFIGS. 15C and15D, thedistal portion155 fully obstructs thevalve156 when it is in contact. In alternative embodiments, thedistal portion155 may not fully obst uct thevalve156 and may have any of a number of various configurations designed to allow partial flow even when fully contacting thepyloric valve156. For example, thedistal portion155 may have a shape such as conical, ellipsoid, spherical, pyramidal, tubular, disc-shaped with a protruding member (designed to fit within the pylorus) or the like. In one embodiment, thedistal portion155 and theproximal portion153 have identical or nearly identical shapes, so that either end may obstruct thepyloric valve156, regardless of the orientation of thedevice150.
• Thedevice150 may have any of a number of additional features for enhancing its delivery into the stomach, it ability to intermittently obstruct thepyloric valve156, its removal from the stomach and/or the like. In one embodiment, for example, thedevice150 includes one or more radiopaque markers, dyes and/or materials for facilitating visualization of thedevice150. Thedevice150 may also include other markers, dyes or materials that enhance its visibility to the naked eye, which may be advantageous in embodiments where thedevice150 dissolves and passes through the body or as a safety feature in the unlikely event that thedevice150 breaks or ruptures.
• In some embodiments, thedevice150 may include one or more mechanisms for releasing one or more drugs into the stomach or small intestine beyond the pyloric valve. For example, slow-releasing drugs may be coupled with or infused into materials covering thedevice150 or materials used to construct thedevice150. These drugs, which may be any of a number of therapeutic or diagnostic agents, may slowly infuse into the patient by drug release into the intestinal tract or through contact with the patient. In other embodiments, thedevice150 may incorporate electrical stimulation technologies. For instance, electrical probes may extend from a surface of thedevice150 for insertion into the surrounding tissue or electrodes may be formed over a surface of thedevice150.
• In one embodiment, thedevice150 may be covered by an erodable or biodegradable covering for delivery into the stomach. Such a covering may be configured to constrain thedevice150, and once the covering comes into contact with substances in the gastric lumen, it may naturally break down and dissolve, thus releasing thedevice150 and allowing it to expand. In one embodiment, thedevice150 may be covered by different materials each configured to erode at differing rates or in different chemical environments within the stomach.
• FIG. 16 illustrates thedevice150 ofFIGS. 15A to15D, in which arupture157 has occurred. As demonstrated by this figure, the overall shape of thedevice150 is maintained due to expanded foam154 (or other framework material or the like within or on thedevice150 in other embodiments). Generally, the foam or framework material will be acid-resistant in order to prevent its degradation within the stomach and thus allow it to support thedevice150 for extended periods of time after rupture has occurred. In an alternative embodiment, thefoam154 or other framework material may degrade slowly after rupture while releasing a signaling material that would alert the patient to the rupture upon examination of feces. The patient would then know to consult his physician to have thedevice150 removed.
• Referring now toFIGS. 17A and 17B, another embodiment of a pyloricvalve obstructing device160 may include andinflation port168, aproximal portion163, adistal portion165, apositioning member161 and a retainingmember162.Inflation port168 is optional, of course, since some embodiments require inflation while others do not. Positioningmember161 generally helps position thedevice160 in a location for intermittently obstructing thepyloric valve156. Retainingmember162 helps maintain the location or position of thedevice160.
• In one embodiment, the positioningmember161 may be hollow, thus allowing for passage of fluids and/or gases through the device to allow theproximal portion163,distal portion165 and retainingmember162 to be inflated. In one embodiment,positioning member161 may be relatively short, to inhibit movement of thedistal portion165 relative to thepylorus156. In other embodiments, the positioningmember161 may be longer to allow for more movement of thedevice160.
• Referring now toFIG. 17B, in another embodiment adevice170 having proximal173 and distal175 portions is coupled with apositioning member171 that includes aninflation port172 at its distal end. In this embodiment, thedevice170 is passed to the stomach in its uninflated state, the positioningmember171 andport172 are used to inflate thedevice170, and the positioning member is then swallowed and passes through thepyloric valve156 to remain harmlessly in the first part of the small intestine. In another embodiment, the device may be placed into the stomach while attached to a removable tether that extends up the esophagus and into the mouth. The tether can be used to remove the device if it does not properly deploy, or alternatively it can be detached from the device once it is in place in the stomach.
• As illustrated inFIGS. 18A and 18B, and as mentioned earlier, various embodiments of a device for obstructing a pyloric valve may include any of a number of different expandable support mechanisms. The embodiments just described included foam, but other supportive structures and materials may be used, such as self-expanding cages, coils, lattices, frameworks or the like. InFIG. 18A, adevice180 having proximal183 and distal185 portions as well as aninflation port188 also includes an expandingscaffolding184, which may be coupled with the wall of thedevice180 on its inner surface or outer surface, or which may be embedded in the wall. Such an expandingscaffolding184 may be composed of shape memory or super-elastic materials, such as Nitinol. Thescaffold184 may be compressed into a delivery configuration and then either allowed to expand into the desired occlusive shape by self-expansion or expanded by supplying an activation energy, such as, electrical energy, heat, RF energy or the like. In another embodiment, the scaffold may be deployed by pulling the scaffold into an expanded configuration with a pulling device, and in such embodiments the scaffold may have a catch mechanism to prevent it from collapsing to its original shape.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 18B, adevice190 includes aproximal portion193, adistal portion195 and aninflation port198. In this embodiment, awall194 of thedevice190 is made of a shape memory, super-elastic or otherwise self-expanding material, which expands from a smaller configuration to a larger configuration upon release from constraint. The material of thewall194 then retains its expanded shape, thus maintaining the shape of thedevice190 and preventing the device foam collapsing.
• Referring toFIGS. 19A and 19B, another embodiment of a pyloricvalve obstructing device200 includes a movable or “inverted”outer shell204, aninner core202, apositioning member208 and adistal retaining member210 having ahole212 or other surface feature. Thedevice200 is shown in its expanded configuration inFIG. 19A, for intermittently obstructing a pyloric valve, and in its collapsed configuration inFIG. 19B, for delivery into the stomach. Theshell204 includes a tissue contactingengaging portion205 and asupport portion206. Generally, thesupport portion206 is more rigid/stiffer than thetissue contact portion205, so that the former helps maintain the cross-sectional diameter of thedevice200 so that it cannot pass through the pylorus, while the latter is more compliant so that it can contact stomach tissue without causing significant damage.
• The various components of thedevice200 may be constructed of any suitable materials, such as those already described or any other suitable materials now known or hereafter discovered. In one embodiment, theinner core202 is a solid material, such as silicone, but in other embodiments thecore202 may be hollow. Thecore202 may have any suitable size, shape, cross-sectional diameter or the like. In one embodiment, thecore202 has a cross-sectional diameter of between about 5 mm and about 30 mm, and preferably about 10 mm. Theshell204 may be made of the same or different material as thecore202, and also may have any suitable size, shape, cross-sectional diameter or the like. In one embodiment, thesupport portion206 of theshell204 is thicker that thetissue contact portion205. In other embodiments, thesupport portion206 may be made of a different material than thetissue contact portion205.
• The positioningmember208 may be an extension ofinner core202,shell204 or both, or may instead be a separate piece coupled with theinner core202 and/orouter shell204. Positioningmember208 may have any suitable length and diameter to allow it to pass through the pyloric valve. In one embodiment its cross-sectional diameter is about 1.0 cm or less and its length is about 3.0 cm or greater. The retainingmember210 may also have any suitable size, shape or configuration, with some embodiments being expandable, some being self-expanding, and others configured to not expand at all. In one embodiment, the retainingmember210 has a greatest cross-sectional diameter of about 30 mm or smaller, and preferably about 25 mm or smaller, and even more preferable about 21 mm or smaller. Thehole212 or surface feature in the retainingmember210 may have any configuration for allowing coupling of an actuator or other device with the retaining member for delivering, adjusting and/or retrieving thedevice200. Both thepositioning member208 and the retainingmember210 may be made of any suitable material.
• Although not drawn to scale,FIG. 19B illustrates the collapsed or inverted state of thedevice200. In this configuration, theshell204 may be compressed to a smaller cross-sectional diameter for delivery, such as through a delivery tube or catheter. After thedevice200 is delivered to the stomach, theshell204 is inverted to its expanded state and thedevice200 may then act to intermittently obstruct the pyloric valve.
• FIGS. 20A to20C illustrate a method for delivering and deploying thedevice200 ofFIGS. 19A and 19B in a stomach. InFIG. 20A, thedevice200 is housed within the lumen of adelivery tube214 or catheter in its collapsed configuration. InFIG. 20B, the device has been advanced partially out of the delivery tube, allowing theshell204 to at least partially expand. Anactuator216 hooked through thehole212 on the retainingmember210 may then be used to pull back on thedevice200, such that theshell204 overlaps the distal end of thedelivery tube214. The distal end of thedelivery tube204 is then used to apply force to theshell204, causing it to invert into its expanded state, as shown inFIG. 20C. As also shown inFIG. 20C, theactuator216 may include ahook218 for coupling with thehole212 in the retainingmember210. Once theshell204 is moved to its expanded configuration, it is designed to stay in that configuration, thus providing the pyloric valve contacting and device retention functions described above. In one embodiment, thedelivery tube214 may include an expandable balloon (not shown) at or near it distal end. The balloon maybe doughnut-shaped to inflate circumferentially, or may be have an eccentric shape or any other suitable shape. The balloon may be inflated and serve as a stop against which thedevice200 may be pulled. Alternatively, the balloon may be inflated under or within thedevice200 to invert thedevice200 as the balloon inflates.
• In other embodiments, the device may be delivered and/or deployed using any other suitable method. For example, in one embodiment theshell204 may “self-invert” from its constrained/collapsed state to its expanded state without using anactuator216 or the distal end of adelivery device214. Self-inverting may be achieved by shape-memory or spring loaded materials or the like, or by a shell geometry that creates a bias in the stiffness of the device. In another embodiment, thedevice200 may be swallowed, either in a folded or otherwise collapsed state or housed within a dissolving caplet. A number of different alternative embodiments are possible.
• FIGS. 21A and 21B are show the introduction and expansion of one variation of the device. InFIG. 21A, theballoon251 is introduced byendoscopy tubing252 in an unexpanded or uninflated state. Inside the balloon is ashape memory foam253. InFIG. 21B, theballoon251 is fully inserted and theshape memory foam253 is expanded according to its shape memory. As noted above, the balloon can be fabricated from silicon, silicon elastomers, latex, polyurethane, PTFE, FEP, or other materials. The interior of the balloon can be a self-expanding material such as a foam, or hydrogel that expands upon contact with fluids, such as saline. Alternatively, the balloon can be expanded by being filled with any nontoxic liquid or gas, through aninflation port254. Thedistal occlusive portion255 of the balloon will occlude thepyloric valve256.
• InFIGS. 22A and 22B, theocclusion portion255 is shown in two successive positions moving into engagement with thepyloric valve256. A visible dye or marker, preferably one that is highly visible, can be infused into theballoon251 as a safety measure. Alternatively, the balloon itself can be fabricated from a material that is highly visible and visually distinct from tissue so that in the unlikely event of a rupture of the balloon, the due or pieces of the balloon will become visible as they pass from the body, indicating to the patient or to a physician that a rupture has occurred.
• The balloon can also be covered by an erodible or biodegradable covering that will constrain the balloon until the balloon is ingested or placed within the gastric lumen where the gastric fluids will erode the covering and thereby allow the balloon to expand or inflate. The balloon can also be covered with materials that are configured to erode at differing rates or in different environments.
• InFIG. 3, arupture261 has occurred in theballoon253 and yet the profiled of the balloon is maintained due to the shape memory foam or expansile internal material retained inside the balloon. The foam or material is preferably acid-resistant to prevent degradation and allow it to support the balloon wall for extended periods of time following rupture. Alternatively, the balloon filling could degrade slowly after rupture with release of a signaling material to alert the patient to its rupture upon examination of feces.
• InFIG. 24A, a pylorus-spanningtether271 is attached to the balloon, and adistal occluding member272 is attached to the opposite end of thetether271. Thetether271 holds thedistal end273 of theballoon274 near the pylorus to urge the balloon toward the position in which it obstructs the pylorus. A relativelyshort tether271 will limit the range of movement of the occlusive (distal) end273 of the balloon relative to the pylorus. InFIG. 24B, theballoon281 has atether282 attached to itsdistal end283 and aninflation port284 at the distal end of thetether282. To utilize this device, theballoon281 is swallowed without swallowing theinflation port284, leaving the inflation port inside the patient's mouth. Once the balloon has been inflated through the inflation port, the patient can simply ingest thetether282 which will eventually migrate across the pyloric valve285 and help hold thedistal end283 of the balloon in the region of the pyloric valve.
• Further variations are shown inFIGS. 25A and 25B. InFIG. 25A, theballoon291 contains internalexpandable caging292 to establish its shape, while inFIG. 25B, theballoon293 contains anouter shell294 made of a shape memory material.
• A still further variation on the device and its use are shown inFIGS. 26A, 26B, and26C. The device in these figures is a shape-memory component301 such as a resilient lattice or cage, with afunctional component302 held inside. In its relaxed position, the shape-memory component301 is large in volume, shown here as a sphere (FIG. 26A), that cannot pass through the pylorus and is therefore retained in the stomach but of open structure to avoid any interference with the flow of digested matter from the stomach through the pylorus into the intestine. The shape-memory component301 can also be elongated to a deformed position, as shown inFIG. 26C, by applying and maintaining a longitudinal extension force to the component. In this deformed position, the device can be inserted into the stomach through the esophagus. Thefunctional component302 fits inside the shape-memory component301 in both the relaxed and elongated conformations of the shape-memory component. Thefunctional component302 is either a drug pump, a gastric stimulator, or any other delivery or otherwise therapeutic device. Manipulation of the shape-memory component301 is achieved by anendoscopic tool303 that contains aninternal extension rod304 that can be moved forward and back relative to the tool by standard external means (not shown) that are common and known for endoscopy tools. The distal ends of both theendoscopy tool303 and theextension rod304 can be fitted with grasping components such as forceps, a snare, or the like. To insert the device into the stomach of a patient, a physician will mount the device to the distal end of the endoscopy tool, with the distal end of the tool attached to the proximal end of theshape memory device301 and the distal end of the internal rod attached to the proximal end of thefunctional component302. The physician will then extend therod304 to elongate theshape memory component301 as inFIG. 26C, thereby reducing its diameter so that the entire device can be inserted into the stomach. Once inserted, therod304 is retracted by the physician, through an intermediate configuration as inFIG. 26B to a relaxed configuration as inFIG. 26A. Removal of the device from the stomach is achieved by the reverse procedure, i.e., theendoscopy tool303 with retractedrod304 is inserted into the stomach (through the esophagus) and once inserted, its grasping components are manipulated to engage the components of the device Once these components are engaged, the rod is extended, causing elongation and deformation of the shape memory component and thereby enabling removal of the entire device from the stomach.
• In a further variation on the device pictured inFIGS. 26A, 26B, and26C, the shape-memory component301 is replaced with a relatively flexible cage of the same configuration, either without a shape memory or with a shape memory that is less than fully realized after distortion. The distal end305 of the cage is joined to the distal end306 of the functional component, while the proximal ends307,308, respectively, are joinable but detachable, i.e., reversibly joinable. When the proximal ends307,308 are joined, as shown inFIG. 26A, thecage301 is fixed in the configuration shown and thereby retainable in the stomach due to its large diameter. When the proximal ends are detached, thecage301 andfunctional component302 are removable, insertable, or generally capable of manipulation. Engagement and disengagement of the proximal ends can be achieved by endoscopy tools, such as forceps, gasping elements for twisting, or cutting elements. In certain embodiments, labels that are detectable and capable of being monitored from outside the body are affixed to the proximal end of thefunctional device302, thecage301, or both, to facilitate the manipulations.
• In still further embodiments, the shape memory component orflexible cage301 is useful by itself, i.e., without the presence of an additionalfunctional component302, as a space-occupying device to reduce the volume in the stomach. This serves as a means of weight reduction by reducing the volume of food that can be retained in the stomach and thereby the volume that can be absorbed through the stomach walls.
• Although the above is a complete and accurate description of the invention, any of a number of variations, additions and the like may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, devices and methods described above are not limited strictly to treatment of obesity, but may also be used to treat other conditions. Furthermore, other devices, such as imaging devices, chemical detection devices, space occupying devices and/or the like may be incorporated into many of the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is defined in the following claims.

Claims (21)

What is claimed is:

1-113. (canceled)

114. A device for retaining a therapeutic component in the stomach of a patient, said device comprising:

a shape-memory component that is convertible from an expanded configuration in which said shape-memory component is sufficiently expanded to prevent passage of said shape-memory component through said pylorus, to a reduced-diameter configuration allowing insertion and removal of said shape-memory component through the esophagus of said patient;

a therapeutic component of small enough size to be contained within said shape-memory component both in said expanded configuration and said reduced-diameter configuration; and

means for manipulating said shape-memory component between said expanded and reduced-diameter configurations externally to said patient.

115. A device for retaining a therapeutic component in the stomach of a patient, said device comprising:

a noninflatable component that is convertible from an expanded configuration sufficiently large to be unable to pass through said pylorus to an unexpanded configuration allowing insertion and removal of said flow-through component through the esophagus of said patient;

a therapeutic component of small enough size to be contained within said flow-through component both in said expanded configuration and said unexpanded configuration; and

means for manipulating said flow-through component between said expanded and unexpanded configurations while said flow-through component is inside said stomach.

116. The device ofclaim 115, further comprising reversible attachment means for reversibly attaching said flow-through component to said therapeutic component and thereby fixing said device in said expanded configuration.

117. The device ofclaim 115, further comprising a label detectable through the body of said patient attached to said therapeutic device.

118. The device ofclaim 114 further comprising one or more therapeutic or diagnostic agents releasably coupled with the device for release within the stomach.

119. The device ofclaim 114, further comprising a space occupying member coupled with the obstructing device for occupying space in the stomach to treat obesity.

120. The device ofclaim 114, further comprising at least one electrode coupled with the devices wherein the electrode engages the tissue of the stomach, pylorus or duodenum.

121. The device ofclaim 115, further comprising one or more therapeutic or diagnostic agents releasably coupled with the device for release within the stomach.

122. The device ofclaim 115, further comprising at least one electrode coupled with the devices wherein the electrode engages the tissue of the stomach, pylorus or duodenum.

123. A device for reducing effective gastric volume, said device comprising:

a flow-through component that is convertible from an unexpanded configuration in which said flow-through component is sufficiently small in cross section to be inserted into the stomach of a patient through the esophagus of said patient, to an expanded configuration in which said flow-through components is too large in cross section to pass through said pylorus once inserted in said stomach; and

means for converting said flow-through component from said unexpanded configuration to said expanded configuration while said flow-through component is in said stomach, wherein

conversion from unexpanded to said expanded configuration is accomplished through shape-memory materials or endoscopic locking in an expanded configuration, wherein reversal of said expanded configuration to the unexpanded configuration for removal requires endoscopic manipulation of the device.

124. The device ofclaim 123 wherein the expandable support portion comprises at least one self-expanding material.

125. The device ofclaim 124, wherein the at least one self-expanding material is selected from the group consisting of Nitinol, spring stainless steel and other shape-memory, super-elastic and spring-loaded materials.

126. The device ofclaim 124 wherein the self-expanding material comprises at least one support member for preventing collapse of the support portion, the support member selected from the group consisting of rings, coils, cages, struts, scaffolding, baskets spokes and umbrellas.

127. The device ofclaim 126, wherein the support portion comprises the at least one support member coupled with at least one of GORE-TEX® silicone, polyurethane and polyethylene.

128. The device ofclaim 124, wherein the self-expanding material comprises a self-expanding foam disposed within at least one of the expandable support portion and the tissue engagement portion.

129. The device ofclaim 128, wherein the foam comprises at least one of polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam and silicone foam.

130. The device ofclaim 124, wherein the self-expanding material expands upon contacting one or more substances present in the stomach.

131. The device ofclaim 123, wherein a tissue engagement portion is adapted to temporarily form a seal with the pyloric valve upon contacting the tissue adjacent the valve, and wherein the tissue engagement portion is sufficiently compliant to avoid causing damage to the tissue on contacting it.

132. The device ofclaim 123, wherein the support portion in the second configuration has a widest cross-sectional diameter of between 2.5 cm and 15 cm.

133. The device ofclaim 123, wherein the combined volume is between 200 cc and 2000 cc.

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