US20090149894A1 - Medical device information system - Google Patents

Abstract

In general, the invention is directed to management of information from a plurality of emergency medical devices, such as automated external defibrillators, and associated docking stations. The medical devices and docking stations may communicate with one another and with a remote unit. The managed information includes information pertaining to authorized access and maintenance, inspection indications and inspection certifications. In general, an authorized user can access the emergency medical device without activating alarms that would accompany an emergency. The authorized user can further use the user input interface to enter an inspection certification, which records the inspection, the maintenance performed, the date the device is returned to service, and so forth.

Description

• This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/027,766, filed Dec. 30, 2004, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The invention relates to medical devices, and in particular, to collection of data generated by an emergency medical device or associated apparatus.
BACKGROUND
• Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening medical condition that may be treated with external defibrillation. External defibrillation includes applying electrodes to the patient's chest to deliver an electric shock to the patient in order to depolarize the patient's heart and restore normal sinus rhythm. The chance that a patient's heart can be successfully defibrillated increase significantly if a defibrillation pulse is applied quickly.
• Until recently, individuals such as paramedics, emergency medical technicians, police officers and others trained in defibrillation techniques used defibrillators, but the general public did not. In some cases, the patient's need is urgent and the patient cannot wait for trained personnel to arrive. In recognition of the need for prompt treatment, automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are becoming more commonplace, and are available in venues such as health clubs and auditoriums. In some large venues, such as office buildings, factories, airports and sports arenas, several AEDs may be deployed throughout the venue. In some venues, hundreds of AEDs may be deployed. Ready availability of AEDs may mean that patients may get needed treatment promptly, and need not wait for emergency personnel to arrive. As a result, more lives may be saved.
• As part of ordinary security and maintenance procedures, AEDs deployed in a venue may be periodically checked. It is important for the devices to be able to provide therapy in time of need. Checking the devices from time to time helps keep the devices ready provide therapy, by investigating whether the electrodes are in good condition, whether the batteries are charged, and so forth. A responsible person, such as security personnel or a repair person, may be assigned to make an inspection of each AED and to confirm that the device is operational or place the device in an operational condition. The inspection may be relatively simple, because many AEDs perform one or more automatic self-diagnostic routines and provide one or more status indications that the device is operational or in need of service.
• As part of the inspection, the responsible person should regularly look at each AED and check the associated status indicators. The responsible person may also be required to prepare and maintain records showing that the inspections have been performed, as well as the status and repair history of the AEDs. In a venue having several AEDs, the cost of inspection may be significant. A deployed AED may be unprepared to provide defibrillation therapy if the responsible person fails to make a proper inspection. In addition, a deployed AED may be unprepared to provide defibrillation therapy if a fault or other problem occurs following an inspection.
• Because AEDs may be deployed in venues accessible to the public, AEDs may be prone to mischief or misuse. Theft, inadvertent or inappropriate use, tampering, vandalism and the like may be important concerns. Because of these concerns, AEDs may be deployed with a docking station that deters mischief or misuse. An example of such a docking station is a wall-mounted cabinet with a glass window and an alarm system. The alarm may be triggered when the door of the cabinet is opened or if the AED is removed. Not only does the alarm deter mischief, the alarm also helps summon responding personnel to the site of an emergency.
• Many of the concerns applicable to AEDs may be applicable to other emergency medical devices as well. For example, there may be benefits associated with deploying medical devices such as a stroke apparatus, a chest compression device, or a first aid device, throughout a venue. These medical devices, like AEDs, may be inspected as part of ordinary security and maintenance procedures. To deter mischief or misuse, the medical devices may be deployed with docking stations.
SUMMARY
• In general, the invention is directed to management of information from a plurality of emergency medical devices, such as AEDs. A system for managing status information may include one or more medical devices associated with one or more docking stations. A medical device, or a docking station, or both, may acquire information and may communicate the information to a remote unit. Such information includes device status information, which pertains to the operating status of the emergency medical devices, the docking stations, or their attendant components.
• The invention is further directed to management of information pertaining to authorized access and maintenance, inspection indications, inspection certifications, and the locations of medical devices within the system. The remote unit serves as a status monitor that provides a central point for collecting, aggregating and recording information about authorized maintenance, inspection indications, inspection certifications, and the locations of the medical devices.
• When an authorized user wishes to access an emergency medical device for some reason other than an emergency, such as maintenance, the invention enables the authorized user to be proximate to an emergency medical device and to enter an authorization into a user input interface. When the authorization is validated, the authorized user can access the emergency medical device without activating alarms that would accompany an emergency. The authorized user can further use the user input interface to enter an inspection certification, which records the inspection, the maintenance performed, the date the device is returned to service, and so forth. The remote unit receives the inspection certification and updates a service log that records each device's service history.
• In addition, the invention supports management of patient status information, which is information pertaining to treatment of a patient. In the case of an AED, for example, patient status information can include data such as information about the patient's heart rate and rhythm, whether defibrillation therapy was delivered to the patient, the number of defibrillation shocks delivered, the quantity of energy per shock, and the response of the patient to the therapy. After the emergency medical device has been replaced in the docking station following an emergency, the emergency medical device communicates the patient status information to the remote unit. The emergency medical device can initiate the communication on its own or in response to an interrogation. The remote unit, upon receiving the patient status information, can relay the patient status information to the medical facility that will receive the patient.
• The invention also supports tracking an emergency medical device that is removed from its docking station. The emergency medical device may include a trackable element, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag or a radio transmitter, that can be sensed by a tracking element such as a RFID tag detector or a radio range detector. The docking station can include a tracking element, and a plurality of tracking elements can also be deployed around the venue. The tracking elements generate tracking signals that are communicated to the remote unit, which can determine the location of the emergency medical device. This location can further be supplied to responders such as emergency medical technicians.
• The invention is not limited to systems in which every medical device is associated with a docking station. For practical reasons that will be described in more detail below, however, it may be advantageous for a medical device to be associated with a docking station. It may further be advantageous for the medical device and the docking station to communicate with one another. The communication may involve interrogations for status information, as well as status information itself.
• In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method that may be practiced by an emergency medical device. The method comprises acquiring patient status information pertaining to treatment of a patient with an emergency medical device. The method also comprises, after the emergency medical device is placed in a docking station, establishing communication with a remote unit via a communication network and communicating the patient status information from the emergency medical device to the remote unit. The patient status information may be communicated to the remote unit via the docking station.
• In another embodiment, the invention presents a device comprising a docking element configured to retain an emergency medical device, a sensor element configured to detect removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element, and a user input interface configured to receive an authorization from a person proximate to the device. The device also includes a processor configured to communicate an emergency message to a remote unit when the removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element is unaccompanied by the authorization, and further configured to communicate an administrative message to the remote unit when the removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element is accompanied by the authorization. The device can also include a tracking element configured to generate a tracking signal as a function of the position of the emergency medical device with respect to the device.
• In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a device comprising an electrical source configured to generate a shock to defibrillate a heart, at least two electrodes configured to deliver the shock to the heart, and a trackable element configured to generate a trackable signal to a tracking element less than one kilometer from the device. The trackable element can be, for example, an RFID tag.
• In an additional embodiment, the invention is directed to a device comprising a docking element configured to retain an emergency medical device and a communication module. The communication module is configured to receive patient status information from the emergency medical device when the emergency medical device is placed in the docking element. The communication module is further configured to communicate the patient status information to a remote unit.
• In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a system comprising an emergency medical device comprising a trackable element. The system also includes a plurality of tracking elements, each tracking element configured to detect the trackable element within a range of less than one kilometer and further configured to generate a tracking signal as a function of the detection. The system also includes a network coupled to the tracking elements configured to receive at least one tracking signal and to communicate the tracking signal to a remote unit.
• A further embodiment presents a method that that may be practiced by a docking station. The method includes receiving in a docking element an emergency medical device and receiving an inspection certification from the emergency medical device. The method can also include communicating the inspection certification from the docking station to a remote unit.
• In an added embodiment, the invention is directed to a method that may be practiced by an emergency medical device. The method comprises establishing communication with a remote unit via a communication network after being placed in a docking station, and communicating an inspection indication to the remote unit. The inspection indication requests a physical inspection for an emergency medical device placed in the docking station. In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method that may be practiced by a docking station, comprising receiving in a docking element an emergency medical device, and communicating an inspection indication to the remote unit.
• In another embodiment, the invention presents a method comprising receiving a medical device in a docking element, interrogating the medical device for patient status information pertaining to treatment of a patient, receiving the patient status information, and communicating the patient status information to a remote unit. A docking station can practice this embodiment of the invention.
• In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a method comprising receiving an authorization and deactivating an alarm triggered by access to an emergency medical device when the authorization is valid. A docking station can practice this embodiment of the invention.
• Further embodiments of the invention are directed to computer-readable media that include instructions for causing a programmable processor to carry out the methods described above.
• The invention may offer one or more advantages. The invention may be practiced with systems of many configurations. Any number of docking stations and medical devices may be tracked, monitored and maintained with the invention. The invention may also be practiced with any number of networks, and may in some cases be integrated into an existing network in the venue, such as a security network or a private building maintenance network.
• The invention provides easy monitoring of any number of medical devices and docking stations deployed throughout a venue. Numerous features of the invention may allow a person responsible for inspection to record the inspection at the docking station. The invention simplifies record keeping operations, such as maintenance of a status log.
• In the event of a problem with any device in the system, the invention facilitates prompt notification of a responsible person. The invention facilitates resolution of the problem by enabling authorized inspections without setting off false alarms. The invention offers the further benefit of receiving and recording inspection certifications when the problems are resolved.
• In an emergency, the invention advantageously supports tracking of the emergency medical device. In general, determining the location of the device is associated with determining the location of the patient. As a result, a remote unit that notifies a person about the location of the emergency medical device also provides information about the site of the emergency.
• In addition, the device may acquire important status information pertaining to the patient during the emergency, such as vital signs, heart rhythm, administered therapies, and the like. This patient status information can be quickly relayed to a medical facility that receives the patient. The result is more complete medical records for the patient, and more complete information for the patient's physician.
• The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of an automated external defibrillator in a cabinet docking station according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 is a perspective drawing of an automated external defibrillator in a bracket docking station according to another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a system for managing information from a plurality of medical devices such as AEDs and docking stations, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating interrogation of a medical device according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating interrogation of a medical device according to an alternate embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating exemplary procedures triggered when a user accesses an emergency medical device associated with a docking station, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an exemplary venue, illustrating an exemplary deployment of a docking station with an emergency medical device and tracking elements, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating processes initiated by replacement of an emergency medical device in a docking station, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating processes associated with authorized access to an emergency medical device in a docking station, according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of an automated external defibrillator (AED)10 in anexemplary docking station12.AED10 anddocking station12 are illustrative of the practice of the invention, and for simplicity, the invention will be described in terms of AEDs and docking stations. The invention is not limited to docking stations and AEDs, however, but may include other devices including other types of emergency medical devices including physiological monitors, such as a blood pressure monitor or a capnograph. Other examples of emergency medical devices include chest compressors, cooling garments, oxygen delivery apparatus and the like.
• In the example ofFIG. 1,docking station12 is a cabinet, comprising acompartment14 that receivesAED10 and a hingeddoor16 that closes to secureAED10 insidecompartment14.AED10 is portable. When an operator needs to useAED10, the operator opensdoor16 and liftsAED10 fromcompartment14.Cabinet12 also includes abase18, which supportsAED10 and houses other components described below.
• AED10 is capable of administering defibrillation therapy to a patient.AED10 includes an electrical source (not shown) that can generate one or more shocks to defibrillate the heart of a patient. The shocks may be delivered to the patient via two electrodes (not shown), which may be hand-held electrode paddles or adhesive electrode pads placed externally on the skin of the patient.
• The electrodes may be packaged in a sealed pouch (not shown), such as an airtight foil bag, which protects the electrodes from the environment. The electrodes may include substances that may degrade or dry out when exposed to air. For example, the electrodes may include a hydrogel layer that hydrates the patient's skin, forms an interface with the patient, promotes adhesion of the electrodes to the skin and reduces the risk of burns. The electrodes may be stored in a pouch to prevent the hydrogel from drying out and losing its desirable properties. The pouch may be stowed insideAED10 orinside cabinet12.
• Anoperator using AED10 use typically bringsAED10 to the patient, opens the pouch, retrieves the electrodes and places the electrodes in the correct positions on the patient's chest. In some models ofAED10, the operator may also couple the electrodes to AED10 by plugging an electrical connector into a receptacle onAED10.
• Electrodes of the kind described above are intended for use on one occasion. Following use, the electrodes are discarded, andAED10 is supplied with a fresh pouch that holds fresh electrodes. Even if the electrodes are not used, however, the electrodes may have a shelf life. As a precaution, the pouch should be replaced when the shelf life expires.
• AED10 may include an internal power source (not shown). The power source for many models ofAED10 is a battery, although some models of AED may be capable of being “line powered,” i.e., plugged into an electrical outlet. Battery power is advantageous in many respects. First, in many situations, the patient may be far from an electrical outlet. In those situations,AED10 may rely upon a battery to supply the energy for the defibrillation shocks. Second, a power supply in the form of a battery makesAED10 portable and useful in a wider variety of emergency situations.
• AED10 also comprises an energy storage device (not shown), such as one or more capacitors, and a charging circuit (not shown), such as a flyback charger. When a defibrillation shock is needed, the charging circuit transfers energy from the power supply to the energy storage device. When the energy stored in the energy storage device reaches a desired level,AED10 is ready to deliver defibrillation therapy. The therapy may be delivered automatically or manually.
• AED10 typically includes one or more processors, such as a microprocessor or application specific integrated circuit (not shown), that control various functions ofAED10. In some devices, the processor governs charging of the energy storage device, for example, and evaluates heart rhythms of the patient sensed via the electrodes. The processor can, in some models, deliver the defibrillation shocks automatically. The processor is further configured to execute a routine that performs a self-diagnostic test ofAED10 and that acquires device status information as a function of performing the self-diagnostic routine.
• Status information pertains to the operating status ofAED10 and its attendant components. Device status information may include, for example, data indicative ofAED10 being in good working order. Device status information may also include data indicative of a fault or potential problem withAED10, such as data indicative of a failed or damaged component. Data indicating that the battery is low, or that the battery is failing to hold a charge, are additional examples of AED device status information. Device status information may also include data indicating that the electrodes or other components are nearing the end of their shelf life.
• AED10 may include one ormore output elements20 that convey device status information to a person. As shown inFIG. 1,output elements20 include visual annunciators, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that illuminate or darken to convey device status information.Output elements20 may, for example, indicate whetherAED10 is in good working order, whether the battery is ready, or whetherAED10 needs service.Output elements20 may include other or additional annunciators, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a strobe, or a speaker that is capable of delivering an audible signal or a spoken message.
• Hingeddoor16 ofcabinet12 includes awindow22. WhenAED10 rests incompartment14 anddoor16 is closed,output elements20 may be visible throughwindow22.Base18 ofcabinet12 also includes AEDstatus output elements24 that may be redundant ofoutput elements20 onAED10. In other words,output elements24 ofcabinet12 may convey the same device status information asoutput elements20 ofAED10.Output elements24 may also convey AED status information in a different way than that conveyed byAED10.Cabinet12 may, for example, employ a simplified “OK—NOT OK” indicator system, whileAED output elements20 may be more specific about the nature of any problems.
• The redundant presentation of status information may be advantageous in several respects. First, instead of facilitating observation ofoutput elements20 onAED10,window22 may impede observation ofoutput elements20. BecauseAED10 may be recessed incompartment14, for example,output elements20 may not be visible throughwindow22 from all angles. Further,window22 may be cracked or dirty or reflective of light sources that wash out the visual annunciators.Output elements24 oncabinet12 may also be larger or brighter thanoutput elements20 onAED10, allowing the device status information to be perceived from a greater distance or from a wider angle of view. Thus, a person wishing to perform a routine visual check on the status ofAED10 may obtain status information about AED10 more readily by observingoutput elements24 oncabinet12.
• Cabinet12 presents device status information viaoutput elements24 upon receiving the status information fromAED10. As will be described in more detail below,AED10 may establish a communication link withcabinet12, and may communicate device status information tocabinet12. The communication link may be, but need not be, wireless.
• In addition to AEDstatus output elements24,base18 includes docking stationstatus output elements26. Docking stationstatus output elements26 may includevisual annunciators28, aspeaker30 and adisplay screen32.Visual annunciators28 may comprise, for example, LEDs, a strobe or a warning light.Display screen32 may comprise, for example, an LCD or CRT display.
• Docking stationstatus output elements26 convey status information that is not redundant of status information conveyed by AEDstatus output elements24. The status information conveyed by docking stationstatus output elements26 may include status information pertaining toAED10, status information pertaining tocabinet12, or status information pertaining to other AEDs. As will be described below,AED10, orcabinet12, or both, may be part of a networked system of AEDs, and the status information conveyed by docking stationstatus output elements26 may include status information pertaining to the networked system of AEDs.
• Visual annunciators28 may convey, for example, thatcabinet12 is in good working order, or that the communication interfaces ofcabinet12 are working properly.Speaker30 may convey, for example, an alarm signaling thatdoor16 is open or ajar, or verbal instructions concerning use ofAED10 orcabinet12.Display screen32 may convey any information in text or visual form, such as a pictorial instruction for openingdoor16, or a text warning thatAED10 is out of service, along with directions for finding the nearest AED in the network that is in service.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 1,base18 also includes auser input interface34. A user proximate tocabinet12 usesuser input interface34 to enter data intocabinet12. Althoughuser input interface34 is depicted inFIG. 1 as a numerical keypad, the invention also supports inclusion of a user input interface in the form of an alphanumeric keypad, touch screen, pointing device, selection buttons, and the like.
• Data entered viauser input interface34 can serve a number of functions. For example, a user can enter an authorization to removeAED10 fromcabinet12 for maintenance purposes. In an emergency, it will not be necessary for a user to enter any authorization, and a user can retrieveAED10 by opening thedoor16 ofcabinet12 and removingAED10.Cabinet12 can include a sensor element configured to detect opening ofdoor16 or removal ofAED10 fromcabinet12, so that such actions trigger an alarm, thereby alerting responsible personnel to the emergency. Maintenance personnel may desire to opendoor16 or removeAED10 without triggering any alarm. Accordingly, one function foruser input interface34 is to receive an authorization, such as a code or password, which allows a user to have access toAED10 without triggering an alarm locally.
• In addition, as described below,cabinet12 includes a processor that is configured to communicate with a remote unit. The processor is configured to communicate an emergency message to the remote unit when the removal ofAED10 fromcabinet12 is unaccompanied by a valid authorization.Cabinet12, or the remote unit, or both, can determine whether the authorization is valid. When access to AED10 is accompanied by a valid authorization, the processor can be configured to communicate an administrative message to the remote unit, notifying the remote unit that authorized personnel have obtained access toAED10. In addition,cabinet12, or the remote unit, or both, can deactivate alarms in response to a valid authorization.
• User input interface34 can also be used to receive device status information about the condition ofAED10 orcabinet12 or both. The device status information can pertain to the operating status ofAED10 and its attendant components. For example, when maintenance personnel replace defibrillation electrodes that are included withAED10, maintenance personnel can enter a code viakeypad34 that verifies that the defibrillation electrodes have been replaced.
• Upon entry of device status information viauser input interface34, the processor incabinet12 is configured to communicate the device status information to the remote unit. As described below, this device status information can be recorded by the remote unit as a service record that indicates what maintenance had been done to AED10 orcabinet12, by whom, and when. The remote unit can further use the device status information to determine whether a service call is in order. A service call may be in order when, for example, regular maintenance personnel are unable to putAED10 in a working condition such thatAED10 can be returned to active service. A service call summons a specialist who can returnAED10 to a working condition.
• A further use foruser input interface34 is to receive an inspection certification.AED10 may be routinely inspected by an inspector, who can certify thatAED10 is in condition for use or who can determine that maintenance is in order. WhenAED10 undergoes a routine in-person inspection, the inspector can certify that the inspection has been completed viauser input interface34. The inspection certification can be in the form of a code or password. In addition, the inspector can attest to the work by entering an identification code that identifies the inspector and that confirms the inspection. The processor incabinet12 is configured to communicate the identification code and the inspection certification to the remote unit, which validates the identification code and the inspection certification to determine whether the inspection certification is valid or invalid. When the identification code and the inspection certification are valid, the remote unit records the inspection certification as part of the service record for the AED.
• FIG. 2 is a perspective drawing of anotherAED40 in anotherexemplary docking station42. InFIG. 2,docking station42 is a wall-mounted bracket, rather than a cabinet.Bracket42 includes a shapedbase44 that receivesAED40 and supportsAED40.Bracket42 also includes and clasps46, which, in cooperation withbase44, retainAED40 andsecure AED40 tobracket42.Clasps46 may be flexible. When an operator needs to useAED40, the operator may pullAED40 fromclasps46 and liftAED40 out ofbase44.Bracket42 can include a sensor element configured to detect removal ofAED40, which can trigger an alarm indicating an emergency.
• AED40 may include one ormore output elements48 that convey device status information aboutAED40, andbase44 may include AEDstatus output elements50 that may be redundant ofoutput elements48. As will be described in more detail below,AED40 may establish a communication link withbracket42.AED40 may communicate status information tobracket42, whichbracket42 may present viaoutput elements50 onbase44.
• Output elements48 and50 may be similar tooutput elements20 and24 shown inFIG. 1. Althoughoutput elements48 are not recessed in a compartment or obscured by a window,output elements48 may be small or difficult to read at a distance.Output elements50 may be more easily perceived from a greater distance or from a wider angle of view, allowing a person to readily obtain status information aboutAED40.
• Base42 includes docking station status output elements52. Like docking stationstatus output elements26 shown inFIG. 1, docking station status output elements52 may includevisual annunciators54, aspeaker56 and adisplay screen58.Base42, as depicted inFIG. 2, also includes auser input interface59, which depicted inFIG. 2 as a keypad.User input interface59 can be similar in form and function touser input interface34 depicted inFIG. 1. In particular,user input interface59 can be used to enter data such as authorizations and inspection certifications.
• The embodiments of an AED and a docking station shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 are for purposes of illustration. The invention is not limited to the arrangements depicted. For example, the invention encompasses embodiments in which the docking station output elements are positioned above the AED, or on multiple sides of the AED. The invention encompasses embodiments that include more or fewer output elements than are shown. The invention also encompasses embodiments that include docking elements to retain the AED other than clasps, shaped bases, cabinets and doors. Docking elements may include clamps, lids, covers, trays, shelves, drawers, latches, and the like.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating anexample system60 in which astatus monitor62 receives status information, which can include device status information and patient status information, from anAED64 and adocking station66.AED64 anddocking station66 may be either of the embodiments depicted inFIGS. 1 and 2, but are not limited to those embodiments.
• In the embodiment ofsystem60 shown inFIG. 3, status monitor62 is a unit that is remote fromAED64 anddocking station66, but is in two-way communication withAED64 anddocking station66. Status monitor62 may transmit an interrogation for device status information to AED64 ordocking station66.AED64 ordocking station66 may perform a self-diagnostic routine to acquire the device status information, and may communicate the status information to status monitor62.
• Insystem60,AED64 does not communicate with status monitor62 directly. Rather,AED64 communicates with status monitor62 viadocking station66. In particular,AED64 includes acommunication interface68 that establishes a communication link with acommunication interface70 indocking station66.Communication interface70 in turn establishes a communication link with acommunication interface72 in status monitor62 over anetwork74. Similarly, interrogations from status monitor62 toAED64 are communicated throughdocking station66.
• Network74 may be any network.Network74 may comprise, for example, a public switched telephone network, a cellular telephone network, a local area network, a wide area network, a global computer network such as the Internet, an integrated services digital network, or the like. In some venues in whichAED64 anddocking station66 may be deployed, the venue may include a dedicated security network or a private building maintenance network. Either may serve asnetwork74.Network74 may include hard-wired electrical or optical communication links, wireless links, or a combination of both.
• Docking station66 includes aprocessor67, such as a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor or application specific integrated circuit.Processor67 can be configured to perform a number of functions, such as controlling communication withstatus monitor62. For example,processor67 can validate authorizations entered viauser input interface69, and can detect removal ofAED64 fromdocking station66 or replacement ofAED64 indocking station66 viasensor71. When replacement is detected,processor67 can be configured to communicate interrogation for device status information toAED64. In some embodiments,processor67 is configured to evaluate the device status information to determine whetherAED64 is in a condition to be returned to service, and to generate an inspection indication when the device status information indicates thatAED64 may not be in a condition to be returned to service. In general, the inspection indication is a request for a physical, in-person inspection forAED64. As discussed below,AED64 may also generate an inspection indication.
• Processor67 can also communicate an emergency message to status monitor62 when the removal ofAED64 fromdocking station66 is unaccompanied by a valid authorization, and can further communicate an administrative message to status monitor62 when the removal ofAED64 is accompanied by a valid authorization.Processor67 can further activate or deactivate local alarms in response to a valid authorization. In addition,processor67 can be configured to validate and communicate an inspection certification to status monitor62.
• User input interface69 can be any element that receives data locally.User input interface69 can be a device such as a numerical keypad, an alphanumeric keypad, a touch screen, a pointing device, one or more selection buttons, and the like.
• Sensor71 can be any element that senses the presence, absence, removal or replacement ofAED64.Sensor71 can be, for example, an electrical switch, a pressure sensor, a weight sensor, an acoustic sensor, or an optical sensor.Sensor71 provides a signal toprocessor67 that indicates the physical presence ofAED64 todocking station66. In some embodiments of the invention,AED64 includes a sensor (not shown) that enablesAED64 to determine whetherAED64 has been removed from or replaced indocking station66.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 3,AED64 includes atrackable element73 anddocking station66 includes atracking element75.Trackable element73 can be any wireless element that can be passively or actively tracked by a tracking element, including but not limited to, trackingelement75 indocking station66.
• One exemplary embodiment oftrackable element73 can be a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, and an exemplary embodiment of trackingelement75 can be a stationary RFID detector. An RFID tag is a wireless electronic device that includes an integrated circuit and a coil. The coil may act as a source of power, as a receiving antenna, and a transmitting antenna. The integrated circuit may include wireless communications components and memory. The RFID detector includes an antenna and a transceiver, and “interrogates” an RFID tag by directing an interrogating electromagnetic signal to the RFID tag. The RFID tag, which receives power from interrogating signal, responds to the interrogation and transmits a responsive electromagnetic signal to the RFID detector. An RFID detector typically has a range or “read area” in which the strength of the interrogating signal is sufficient to power the RFID tag and to cause generation of a responsive signal. A typical read area has a radius of a few meters.
• Trackable element73 need not be embodied as an RFID tag, however. In some embodiments,trackable element73 comprises a battery-powered radio transmitter. In this embodiment, trackingelement75 comprises a range detector that senses the strength of the signal transmitted from the transmitter.
• In general, trackingelement75 monitorstrackable element73, and generates a tracking signal as a function of the position ofAED64 with respect tostationary docking station66.Tracking element75 can be dormant until triggered by removal ofAED64 fromdocking station66, as sensed bysensor71. When a user removesAED64, trackingelement75 becomes active and generates a tracking signal. The tracking signal can provide information about the distance ofAED64 fromdocking station66, as well as the direction of displacement. Docking station communicates the tracking signal or other information about the location ofAED64 to status monitor62. As will be described below, the invention encompasses embodiments in whichother tracking elements96 deployed in a venue track the position ofAED64 through the venue, and each of these tracking elements may likewise communicate a tracking signal or other information about the location ofAED64 to status monitor62 vianetwork74. In this way, status monitor62 can track the location ofAED64 asAED64 passes in proximity to tracking elements.
• Generally speaking, the range of tracking elements is short. The useful range between a tracking element and a trackable element is usually less than one kilometer from the device and is typically much less than one kilometer. Prudent deployment of medical devices and docking stations in a venue normally places the medical devices within reasonable proximity of any potential emergency, so long-range tracking capability, such as the tracking capability of a global positioning system, is not warranted. In addition, some long-range tracking technologies are not suitable for tracking in an indoor venue.
• WhenAED64 is removed fromdocking station66 without entry of a valid authorization viauser input interface69, it is possible thatAED64 will be used to monitor and provide therapy to a patient. In theevent AED64 is so used, patient status information may be recorded inmemory86. Patient status information includes, but is not limited to, information pertaining to cardiac signals sensed from the patient. Information pertaining to cardiac signals includes information about the patient's heart rate and rhythm. Patient status information further includes, but is not limited to, whether defibrillation therapy was delivered to the patient, the number of defibrillation shocks delivered, the quantity of energy per shock, and the response of the patient to the therapy.
• WhenAED64 is placed indocking station66,AED64 communicates the patient status information to status monitor62. The communication can be initiated byAED64. The communication can also be prompted bydocking station66 whensensor71 detects the return ofAED64. Status monitor62 can communicate the patient status information to a hospital77 or other medical facility by acommunication network79, such as a telephone or radio network. In this way, medical facility77 that receives the patient can learn about the patient's condition and applied therapies. Althoughnetworks74 and79 are depicted as separate elements, the invention supports embodiments in which a single network is employed.
• In theevent AED64 was not used,AED64 can communicate to status monitor62 that no patient status information has been recorded. In addition,AED64 can communicate inspection indication to status monitor62.AED64 can communicate inspection indication even ifAED64 was not used. The purpose of the inspection indication is to request a physical inspection ofAED64. An in-person physical inspection ofAED64 can provide further assurance thatAED64 is fit to return to service by inspecting for damage, checking electrodes, and so forth.
• System60 is not limited to asingle AED64 or asingle docking station66.Other docking stations76A-76N may communicate with remote status monitor62 vianetwork74. In particular, status monitor62 may receive device status information or patient status information fromdocking stations76A-76N and from AEDs (not shown) associated withdocking stations76A-76N. Status monitor62 may also transmit interrogations todocking stations76A-76N and the associated AEDs.AED64 anddocking station66 are representative of other AEDs and docking stations insystem60.
• System status module78 in status monitor62 provides a central point for collecting, aggregating and recording device status information pertaining to AEDs and docking stations insystem60. Status monitor62 further provides a central point for collecting, aggregating and recording information about authorized maintenance, inspection certifications, and the locations of medical devices withinsystem60. Status monitor62 further collects patient status information, as described below. In this way,system status module78 monitors the AEDs and docking stations insystem60.System status module78 is a processor that may summarize the information and present the information via an input/output device80. In addition,system status module78 may interrogate one or more AEDs or one or more docking stations insystem60, and may present to a person information received in response to the interrogation via input/output device80. Input/output device80 may comprise one or more display screens, keyboards, audible alarms, LEDs, LCDs, printers, touch screens, pointing devices, and the like. Input/output device80 may also comprise a communication device configured to establish a communication link with another person or device not shown inFIG. 3. For example, when device status information fromAED64 indicates at problem that may require a professional service call, input/output device80 may automatically summon the service provider.
• System status module78 may further store information pertaining to the status ofsystem60, or any AEDs or docking stations insystem60, inmemory82. Information stored inmemory82 may include, for example, routine device status information, data pertaining to repair histories, and tracking data showing the locations of devices.Memory82 also stores patient status information whenAED64 monitors or delivers therapy to a patient.
• In a typical venue,system status module78 is remote from AEDs or docking stations insystem60. AEDs and docking stations are ordinarily readily accessible, and in some venues, may be accessible to members of the general public.System status module78, by contrast, is typically housed in a secure location and is not readily accessible.
• In one illustrative embodiment, a personal computer may operate assystem status module78, input/output device80, andmemory82. In another illustrative embodiment, a portable device such as a pager or personal digital assistant (PDA) may operate as input/output device80, withsystem status module78 andmemory82 located in a different physical location. In this embodiment,system status module78 and input/output device80 may communicate via a communication link such as a wireless link or a telephone line.System status module78 and input/output device80 may also communicate overnetwork74.
• A responsible person, such as a security supervisor, may observe the status of any AED or docking station insystem60 by observing input/output device80. Input/output device80 may notify the responsible person that all AEDs and docking stations insystem60 are operational, for example, or may notify the responsible person when an AED or a docking station insystem60 is in need of attention. When an AED or a docking station insystem60 is in need of attention, input/output device80 may present the responsible person with information such as the location of the device in question and the nature of the problem. Input/output device80 may further present the responsible person with status information received from the device in response to an interrogation bysystem status module78. Input/output device80 may also present the responsible person with data stored inmemory82, such as the repair history of the device in question.
• AED64 includes a self-diagnostic module84 that monitors the status ofAED64. Self-diagnostic module84 is a processor that executes one or more self-diagnostic routines. The self-diagnostic routines may be initiated by self-diagnostic module84, or may be initiated in response to a change in the condition ofAED64, such as a component malfunction. By execution of a self-diagnostic routine, self-diagnostic module84 performs one or more internal self-tests to acquire device status information about the state of readiness ofAED64. Self-diagnostic module84 may evaluate and identify matters that can be customer serviceable, such as battery or electrode replacement, and matters that may require a professional service call.AED64 may record the device status information inmemory86, and may present some or all of the status information via one ormore status indicators88. When the results of the self-tests indicate thatAED64 is ready for use, for example,status indicators88 may provide a visible or audible indication of readiness.Status indicators88 may comprise any ofoutput elements20 or48 described in connection withFIGS. 1 and 2.
• AED64 may further communicate the status information todocking station66 via communication interfaces68 and70. Communication betweenAED64 anddocking station66 may be by any communication technique. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 3,AED64 anddocking station66 may engage in two-way communication, thereby enablingAED64 to receive an interrogation from status monitor62 ordocking station66.
• Communication betweenAED64 anddocking station66 may be in accordance with one or more wireless communication techniques. For example, one communication protocol, commonly referred to as Bluetooth, uses short-range 2.4 GHz radio technology employed to transport data between devices. Other possible communication protocols include IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g, which are industry standard protocols for wireless networking. Yet another possible protocol is HomeRF, which was initially designed for wireless communications between devices and appliances within a home.
• Communication betweenAED64 anddocking station66 may also communicate via a physical communication link. When dockingstation66 receivesAED64, mating electrical or optical components indocking station66 andAED64 may engage, thereby enabling communication. In addition,AED64 anddocking station66 may communicate via a combination of wireless and physical communication links. Wireless links and physical communication links both may be implemented so thatAED64 may be quickly and easily removed fromdocking station66 without hindrance.
• Docking station66 includes a self-diagnostic module90 that monitors the status ofdocking station66. Self-diagnostic module90 is a processor that executes a self-diagnostic routine to perform internal self-tests and to acquire status information aboutdocking station66. The self-diagnostic routines may be initiated by self-diagnostic module90 or may be initiated in response to a change in the condition ofdocking station66. Self-diagnostic module90 may evaluate and identify matters that can be customer serviceable and matters that may require a professional service call.
• In addition, self-diagnostic module90 may collect, aggregate or interpret status information received fromAED64. In some circumstances, self-diagnostic module90 may use device status information fromAED64 and from self-tests to pinpoint the source of a problem. Self-diagnostic module90 may record the status information inmemory92, and may present some or all of the status information via one ormore status indicators94.Status indicators94 may include AEDstatus output elements24, such as AEDstatus output elements24 and50 inFIGS. 1 and 2, that convey AED status information redundantly.Status indicators94 may also include output elements such as docking stationstatus output elements26 and52 inFIGS. 1 and 2.Status indicators94 may convey status information pertaining toAED64, status information pertaining todocking station66, or status information pertaining to other AEDs or docking stations insystem60.
• Docking station66 further includes a power source (not shown inFIG. 3). UnlikeAED64, which is portable and is usually battery-powered,docking station66 is stationary and may be line-powered.System60 may includeseveral docking stations66,76A-76N deployed throughout a venue, and the docking stations may be wall-mounted or otherwise located for access to the power grid. The invention is not limited to line-powered docking stations, however, but includes docking stations having power sources such as batteries or solar cells.
• An advantage ofsystem60 shown inFIG. 3 is an efficient use of energy. It may be undesirable to devote too much energy from the power supply inAED64 to communication withdocking station66 orstatus monitor62.AED64 may be battery powered, and the battery power may be needed to supply the energy that may be delivered to a patient as a lifesaving defibrillation shock. Accordingly, the communication resources ofAED64 may be scaled back. WhenAED64 is engaged withdocking station66, such as is depicted inFIGS. 1 and 2,AED64 may not need to expend much energy to communicate withdocking station66.
• Docking station66, by contrast, does not need to conserve energy to provide defibrillation therapy. Moreover, a line-powereddocking station66 may be relieved of the energy constraints that affect a battery-poweredAED64. Accordingly,docking station66 may devote more energy to communication. Insystem60,docking station66 is responsible for communicating with status monitor62 and for supplying status monitor62 with status information aboutAED64 anddocking station66.Docking station66 is also responsible for receiving interrogations from status monitor62 and relaying interrogations toAED64.
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an interrogation in a system such assystem60 in circumstances in which no emergency is known to be exist. Status monitor62interrogates AED64 by transmitting an interrogation for status information (100). Status monitor62 may initiate the interrogation in response to a command from a responsible person, or status monitor62 may initiate the interrogation automatically. An automatic interrogation may be part of a routine periodic interrogation, for example, or the automatic interrogation may be in response to status information received fromAED64,docking station66 or another device insystem60.
• Docking station66 receives the interrogation and communicates the interrogation to AED64 (102). In response, the self-diagnostic module84 ofAED64 executes a self-diagnostic routine to acquire status information about AED64 (104). In the example ofFIG. 4,AED64 generates an inspection indication (106), which requests a physical inspection ofAED64.AED64 may generate an inspection indication when the diagnostic routine indicates a matter that calls for an inspection, or when electrodes associated withAED64 have surpassed their shelf life, or when there are other circumstances calling for an in-person examination ofAED64.AED64 communicates the device status information and inspection indication to docking station66 (108), which in turn conveys the status information and inspection indication to status monitor62 (110). Status monitor62 receives the status information and inspection indication (112). In response to the inspection indication, status monitor62 generates a service call (114) so that an inspection can be conducted. Until an inspection is conducted and AED is determined by service personnel to be fit for service, status monitor62 can deemAED64 to be out of service and display such status onstatus indicators88 or94.
• Status monitor62 may also interrogatedocking station66 by transmitting an interrogation for status information (116). As with interrogations for AED status information, status monitor62 may initiate the interrogation in response to a command or automatically.Docking station66 receives the interrogation executes a self-diagnostic routine to acquire status information about docking station66 (118).Docking station66 communicates the status information to status monitor62 (120). Status monitor62 receives the status information (122).
• When status monitor62 receives the AED status information and the docking station status information, status monitor may update a status log (124). The status log, which may be stored inmemory82, may include status information pertaining to the readiness ofAED64 anddocking station66. The status log may also record inspection certifications, inspection indications, history of usage or information pertaining to maintenance, and the like. When status information received in response to an interrogation indicates a matter requiring prompt attention, status monitor62 may generate an alarm (126) to notify the responsible person that corrective action, such as urgent repair or maintenance, may be required.
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an alternative interrogation technique in a system such assystem60.FIG. 5 is similar toFIG. 4, with a principal difference being that, inFIG. 5, diagnostic operations ofAED64 anddocking station66 are performed in parallel. Status monitor62 may communicate an interrogation to docking station66 (130). The interrogation may request AED status information, docking station status information, or status information from both devices. Upon receipt of the interrogation,docking station66 generates an interrogation for AED status information, and submits the interrogation to AED64 (132). In response to the interrogation,AED64 executes a self-diagnostic routine to acquire AED status information (134). InFIG. 5, it is assumed thatAED64 generates an inspection indication (136) as a result of execution of the self-diagnostic routine.AED64 communicates the status information and inspection indication to docking station66 (138). In parallel,docking station66 carries out self-diagnostic tests to acquire docking station status information (140).Docking station66 communicates the status information and inspection indication to status monitor62 (142), and status monitor62 receives the status information and inspection indication (144). Status monitor may generate a service call (146) and update the status log (148) as described above, and may generate an alarm (150) when appropriate.
• Other emergency medical devices and docking stations insystem60 may be interrogated in a similar fashion. Status monitor62 may, for example, submit simultaneous interrogations to all AEDs and docking stations insystem60. Status monitor62 may also interrogate AEDs and docking stations insystem60 in turn.
• FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a system such assystem60 when a user obtains access to an emergency medical device such as AED64 (160). Access may be detected viasensor71, and may be triggered by activity such as opening of a door ondocking station66 or removal ofAED64 fromdocking station66. Assuming no valid authorization has been received, docking station optionally activates an alarm (162), which indicates thatAED64 has been accessed. The alarm can indicate not only the occurrence of an emergency situation, but also mischief on the part of the user that has accessedAED64. In general, it is assumed that the alarm is genuine and thatAED64 has been accessed because of an emergency.
• Docking station66communication interface70 communicates a command to AED64 that activates AED64 (164). The command can be in the form of a wireless activation command, for example. In response,AED64 initiates an emergency protocol (166), in whichAED64 powers up and prepares for use. Initiation of emergency protocol can include, for example, activating voice commands that instruct the user what to do when the user reaches the patient.
• Docking station66 also communicates the activity to status monitor62 (168), which receives notification thatAED64 has been accessed (170). Status monitor62 can activate an alarm (172) that notifies responders such as security personnel or emergency responders that an emergency is in progress.
• WhenAED64 becomes activated,AED64 can begin transmitting a tracking signal (174) viatrackable element73. In some embodiments of the invention,trackable element73 need not be specifically activated. Whentrackable element73 is an RFID tag, for example,trackable element73 is activated by a tracking element, rather than byAED64. In some embodiments,docking station66 tracks the location of AED64 (176) and generates a tracking signal as a function of the position ofAED64 with respect todocking station66.Docking station66 can communicate the tracking signal to status monitor62 (178). Status monitor62 receives the tracking signal (180) fromdocking station66, and may also receive tracking signals from other tracking elements as well. Status monitor62 identifies the location ofAED64 as a function of one or more tracking signals (182). Status monitor62 can notify responders of the location ofAED64.
• WhenAED64 is used with a patient,AED64 senses cardiac signals (184), such as signals pertaining to the patient's heart rate and rhythm. When appropriate,AED64 administers therapy (186), e.g., by delivering one or more defibrillation shocks.AED64 records inmemory86 information pertaining to the cardiac signals and the therapy as patient status information (188).AED64 will typically communicate the patient status information to status monitor62 upon being returned todocking station66.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic view of anexemplary venue190, such as a waiting room in an airport terminal.Patient192 is in need of care, and may not be easily visible from more than a few meters away. A user retrieves an AED from adocking station194 and transports the AED topatient192 viapath196.
• For purposes of illustration, the AED includes a trackable element in the form of an RFID tag.Docking station194 includes a tracking element in the form of an RFID detector.Reference numeral194A indicates the read area of the tracking element indocking station194. In addition to the tracking element indocking station194, there is a plurality of trackingelements198,200,202,204 deployed invenue190.Docking station194 and trackingelements198,200,202,204 are in communication with a remote status monitor (not shown inFIG. 5) via a network, such asnetwork74 inFIG. 3.Path196 of the user passes throughread areas198A,200A,202A and204A of trackingelements198,200,202 and204. Each tracking element generates a tracking signal, which is communicated to the status monitor. The status monitor identifies the location of the AED as a function of the tracking signals, and can present the location to a person. The status monitor can, for example, notify responders of the location of the AED. As a result, responders can more quickly findpatient192 even thoughpatient192 may be difficult to locate visually.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a docking station in a system such assystem60 when a user places an emergency medical device such asAED64 back in the docking element of a docking station such asdocking station66. When dockingstation66 detects the return ofAED64 via sensor71 (210),docking station66 communicates a notice to status monitor62 thatAED64 has been returned (212). Upon receiving the notice (214), status monitor62 communicates an interrogation for patient status information (216), whichdocking station66 passes on to AED64 (218). In response,AED64 communicates the patient status information to docking station66 (220), which passes the patient status information to status monitor62 (222,224).
• In an alternative implementation,AED64 initiates the communication of patient status information without an interrogation. WhenAED64 detects its placement in the docking element of docking station66 (226),AED64 communicates the patient status information to docking station66 (220), which passes the patient status information to status monitor62 (222,224). In some situations, such as situations in whichAED64 is taken to a patient but is not used,AED64 may have no patient status information. In such situations,AED64 may communicate that it has no patient status information.
• When status monitor62 receives patient status information, status monitor62 can communicate the patient status information to a medical facility (228). Status monitor62 can further update a status log (230) by, for example, recording the history of usage ofAED64.
• Upon detection of replacement ofAED64 in docking station66 (210),docking station66 can also interrogateAED64 for device status information, using techniques such as those described above in connection withFIGS. 4 and 5. As a result,AED64 communicates patient status information and device status information when replaced indocking station66.
• FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a docking station such asdocking station66 in response to an authorization. When an authorized user such as a security personnel or service personnel wishes to have access toAED64 without triggering an alarm, the authorized user enters an authorization viauser input interface69. In this way,docking station66 receives an authorization (240).Docking station processor67 validates the received authorization (242), determining whether the authorization is an authentic, recognized authorization. When the authorization is invalid (244),docking station66 notifies the user that the authorization is invalid (246) viastatus indicators94. The user may try again to enter a valid authorization (240). When the authorization is valid (244),docking station66 notifies the user viastatus indicators94 that the authorization is valid (246).Docking station66 deactivates alarms (250) that would ordinarily sound whenAED64 is accessed, and may notify the user viastatus indicators94 that the alarms have been deactivated.
• InFIG. 9,docking station66 performs the validation of the authorization. The invention also supports embodiments in whichdocking station66 communicates the received authorization to status monitor62, and status monitor62 validates the authorization.
• Docking station66 detects access toAED64 via sensor71 (252). When a valid authorization has not been received, the alarm has not been deactivated, sodocking station66 activates an alarm (254) and communicates an emergency message to status monitor62 (256). When dockingstation66 is receives a valid authorization, however, access to AED64 is not deemed to be an emergency.Docking station66 communicates an administrative message to status monitor62 that an authorized user is accessing AED64 (258). In response, status monitor62 may record thatAED64 is temporarily out of service.
• When the authorized user has completed work and is ready to returnAED64 to service, the authorized user enters an inspection certification viauser input interface69, anddocking station66 receives the inspection certification (260). Although not shownFIG. 9,docking station66 or status monitor62 can validate the inspection certification for correctness, and can notify the user whether the inspection certification is correct or not. Validation of an inspection certification can be similar to validation of an authorization, as depicted inFIG. 9. When the inspection certification is invalid,docking station66 or status monitor62 can generate an alert that draws the attention of the authorized person to the invalid inspection certification.Docking station66 communicates the inspection certification to status monitor62 (262).
• When status monitor62 receives a valid inspection certification (264), status monitor62 updates the status log (266) to reflect thatAED64 has been inspected and has been certified as ready for service.Docking station66 reactivates the alarm (268).AED64 is back in service.
• The invention is not limited to the specific devices insystem60 shown inFIG. 3, but may be adapted to other systems as well. For example, the invention supports embodiments in whichAED64 communicates with status monitor62 directly, rather than viadocking station66. In this variation,AED communication interface68 is coupled tonetwork74 and to dockingstation communication interface70.Docking station66 can communicate with status monitor62 viaAED64, or can communicate with status monitor62 without usingAED64 as an intermediary.
• The invention also supports both two-way communication and one-way communication among status monitor62,AED64 anddocking station66. For example,communication interface70 ofdocking station66 may receive one-way communication fromstatus indicator88 inAED64. One-way communication may include, for instance, sensing whether an annunciator onAED64 is illuminated or not.
• Advantageously, the invention is not limited to any particular system. Rather, the invention may be practiced with systems of limitless configurations. Any number of docking stations and AEDs may be tracked, monitored and maintained with the invention.
• Moreover, the invention is not limited to docking stations and AEDs, but may include any emergency medical device. For example, the invention may be practiced with a portable stroke apparatus, or a chest compression device, or a first aid kit, or other medical device. The invention may be practiced with an external defibrillator that is not an AED. A docking station may be associated with any of these medical devices. The docking stations themselves may include any assortment of cabinets, chests, brackets, clasps, bins, closets, kiosks, pedestals and other retaining devices that may be associated with one or more medical devices. In some embodiments, a single docking station may be associated with two or more medical devices. The invention may be practiced in a system that includes a variety of docking stations and a variety of medical devices.
• The invention may also be practiced with any number of networks. The invention may be integrated into an existing security network or a private building maintenance network, for example. The invention does not require that all communication links be two-way links. The invention may be practiced with any combination of communication links. In some embodiments, the paths of communication may be restricted, e.g., to prevent misuse or inadvertent or improper programming of a medical device in the system.
• The invention may provide other advantages as well. A responsible person may easily monitor the status or location of any number of medical devices deployed throughout a venue. Presentation of medical device status information and docking station status information at a status monitor may simplify inspection. A responsible person may, at a glance, determine whether any devices in the system are out of service or in need of attention. Record keeping operations, such as maintenance of a status log, are also simplified by a networked system.
• In the event of a problem with any device in the system, the invention facilitates prompt notification of the responsible person. The output elements on the medical devices and the docking stations may alert the responsible person to the problem. In addition, the medical devices or the docking stations can generate an inspection indication that is communicated to the status monitor, which in turn alerts the responsible person to the problem. A remote alert at a monitoring site and a local alert at the site of the device cooperate to improve the likelihood that the problem will be noticed and addressed. In addition, some embodiments of the invention provide for interrogation of a medical device or a docking station, prompting the device to execute a self-diagnostic routine that may discover a problem not previously observed, and as a consequence, generate an inspection indication.
• In an emergency, the invention may utilize status information to assist with handling the emergency. When an operator retrieves a medical device such as an AED from a docking station, for example, the docking station may immediately communicate that fact to the status monitor. A responsible person may promptly dispatch security or emergency personnel to the general area in which the personnel may be needed. The docking station may also issue an audible alarm that may summon security or emergency personnel to the general site of the emergency. The invention may also advantageously supply status information to docking stations that may assist in an emergency, such as the location of the nearest medical devices that are in service.
• Various embodiments of the invention have been described. These specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. Various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims. For example, the invention is not limited to AEDs and docking stations, but may be practiced with a variety of medical devices. There may be advantages to deploying the medical devices with docking stations, e.g., to deter mischief and to handle energy consuming operations such as communications. The invention is not limited, however, to medical devices that are associated with docking stations. The invention may encompass, for example, a networked set of emergency medical devices, some of which are associated with no docking station.
• The invention is not limited to systems in which medical devices or docking stations are deployed in fixed locations. In some instances, it may be beneficial to deploy a docking station in a mobile platform, such as an ambulance or a vehicle used by a security guard. Moreover, the invention includes embodiments in which a remote unit such as a status monitor is mobile.
• Many examples of communication techniques are described for communication among medical devices, docking stations and a status monitor. The invention is not limited to the techniques explicitly described. Communication may be based upon optical communication links, magnetic communication links, infrared communication links, or visual status change detectors. Furthermore, several radio frequency communication links have been described, but the invention is not limited to the techniques explicitly described. A cellular telephone link, for example, may employ any recognized communication protocol, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
• Furthermore, the above description is not intended to describe the exclusive functionality of the devices. For example, a docking station or a medical device such as an AED may, for example, maintain a status log separate from the status log, if any, maintained by the status monitor. A docking station may additionally serve as a recharging station in which a medical device may recharge on-board batteries.
• Moreover, the invention includes software to carry out the techniques described herein. The invention may be embodied as a computer-readable medium that includes instructions for causing a programmable processor to carry out the methods described above. A “computer-readable medium” includes but is not limited to read-only memory, Flash memory and a magnetic or optical storage medium. The instructions may be implemented as one or more software modules, which may be executed by themselves or in combination with other software.
• The instructions and the media are not necessarily associated with any particular computer or other apparatus, but may be carried out by various general-purpose or specialized machines. The instructions may be distributed among two or more media and may be executed by two or more machines. The machines may be coupled to one another directly, or may be coupled through a network.
• The invention may also be embodied as one or more devices that include logic circuitry to carry out the functions or methods as described above. The logic circuitry may include a processor that may be programmable for a general purpose or may be dedicated, such as microcontroller, a microprocessor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), and the like. These and other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (13)

1. A device comprising:

a docking element configured to retain an emergency medical device;

a sensor element configured to detect removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element;

a user input interface configured to receive an authorization from a person proximate to the device; and

a processor configured to communicate an emergency message to a remote unit when the removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element is unaccompanied by the authorization, and further configured to communicate an administrative message to the remote unit when the removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element is accompanied by the authorization.

2. The device ofclaim 1, further comprising a tracking element configured to generate a tracking signal as a function of the position of the emergency medical device with respect to the device.

3. The device ofclaim 1, further comprising a communication module configured to activate the emergency medical device when the emergency medical device is removed from the docking element.

4. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the sensor element is further configured to detect replacement of the emergency medical device in the docking element.

5. The device ofclaim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to communicate an interrogation for device status information upon detection of the replacement of the emergency medical device in the docking element.

6. The device ofclaim 5, wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the emergency medical device is in a condition for return to service based upon the device status information.

7. The device ofclaim 5, wherein the processor is configured to generate an inspection indication based upon the device status information, the inspection indication requesting a physical inspection for the emergency medical device.

8. The device ofclaim 4, wherein, in response to replacement of the emergency medical device in the docking element subsequent to removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element unaccompanied by the authorization, the processor is further configured to establish communication with a remote unit via a communication network, and communicate an inspection indication to the remote unit, the inspection indication requesting a physical inspection for the emergency medical device.

9. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to validate the authorization.

10. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the emergency medical device comprises an external defibrillator.

11. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the user input interface is further configured to receive an inspection certification, and wherein the processor is further configured to communicate the inspection certification to the remote unit.

12. The device ofclaim 11, wherein the inspection certification comprises an identification code that identifies an inspector of the emergency medical device.

13. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the processor is configured to activate an alarm in response to removal of the emergency medical device from the docking element, and subsequently deactivate the alarm in response to the user input interface receiving the authorization.

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