US20090145775A1 - Reagents and methods for detecting analytes - Google Patents

Abstract

A reagent for detecting an analyte comprises a flavoprotein enzyme, a mediator such as a phenothiazine mediator, at least one surfactant, a polymer and a buffer. The reagent may be used with an electrochemical test sensor that includes a plurality of electrodes.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/007,126, filed Dec. 10, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated entirely herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates generally to reagents, methods, and devices for measurement of analytes. More particularly, the present invention relates to reagents, methods, and devices for the measurement of glucose in a blood sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The quantitative determination of analytes in body fluids is of great importance in the diagnoses and maintenance of certain physiological physical conditions. For example, lactate, cholesterol, and bilirubin should be monitored in certain individuals. In particular, it is important that individuals who have diabetes frequently check the glucose level in their body fluids to regulate the glucose intake in their diets. The results of such tests may be used to determine what, if any, insulin or other medication should be administered. In one type of blood-glucose testing system, test sensors are used to test a sample of blood.
• A test sensor contains biosensing or reagent material that reacts with, for example, blood glucose. The testing end of the sensor is adapted to be placed into the fluid being tested (e.g., blood that has accumulated on a person's finger after the finger has been pricked). The fluid may be drawn into a capillary channel that extends in the sensor from the testing end to the reagent material by capillary action so that a sufficient amount of fluid to be tested is drawn into the sensor. The tests are typically performed using optical or electrochemical testing methods.
• Electrochemical test sensors are based on enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions involving the analyte of interest. In the case of glucose monitoring, the relevant chemical reaction is the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone or its corresponding acid. This oxidation is catalyzed by a variety of enzymes; some of which may use coenzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)), while others may use coenzymes such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or pyrroloquinolinequinone (PQQ).
• In test sensor applications, the redox equivalents generated in the course of the oxidation of glucose are transported to the surface of an electrode, whereby an electrical signal is generated. The magnitude of the electrical signal is then correlated with glucose concentration. The transfer of redox equivalents from the site of chemical reaction in the enzyme to the surface of the electrode is accomplished using electron transfer mediators.
• Electron transfer mediators previously used with FAD-glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) include potassium ferricyanide, phenazine-methosulfate (PMS), methoxy phenazine-methosulfate, phenazine methyl sulfate, and dichloroindophenol (DCIP). These compounds, however, have proven to be highly susceptible to the environmental conditions including temperature and moisture, which result in test sensor reagents of low stability. For example, during storage, reduced mediator may be produced from interactions between the oxidized mediator and the enzyme system. The larger the amount of mediator or enzyme, the larger the amount of reduced mediator that is produced. The background current, which increases over time, will generally increase toward the end of the shelf-life of the sensor strips because of the high concentration of reduced mediator. The increased background current may decrease the precision and accuracy of the measurements of the test sensor and, thus, provide a limited shelf-life for the test sensors.
• Another disadvantage associated with existing test sensors is the relatively slow fill rate. Achieving a fast sensor fill rate is desirable so that the re-hydration of the reagent may be faster and more uniform. Thus, faster fill rates generally result in more precise, stable test sensors having less variation.
• Therefore, it would be desirable to have a reagent that addresses one or more of these disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• According to one aspect of the present invention, a reagent for detecting an analyte comprises a flavoprotein enzyme, a mediator selected from the group
• 
• or a combination thereof. R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof. The reagent further comprises at least one surfactant, a polymer and a buffer. At least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt in which the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.
• According to another embodiment of the present invention, a reagent for detecting an analyte in a fluid sample includes FAD-glucose dehydrogenase having an activity of from about 0.1 Units/μL to about 10 Units/μL. The reagent further comprises a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator having a concentration of from about 5 mM to about 120 mM. The reagent further comprises a surfactant having a concentration of from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of the reagent. The reagent further comprises a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer having a concentration of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the reagent and a buffer. At least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt in which the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.
• According to another embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical test sensor comprises a working electrode having a surface. The test sensor further comprises a counter electrode having a surface. The test sensor further comprises a reagent coating at least a portion of the surface of the working electrode and at least a portion of the surface of the counter electrode. The reagent comprises a flavoprotein, a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator, a buffer, and at least one surfactant and a polymer. At least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt in which the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.
• According to one process of the present invention, a method of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the analyte undergoing a chemical reaction, comprises the act of providing an electrode surface. The method further comprises the act of facilitating flow of the fluid sample to the electrode surface using a surfactant. The method further comprises the act of catalyzing the chemical reaction with a flavoprotein enzyme. The method further comprising the act of generating a redox equivalent by the chemical reaction. The method further comprises the act of transferring the redox equivalent to the electrode surface using a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator. The maximum kinetic performance is less than about 3 seconds.
• According to another method, an analyte is detected in a fluid sample and includes providing an electrode surface. A reagent is provided that includes a flavoprotein enzyme and a mediator is selected from the group
• 
• or a combination thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof; at least one surfactant; and a buffer; the reagent contacting the electrode surface. The fluid sample contacts the reagent. The concentration of the analyte is determined. The maximum kinetic performance is less than about 3 seconds.
• The above summary of the present invention is not intended to represent each embodiment, or every aspect, of the present invention. Additional features and benefits of the present invention are apparent from the detailed description and figures set forth below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1ais a test sensor according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 1bis a side view of the test sensor ofFIG. 1a.
• FIG. 2 is a line graph plotting current measurements against glucose concentrations.
• FIG. 3 is a bar graph comparing fill times of sensors including heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA 8) surfactant with sensors not includingMEGA 8 surfactant.
• FIG. 4 is a bar graph comparing background current ofsensors including MEGA 8 surfactant with sensors not includingMEGA 8 surfactant.
• FIG. 5 is a bar graph of fill times of test sensors versus different formulations with and without surfactants.
• FIG. 6 is a plot of measured current values versus time in a formulation including a surfactant.
• FIG. 7 is a bar graph of peak times using 50 mg/dL of glucose, mediators with different sulfate concentrations and different phosphate buffer concentrations.
• FIG. 8 is a bar graph of peak times using 100 mg/dL of glucose, mediators with different sulfate concentrations and different phosphate buffer concentrations.
• FIG. 9 is a bar graph of peak times using 400 mg/dL of glucose, mediators with different sulfate concentrations and different phosphate buffer concentrations.
• FIGS. 10a,10bare plots of measured current values versus time in formulations having different inorganic salt concentrations.
• FIG. 11 is a graph with % CV for low salt reagent solutions and high salt reagent formulations.
• While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments are shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
• The present invention is directed to reagents, methods, and devices for measurement of analytes. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a test sensor reagent for detecting an analyte including (1) a flavoprotein enzyme, (2) a phenothiazine or phenoxazine mediator, (3) a buffer, (4) a surfactant or a combination of surfactants, and/or (5) a cellulose-based polymer.
• The reagents described herein may be used to assist in determining an analyte concentration in a fluid sample. The nature of the analyte monitored in accord with the present invention is unrestricted, provided the analyte undergoes a chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a flavoprotein enzyme. Some examples of the types of analytes that may be collected and analyzed include glucose, lipid profiles (e.g., cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL), microalbumin, hemoglobin, A_1C, fructose, lactate, or bilirubin. It is contemplated that other analyte concentrations may be determined. The analytes may be in, for example, a whole blood sample, a blood serum sample, a blood plasma sample, other body fluids such as ISF (interstitial fluid), urine, and non-body fluids.
• The test sensors described herein are electrochemical test sensors. Meters used with the electrochemical test sensors may have optical aspects so as to detect the calibration information and electrochemical aspects to determine information related to the analyte (e.g., the analyte concentration) of the fluid sample. One non-limiting example of an electrochemical test sensor is shown inFIG. 1a.FIG. 1adepicts atest sensor10 including abase11, a capillary channel, and a plurality ofelectrodes16 and18. Aregion12 shows an area that defines the capillary channel (e.g., after a lid is placed over the base11). The plurality of electrodes includes acounter electrode16 and a workingelectrode18. The electrochemical test sensor may also contain at least three electrodes, such as a working electrode, a counter electrode, a trigger electrode, or another electrode to detect interference substances (e.g., hematocrit, ascorbate, uric acid) in the fluid sample. The working electrode employed in electrochemical sensors according to the embodiments of the present invention may vary, with suitable electrodes including, but not limited to, carbon, platinum, palladium, gold, combinations thereof, and the like.
• Theelectrodes16,18 are coupled to a plurality of conductive leads15a,b, which, in the illustrated embodiment, terminates with larger areas designated as test-sensor contacts14a,b. The capillary channel is generally located in a fluid-receivingarea19. Examples of electrochemical test sensors, including their operation, may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,040 assigned to Bayer Corporation. It is contemplated that other electrochemical test sensors may be employed with the embodiments of the present invention.
• The fluid-receivingarea19 includes at least one reagent for converting the analyte of interest (e.g., glucose) in the fluid sample (e.g., blood) into a chemical species that is electrochemically measurable, in terms of the electrical current it produces, by the components of the electrode pattern. The reagent typically includes an analyte-specific enzyme that reacts with the analyte and with an electron acceptor to produce an electrochemically measurable species that may be detected by the electrodes. The reagent may include mediators or other substances that assist in transferring electrons between the analyte and the conductor, binders that hold the enzyme and mediator together, other inert ingredients, or combinations thereof.
• A fluid sample (e.g., blood) may be applied to the fluid-receivingarea19. The fluid sample reacts with the at least one reagent. After reacting with the reagent and in conjunction with the plurality of electrodes, the fluid sample produces electrical signals that assist in determining the analyte concentration. The conductive leads15a,bcarry the electrical signal back toward a second opposingend42 of thetest sensor10 where the test-sensor contacts14a,btransfer the electrical signals into the meter.
• Referring toFIG. 1b, a side view of thetest sensor10 ofFIG. 1ais shown. As shown inFIG. 1b, thetest sensor10 ofFIG. 1bfurther includes alid20 and aspacer22. Thebase11, thelid20, and thespacer22 may be made from a variety of materials such as polymeric materials. Non-limiting examples of polymeric materials that may be used to form thebase11, thelid20, and thespacer22 include polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyimide, and combinations thereof. It is contemplated that other materials may be used in forming thebase11,lid20, and/orspacer22.
• To form thetest sensor10 ofFIGS. 1a,1b, thebase11, thespacer22, and thelid20 are attached by, for example, an adhesive or heat sealing. When thebase11, thelid20, and thespacer22 are attached, the fluid-receivingarea19 is formed. The fluid-receivingarea19 provides a flow path for introducing the fluid sample into thetest sensor10. The fluid-receivingarea19 is formed at a first end or testingend40 of thetest sensor10. Test sensors of the embodiments of the present invention may be formed with a base and a lid in the absence of a spacer, where the fluid-receiving area is formed directly in the base and/or the lid.
• Flavoproteins in accord with the present invention include any enzymes having flavin cofactors. Some non-limiting examples of flavoproteins include FAD-glucose oxidase (Enzyme Classification No. 1.1.3.4), Flavin-hexose oxidase (EC No. 1.1.3.5) and FAD-glucose dehydrogenase (EC No. 1.1.99.10). Additional oxidase enzymes for use in accord with the present invention include, but are not limited to, lactate oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, alcohol oxidase (e.g., methanol oxidase), d-aminoacid oxidase, choline oxidase, and FAD derivatives thereof A desirable flavoprotein for use in accord with the present invention is FAD-glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH).
• Mediators in accord with the present invention include phenothiazines having the formula
• 
• and phenoxazines having the formula
• 
• wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof. It is contemplated that isomers of the same may also be formed.
• One desirable example of a phenothiazine that has been prepared and found to have suitable properties as an NADH mediator is a water-soluble sodium or ammonium salt of 3-(2′,5′ disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine having the formula
• 
• 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine is associated with a particularly low background current, which results in improved signal-to-noise ratios. Another desirable example is 3-(3′,5′-dicarboxy-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator that has been prepared and found to have suitable properties as an NADH mediator. The background current of these phenothiazines was found to be significantly less than previously-used mediators.
• Other phenothiazines and phenoxazines that have been found to have suitable properties as NADH mediators are 3-(4′-chloro-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-diethylamino-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-ethyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-trifluoromethyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-methoxycarbonyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-nitro-phenylimino-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-methoxy-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 7-acetyl-3-(4′-methoxycarbonylphenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 7-trifluoromethyl-3-(4′-methoxycarbonyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-ω-carboxy-n-butyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-aminomethyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-(2″-(5″-(p-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoyl)phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-p-aminoethyl-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 6-(4′-ethylphenyl)amino-3-(4′-ethylphenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 6-(4′-[2-(2-ethanoloxy)ethoxy]-ethoxyphenyl)amino-3-(4′-[2-(2-ethanoloxy)ethoxy]ethoxyphenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-[2-(2-ethanoloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazineboronic acid, 3-(3′,5′-dicarboxy-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(4′-carboxyphenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine; 3-(3′,5-dicarboxy-phenylimino)-3H-phenoxazine; 3-(2′,5′-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazinedisulfonic acid; and 3-(3′-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazinesulfonic acid.
• In one embodiment, a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator was prepared by dissolving phenothiazine (1.53 mole, 1.1 equivalent, 306 g) with stirring into 6.0 L of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and then cooled to 0°C. Aniline 2,5-disulfonic acid (1.38 mole, 350 g) was dissolved in 7.0 L of water and 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (128 ml) was added during stirring. Theaniline 2,5-disulfonic acid solution was added slowly, over the course of about 2 hrs, to the phenothiazine solution, to give a white, cloudy suspension. The phenothiazine/aniline suspension was at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 4° C. Sodium persulfate (5.52 mole, 4 equivalent, 1314 g) was dissolved in 4.0 L of water to form a sodium persulfate solution.
• The sodium persulfate solution was added dropwise over 3 hours to the phenothiazine/aniline suspension at a temperature between about 0° C. to about 3° C. and resulted in a very dark solution. The very dark solution remained cold using an ice bath and was stirred overnight. The contents were then transferred to a Buchi rotary evaporator and the tetrahydrofuran was removed over the course of about 2 hours at a temperature less than 35° C. After the evaporation act, the remaining solution was transferred to a 25 L separator and backwashed with ethyl acetate. The remaining solution was backwashed 3 times using 2 L of ethyl acetate each time. The reaction fluids were cooled while stirring to −3° C. in an acetone/CO₂bath. The precipitated solid was filtered through two cloths on two 24 cm Buchner funnels on the same day. The precipitated solid was left overnight in the funnels to dry and then transferred to a flask containing 2 L of acetonitrile and stirred for about 1 hour at room temperature. To remove the residual water, the sample was then filtered and washed with more acetonitrile. The mediator was dried to a constant weight in a vacuum oven at 35° C.
• Because of the low background current achieved using reagents having 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediators, the same reagent formulation may be applied to both the working electrode and the counter electrode of an electrochemical test sensor. Applying the same reagent to both the working electrode and the counter electrode simplifies the manufacturing process and thereby decrease the costs associated therewith. Additionally, the low background current assists in obtaining accurate glucose readings, especially with samples having low glucose concentrations, which is particularly important in analyzing neonatal blood glucose assays.
• The reagents of the embodiments of the present invention further include a surfactant or a combination of surfactants, and/or a cellulose-based polymer. The surfactant or combination of surfactants facilitates the sensor blood fill rate and re-hydration of a dry reagent. The faster blood fill rate and reagent re-hydration rate are desirable for achieving a quicker assay (e.g., less than 5-second assay) across an about 20% to an about 70% hematocrit range.
• The surfactant is desirably selected from biocompatible ones including saccharide-based surfactants or phosphorylcholine-based surfactants. One non-limiting example of a saccharide-based surfactant is heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide (MEGA 8 from Sigma-Aldrich of St. Louis, Mo.). Surfactants such asMEGA 8 assist in increasing the thermal stability of test sensors. Additionally, surfactants such asMEGA 8 assist in fast fill rates, even for blood samples having high hematocrit levels. Using surfactants such asMEGA 8 with other inert ingredients, (e.g., hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer and/or a neutral pH buffer) in a reagent formulation provides sensors with great stability, even at elevated temperatures. Non-limiting examples of phosphorylcholine-based surfactants include the Lipidure series (NOF Corporation, Japan).
• Surfactants may also be selected from conventional neutral surfactants such as ethoxylated oleyl alcohol (Rhodasurf ON870 from Rhodia Inc. in Cranbury, N.J.). Surfactants may also be selected from anionic surfactants such as sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (Geropon TC-42 from Rhodia Inc.) and alkyl phenol ethoxylate phosphate (Phospholan CS131 from Akzo-Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC in Chicago, Ill.). It is contemplated that other surfactants may be used in forming the reagent.
• Alternatively or additionally, the reagents of the embodiments of the present invention include a polymer. The reagents may include a cellulose-based polymer such as hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer. In some embodiments, the cellulose-based polymer is a low to medium molecular weight cellulose-based polymer. The polymer, such as a cellulose-based polymer, assists in providing the reagent with increased stability and adequate viscosity so that the reagent, when dried, stays in its original position on the sensor substrate. It is contemplated that other polymers may be used such as, for example, polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP).
• The reagent may also include a buffer (e.g., a phosphate buffer) and/or other inert components. Non-limiting examples of suitable buffer solutions include but are not limited to Good's buffers (e.g., HEPES (i.e., N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid), MOPS (i.e., 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), TES (i.e., N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid)), Mcllvaine's buffers, combinations thereof, or the like.
• To provide a desirable assay precision, thermal stability and maximum kinetic performance, the ratio of the inorganic salts to mediator should be less than about 3:1. The source of inorganic salts could be from the buffer and/or the mediator. It is even more desirable for the ratio of the inorganic salts to mediator to be less than about 2:1 or even less than about 1.5:1.
• According to one embodiment of the present invention, a reagent includes FAD-GDH, a low background phenothiazine mediator, a surfactant or combination of surfactants, a cellulose-based polymer, and a buffer to achieve improved sensor performance and stability. The reagent may be used to determine the glucose concentration in biological specimen such as blood, plasma, serum, or urine. In one embodiment, the phenothiazine mediator is 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine. In another embodiment, the surfactant isMEGA 8 and the polymer is hydroxyethyl cellulose. In one embodiment, a reagent includes FAD-GDH having an activity ranging from about 0.1 Units/μL to about 10 Units/μL, about 5 mM to about 120 mM of 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator, about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % ofMEGA 8 surfactant, about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 25 mM to about 200 mM of buffer having a pH of about 4 to about 8. In another embodiment, a reagent includes FAD-GDH having an activity ranging from about 0.5 Units/μL to about 2.5 Units/μL, about 30 mM to about 60 mM of 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator, about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.4 wt. % ofMEGA 8 surfactant, 0.01 to 0.1% of Geropon TC-42, about 0.2 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 50 mM to about 150 mM of buffer having a pH of about 6 to about 7.
Example 1
• As shown inFIG. 2, the reactivity of the chemistry for four sensor lots was analyzed by generating a glucose dose-response curve for sensors including FAD-GDH enzyme having an activity of about 1.75 Units/μL, about 40 mM 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator, about 0.2 wt.% MEGA 8 surfactant, about 0.25 wt. % hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 100 mM phosphate buffer having a pH of about 6.5. The sensors were tested with whole blood samples at about 40% hematocrit level. The blood glucose concentrations of the blood samples were about 0 mg/dL, 38 mg/dL, 67 mg/dL, 112 mg/dL, 222 mg/dL, 339 mg/dL, and 622 mg/dL. For each blood sample, ten replicates were collected for each sensor lot. As shown inFIG. 2, the mean current for each sample was plotted against the sample glucose concentration (mg/dL) measured by a Yellow Springs Glucose Analyzer (YSI, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio) for each sensor lot. The slope of the dose response lines was about 20 nA/mg/dL, which indicates relatively high sensitivity of the test sensors. The y-intercepts were relatively close to 0 nA, which indicates low background noise levels. These results indicate that accurate readings may be achieved using the test sensors including the reagent described herein.
• The coefficient of variation was determined for each of the ten replicates of the sensor lots used to generate the graph ofFIG. 2. Table 1 below shows the average coefficient of variation percent (% CV) from the four sensor lots.

• 	TABLE 1
  	Glucose Concentration

  	38	67	112	222	339	622
  	mg/dL	mg/dL	mg/dL	mg/dL	mg/dL	mg/dL

  % CV	3.1	2.1	3.4	2.5	2.1	1.2

• Because of the low background noise of the sensors including the reagent of the embodiments of the present invention, the average assay % CV was less than 3.5%, even for samples having low glucose concentrations. Thus, the % CV values were well under 5%, which is often considered to be the standard acceptable limit. This low % CV indicates high precision of the test sensors. Additionally, the low % CV is associated with low variance among test sensors, which is desirable for obtaining consistent test results.
Example 2
• FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the affect ofMEGA 8 surfactant on the sensor fill rate using 60% hematocrit whole blood. The test sensors used inFIG. 3 included FAD-GDH having an activity of about 1 Unit/μL (about 192 Units/mg), about 4 wt. % (about 120 mM) of potassium ferricyanide mediator, about 1.6 wt. % of the reagent of 4 wt. % hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 35 mM of citrate buffer at a pH of about 5.0. Potassium ferricyanide mediator was used to test whetherMEGA 8 surfactant without 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator had desirable affects on a test sensor. The fill rates of a group of thirty test sensors including about 0.2 wt.% MEGA 8 surfactant were compared against a control group of thirty test sensors not includingMEGA 8 surfactant. Initial fill rates of ten sensors from each of the two groups of were measured. Ten sensors from each group were then exposed to a temperature of about −20° C. for about two weeks. Finally, ten sensors from each group were exposed to a temperature of about 50° C. for about two weeks. The average fill times of each group and subgroup of test sensors were calculated and are shown inFIG. 3. The blood fills the reaction chamber of the test sensor in less than 0.3 sec. with the reagent having surfactant and a 60% hematocrit whole blood sample. As shown inFIG. 3, the fill rate of thesensors including MEGA 8 surfactant was at least twice as fast and up to about four times faster than those sensors not including theMEGA 8 surfactant.
Example 3
• The background currents of heat-stressedsensors including MEGA 8 surfactant were compared to the background currents of heat-stressed sensors not includingMEGA 8 surfactant. The test sensors used inFIG. 4 included FAD-GDH having an activity of about 1 Unit/μL, about 50 mM of 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator, about 0.75 wt. % of the reagent of hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 50 mM of buffer at a pH of about 7. A first group of forty test sensors did not includeMEGA 8 surfactant. A second group of forty test sensors included about 0.2 wt.% MEGA 8 surfactant. Each of the first and second groups included two subgroups: a first subgroup including twenty test sensors having FAD-GDH from Amano Enzyme Inc. (Nagoya, Japan) and a second subgroup including twenty test sensors having FAD-GDH from Toyobo Co. (Osaka, Japan) Ten of the test sensors from each of the subgroups were stored at about 50° C. for about two weeks. The remaining test sensors were stored at about −20° C. for about two weeks. The background current of the sensors was then tested using 40% hematocrit whole blood samples having a glucose concentration of about 0 mg/dL. Ten replicates per sample were collected.FIG. 4 shows a graph illustrating the mean sensor background current from the ten replicates. As shown inFIG. 4, the testsensors including MEGA 8 surfactant had a significantly lower sensor background current change as compared with the test sensors not includingMEGA 8 surfactant, indicating that the reagent is more stable when MEGA 8 surfactant is added to the reagent.
Example 4
• The thermal stability of test sensors according to the embodiments of the present invention were also tested. The test sensors used in this example included FAD-GDH having an activity of about 2 Units/μL, about 40 mM of 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator, about 0.2 wt. % ofMEGA 8 surfactant, about 0.25 wt. % of the reagent of hydroxyethyl cellulose, and about 100 mM of buffer at a pH of about 6.5. A first group of test sensors was stored at about 50° C. for about two weeks. A second group of test sensors was stored at about −20° C. for about two weeks. The performance of the sensors in each group was then evaluated with 40% hematocrit whole blood samples having glucose concentrations of about 50 mg/dL, about 100 mg/dL, and about 400 mg/dL. Ten replicates per sample were collected. The mean difference in glucose concentration between the test sensors stored at 50° C. and those stored at −20° C. was calculated and compared to several different types of self testing blood glucose monitoring systems. The glucose assay bias of the test sensors according to the embodiments of the present invention was negligible. Thus, there was no appreciable change in the glucose assay results even after storing the sensors at relatively extreme temperatures for two weeks. In contrast, the glucose assay bias of the comparative commercially available test sensors was generally from about 5% to about 12%. Thus, the thermal stability of the test sensors of the embodiments of the present invention was significantly better than that of existing test sensors.
Example 5
• Tests were performed using test sensors to determine fill speed with high hematocrit blood samples. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 5, a formulation using no surfactant (Formula 1) and surfactants (Formulas 2-7) were tested. The formulations are listed in Table 2 below.

• 	TABLE 2
  	Formula 1	Formula 2	Formula 3	Formula 4	Formula 5	Formula 6	Formula 7

  Mediator (mM)	60	60	60	60	60	50	90
  Buffer (mM)	75	75	75	75	75	100	112
  FAD-GDH (U/uL)	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	1.25	3.75
  Polymer (HEC)(%)	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.63	0.60
  MEGA 8 (wt. %)		0.10	0.05				0.225
  Rhodasurf (wt. %)				0.10	0.05
  Zwittergent 312 (wt. %)						0.30
  Phospholan CS131 (wt. %)							0.10
  Mediator = 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine
  Buffer = Phosphate exceptFormula 6 used TES
  TES = (N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid)
  HEC = hydroxyethyl cellulose

  
  Specifically,Formulas 2 and 3 included thesurfactant MEGA 8, whileFormulas 4 and 5 included the surfactant Rhodasurf.Formula 6 included the surfactant Zwittergent andFormula 7 includedsurfactants MEGA 8 and Phospholan CS 131. Formulas 1-7 were stressed under two different conditions. Specifically, Formulas 1-7 were stressed for 2 weeks at a temperature of −20° C. and also stressed for 2 weeks at a temperature of 50° C.
• After being stressed at these conditions, Formulas 1-7 were deposited onto electrodes on the test sensor. The sensors were tested in a vertical (90°) position with whole blood at 60-70% hematocrit. The sensors were videotaped during filling and the time was measured. The times required for the high hematocrit blood to fill the entire sensor reaction chamber for Formulas 1-7 are shown inFIG. 5. The sensor-fill time for Formula 1 (without surfactant) was about 0.6 and 0.7 sec. for the sensors stored at −20° C. and 50° C./2 wks., respectively. On the hand, Formulas 2-7 had sensor-fill times for both −20° C. and 50° C./2 wks. were about 0.5 sec. or less. Most of the Formulas 2-7 had sensor-fill times for both −20° C. and 50° C./2 wks. that were about 0.4 seconds or less with several being less than about 0.3 sec. Thus, Formulas 2-7 with surfactants had much improved fill times overFormula 1 without a surfactant.
Example 6
• A reagent was tested to determine its maximum kinetic performance. The reagent included 40 mM of 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine, 50 mM of phosphate buffer, 2.00 U/ul of FAD-GDH, 0.25 wt. % of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and 0.20 wt. % of thesurfactant MEGA 8.
• FIG. 6 shows the output signals from test sensors having blood samples with a glucose concentration of 400 mg/dL and 70% hematocrit. The signal input to the sensor strip by the measurement device was a gated amperometric pulse sequence that included eight pulsed excitations separated by seven relaxations, such as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0173552. The excitations were less than a 1 second in duration. Three output current values were recorded during each excitation.
• To correlate the output current values from the input signal with the analyte concentration of the sample, the initial current value from the excitation is preferably greater than those that follow in the decay. The output signals from the sensor strip ofFIG. 6 showed an initial high current value that decays at about two seconds after the blood sample was introduced to the strip. Thus, the first output currents having a high initial current value followed by decaying current values were observed in output current110.
• To correlate the output current values from the input signal to the analyte concentration of the sample, different sample analyte concentrations also preferably show a substantially constant difference between output signal current values. Preferably, the output current value or values correlated with the analyte concentration of the sample also are taken from a decay including current data reflecting the maximum kinetic performance of the sensor strip. The kinetics of the redox reaction underlying the output currents is affected by multiple factors. These factors may include the rate at which the reagent composition rehydrates, the rate at which the enzyme system reacts with the analyte, the rate at which the enzyme system transfers electrons to the mediator, and the rate at which the mediator transfers electrons to the electrode. Of these and other kinetic factors affecting the output currents, the rate at which the reagent composition rehydrates is believed to have the greatest influence on the output currents.
• The maximum kinetic performance of the sensor strip may be reached during an excitation of a gated amperometric pulse sequence when the initial current value of an excitation having decaying current values is greatest for the multiple excitations. This may also be referred to as sensor-peak time. Preferably, the maximum kinetic performance of a sensor strip is reached when the last in time current value obtained for an excitation having decaying current values is the greatest last in time current value obtained for the multiple excitations. More preferably, the maximum kinetic performance of a sensor strip is reached when the initial current value of an excitation having decaying current values is greatest for the multiple excitations and the last in time current value obtained for the same excitation is the greatest last in time current value obtained for the multiple excitations.
• The maximum kinetic performance of the sensor strip is desirably less than about 3 seconds and even more desirably less than about 2 seconds.
• The gated amperometric pulse sequence used to determine the maximum kinetic performance of a test sensor included at least seven duty cycles, where the excitations are about 0.4 sec. in duration and the relaxations are 1 sec. in duration, include zero current flow through the sample, and are provided by an open circuit. At least three output current values are measured during each excitation. The potential input to the sensor strip is held substantially constant, at 250 mV and the sample temperature is at 23° C. Before the duty cycles, a pulse of 400 mV was applied for 0.9 seconds.
• The sensor strip with 400 mg/dL of glucose inFIG. 6 reached maximum kinetic performance during the excitation decay that includedoutput currents120 and125, between 3 and 4 seconds from the introduction of the sample to the sensor strip. This was established as both the greatest initial and the greatest last in time current values obtained from an excitation having decaying current values were present in the cycle that includedoutput currents120 and125. Compare initial output current120 withoutput currents110,130,140,150,160 and170 and also compare last in time output current125 withoutput currents115,135,145,155,165 and175. Thus, the sensor reaches its maximum kinetic performance in between 3 and 4 seconds even for a 70% hematocrit blood sample
Example 7
• FIGS. 7-9 show that the reagent formulation can also affect maximum kinetic performance for blood with different hematocrit levels. Referring initially toFIG. 7, at a glucose concentration of 50 mg/dL, the maximum kinetic performance using sensor-peak time increased as the hematocrit level increased. The mediator that included a smaller sulfate percentage (5% sulfate) generally had much faster peak times at comparable hematocrit levels and buffer concentrations. See, for example, athematocrit level 60% using 50 mM phosphate buffer (compare 3.5 sec. with mediator using 5% sulfate and 7.5 sec. with mediator using 20% sulfate). The reagent formulation, such as buffer strength and residual sulfate content of the mediator, greatly impacts sensor reaction peak time, especially for samples with high hematocrit (>40%). Thus, high inorganic salt (from buffer or from the mediator in terms of sulfate concentration) in sensor formulation increases sensor-peak time (i.e., slows down sensor reaction).FIG. 8 shows similar results using 100 mg/dL of glucose concentration. Using the high glucose concentration of 400 mg/dL,FIG. 9 shows maximum kinetic performance using sensor-peak time generally below about 3 or 3.5 seconds with a number of sensor-peak times of 2 seconds. The mediator with 5% sulfate and 100 mM of phosphate buffer at high hematocrit levels had a maximum kinetic performance using sensor-peak time of about 4.5 or 5 seconds.
• Thus, as shown in the 50 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL glucose concentrations, to achieve a fast reagent re-hydration and glucose reaction for samples with high hematocrit, the salt content in reagent formulations has to be lowered.
Example 8
• Two formulations were tested for maximum kinetic performance after the test sensors had been stored under stressed conditions (−20° C. and 50° C./4 wks.). The formulation inFIG. 10aincluded 50 mM phosphate buffer and a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine having 5 wt. % sulfate. The formulation inFIG. 10bincluded 100 mM phosphate buffer and a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine having 20 wt. % sulfate. The gated amperometric pulse sequence used in this Example was similar to that described in Example 6 above.
• As shown inFIG. 10a, maximum kinetic performance was about 2 seconds for the samples that were stressed at −20° C. for 4 wks. The maximum kinetic performance was about 3.5 seconds for the samples that were stressed at −50° C. for 4 wks. Referring toFIG. 10b, the maximum kinetic performance was about 3.5 seconds for the samples that were stressed at −20° C. for 4 wks. and about 5 seconds for the samples that were stressed at −50° C. for 4 wks. Thus, formulations having a lower inorganic salt amount (e.g.,FIG. 10a) had an improved maximum kinetic performance as compared to formulations with a higher inorganic salt amount (e.g.,FIG. 10b).
• In addition, lots of the formulation used inFIG. 10awith 2 second sensor-peak times were tested for assay bias or % bias. The % bias for glucose concentrations not greater than 100 mg/dL were less than about +/−2%. The % bias for a glucose concentration of 400 mg/dL was about +/−4%. The assay biases for lots of formulation used inFIG. 10bhaving 3-4 second sensor-peak times were also tested. The % bias for glucose concentrations not greater than 100 mg/dL were less than about +/−3%. The % bias for a glucose concentration of 400 mg/dL was about +/−10%. Thus, the assay biases for the lots having 3-4 second sensor-peak times were greater than the lots having 2 second sensor-peak times.
Example 9
• Referring toFIG. 11, the coefficient of variation % (% CV) using 40% hematocrit whole blood samples at different glucose concentrations are shown. The glucose concentrations range from 36 mg/dL to 627 mg/dL. Reagent solutions having a low salt content lot were compared to reagent solutions having a high salt content lot. The low salt lot included 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, 2 U/ul FAD-GDH, 40 mM 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine having 5 wt. % sulfate, 0.25% hydroxyethyl cellulose-300 k and 0.2% MEGA 8 surfactant. The high salt lot included 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, 2 U/ul FAD-GDH, 40 mM 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine having 20 wt. % sulfate, 0.25% hydroxyethyl cellulose-300 k and 0.2% MEGA 8 surfactant.
• The % CV was calculated by taking the mean of the maximum kinetic performance using sensor-peak times and dividing by the standard deviation of those sensor-peak times. This resulting value was multiplied by 100, resulting in the % CV. A total of 40 samples were tested for both the low salt reagent solutions and the high salt reagent solutions.
• The low salt reagent solution reached maximum kinetic performance using sensor-peak times in less than 3 seconds, resulting in a better % CV for 40% hematocrit whole blood samples as compared to the higher salt reagent solution. The low salt reagent solutions had a much better % CV at the lower glucose concentration samples.
• While the examples provided herein relate to in vitro applications of the test sensor reagents in accordance with the present invention, it is contemplated that these reagents may also be adapted for in vivo analyte monitoring by chemically immobilizing the mediators (e.g., by chemical reaction at one or more of the substituent groups on the aromatic rings), and incorporating the immobilized mediators into a device which can be implanted subcutaneously into a patient. The reagents of the embodiments described herein may also be used with continuous analyte monitoring systems.
Alternative Embodiment A
• A reagent for detecting an analyte, the reagent comprising:
• a flavoprotein enzyme;
• a mediator selected from the group
• 
• or a combination thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof;
• at least one surfactant;
• a polymer; and
• a buffer.
Alternative Embodiment B
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment A, wherein the flavoprotein enzyme is FAD-glucose dehydrogenase.
Alternative Embodiment C
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment A, wherein the mediator comprises 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine.
Alternative Embodiment D
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment A, wherein the surfactant includes a saccharide-based surfactant or a phosphorylcholine-based surfactant.
Alternative Embodiment E
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment A, wherein the polymer is a cellulose-based polymer.
Alternative Embodiment F
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment A, wherein the buffer comprises a phosphate buffer.
Alternative Embodiment G
• A reagent for detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the reagent comprising:
• FAD-glucose dehydrogenase having an activity of from about 0.1 Units/μL to about 10 Units/μL;
• a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator having a concentration of from about 5 mM to about 120 mM;
• a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide surfactant having a concentration of from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of the reagent; and
• a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer having a concentration of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the reagent.
Alternative Embodiment H
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment G further comprising a phosphate buffer.
Alternative Embodiment I
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment H, wherein the phosphate buffer has a concentration of from about 25 mM to about 200 mM and a pH of from about 4 to about 8.
Alternative Embodiment J
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment I, wherein the phosphate buffer has a concentration of from about 50 mM to about 150 mM and a pH of from about 6 to about 7.
Alternative Embodiment K
• The reagent of Alternative Embodiment G, wherein the reagent comprises FAD-glucose dehydrogenase having an activity of from about 0.5 Units/μL to about 2.5 Units/μL, a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator having a concentration of from about 30 mM to about 60 mM, a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide surfactant having a concentration of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.4 wt. % of the reagent, and a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer having a concentration of from about 0.2 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of the reagent.
Alternative Embodiment L
• An electrochemical test sensor comprising:
• a working electrode having a surface;
• a counter electrode having a surface; and
• a reagent coating at least a portion of the surface of the working electrode and at least a portion of the surface of the counter electrode, the reagent comprising a flavoprotein, a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator, a buffer, and at least one surfactant and a polymer.
Alternative Embodiment M
• The sensor of Alternative Embodiment L, wherein the flavoprotein includes FAD-glucose dehydrogenase.
Alternative Embodiment N
• The sensor of Alternative Embodiment L, wherein the phenothiazine mediator includes 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine.
Alternative Embodiment O
• The sensor of Alternative Embodiment L, wherein the at least one surfactant includes a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide.
Alternative Embodiment P
• The sensor of Alternative Embodiment L, wherein the polymer is a cellulose-based polymer.
Alternative Process Q
• A method of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the analyte undergoing a chemical reaction, the method comprising the acts of:
• providing an electrode surface;
• facilitating flow of the fluid sample to the electrode surface using at least one surfactant;
• catalyzing the chemical reaction with a flavoprotein enzyme;
• generating a redox equivalent by the chemical reaction; and
• transferring the redox equivalent to the electrode surface using a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator.
Alternative Process R
• The method of Alternative Process Q, wherein the electrode surface includes a working electrode and a counter electrode, the electrode surface including a reagent comprising the at least one surfactant, the flavoprotein enzyme, the phenothiazine mediator, and a buffer.
Alternate Process S
• The method of Alternative Process R, wherein the reagent further includes a cellulose-based polymer.
Alternate Process T
• The method of Alternative Process S, wherein the polymer is a cellulose-based polymer.
Alternate Process U
• The method of Alternative Process R, wherein the buffer includes a phosphate buffer.
• While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments and methods thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but, to the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (27)

1. A reagent for detecting an analyte, the reagent comprising:

a flavoprotein enzyme;

a mediator selected from the group

or a combination thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof;

at least one surfactant;

a polymer; and

a buffer,

wherein at least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt, the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.

2. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the flavoprotein enzyme is FAD-glucose dehydrogenase.

3. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the mediator includes 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine.

4. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the surfactant includes a saccharide-based surfactant or a phosphorylcholine-based surfactant.

5. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the polymer is a cellulose-based polymer.

6. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the buffer includes a phosphate buffer.

7. The reagent ofclaim 1, wherein the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is in a ratio of less than about 2:1.

8. A reagent for detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the reagent comprising:

FAD-glucose dehydrogenase having an activity of from about 0.1 Units/μL to about 10 Units/μL;

a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator having a concentration of from about 5 mM to about 120 mM;

a surfactant having a concentration of from about 0.05 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of the reagent;

a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer having a concentration of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the reagent; and

a buffer,

wherein at least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt, the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 2:1.

9. The reagent ofclaim 8, further comprising a phosphate buffer.

10. The reagent ofclaim 8, wherein the surfactant is a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide surfactant.

11. The reagent ofclaim 8, wherein the reagent comprises FAD-glucose dehydrogenase having an activity of from about 0.5 Units/μL to about 2.5 Units/μL, a 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine mediator having a concentration of from about 30 mM to about 60 mM, a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide surfactant having a concentration of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.4 wt. % of the reagent, and a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer having a concentration of from about 0.2 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. % of the reagent.

12. An electrochemical test sensor comprising:

a working electrode having a surface;

a counter electrode having a surface; and

a reagent coating at least a portion of the surface of the working electrode and at least a portion of the surface of the counter electrode, the reagent comprising a flavoprotein, a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator, a buffer, and at least one surfactant, a polymer and a buffer, wherein at least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt, the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.

13. The sensor ofclaim 12, wherein the flavoprotein includes FAD-glucose dehydrogenase.

14. The sensor ofclaim 12, wherein the phenothiazine mediator includes 3-(2′,5′-disulfophenylimino)-3H-phenothiazine.

15. The sensor ofclaim 12, wherein the at least one surfactant includes a heptanoyl-N-methylglucamide.

16. The sensor ofclaim 12, wherein the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is in a ratio of less than about 2:1.

17. A method of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the analyte undergoing a chemical reaction, the method comprising the acts of:

providing an electrode surface;

facilitating flow of the fluid sample to the electrode surface using at least one surfactant;

catalyzing the chemical reaction with a flavoprotein enzyme;

generating a redox equivalent by the chemical reaction; and

transferring the redox equivalent to the electrode surface using a phenothiazine or a phenoxazine mediator,

wherein the maximum kinetic performance is less than about 3 seconds.

18. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the electrode surface includes a working electrode and a counter electrode, the electrode surface including a reagent comprising the at least one surfactant, the flavoprotein enzyme, the phenothiazine mediator, and a buffer.

19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the reagent further includes a polymer.

20. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the buffer includes a phosphate buffer.

21. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the maximum kinetic performance is less than about 2 seconds.

22. A method of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample, the method comprising the acts of:

providing an electrode surface;

providing a reagent including a flavoprotein enzyme; a mediator selected from the group

or a combination thereof wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹are the same or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclic, heterocyclic, halo, haloalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aromatic keto, aliphatic keto, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, dialkylamino, aminoalkyl, sulfo, dihydroxyboron, and combinations thereof; at least one surfactant; and a buffer; the reagent being in contact with the electrode surface;

contacting the fluid sample with the reagent; and

determining the concentration of the analyte,

wherein the maximum kinetic performance is less than about 3 seconds.

23. The method ofclaim 22 wherein the reagent further includes a polymer.

24. The method ofclaim 22 wherein the reagent includes a phenothiazine mediator.

25. The method ofclaim 22 wherein at least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt, the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 3:1.

26. The method ofclaim 25 wherein at least one of the surfactant and the buffer includes an inorganic salt, the ratio of the total inorganic salt to mediator is less than about 2:1.

27. The method ofclaim 22 wherein the maximum kinetic performance is less than about 2 seconds.

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