US20090118726A1 - Systems and Methods for Transeptal Cardiac Procedures, Including Tissue Sealing Members Associated Methods - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods for transeptal cardiac procedures are disclosed. A patient treatment device in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end, a working portion toward the distal end, and an electrical energy path coupleable to a source of electrical energy. The device can further include a tissue penetrating member carried by the catheter and an electrode device carried by the working portion of the catheter and movable along the tissue penetrating member. The electrode device can include a collapsible stranded conductive material coupled to the electrical signal path and being changeable between a deployed position and a stowed position. The conductive material can be elongated along a deployment axis when in the stowed position, and can be contracted along the deployment axis and expanded transverse to the deployment axis when in the deployed position.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/977,837, filed Oct. 5, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present disclosure is directed generally to systems and methods for transeptal cardiac procedures, including separable guidewires, tissue penetrating members, and tissue sealing members.
BACKGROUND
• The human heart is a complex organ that requires reliable, fluid-tight seals to prevent de-oxygenated blood and other constituents received from the body's tissues from mixing with re-oxygenated blood delivered to the body's tissues.FIG. 1A illustrates ahuman heart100 having aright atrium101, which receives the de-oxygenated blood from thesuperior vena cava116 and theinferior vena cava104. The de-oxygenated blood passes to theright ventricle103, which pumps the de-oxygenated blood to the lungs via thepulmonary artery114. Re-oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to theleft atrium102 and is pumped into theleft ventricle105. From theleft ventricle105, the re-oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body via theaorta115.
• Theright atrium101 and theleft atrium102 are separated by aninteratrial septum106. As shown inFIG. 1B, theinteratrial septum106 includes a primum107 and a secundum108. Prior to birth, theprimum107 and the secundum108 are separated to form an opening (the foramen ovale109) that allows blood to flow from theright atrium101 to theleft atrium102 while the fetus receives oxygenated blood from the mother. After birth, the primum107 normally seals against the secundum108 and forms an oval-shaped depression, i.e., a fossa ovalis110.
• In some infants, the primum107 never completely seals with the secundum108, as shown in cross-sectional view inFIG. 1C and in a left side view inFIG. 1D. In these instances, a patency often having the shape of atunnel112 forms between theprimum107 and the secundum108. This patency is typically referred to as a patent foramen ovale or PFO113. In most circumstances, thePFO113 will remain functionally closed and blood will not tend to flow through thePFO113, due to the normally higher pressures in theleft atrium102 that secure theprimum107 against the secundum108. Nevertheless, during physical exertion or other instances when pressures are greater in theright atrium101 than in theleft atrium102, blood can inappropriately pass directly from theright atrium101 to theleft atrium102 and can carry with it clots, gas bubbles, or other vaso-active substances. Such constituents in the atrial system can pose serious health risks including hemodynamic problems, cryptogenic strokes, venous-to-atrial gas embolisms, migraines, and in some cases even death.
• Traditionally, open chest surgery was required to suture or ligate aPFO113. However, these procedures carry high attendant risks, such as postoperative infection, long patient recovery, and significant patient discomfort and trauma. Accordingly, less invasive techniques have been developed. Most such techniques include using transcatheter implantation of various mechanical devices to close thePFO113. Such devices include the Cardia® PFO Closure Device, Amplatzer® PFO Occluder, and CardioSEAL® Septal Occlusion Device. One potential drawback with these devices is that they may not be well suited for the long, tunnel-like shape of thePFO113. As a result, the implanted mechanical devices may become deformed or distorted and in some cases may fail, migrate, or even dislodge. Furthermore, these devices can irritate the cardiac tissue at or near the implantation site, which in turn can potentially cause thromboembolic events, palpitations, and arrhythmias. Other reported complications include weakening, erosion, and tearing of the cardiac tissues around the implanted devices.
• Another potential drawback with the implanted mechanical devices described above is that, in order to be completely effective, the tissue around the devices must endothelize once the devices are implanted. The endothelization process can be gradual and can accordingly take several months or more to occur. Accordingly, the foregoing techniques do not immediately solve the problems caused by thePFO113.
• Still another drawback associated with the foregoing techniques is that they can be technically complicated and cumbersome. Accordingly, the techniques may require multiple attempts before the mechanical device is appropriately positioned and implanted. As a result, implanting these devices may require long procedure times during which the patient must be kept under conscious sedation, which can pose further risks to the patient.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate a human heart having a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in accordance with the prior art.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a catheter positioned proximate to a PFO for treatment in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 3A-3J illustrate a process for closing a PFO in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 4 is a partially schematic, isometric illustration of a process for closing a PFO via a trans-primum procedure in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 5A-5D are schematic, isometric illustrations of a process for closing a PFO using a trans-primum procedure in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 6A-6M illustrate guidewires configured to center in a PFO tunnel in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIG. 7A is a flow diagram illustrating a process for pre-loading a penetrating guidewire in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 7B-7G illustrate devices suitable for applying a pre-load to a penetrating guidewire in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 8A-8L illustrate electrode devices that include conductive filaments in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an electrode device that includes a conductive sheet configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an electrode device including a conductive material that deploys in an “umbrella” fashion.
• FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate an electrode device and an inflatable member for deploying the electrode device.
• FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate electrode devices that are deployed with inflatable members in accordance with further embodiments of the disclosure.
• FIG. 14 illustrates an electrode device that is deployed in an umbrella-like fashion in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate an electrode device that includes a tubular portion and fingers configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 16A-16B illustrate an electrode device having nested tubular portions with inner and outer fingers in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate an electrode device having a spiral wound tubular portion and associated flange in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate an electrode device having a woven tubular portion and associated flange in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate an electrode device having knitted fibers forming a tubular portion and a flange in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate an electrode device having fibers woven to form a tubular portion and a flange in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 21 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a catheter arranged to apply a compressive force on an electrode device in accordance with a particular embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 22 is a partially schematic illustration of a threaded device for applying a compressive force on an electrode device in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 23 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of an arrangement that includes a slider for applying a compressive force on an electrode device in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONA. Introduction
• Aspects of the present disclosure are directed generally to methods and devices for drawing portions of cardiovascular tissue together, sealing the portions to each other, and controlling the performance of these tasks. Much of the discussion below is provided in the context of sealing patent foremen ovales (PFOs). However, in other embodiments, these techniques may be used to treat other types of cardiac tissue and/or tissue defects. The energy to seal the PFO is generally provided by an energy transmitter. For purposes of discussion, much of the following description is provided in the context of energy transmitters that include electrodes configured to seal cardiac tissue by delivering radio frequency (RF) energy. In other embodiments, the energy transmitters can have other arrangements and can deliver other types of energy, for example, microwave energy, laser energy or ultrasound energy.
• In general, many of the techniques and associated devices described below include advancing a catheter into the right atrium of the patient's heart, piercing the septum between the right atrium and the left atrium, and placing an electrode or other energy transmitter in the left atrium. The energy transmitter applies energy to the septum to seal the PFO, optionally with the assistance of a balloon or other inflatable member, and is then drawn back through the septum. The catheter can then be withdrawn from the patient's body, leaving no foreign objects behind. A residual hole in the septum remaining after the electrode is withdrawn from the left atrium to the right atrium is expected to close over a short period of time as a result of the body's natural healing response. Many techniques and devices described in detail in one or more of the following sections may be combined with techniques and/or devices described in the same section and/or other sections. Several details describing devices or processes that are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art and often associated with such devices and processes are not set forth in the following description for purposes of brevity. Those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will understand that further embodiments may include features not disclosed in the following sections, and/or may eliminate some of the features described below with reference toFIGS. 2-23.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic, not-to-scale illustration of the general components of asystem220 used to treat a patient in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure. Thesystem220 generally includes one or more patient treatment devices, a term which, as used herein, includes devices that provide direct therapeutic benefits, and/or associated functions, including but not limited to, diagnostic functions, feedback functions, and/or positioning functions. Thesystem220 can include one ormore guidewires250 that are directed into the patient via anintroducer226, and are then threaded through the patient's vascular system to theheart100. In the illustrated embodiment, theguidewire250 enters theright atrium101 from theinferior vena cava104, and in other embodiments, theguidewire250 can enter theright atrium101 or other heart chamber from other vessels. One, or more guidewires may also pass into theleft atrium102. One ormore catheters230 are then threaded along theguidewire250 via corresponding lumens to treat a PFO113 (e.g., the PFO tunnel112) located between theprimum107 and thesecundum108 of the patient'sseptum106. The catheter lumen(s) can be flushed with saline or another appropriate biocompatible fluid, either continuously at selected intervals, to prevent clot formation and/or to lubricate the relative motion between the catheter(s) and devices within the lumens.
• Thecatheter230 typically includes adistal end232 within the patient's body, a workingportion233 toward thedistal end232, and aproximal end231 that extends outside the patient's body. Acontroller221 controls the functions carried out by thecatheter230 and the rest of thesystem220, and can include anenergy delivery controller223 to control RF or other energy transmitted to the patient, aninflatable member controller222 to control the operation of one or more inflatable members in the patient, asensor feedback unit225 to receive diagnostic information, andother controllers224 to control other functions, for example, the motion of various guidewires and/or other elements of thesystem220, and/or fluid delivery to elements of thesystem220. A representative handheld controller configured for such purposes is described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. ______ (attorney docket no. 57120.8022US), filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference. When the energy transmitter or delivery device includes an electrode, it may be operated in a monopolar manner, in which case areturn electrode280ais located remotely from thePFO113. For example, thereturn electrode280acan include a patient pad located at the back of the patient's left shoulder. In other embodiments, the electrode can operate in a bipolar manner, in which case the return electrode is generally located at or close to thePFO113.
• For purposes of organization and ease of understanding, the following discussion is arranged in five sections in addition to the present Section A. Section B describes overall techniques and tissue sealing devices for sealing a patient's PFO. Section C describes self-centering guidewires used to position the tissue sealing devices, and Section D describes systems and techniques for penetrating the septal tissue. Section E describes electrodes configured to seal the PFO, and Section F describes systems and techniques for clamping the septal tissue as it is sealed. Similar disclosures are included in the following U.S. Applications, filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference: U.S. application Ser. No. ______ (attorney docket no. 57120.8016US01); U.S. application Ser. No. ______ (attorney docket no. 57120.8017US); and U.S. application Ser. No. ______ (attorney docket no. 57120.8019US).
B. General Techniques and Systems for Treating a PFO
• FIGS. 3A-3I are enlarged cross-sectional views of the heart regions around a PFO, and illustrate representative techniques and associated devices for sealing the PFO in accordance with a particular embodiment. Beginning withFIG. 3A, a practitioner passes a rightatrial guidewire250ainto theright atrium101 of the patient'sheart100 in accordance with a particular embodiment. Optionally, the practitioner can continue to advance the rightatrial guidewire250ainto the superior vena cava. The practitioner then passes a leftatrial guidewire250binto theright atrium101, through thePFO tunnel112 and into theleft atrium102. Accordingly, the leftatrial guidewire250bis positioned in thetunnel112 between theprimum107 and thesecundum108. Suitable imaging processes (e.g., transthoracic ultrasound or TTE, intra-cardiac echo or ICE, transesophageal echo or TEE, fluoroscopy, and/or others) known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may be used to position theguidewires250a,250band/or other devices used during the procedure.
• In another embodiment, the leftatrial guidewire250bis routed as described above, but before the rightatrial guidewire250ais introduced. The rightatrial guidewire250ais instead pre-loaded into a delivery catheter (described later with reference toFIG. 3C), and the delivery catheter, with the rightatrial guidewire250aon board, is threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250bto the right atrium101 (e.g., at or near the junction between theright atrium101 and the inferior vena cava). Once the delivery catheter is in theright atrium101, the rightatrial guidewire250acan be deployed to the location shown inFIG. 3A.
• InFIG. 3B, the practitioner has threaded a self-centeringguidewire250calong the leftatrial guidewire250band into thetunnel112. Alternatively, the self-centeringguidewire250ccan be pre-loaded into the delivery catheter (described later with reference toFIG. 3C) and both can be advanced together along the leftatrial guidewire250b. This latter arrangement, e.g., in combination with pre-loading the rightatrial guidewire250aas described above, can prevent the leftatrial guidewire250band the rightatrial guidewire250afrom becoming twisted. In either embodiment, the self-centeringguidewire250ccan include afirst branch251 and asecond branch252 positioned around anenclosed region249. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, thefirst branch251 is hollow so as to receive the leftatrial guidewire250balong which the self-centeringguidewire250cis passed. The first andsecond branches251,252 can be at least somewhat compliant and resilient and can accordingly spread or tighten theprimum107 laterally, as indicated by arrow S, upon being introduced into thetunnel112. By stretching theprimum107, the self-centeringguidewire250ccan draw theprimum107 toward thesecundum108. In addition, thebranches251,252 can be symmetric relative to a central axis C and can accordingly center the self-centeringguidewire250cwithin thePFO tunnel112. Furthermore, the closed shape provided by the first andsecond branches251,252 can provide theguidewire250cwith a degree of lateral rigidity along the axis identified by arrow S. Accordingly, when theguidewire250cis placed in thetunnel112, the resilience provided by theprimum107 and/or thesecundum108 can force theguidewire250cto assume the orientation shown inFIG. 3B, e.g., with the generally flat plane of theenclosed region249 “sandwiched” between and facing toward theprimum107 on one side and thesecundum108 on the other. The lateral rigidity of the self-centeringguidewire250cwhen it is deployed can also prevent it from twisting, which in turn can make it easier for the practitioner to accurately seal thetunnel112.
• Turning next toFIG. 3C, the practitioner has threaded adelivery catheter230aalong the rightatrial guidewire250aand the self-centeringguidewire250c, which is in turn threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250b, as discussed above. Or, as discussed above, the rightatrial guidewire250aand the self-centeringguidewire250ccan be pre-loaded into thedelivery catheter230aand deployed once thedelivery catheter230ahas been threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250buntil it is positioned in theright atrium101. In either embodiment, thedelivery catheter230acan include a right atrial guidewire opening234athat receives the rightatrial guidewire250a, and a leftatrial guidewire opening234bthat receives the self-centeringguidewire250cand the leftatrial guidewire250bover which the self-centeringguidewire250cis passed. In this embodiment, the self-centeringguidewire250chas a generally elliptical cross-sectional shape, and accordingly, the leftatrial guidewire opening234bhas a similar shape. With this arrangement, the self-centeringguidewire250cis “keyed” to thedelivery catheter230a. Accordingly, thedelivery catheter230ahas a known orientation relative to the self-centeringguidewire250cwhen thedelivery catheter230areaches the position shown inFIG. 3C. The upward progress of thedelivery catheter230acan be limited by a “tree crotch effect” provided by thedelivery catheter230apositioned on one side of theseptal limbus117, and the combined leftatrial guidewire250band self-centeringguidewire250con the other side of thelimbus117. In addition, radiopaque markers M can be located at the leftatrial guidewire opening234band the point at which thebranches251,252 bifurcate. In a particular embodiment, the markers M can therefore be co-located or nearly co-located when thedelivery catheter230ahas been properly advanced. Once thedelivery catheter230ahas the position shown inFIG. 3C, the rightatrial guidewire250acan optionally be withdrawn, or it can remain in place for additional steps, including for the remainder of the procedure.
• As noted above with reference toFIG. 2, the overall system can include a return electrode positioned close to the PFO.FIG. 3C illustrates areturn electrode280bcarried by thedelivery catheter230aso as to operate in a bipolar manner with an electrode delivered in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, thereturn electrode280bcan include an electrically conductive coating or sleeve positioned at the outside of thedelivery catheter230a, and coupled to an electrical return terminal (e.g., at thecontroller221 shown inFIG. 2) via a lead wire (not visible inFIG. 3C). In another embodiment, thereturn electrode280bcan have other arrangements and/or configurations in which it is positioned close to theprimum107 and/or thesecondum108.
• InFIG. 3D, apositioning catheter230b(which is housed within and movable relative to thedelivery catheter230a) is deployed from thedelivery catheter230a. In this embodiment, thepositioning catheter230bis deployed by applying an axial force to it, causing it to buckle or bend outwardly through a corresponding slot (not visible inFIG. 3D) in the outer surface of thedelivery catheter230a. Accordingly, thepositioning catheter230bcan assume the shape shown inFIG. 3D. In one arrangement, the distal end of thepositioning catheter230bis eccentrically connected to apivot axle235, which allows thepositioning catheter230bto rotate as indicated by arrow R as it buckles. As thepositioning catheter230brotates, it can position the exit opening of alumen239 to face outwardly from thedelivery catheter230a.
• Thelumen239 can also face directly toward thesecundum108, and can be aligned with the central axis C above thelimbus117, as a result of the features of the self-centeringguidewire250c, thedelivery catheter230aand thepositioning catheter230b. In particular, the self-centeringguidewire250ccan be centered within thetunnel112, with the plane defined by theenclosed region249 facing directly toward thesecundum108. Because the self-centeringguidewire250chas a generally flat shape (and can optionally stretch the primum107), theprimum107 and thesecundum108 can tend to keep the self-centeringguidewire250cfrom rotating or twisting about its lengthwise axis relative to thetunnel112. In addition, thebranches251,252 of the self-centeringguidewire250 can be secured to each other in a manner that resists twisting. Because the self-centeringguidewire250cis keyed with thedelivery catheter230a, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 3C, thedelivery catheter230ais prevented or at least restricted from rotating about its lengthwise axis relative to thetunnel112. Accordingly, when thepositioning catheter230bis deployed, thelumen239 can face directly toward thesecundum108, e.g., at an orientation of from about 80° to about 135°, and in a particular embodiment, about 105°. It is expected that in at least some embodiments, an orientation of about 105° results in a subsequent tissue penetration operation that effectively penetrates thesecundum108 and theprimum107 with a reduced likelihood for penetrating other tissue in the left atrium. In addition, this orientation can increase the likelihood of penetrating theprimum107, e.g., when thetunnel112 is relatively short. Thelumen239 can also be located at the lateral center or approximate center of the tunnel112 (e.g., measured laterally along a lateral axis L that is generally transverse to the central axis C). The “tree-crotch effect” described above can act to locate thelumen239 above thelimbus117, but not so high that thelumen239 is above theprimum107.
• In a particular embodiment, alimbus stop236 is connected to thepositioning catheter230b. As thepositioning catheter230brotates, thelimbus stop236 rotates outwardly to the position shown inFIG. 3D. When the practitioner applies an axial (e.g., upward) force to thedelivery catheter230a, the limbus stop236 can nudge up against thelimbus117. In other embodiments, the limbus stop236 can be eliminated. In still further embodiments, thedelivery catheter230bcan include alimbus marker236a, in addition to or in lieu of thelimbus stop236. Thelimbus marker236acan be a pin or other element made from gold, platinum or another radiopaque material. Thelimbus marker236acan help guide the operator to correctly position thedelivery catheter230arelative to thelimbus117 before penetrating thesecundum108. Thelimbus117 itself may be illuminated with a contrast agent. In many cases, thedelivery catheter230aand other components illustrated inFIG. 3D may be formed from plastics or other materials that do not readily appear during fluoroscopy processes. Accordingly, thelimbus marker236acan provide a readily visible locater on thedelivery catheter230ato aid the practitioner during a tissue sealing procedure. Thelimbus marker236acan be positioned at a known location along the length of thedelivery catheter230a, for example 4 mm below the axis along which a penetrating guidewire is deployed. Further details of the penetrating guidewire are described below with reference toFIG. 3E.
• As shown inFIG. 3E, a penetratingguidewire250dor other penetrating device or member can be deployed from thepositioning catheter230b. The penetratingguidewire250dcan include a penetratingtip253 that penetrates through thesecundum108 and theprimum107, so as to cross theentire septum106 into theleft atrium102. In a particular embodiment, the penetratingtip253 can include an RF electrode that is advanced through theseptum106 in a stepwise fashion described in further detail below with reference toFIGS. 7A-7F. The electrode can have a generally spherical or ball-type shape, with a diameter of up to about 1.0 mm. In other embodiments, the penetratingtip253 can have other shapes or configurations, and/or can be advanced using other techniques, and/or can employ other non-RF methods for penetrating theseptum106. Such configurations include, but are not limited to a penetratingtip253 having a sharp distal end that pierces theseptum106. For example, the penetrating tip can include one or more razor-like elements or blades that score theseptum106. The blades can deploy laterally outwardly, and/or can be deployed from an inflatable balloon. In other embodiments, thetip253 can include rotoblades, laser energy emitters, and/or ultrasound energy emitters.
• InFIG. 3F, the practitioner advances anelectrode catheter230calong the penetratingguidewire250dfrom theright atrium101 into theleft atrium102. Theelectrode catheter230ccan include adilator237 that temporarily stretches the hole initially created by the penetratingguidewire250dto allow additional components to pass into theleft atrium102. These components can include an inflatable member270 (shown collapsed) and anelectrode device280. In a particular embodiment, the penetratingguidewire250dcan form a hole having a diameter of about one millimeter, and thedilator237 can have a diameter of about two millimeters to temporarily stretch the hole to a diameter of about two millimeters. When theelectrode catheter230cand the penetratingguidewire250dare later withdrawn, the hole can relax back to a diameter of about one millimeter. In other embodiments, these dimensions can have other values. In any of these embodiments, thedilator237 and/or the penetratingtip253 can include radiopaque markings for enhanced visibility during fluoroscopic visualization.
• InFIG. 3G, the practitioner has inflated the inflatable member270 (e.g., with saline or another suitable inflation medium) in theleft atrium102, and has also deployed theelectrode device280. In a particular embodiment, theelectrode device280 includes a conductive coating applied to a proximally facing surface of theinflatable member270. Theinflatable member270 can be formed from a non-stretch material so that it maintains a predefined shape (e.g., the cylindrical shape shown inFIG. 3G) when inflated. This arrangement can also prevent or restrict the conductive coating from delaminating, flaking, and/or otherwise detaching from theinflatable member270. Other suitable electrode shapes and configurations are described later with reference toFIGS. 8A-20B and in at least some of these embodiments, theinflatable member270 is eliminated.
• Prior to engaging theelectrode device280 with theseptum106, the practitioner can withdraw the self-centeringguidewire250cand the leftatrial guidewire250bby separating or opening the first andsecond branches251,252 at aseparation location255, allowing them to pass downwardly around opposite sides of theelectrode catheter230cand into the leftatrial guidewire opening234b. Further details of embodiments for performing this task are described later with reference toFIGS. 6A-6K. InFIG. 3H, the self-centeringguidewire250c(FIG. 3G) and the leftatrial guidewire250b(FIG. 3G) have been removed, and the practitioner has applied an axial force to theelectrode catheter230cin a generally proximal direction P. The axial force draws theinflatable member270 and theelectrode device280 snugly up against theprimum107. This force can also clamp theprimum107 against thesecundum108, and can clamp both theprimum107 and thesecundum108 between theelectrode device280 and abackstop surface238. In an embodiment shown inFIG. 3H, thebackstop surface238 includes the outwardly facing, conductive external surface of thedelivery catheter230a, e.g., thereturn electrode280b. Accordingly, theelectrode device280 can operate in a bipolar manner via thereturn electrode280b. In other embodiments, thebackstop surface238 can have other locations and/or arrangements. For example, thebackstop surface238 can be separate from thedelivery catheter230a, and/or can be electrically non-conductive, so that theelectrode device280 operates in a monopolar manner.
• With theelectrode device280 in the position shown inFIG. 3H, the practitioner can apply electrical energy (e.g., a varying electrical current) to theelectrode device280. In representative embodiments, electrical energy is applied to anelectrode device280 having a diameter in the range of about 3 mm to about 30 mm, at a frequency in the range of about 100 KHz to about 5 MHz for a period of up to 10 minutes (e.g., in a particular embodiment, from about 30-120 seconds). The energy can be provided at a rate in the range of from about 10 Watts to about 500 Watts, and in a particular embodiment, in the range of from about 40 Watts to about 50 Watts. The foregoing ranges are suitable for theelectrode device280 shown inFIG. 3H, and other electrodes as well, including the electrode device580fdescribed later with reference toFIG. 8J. Different sizes and shapes of the PFO (or other tissue defect) will typically determine the particular electrode device size and/or energy delivery parameters. For example, theelectrode device280 can have a diameter of from about 7 mm to about 20 mm, and in a particular embodiment, about 9 mm. In a particular embodiment, the electrical energy can be applied to a 9 mm diameter electrode device at a frequency of about 450 KHz, for about 5 seconds, at a rate of from about 300 Watts to about 400 Watts. The electrical energy can be applied with a sinusoidal waveform, square waveform, or another periodic waveform shape, generally with a crest factor of from about one to about fifteen. RF energy provided to theelectrode device280 is received by the adjacent tissue so as to heat both theprimum107 and thesecundum108. The heat can at least partially fuse, glue, cement, or otherwise seal, join or connect theprimum107 and thesecundum108 together, forming aseal118 that partially or completely closes thePFO tunnel112 between theleft atrium102 and theright atrium101.
• After the tissue fusing and/or sealing process has been completed, theinflatable member270 can be collapsed and theelectrode catheter230c, thepositioning catheter230band the penetratingguidewire250dcan be withdrawn into thedelivery catheter230a, as is shown inFIG. 3I. Aresidual opening119 may remain in theseal118 as a result of withdrawing theelectrode catheter230cand penetratingguidewire250d(FIG. 3H) back through theseptum106 from theleft atrium102 to theright atrium101. Theresidual opening119 is typically very small (e.g., on the order of one millimeter) and is expected to close quickly as a result of the body's normal healing process. The practitioner then withdraws thedelivery catheter230afrom the patient's body. In other cases in which theseal118 may initially be incomplete for other reasons, it is also expected that the seal will be sufficient to allow the body's normal healing processes to complete the closure, generally in a short period of time.
• FIG. 3J is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of thedelivery catheter230ataken substantially alongline3J-3J ofFIG. 3I. As shown inFIG. 3J, thedelivery catheter230acan include multiple lumens, including anelectrode catheter lumen279 that carries thepositioning catheter230b(FIG. 3F) and theelectrode catheter230c(FIG. 3F) housed within it. Thedelivery catheter230acan also include a rightatrial guidewire lumen278 that houses the rightatrial guidewire250a(FIG. 3C), and a self-centeringguidewire lumen275 that houses the self-centeringguidewire250c(FIG. 3C). Areturn electrode lumen277 houses areturn electrode lead276 that is in turn coupled to thereturn electrode280b(FIG. 3C). Contrast agent can be delivered to the PFO region via any of the foregoing lumens (e.g., the return electrode lumen277), and/or via aninterstitial region274 between neighboring lumens.
• In other embodiments, techniques similar at least in part to those described above with referenceFIGS. 3A-3I may be used to form tissue seals in different manners. For example, referring now toFIG. 4, thedelivery catheter230acan be located so that thepositioning catheter230bis below thelimbus117 and facing theprimum107, rather than above thelimbus117 and facing thesecundum108, as described above with reference toFIGS. 3A-3I. Accordingly, when the penetratingguidewire250dand theelectrode catheter230care deployed, they pass through theprimum107 but not thesecundum108. The resultingtissue seal418 will typically be smaller than theseal118 described above with reference toFIG. 3I because a greater portion of theelectrode device280 is located below thelimbus117 and does not face directly toward thesecundum108. However, this arrangement may be suitable where it is expected that thesmaller seal418 will still have the desired effect on the PFO tunnel112 (e.g., tunnel sealing), and/or where it is undesirable to penetrate thesecundum108.
• FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate another arrangement for sealing thePFO tunnel112 without penetrating thesecundum108. As shown inFIG. 5A, the rightatrial guidewire250ais positioned in theright atrium101, and the leftatrial guidewire250band the self-centeringguidewire250care positioned in thetunnel112 and theleft atrium102. InFIG. 5B, adelivery catheter530ais threaded along the rightatrial guidewire250aand the self-centeringguidewire250c. A right atrial guidewire opening534aand a leftatrial guidewire opening534bare positioned so that as thedelivery catheter530ais passed along theguidewires250a-250c, it enters thePFO tunnel112. A penetratingguidewire550d, when deployed, accordingly penetrates only theprimum107 and not thesecundum108.
• After the penetratingguidewire550dhas passed through theprimum107, thedelivery catheter530ais removed, as shown inFIG. 5C. The rightatrial guidewire550ais then also removed. InFIG. 5D, the practitioner threads apositioning catheter530balong the penetratingguidewire550d, and deploys anelectrode catheter530cfrom thepositioning catheter530bto pass through theprimum107. Theelectrode catheter530ccan include anelectrode device280 and aninflatable member270 generally similar to those described above with reference toFIG. 3G. When drawn up against theprimum107, theelectrode device280 can clamp theprimum107 and thesecundum108 against abackstop surface538 of thepositioning catheter530b. The resultingseal518 has a shape and location generally similar to theseal418 described above with reference toFIG. 4.
C. Self-Centering Guidewires and Associated Systems and Methods
• In many of the embodiments described above, a self-centering intravenous guidewire can be used to locate the sides, edges and/or lateral boundaries of thePFO tunnel112, thus allowing the practitioner to more precisely locate the tissue seal at the center of thetunnel112, e.g., along an axis transverse or generally transverse to the flow axis of thetunnel112.FIGS. 6A-6K illustrate representative embodiments of guidewires, generally referred to as self-centering guidewires, suitable for performing this function. Beginning withFIG. 6A, a self-centeringguidewire650a(generally similar to the self-centeringguidewire250cdescribed above) includes afirst branch651aand asecond branch652athat are fixedly secured relative to each other at afirst location654a. When the self-centeringguidewire250cis positioned in a catheter, the first andsecond branches651a,652aare squeezed toward each other. The first andsecond branches651a,652acan be formed from a flexible, resilient material, e.g., Nitinol or another material that tends to assume the shape shown inFIG. 6A when the self-centeringguidewire650ais deployed. When in the deployed position, the first andsecond branches651a,652acan be located in the same generally flat plane. Thefirst branch651acan have a hollow or tubular construction, which allows it to be threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250b. The practitioner advances the self-centeringguidewire650aalong the leftatrial guidewire250bby applying an axial force to a distal portion of the self-centeringguidewire650awhile the leftatrial guidewire250bis held in place. Thedelivery catheter230a(FIG. 3C) is then passed along the self-centeringguidewire650a.
• The self-centeringguidewire650acan also include aconnector tube656 at asecond location655a. Theconnector tube656 can be fixedly attached to thesecond branch652a, but not to thefirst branch651a. The leftatrial guidewire250bcan pass through both the tubularfirst branch651aand theconnector tube656, so that thefirst branch651aand thesecond branch652aform a generally closed shape around anenclosed region649. The leftatrial guidewire250bcan accordingly prevent thebranches651a,652afrom separating at thesecond location655a. The practitioner then directs the penetratingguidewire250dthrough the septum (as described above with reference toFIG. 3E) and through theenclosed region649 between the first andsecond branches651a,652a. Next, the practitioner can pass theelectrode catheter230c(a portion of which is shown inFIG. 6A) over the penetratingguidewire250d, as was discussed above with reference toFIG. 3F, and through theenclosed region649.
• To remove the self-centeringguidewire650awithout disturbing theelectrode catheter230c, the practitioner can withdraw the leftatrial guidewire250bfrom theconnector tube656 by moving the leftatrial guidewire250bin a proximal direction P. Without the leftatrial guidewire250bsecuring thefirst branch651ato theconnector tube656, thefirst branch651acan at least disengage from theconnector tube656, and in a particular embodiment, can spring away from thesecond branch652aas indicated by arrow E, and as shown in dashed lines inFIG. 6A. Accordingly, thefirst branch651aand thesecond branch652acan form an open shape having agap657. With this configuration, the self-centeringguidewire650acan be withdrawn in a proximal direction P so that thefirst branch651apasses along one side of theelectrode catheter230cand thesecond branch652a, separated from the first branch by thegap657, passes along the opposite side of theelectrode catheter230c. The practitioner can then withdraw the self-centeringguidewire650aand the leftatrial guidewire250binto thedelivery catheter230a(FIG. 3H) while theelectrode catheter230aremains in position. In another embodiment, thefirst branch651acan disengage from theconnector tube656 without initially moving to form thegap657. In this case, thefirst branch651acan contact theelectrode catheter230cas the self-centering guidewire650 is drawn proximally, causing thefirst branch651ato deflect away from and around theelectrode catheter230c.
• In a particular embodiment, the first andsecond branches651a,652acan enclose a generally hexagonally-shapedenclosed region649 having rounded or arcuate corners. Accordingly, the first andsecond branches651a,652acan move smoothly into and out of the PFO tunnel112 (FIG. 3H). The rounded or arcuate portions of thefirst branch651acan also accommodate the leftatrial guidewire250bpositioned within it without causing the leftatrial guidewire250bto kink or bind. Each of the first andsecond branches651a,651bcan have generallyparallel side portions646 toward the center of the self-centeringguidewire650a, and convergingend portions645 toward the first andsecond locations654a,655a. This arrangement can be particularly suitable when the opposing edges of thePFO tunnel112 are generally parallel. In other embodiments, other shapes (e.g., elliptical shapes and/or other arcuate shapes) can also be suitable for such tunnel topologies. In still further embodiments, theenclosed region649 can have other shapes, e.g., shapes withnon-parallel side portions646, depending on the particular patient's tunnel characteristics. In any of these embodiments, the first andsecond locations654a,654b(and/or other locations of the self-centeringguidewire650a) can include radiopaque markings for enhanced visibility during fluoroscopic visualization.
• FIG. 6B illustrates a self-centeringguidewire650bhaving a centralenclosed region649 formed by afirst branch651band asecond branch652b, with the leftatrial guidewire250bpassing through, rather than around, theenclosed region649, in accordance with another embodiment. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the first andsecond branches651b,652bare fixedly secured relative to each other at afirst location654b, and are releasably secured relative to each other by the leftatrial guidewire250bat asecond location655b. At thesecond location655b, thefirst branch651bincludes afirst connector tube656a, and thesecond branch652bincludes asecond connector tube656bhaving twoportions648a,648bseparated by a space647 (e.g., in the form of a slot or other receptacle640). Thefirst connector tube656ais removably received in thespace647, e.g., in a tab-and-slot arrangement. In particular, thefirst connector tube656acan include atab641 having surfaces generally parallel to the plane of theenclosed region649, and thesecond connector tube656bcan have receptacle or slot surfaces that are also generally parallel to the plane of theenclosed region649. Accordingly, the first andsecond branches651b,652bcan interlock at thesecond location655bwhen thetab641 is received in (e.g., snugly engaged with) thereceptacle640. The tab-and-slot arrangement can restrict or eliminate relative twisting between the twobranches651b,652b, thus maintaining the generally flat, planar shape of theenclosed region649. The leftatrial guidewire250bpasses through both the first andsecond connector tubes656a,656bwhen the self-centeringguidewire650bforms theenclosed region649. To remove the self-centeringguidewire650bwithout disturbing theelectrode catheter230c, the practitioner can withdraw the leftatrial guidewire250bproximally (as indicated by arrow P) from thefirst connector tube656a, allowing thefirst branch651bto release and, in at least one embodiment, spring outwardly, as indicated by arrow E. The first andsecond branches651b,652bcan then be passed around theelectrode catheter230aand out of the patient's body without disturbing theelectrode catheter230c.
• FIG. 6C illustrates a self-centeringguidewire650cconfigured in accordance with another embodiment in which theelectrode catheter230cis used to separate afirst branch651cfrom asecond branch652cat asecond location655c. The self-centeringguidewire650ccan include atube656cthat is threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250bas the self-centeringguidewire650cis advanced into the heart. Prior to separating the first andsecond branches651c,652c, thefirst branch651cextends around most of theenclosed region649 and is received in an opening at the end of thesecond branch652c, at thesecond location655c. When the self-centeringguidewire650cis moved in a proximal direction P toward theelectrode catheter230c, acontact portion658 of thefirst branch651ccontacts theelectrode catheter230c. As the practitioner applies an additional axial force to the self-centeringguidewire650c, theelectrode catheter230cforces the end of thefirst branch651cout of the opening at the end of thesecond branch652c, as indicated by arrow O, causing thefirst branch651cto disengage, and in at least one embodiment, spring outwardly as indicated by arrow E. With the self-centeringguidewire650cin this configuration, it can be removed from around theelectrode catheter230c. In other embodiments, mechanisms other than the opening at the end of thesecond branch652ccan be used to releasably connect the first andsecond branches651c,652cat thesecond location655c. For example, magnets carried by each of the first and second branches,651c,652ccan be used to perform this function.
• FIG. 6D illustrates a self-centeringguidewire650dthat is similar in some respects to the self-centeringguidewire650cdescribed above with reference toFIG. 6C. In particular, an embodiment of the self-centeringguidewire650dincludes afirst branch651dattached to asecond branch652dat afirst location654d. Thefirst branch651dincludes an end that is removably received in a tubular portion of thesecond branch652dat asecond location655d. Acentral tube656dis threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250cand extends generally across theenclosed region649, but is not attached to the first andsecond branches651d,652d, except at thefirst location654d. The increased axial length of thetube656dcan further guide and align the self-centeringguidewire650drelative to the leftatrial guidewire250c. When the self-centeringguidewire650dis to be removed, the practitioner can move it in a proximal direction P until acontact portion658 contacts theelectrode catheter230c. When the practitioner moves the self-centeringguidewire650dby an additional amount in the proximal direction P, thefirst branch651dpulls out of thesecond branch652d, separating and/or springing open as indicated by arrow E and opening agap657 through which theelectrode catheter230cpasses as the self-centeringguidewire650dis removed.
• FIG. 6E is a partially broken illustration of a self-centeringguidewire650econfigured in accordance with still another embodiment. In one aspect of this embodiment, theguidewire650eincludes afirst branch651eand asecond branch652ethat each have a fixed position relative to the other at afirst location654eand are removably secured relative to each other at asecond location655e. At thefirst location654e, the first andsecond branches654e,655ecan be connected to aferrule659 that slideably receives aconnector tube656ewhich is in turn threaded along the leftatrial guidewire250c. Theconnector tube656ecan include aconnector673 toward its distal end. Theconnector673 can include afirst aperture674athat receives thefirst branch651e, and asecond aperture674bthat receives thesecond branch652e.Flat surfaces675 on the ends of thebranches651e,652esnugly mate with corresponding surfaces within theconnector673 to resist the tendency for thebranches651e,652eto twist out of the plane shown inFIG. 6E. When the self-centeringguidewire650eis deployed into the patient's PFO, theconnector tube656eand the attachedconnector673 have a position that is proximal (as indicated by arrow P) from the position shown inFIG. 6E, so that the end of thefirst branch651eis received in thefirst aperture674a, and the end of thesecond branch652eis received in thesecond aperture674b. Accordingly, the first andsecond branches651e,652eare temporarily secured in position relative to each other at thesecond location655e. When the self-centeringguidewire650eis to be removed, the practitioner can slide theconnector tube656eand theconnector673 in a distal direction relative to theferrule659 and along the leftatrial guidewire650c(as indicated by arrow D) to disengage theconnector673 from the first andsecond branches651e,652e. The self-centeringguidewire650ecan then be removed from the patient in a manner generally similar to that described above.
• FIGS. 6F-6J illustrate an overall arrangement for a self-centering guidewire and a controller in accordance with a particular embodiment of the disclosure. Aspects of the embodiment can facilitate deploying the self-centering guidewire (and the right atrial guidewire) from the delivery catheter once the delivery catheter is located in the patient's heart to reduce or eliminate the likelihood for these guidewires to interfere with each other (e.g., twist together). This arrangement is also expected to be less likely to disturb the position of the self-centering guidewire once it is in the PFO because the (stiffer) delivery catheter is advanced along the self-centering guidewire for only a short distance, e.g., the distance between (a) the entrance of the vena cava to the heart, and (b) the PFO tunnel. Beginning withFIG. 6F, the self-centeringguidewire650fcan include afirst branch651fand asecond branch652ffixedly secured relative to each other at afirst location654f. For example, bothbranches651f,652fcan be fixedly connected to ashaft685. The first andsecond branches651f,652fcan be releasably secured relative to each other at asecond location655fby aconnector673. Adeployment tube686 is attached to theconnector673 and slides within theshaft685 to change the configuration of the self-centeringguidewire650ffrom a stowed position (shown inFIG. 6F) in which theguidewire650fis configured to be carried in a delivery catheter, to a deployed position described in further detail below with reference toFIG. 6G.
• The operation of the self-centeringguidewire650fcan be controlled by aguidewire controller680 that includes ahousing681, adeployment knob682, and aconnector knob683. Thedeployment knob682 is manipulated to change the self-centeringguidewire650ffrom the stowed position shown inFIG. 6F to the deployed position. Theconnector knob683 is manipulated to release the first andsecond branches651f,652fat thesecond location655f. Theshaft685 and theguidewire controller680 are threaded over the leftatrial guidewire250b, and a lubricant fitting684 can provide saline or another suitable, biocompatible lubricant to facilitate relative motion between the various components of theguidewire650fand theguidewire controller680. The guidewire is typically threaded through a catheter (e.g., thedelivery catheter230ashown inFIG. 3C), but for purposes of clarity, the catheter is not shown inFIGS. 6F-6K.
• Thehousing681 can include an L-shapeddeployment slot687 which receives adeployment pin688 carried by thedeployment knob682. To deploy (e.g., expand) the self-centeringguidewire650f, the operator rotates thedeployment knob682 as indicated by arrow R1 so that thedeployment pin688 moves circumferentially within thedeployment slot687. An internal spring then forces thedeployment knob682 away from thehousing681 so that thedeployment pin688 moves axially within thedeployment slot687. Thedeployment knob682 is connected to thedeployment tube686, which is in turn connected to theconnector673. Accordingly, when thedeployment knob682 moves axially as indicated by arrow T1, theconnector673 moves axially as indicated by arrow T2.
• FIG. 6G illustrates the self-centeringguidewire650fin its deployed position, after thedeployment knob682 has been manipulated in the manner described above with reference toFIG. 6F. The first andsecond branches651f,652fcan be formed from a shape-memory material (e.g., Nitinol) so as to bend toward the shape shown inFIG. 6G in the absence of an external force. In this configuration, the first andsecond branches651f,652fcan spread and/or tighten the tissue of the primum in a manner generally similar to that described above, and an electrode can be moved through the atrial septum into the left atrium so as to seal or at least partially seal the PFO tunnel, also in a manner generally similar to that described above.
• One aspect of an embodiment shown inFIGS. 6F-6G is that thedeployment knob683 is spring loaded and is not locked once it is released. As a result, the self-centeringguidewire650fwill automatically adjust to PFO tunnels having different widths. For example, if the tunnel is relatively narrow, thebranches651f,652fmay not spread apart to the fullest possible extent, and thedeployment knob683 may not travel axially to the fullest possible extent. In this manner, the self-centering guidewire can automatically adjust to any tunnel having a width greater than or equal to the spread of thebranches651f,652fin the undeployed position (FIG. 6F), and less than or equal to the spread of thebranches651f,652fin the fully deployed position (FIG. 6G).
• After the electrode has been positioned for tissue sealing (e.g., as discussed above with reference toFIG. 3H), the first andsecond branches651f,652fcan be released at thesecond location655fto allow the self-centeringguidewire650fto be withdrawn from the patient's body. To release the first andsecond branches651f,652f, the operator rotates theconnector knob683 as indicated by arrow R2, causing a connector pin690 (which depends from the connector knob683) to rotate circumferentially within a corresponding C-shapedconnector slot689 carried by thedeployment knob682. This motion can unlock theconnector knob683 and allow it to move axially. The practitioner then moves theconnector knob683 axially relative to thedeployment knob682 and thehousing681, as indicated by arrow T3, against a resistance force provided by an internal spring. The locking function provided by theconnector slot689 and the resistance provided by the internal spring can prevent theconnector knob683 from being operated inadvertently. As theconnector knob683 is advanced axially, theconnector673 moves axially away from thebranches651f,652f, as indicated by arrow T4. Once theconnector knob683 has been advanced axially as indicated by arrow T3, it is rotated as indicated by arrow R3 so as to move theconnector pin690 circumferentially clockwise within theconnector slot689. Once the practitioner has rotated theconnector knob683 as indicated by arrow R3, theconnector673 is secured in an unlocked position, described below with reference toFIG. 6H.
• FIG. 6H illustrates the self-centeringguidewire650fand theguidewire controller680 with the self-centeringguidewire650fin an unlocked configuration. In this configuration, aconnector tube656f, which is slideably housed within thedeployment tube686, and which is connected to theconnector knob683, has pushed theconnector673 axially along the leftatrial guidewire250bto release the first andsecond branches651f,652fat thesecond location655f. Once in this configuration, the entire self-centeringguidewire650fcan be removed from the patient's body by moving theguidewire controller680 as a unit in an axial distal manner as indicated by arrows T5. Because the first andsecond branches651f,652fare no longer secured at thesecond location655f, they can readily pass around theelectrode catheter230c, in a manner generally similar to that described above. Thebranches651f,652fcan then collapse as they are pulled proximally through a catheter, e.g., thedelivery catheter230ashown inFIG. 3C.
• FIG. 6I is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of theshaft685, taken generally along lines6I-6I ofFIG. 6H. As discussed above with reference toFIG. 3C, the shaft can have an elliptical or other non-round cross-sectional shape so as to maintain its orientation relative to the catheter from which it extends (e.g., thedelivery catheter230ashown inFIG. 3C). Theshaft685 can be formed from a flexible material (e.g., a plastic) and can include multiple lumens that house corresponding components of the self-centeringguidewire650f. For example, theshaft685 can include acontrol lumen691athat houses thedeployment tube686, theconnector tube656f, and the leftatrial guidewire250bin a generally concentric, annular fashion. Each of these components can move relative to the other within thecontrol lumen691a. Theshaft685 can further include afirst branch lumen691bthat houses thefirst branch651fof the self-centeringguidewire650f, and asecond branch lumen691cthat houses thesecond branch652f. Thebranches651f,652fcan be secured to the inner surfaces of the correspondinglumens691b,691c, so that they do not move relative to theshaft685.
• FIG. 6J is a partially schematic, partially broken illustration of the self-centeringguidewire650fillustrating details of particular components. At thefirst location654f, the self-centeringguidewire650fincludes aferrule695 that fixedly secures the first andsecond branches651f,652fto each other, e.g., via one or more spot welds. The generallyrigid ferrule695 abuts and/or is attached to the generallyflexible shaft685. Thedeployment tube686 can slide relative to theshaft685 at thefirst location654f, and is connected to a pair oftabs692 at thesecond location655f. Thetabs692 snugly engage with correspondingflat surfaces675 of the first andsecond branches651f,652f. Theconnector tube656f, which is slideably positioned within thedeployment tube686, is attached to theconnector673, which in turn includes atip693 and asleeve694. The tip has an opening (e.g., a through-hole) to accommodate the leftatrial guidewire250b. Thesleeve694 fits around the distal ends of the first andsecond branches651f,652fto keep theflat surfaces675 engaged with thetabs692. This arrangement can significantly reduce the tendency for thebranches651f,652fto twist out of the plane ofFIG. 6J. When thedeployment tube686 is moved axially in either direction indicated by arrow T6, theconnector673, theconnector tube656f, and the first andsecond branches651f,652fat thesecond location655fmove as a unit relative to thefirst location654f. When theconnector tube656fis moved axially as indicated by arrow T4, thesleeve694 slides off the first andsecond branches651f,652f, allowing the first andsecond branches651f,652fto disengage from thetabs692 so that the self-centeringguidewire650fcan be removed from around theelectrode catheter230c(FIG. 6H) and removed from the patient's body, as described above with reference toFIG. 6H. In other embodiments, the self-centeringguidewire650fcan include other arrangements that selectively lock thebranches651f,652fat thesecond location655f, and resist twisting when locked, and that selectively unlock thebranches651f,652fto allow theguidewire650fto be withdrawn.
• FIG. 6K is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of theguidewire controller680. Thehousing681 of theguidewire controller680 is rigidly attached to theshaft685, and both theguidewire controller680 and theshaft685 are threaded over the leftatrial guidewire250b. Thedeployment tube686 is attached to afirst fitting697awhich is in turn forced by a deployment knob spring696ainto engagement with thedeployment knob682. Accordingly, the deployment knob spring696acan facilitate the axial motion of thedeployment knob682 as indicated by arrow T1, and as described above with reference toFIG. 6F.
• Theconnector tube656f, which is slideably positioned within thedeployment tube686, is connected to asecond fitting697bwhich is in turn connected to theconnector knob683. Aconnector knob spring696bforces theconnector knob683 to the position shown inFIG. 6K, so that the practitioner must overcome this force to move theconnector tube656f(and the associated connector673), as described above with reference toFIG. 6G.
• One feature of at least some of the foregoing embodiments is that they include a guidewire having two resilient separable portions (e.g., branches). An advantage of this feature is that it allows each portion to apply a relatively small, moderate, or otherwise non-tearing force against opposite sides or edges of the PFO tunnel, which can both stretch the tunnel and center the guidewire. When the practitioner then penetrates the septum with the penetrating guidewire and the electrode catheter, he or she can do so with greater assurance that the electrode or other energy delivery device is centered or approximately centered laterally in the tunnel. Because the branches of the self-centering guidewire are separable, the guidewire can be removed from its centered position without disturbing the electrode catheter or the tissue bond formed by the electrode catheter.
• Another feature of at least some of the foregoing embodiments is that the branches, when connected, can define a generally planar enclosed shape. This shape can tend to sandwich directly between the primum and the secundum, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 3D, so that the guidewire tends not to rotate or twist once in position in the PFO tunnel. This is unlike existing guidewires having separate prongs, which may allow the guidewire to twist once it is in the PFO tunnel. In addition, at least some of the foregoing embodiments include connectors that snugly yet releasably secure the distal ends of the branches relative to each other. This is also unlike some existing guidewires having prongs with distal ends that are partially captured, but are not constrained in a manner that adequately resists twisting. For example, theflat surfaces675 securely mated with the corresponding surfaces of the connector shown inFIG. 6E are expected to significantly stiffen theguidewire650fagainst twisting about its major axis. Theflat surfaces675 andcorresponding tabs692, in combination with thesurrounding sleeve694 are also expected to achieve this result. In addition, theconnector673 can prevent the distal ends from inadvertently being released as theguidewire650fis moved axially, proximally and/or distally, during a positioning procedure. Accordingly, embodiments of the guidewire described above can allow the practitioner to more accurately position additional devices, e.g., penetrating guidewires and/or energy transmitters.
• Another feature of at least some of the foregoing embodiments is that the self-centering guidewire can automatically align with the main axis of the tunnel (e.g., the axis running the length of the tunnel, from entry to exit), even if the cross-section of the tunnel varies. For example,FIG. 6L illustrates a right atrial view of the self-centeringguidewire650fin aPFO tunnel112 having diverging tunnel walls. The flexible nature of thebranches651f,652fallows them to conform to the orientation of the diverging walls, whileflat portions654fof thebranches651f,652fmaintain contact with the walls. Because theflat portions654fare pre-formed to be flat, they will generally remain flat when theguidewire650fassumes the shape shown inFIG. 6L in a diverging tunnel.FIG. 6M illustrates a right atrial view of the self-centeringguidewire650fin a PFO tunnel having converging walls. Again, the flexible nature of thebranches651f,652fcan allow them to conform to the converging orientation of the walls, while theflat portions654fof the branches maintain contact with the tunnel walls. In particular embodiments, thebranches651f,652fcan include features that enhance this capability. For example, thebranches651f,652fcan includebends653fon either side of theflat portions654fthat preferentially allow theflat portions654fto pivot relative to the distal and proximal portions of thebranches651f,652f. Thebends653fcan include pivot joints, weaker (e.g., smaller diameter) regions of thebranches651f,652f, or other suitable arrangements.
D. Devices and Methods for Penetrating Tissue
• In many of the foregoing embodiments, the self-centering guidewire is used to locate the penetrating guidewire (or other penetrating member) and the electrode catheter (or other energy transmitter) relative to the PFO tunnel. In many cases, it is desirable to advance the penetrating guidewire incrementally so as to control the motion of the penetrating tip and the rate at which the tip passes through the septum. Several embodiments are described below in the context of penetrating guidewires that deliver RF energy to perform tissue penetration. In other embodiments, the penetrating guidewire can deliver other types of energy, e.g., ultrasound energy, microwave energy, laser energy and/or physical force (e.g., via a sharpened tip).
• FIG. 7A illustrates aprocess760 for performing this technique in accordance with a particular embodiment.Process portion762 includes advancing the penetrating guidewire into the right atrium. Inprocess portion764, one or more characteristics of the right atrial blood are sensed. For example, in a particular embodiment,process portion764 includes sensing an impedance of an electrical circuit that includes the penetrating guidewire and the right atrial blood. The impedance value can then be used as a basis for comparison to the circuit impedance when the penetrating guidewire is (a) within the septal tissue and/or (b) through the septal tissue.
• Inprocess portion766, the penetrating guidewire is advanced by a preselected or predetermined distance unit. In a particular embodiment, the distance unit can be one millimeter, and in other embodiments, the distance unit can have other values. In any of these embodiments, the distance unit can be less (and in some cases, significantly less) than the thickness of the tissue through which the guidewire will pass. The distance unit can be measured outside the patient's body, e.g., at theproximal end231 of thecatheter230 shown inFIG. 2.
• Process portion768 includes sensing the environment adjacent to the penetrating guidewire, and determining whether the adjacent environment is tissue, rather than blood. This process can include determining the impedance of the electrical circuit described above, and comparing the impedance to a predetermined value, for example, the impedance determined inprocess portion764. In at least some cases, the penetrating guidewire will exit the delivery catheter directly into the septal tissue, and so the tissue will be sensed without advancing the penetrating guidewire any further. However, if tissue is not sensed inprocess portion768, the penetrating guidewire is advanced an additional distance unit (process portion766).
• If tissue is sensed, then the penetrating guidewire is advanced by a distance unit to place a designated preload on the penetrating guidewire (process portion770). For example, once the penetrating guidewire has encountered tissue, advancing the penetrating guidewire by an additional distance unit can cause the wire to bow and/or stretch the tissue against which it is abutted. In a particular embodiment, the distance unit by which the penetrating guidewire is advanced can be the same, whether the penetrating guidewire is passing through right atrial blood, or through tissue. In other embodiments, the distance units can be different, depending on whether the penetrating guidewire is approaching the tissue, up against the tissue, or within the tissue. For example, the distance unit can be greater when the penetrating guidewire is approaching the tissue than when it is against and/or within the tissue. The preload can have a value selected based on parameters that include patient physiology and/or characteristics of the penetrating guidewire. In particular embodiments, the preload can have a value in the range of from about 0.01 pounds to about 0.5 pounds. In a particular embodiment in which the penetrating guidewire has a diameter of about 0.013 inch and a generally spherical tip with a diameter of about 0.030 inches, the preload can be about 0.15 pounds.
• Inprocess portion772, an energy pulse or a series of pulses is applied to the penetrating guidewire to ablate the tissue against which the penetrating guidewire abuts. The pulses can include a single pulse, a burst of pulses, and/or a series of pulse bursts. The pulses can be RF energy pulses, or pulses of other types of energy, for example, ultrasound energy. As the penetrating guidewire advances into the ablated hole made inprocess portion772, the preload placed upon the guidewire inprocess portion770 is released. Inprocess portion774, the penetrating guidewire is advanced an additional distance unit e.g., to place a new preload on the guidewire prior to ablating additional tissue.
• Process portion776 includes determining whether a distance limit has been reached, e.g., whether the guidewire has been advanced by or to a target value. In particular embodiments, the distance limit can correspond to a maximum expected thickness of the septum, or a maximum lateral dimension of the left atrium. Accordingly, process portion786 can be used to prevent the penetrating guidewire from passing through the left atrium and into the left wall of the heart. If the distance limit has been reached, theprocess760 stops atprocess portion780. If not, thenprocess portion768 includes determining whether left atrial blood is sensed, e.g., by sensing the impedance of the circuit described above. If so, this indicates that the penetrating guidewire has passed entirely through the septum. The penetrating guidewire can then be advanced to the distance limit to provide room for additional devices deployed along the penetrating guidewire in the left atrium. Accordingly, the process700 can return toprocess portion774. If left atrial blood is not sensed, then the process returns to processportion772, and additional tissue is ablated in an incremental manner until left atrial blood is sensed.
• FIG. 7B schematically illustrates a representative apparatus suitable for advancing the penetrating guidewire in accordance with an embodiment of a method described above with reference toFIG. 7A. The apparatus can include aguidewire advancer710athat incrementally advances the penetratingguidewire250dinto and through theseptum106, e.g., through the primum, the secundum, or both. Theguidewire advancer710acan include an actuator711athat is operatively coupled to the penetratingguidewire250d. In a particular arrangement, the actuator711acan include ascrew719 that slides along an axial guide729 (e.g., a keyway). Thescrew719 is connected to aspring722 which is in turn connected to theguidewire250dwith acoupling716. Thecoupling716 can transmit electrical energy to and/or from theguidewire250d, and accordingly can be connected to a connectinglead715, which is in turn connected to apower source714 via aswitch717. Thepower source714 can have a relatively high output impedance (e.g., 400-1000 ohms), which can allow thepenetrating tip753 to readily begin a spark erosion process when in contact with the septal tissue. This feature can also allow thetip753 to rapidly quench when in a blood pool. Still further, the high output impedance is expected to reduce the likelihood for thetip753 to arc when in a blood pool, thus reducing the likelihood for forming a thrombus. A sensor726 (e.g., an impedance sensor) can detect a characteristic of the environment in which a penetratingtip753 of theguidewire250dis positioned, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 7A.
• In a particular aspect of the arrangement shown inFIG. 7B, the actuator711afurther includes arotatable knob712 that threadably engages thescrew719 and is restricted from axial movement by aretainer713. Accordingly, the operator can rotate theknob712 in a counterclockwise direction (indicated by arrow R1), which causes thescrew719 to axially advance along theaxial guide729 while theknob712 is held in a fixed axial position by theretainer713. One ormore detents721 can control the motion of thescrew719. For example thedetents721 can provide temporary and/or intermediate stops for thescrew719 as it is advanced by predetermined distances. Ahead727 of thescrew719 can provide a final stop by contacting theknob712 when the maximum number of distance units has been reached.
• In a particular embodiment, theknob712 can be rotated manually by a practitioner. In other embodiments, amotor720 or other powered device can rotate theknob712 to automate or at least partially automate the process of advancing the penetratingguidewire250d. In such embodiments, themotor720, theswitch717, and thesensor726 can be operatively coupled together (e.g., under the direction of thecontroller221 shown inFIG. 2) so that theguidewire250dcan be automatically advanced until thetip753 penetrates through theseptum106. In further embodiments the actions of theknob712 and thescrew719 can be reversed, e.g., theknob712 can slide axially, and thescrew719 can rotate.
• FIG. 7C illustrates theguidewire advancer710aafter thescrew719 has been advanced by a representative distance unit D. At this point, a preload has been applied to theguidewire250d, for example, by compressing thespring722 and/or by deforming theseptum106. Theswitch717 can remain open while the preload is applied to theguidewire250d.
• When theguidewire250dhas been advanced far enough to contact theseptum106, as indicated inFIG. 7C, and as detected by thesensor726, theswitch717 can be closed, as shown inFIG. 7D. As electrical power is provided to thetip753, thetip753 ablates the septal tissue and advances by a distance unit D, relieving the compressive force (e.g. the preload) on thetip753 provided by theseptum106 and/or thespring722. The process shown inFIGS. 7B-7D can be repeated until theseptum106 is penetrated and/or until thehead727 engages theknob712.
• FIG. 7E illustrates aguidewire advancer710band associatedactuator711bconfigured in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. In one aspect of this embodiment, theactuator711bcan include aslider723 that is coupled to thespring722 and theguidewire250dto advance theguidewire tip753. Theslider723 can be operated manually or via themotor720. In either arrangement, theguidewire advancer710bcan include one ormore detents721 to control the motion of theslider723. For example, thedetents721 can be positioned one distance unit apart to allow theguidewire250dto be advanced incrementally into and through theseptum106.
• FIG. 7F illustrates aguidewire advancer710cconfigured for automated operation in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. Theguidewire advancer710ccan include aconstant force spring722 and/or amotor720, operatively coupled to theguidewire250d. Before the tissue penetration feature of theguidewire250dis operated, acatch728 is engaged with awire stop725 to prevent inadvertent movement of the penetratingtip753. To begin operation, the practitioner can press astart button724 which both releases the wire stop725 from thecatch728, and closes an energy delivery “on”switch717a. At this point, thespring722 and/or themotor720 apply an axial force to the penetratingguidewire250dwhile the power source714 (FIG. 7B) applies an electrical current to theguidewire250d. In a particular embodiment, thetip753 can be positioned against theseptum106 before thestart button724 is engaged, but in other embodiments, thetip753 can be automatically advanced into contact with theseptum106 using a feedback arrangement as was discussed above with reference toFIGS. 7A-7B.
• As the penetratingtip753 presses against and ablates the septal tissue, it advances into theseptum106 while theconstant force spring722 and/or themotor720 continue to apply an axial force that moves thetip753 forward. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the motion of thetip753 can be generally continuous until thetip753 penetrates through theseptum106 and/or until thewire stop725 engages an energy delivery “off”switch717b, e.g., after traveling a full travel distance T as shown inFIG. 7F. In other embodiments, the motion of thetip753 can be controlled to be stepwise or incremental, as discussed above with reference toFIGS. 7A-7E. In still further embodiments, devices other than a constant force spring can be used to apply a generally constant force to thetip753. Such devices include, but are not limited to, pneumatic devices and hydraulic devices.
• FIG. 7G is a detailed cross-sectional illustration of the penetratingguidewire250din accordance with a particular embodiment. The penetratingguidewire250dcan include a flexible, electricallyconductive core744 enclosed by a sheath of flexible,electrical insulation743. Thetip753 is in electrical communication with theconductive core744. Acollar742 or other electrically and thermally insulating member can be located between thetip753 and the flexibleelectrical insulation743. In a particular embodiment, the penetratingguidewire250dcan include features to enhance fluoroscopic visualization (or other visualization) during operation. For example, the penetratingguidewire250dcan include one or more bands or other regions of plating (e.g., a 7μ layer of gold plating) at points in a proximal direction from thetip753. In a particular embodiment, the plating can be a continuous coating that extends from thetip753 proximally by a distance of about two inches.
• In operation, the penetratingguidewire250dcan perform as a spark erosion or spark discharge device. Accordingly, sparking produced at thetip753 can produce microscopic explosive steam vesicles that open a region in the tissue ahead of thetip753 and allow theguidewire250dto penetrate. The materials for the components of the penetratingguidewire250dcan be selected to enhance this operation. For example, thetip753 can include a thermally refractory, radio-dense or radiopaque material, such as a platinum-iridium alloy, that resists pitting and/or other types of degradation that occur in metals with lower melting points, such as steel and Nitinol. Platinum-iridium alloys are also readily machineable and swageable, and can show up well during fluoroscopic surveillance of the penetrating procedure. Theconductive core744 can be formed from a more flexible material, such as Nitinol, and theinsulation743 can reduce or prevent the loss of electrical energy along the length of theconductive core744. Thecollar742 can include a ceramic material that provides a thermal buffer between thetip753 and theelectrical insulation743, which might otherwise suffer melting and/or other damage as a result of the sparking action at thetip753.
• One feature of particular embodiments described above with reference toFIGS. 7A-7G is that the penetrating guidewire is advanced incrementally. Accordingly, the likelihood for over-advancing the penetrating guidewire can be eliminated or significantly reduced. Another advantage associated with particular embodiments is that the process of advancing the penetrating guidewire can include applying a compressive preload on the guidewire. This arrangement can increase the efficiency with which the guidewire penetrates the septal tissue. Still another advantage associated with at least some of the foregoing embodiments is that some or all aspects of the guidewire motion can be automated or semi-automated. For example, the practitioner can manually place theguidewire250dat or close to theseptum106, and the automated procedure can be used to penetrate the septum. This arrangement can, in at least some cases, provide for increased consistency of operation and/or increased penetration accuracy.
• In at least some embodiments, selected aspects of the penetrating guidewire can be modified or eliminated. For example, in some embodiments, the final “stop” feature of the foregoing embodiments can be included, but the discrete stepwise advancement feature can be eliminated. Imaging/visualization techniques can instead be used to determine the progress of the penetrating guidewire and can optionally supplement the function of the final stop.
• Returning now toFIG. 3E, the penetratingguidewire250dcan be operated in a bipolar manner, as indicated by field lines F, independently of whether or not it is controlled in accordance with the method described above with references toFIGS. 7A-7G. In particular, electrical power can be provided to theelectrode tip253 shown inFIG. 3E, and thereturn electrode280bcan operate as a return path for electrical current provided to both thetip253 and a treatment electrode, e.g., theelectrode280 shown inFIG. 3F. In other embodiments, the penetratingguidewire250dcan use other return electrodes, but in an aspect of the embodiment shown inFIG. 3E, the sharedreturn electrode280bcan reduce the overall complexity of the system.
• In a particular embodiment, power can be supplied to the penetratingguidewire250dat from about 150 volts rms to about 250 V_rms(e.g., about 200 V_rms) and a frequency of from about 100 KHz to about 5 MHz (e.g., about 480 KHz). The power can be applied for about 2 seconds continuously in one embodiment, and another embodiment, the power can be applied over a time period that ranges from about 1 second to about 5 seconds. In still further embodiments, the power can be applied for time periods of less than 1 second. For example, from about 0.01 seconds to about 0.1 seconds.
• In any of the foregoing embodiments, the motion of the penetratingguidewire250dcan be constrained, for example, via a stop device carried by the penetratingguidewire250dand/or thedelivery catheter230b. In particular embodiments, the motion of the penetratingguidewire250dcan be constrained so that the tip253 (at maximum displacement) is no further than five centimeters from thereturn electrode280b. In other embodiments, this distance can be three centimeters or less. In any of these embodiments, the distance between thetip253 and thereturn electrode280bis relatively small, so that the electric field emanating from thetip253 loops back to thereturn electrode280b.
• One feature of the foregoing bipolar arrangement for the penetratingguidewire250dis that it can improve patient safety because the electric fields are more tightly constrained to the region of interest (e.g., the septum106). In addition, the bipolar arrangement eliminates the need for a patient pad, which can simplify the patient treatment procedure and provide for more consistency from one patient to another. Further features of bipolar electrode arrangements are described later with reference toFIG. 6J.
E. Electrode Devices and Associated Methods
• After the penetrating guidewire is inserted through the septal tissue, an electrode device or other energy delivery device can be passed along the penetrating guidewire to seal the PFO tunnel.FIG. 8A is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of anelectrode device880aconfigured in accordance with a particular embodiment of the disclosure. Theelectrode device880acan be carried by theelectrode catheter230cdescribed above, or by another catheter. Theelectrode device880acan include an electricallyconductive material881 formed from a plurality of flexible fibers. In a particular embodiment, the fibers are wrapped in a generally spiral and/or braided fashion withfirst ends888 connected to a support887 (e.g., a distal end of theelectrode catheter230c, or a ferrule carried at the distal end), and second ends889 attached to anactuator883. Theactuator883 can include anactuator cap885 connected to anactuator tube884 that fits within theelectrode catheter230cand has an axial opening through which the penetratingguidewire250dpasses. Theactuator cap885 can be formed from an electrically insulating material, e.g., a ceramic material or polymer. In some embodiments, theactuator tube884 can extend (as a tube) through theentire electrode catheter230cand outside the patient's body for actuation. In other embodiments, theactuator tube884 can extend for a short distance and then connect to an actuator cable that extends alongside the penetratingguidewire250dand outside the patients' body. In still further embodiments, theactuator tube884 can be eliminated and replaced with a cable that attaches directly to theactuator cap885.
• Theconductive material881 forming theelectrode device880acan include a Nitinol material, another shape memory material, and/or another suitable fibrous electrically conductive material. Theelectrode device880acan include a suitable number of fibers or strands (e.g., from about 16 to about 128), having a suitable diameter (e.g., from about 0.001 inches to about 0.010 inches). In a particular embodiment, theelectrode device880acan include 48 strands, each having a diameter of about 0.004 inches. In a particular embodiment, theconductive material881 has the configuration shown inFIG. 8A when in its relaxed state. When the actuator tube884 (and/or cable) is withdrawn proximally into theelectrode catheter230c, theactuator cap885 draws the second ends889 of theconductive material881 toward the first ends888, causing theconductive material881 to splay outwardly from the penetratingguidewire250d.
• Electrical power is provided to theconductive material881 via anelectrical energy path886. In a particular embodiment, theactuator883 itself can be electrically conductive and can provide theelectrical energy path886 to theconductive material881. In other embodiments, a separate electrical lead or other conductive member can provide the electrical energy path.
• FIGS. 8B and 8C illustrate theelectrode device880ain its deployed configuration. In this configuration, theconductive material881 can be flattened or partially flattened up against the primum107 (as shown inFIG. 8B), and can form a petal-like configuration when seen in end view (as shown inFIG. 8C). Accordingly, theelectrode device880aincludes gaps or spaces between the strands or filaments ofconductive material881. In general, theelectrode device880acan have a diameter in the range of from about 2 mm to about 30 mm (e.g., about 12 mm) when deployed. The particular diameter selected by the practitioner can depend on features that include the geometry of a given patient's PFO.
• Referring now toFIG. 8B, the distal-facing surfaces of theconductive material881 may be coated with an insulatingmaterial882 in a particular embodiment to prevent or restrict electrical signals from being directed distally into the blood in theleft atrium102. Instead, the insulatingmaterial882 can limit the delivery of electrical energy so as to be delivered to theseptum106 rather than throughout the left atrial region, which would otherwise provide an electrical pathway to ground. In another embodiment, the insulatingmaterial882 can be eliminated. It is expected that eliminating the insulatingmaterial882 may improve the manufacturability of theelectrode device880a, and in many cases may enhance the energy delivery to theprimum107 when compared to an electrode device that includes the insulatingmaterial882. In particular, as theelectrode device880adirects energy into theseptum106, the impedance of the tissue in the septum106 (e.g., in the primum107) directly adjacent to theelectrode device880aincreases. Accordingly, the path of least electrical resistance may move laterally away from this region. For example, the path of least electrical resistance may be through the blood located adjacent to the distal surface of theconductive material881 in theleft atrium102, and then back into a portion of the septum located laterally from theelectrode device880a, as indicated by arrows F in bothFIGS. 8B and 8C. It is expected that in at least some embodiments, the effect of the spreading current path will be to increase the radial dimension of theseal118 formed between theprimum107 and thesecundum108 in spite of the increasing impedance of the tissue close to theconductive material881. Accordingly, this arrangement can provide a more secure and/or morecomplete tissue seal118 between theprimum107 and thesecundum108.
• The foregoing effect (e.g., directing the electrical field radially outwardly) can apply to theelectrode device880aas a whole, as discussed above, and also to individual fibers or strands of theelectrode device880a. For example,FIG. 8D is a cross-sectional view of one of the fibers or strands ofconductive material881 shown inFIG. 8C, positioned against theprimum107. As energy is applied to theconductive material881, atissue desiccation zone816 typically forms in theprimum107 adjacent to theconductive material881, depending upon the density of the current at the strand. The increased impedance in thetissue desiccation zone816 reduces current flow (and resultant heat production) therein; however, the ongoing current flow in the blood-to-tissue circuit continues, as shown by arrows F. Without the ability of the current to flow from the distal-facing surfaces of the electrode device filaments or strands (which are in contact with circulating blood), the tissue may not reach temperatures adequate to cause tissue sealing in the regions between individual strands. Accordingly, making the distal surfaces uninsulated can increase the amount of heated tissue between individual strands ofconductive material881. This in turn can improve the uniformity of the seal formed by theelectrode device880aeven though it includes individual strands rather than a continuous conductive plate. This effect can be important, particularly forlarger electrode devices880a(e.g., having a diameter of 12 mm and used for sealing larger regions of tissue), for which there may exist larger spaces between individual strands.
• In particular embodiments, the entire distal surface of theelectrode device880acan be uninsulated, and in other embodiments, selected portions of the distal surface can be uninsulated, and other portions can be insulated. For example, referring now toFIG. 8B, the lower or inferior portion of the distal surface can be insulated and the upper or superior portion can be uninsulated. In this manner, the heating effect produced by theelectrode device880acan preferentially be projected radially outwardly in the superior direction. Because theprimum107 may overlap thesecundum108 to a greater extent in the superior region than in the inferior region, this arrangement can concentrate the heating effect in the region(s) where a tissue seal is most likely to form (e.g., the superior region), while reducing power loss to the left atrial blood in other regions (e.g., the inferior region). This result can be particularly beneficial for larger electrode devices, e.g., those having a diameter in the range of from about 12 mm to about 18 mm.
• In other embodiments, the distribution of insulation on the distal surface of the electrode device may be selected in other manners. For example, selected inferior portions of theelectrode device880amay remain uninsulated to promote primum heating even where theprimum107 does not overlap thesecundum108 so as to shrink the primum in such regions. This arrangement can reduce septal tissue “floppiness” and/or improve the tissue seal.
• In particular embodiments, the practitioner may wish to monitor the temperature in the region of the tissue seal. Accordingly, theelectrode device880acan include athermocouple879 or other temperature sensor to provide feedback. The feedback information can be used to update energy delivery parameters, either with the practitioner “in the loop,” or automatically in a closed loop fashion.
• As discussed above, embodiments of theelectrode device880ainclude a filamentous, fibrous, stranded and/or otherwise porous and/or fluid transmissibleconductive material881. As a result, the filaments can be exposed to and cooled by blood circulating in theleft atrium102. An expected advantage of this arrangement is that the filaments can be less likely to overheat by virtue of heat conduction from the adjacent cardiac tissue, which is in turn heated by the RF energy produced by theelectrode device880a. This arrangement can also be less likely to overheat the adjacent cardiac tissue. Accordingly, the filaments can be less likely to stick to the adjacent cardiac tissue, and the tendency for clot formation can be reduced. Blood desiccation and/or coagulation might otherwise adversely affect the uniformity and/or strength of the electric field provided by theelectrode device880a. In addition, this arrangement can allow theelectrode device880ato be operated at higher powers and/or for longer periods of time without coagulating, which gives the practitioner additional flexibility and safety when performing procedures.
• FIGS. 8E and 8F illustrate electrode devices having filamentous and/or fibrousconductive material881 arranged in accordance with other embodiments of the disclosure. For example,FIG. 8E illustrates anelectrode device880bhaving conductive material arranged in a woven pattern and flattened in its relaxed state. In a further aspect of this embodiment, the flattened sheet ofconductive material881 can further be folded on itself, as indicated by arrows G, so as to more easily fit within theelectrode catheter230c. In an embodiment shown inFIG. 8F, anelectrode device880cincludes a filamentous electricallyconductive material881 that is arranged more or less randomly, rather than in a regular pattern. When deployed, theelectrode device880ccan form a shape (e.g., a “ball”) that is more three-dimensional than the generally flat, petal-shaped configuration shown inFIG. 8C. An advantage of this arrangement is that it may be easier to manufacture, and/or the level of care required to place theelectrode device880cin theelectrode catheter230cmay be less than is required for theelectrode device880ashown inFIGS. 8A-8D.
• FIG. 8G illustrates anelectrode device880dhaving electricallyconductive material881 in the form of one or more fibers arranged in a petal configuration. Theconductive material881 can have a preformed shape once theelectrode device880dhas been deployed, and in a particular embodiment, the preformed shape can include a generally concave, disk-type shape, as shown inFIG. 8G. This shape can flatten out when theelectrode device880dis pulled against the septal tissue. In particular embodiments, depending for example on the flexibility of theconductive material881, this arrangement can result in a more uniform distribution of force on the septal tissue. The preformed shape can be formed in any of a variety of suitable manners, including heat setting theconductive material881, permanently deforming the conductive material fibers during the assembly process, varying the helix angle of the braid along the length of the braid, and/or varying the way the braid is constrained during the assembly process and/or during the process of deploying theelectrode device880d.
• FIG. 8H illustrates anelectrode device880econfigured in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosure. In this embodiment, theconductive material881 can have a petal configuration positioned in a plane that is generally flat, as shown inFIG. 8C, or concave, as shown inFIG. 8G, or shaped in another manner. In any of these embodiments, the general plane in which theconductive material881 is positioned can be tilted relative to the axis of theelectrode catheter230cat a non-orthogonal angle. When theelectrode device880eis deployed at theseptum106, as shown inFIG. 8I, the degree of tilt between the plane of theelectrode device880eand the axis of theelectrode catheter230ccan help to ensure that the upper edge of theelectrode device880emakes good contact with theprimum107 and holds theprimum107 firmly against thesecundum108 in this area. The tilt angle can be selected in concert with the tissue penetration angle, which is about 105° inFIG. 8I and was discussed further above with reference toFIG. 3D. This arrangement can align theelectrode device880ewith theseptum106 and provide good coaption between theprimum107 and thesecundum108. When theelectrode device880ehas an initially concave preformed shape, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 8G, applying a proximal force (as indicated by arrow P) on theelectrode device880ecan cause it to flatten and provide a generally uniform compression force against theseptum106.
• In other embodiments, the electrode devices can have shapes and/or configurations other than those that are explicitly shown and described above. In at least some cases, these electrode devices are shaped and/or configured to increase the uniformity with which coaption forces are applied to theseptum106, and in other cases, these electrode devices are shaped and/or configured to concentrate the coaption force in one or more areas of the septum.
• Another feature of an embodiment of theelectrode device880eshown inFIGS. 8H and 8I is that it can includefluid delivery ports890 that are in fluid communication with a fluid delivery lumen internal to theelectrode catheter230c. In operation, an electrolyte (e.g., an electrolytic fluid) can be delivered radially outwardly through thefluid delivery ports890 to cool the distal, exposed surfaces of theelectrode device880e, and/or to prevent the accumulation of proteins or other substances at these surfaces. In another embodiment, thefluid delivery ports890 can be positioned at the proximal side of theconductive material881 to infuse the region between theelectrode device880eand theseptum106. In still a further embodiment, thefluid delivery ports890 can be positioned axially between proximal and distal portions of the conductive material891, as described further with reference toFIG. 8J. The fluid can be delivered manually or automatically. In particular embodiments, the electrolyte can include a hypertonic saline, or another biocompatible, electrically conductive fluid. Accordingly, the fluid can both cool the septal tissue at the interface with theelectrode device880e(e.g., to prevent or restrict the septal tissue from sticking to theelectrode device880e), while still allowing electrical energy to pass deeper into the septal tissue to heat the tissue and seal thePFO112. In particular embodiments, the fluid can be chilled (e.g. to a suitable temperature below normal body temperature) to enhance the cooling effect. Whether the fluid is chilled or not, it can pass through a thermally insulated channel in theelectrode catheter230cso as to reduce or eliminate the likelihood that it will cool the septum106 (thesecundum108 and/or the primum107) before exiting through thedelivery ports890. Another approach is to preheat the fluid (e.g., in a range of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., or about 65° C. to about 70° C.) so that it does not chill theseptum106. It is expected that in at least some of the foregoing embodiments, the electrolytic fluid can more readily cool and/or flush the electrode device/tissue interface than can the blood in the left atrium.
• In another embodiment, the fluid dispensed from thefluid delivery ports890 can have characteristics other than those described above. For example, the fluid can include D5-W water (e.g., 5% dextrose in water), or another electrically non-conductive, or generally non-conductive, fluid that can provide cooling for theelectrode device880e. In this embodiment, the electrically non-conductive nature of the fluid can prevent the loss of electrical power to the adjacent blood field. In either embodiment, the fluid can act to prevent or reduce the accumulation of clotting proteins at theelectrode device880e, via one or more mechanisms. For example, the flow of fluid can flush such proteins from theelectrode device880e. In addition to or in lieu of flushing the proteins, the ability of the fluid to reduce the temperature of theelectrode device880ecan reduce or eliminate protein accumulations. Still further, when the fluid is electrically non-conductive, it can displace the electrically conductive blood away from theelectrode device880a, so as to create an electrically non-conductive region around theelectrode device880eand preferentially direct current into the septal tissue.
• In any of the foregoing embodiments, the fluid can include constituents that provide functions other than (e.g., in addition to) those described above. For example, the fluid can include an ultrasound contrast agent to allow the fluid to be visualized more readily via ultrasound techniques. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the fluid can be provided at a suitable rate through suitablysized delivery ports890. For example, theelectrode device880ecan include 8-16ports890 having diameters of 0.005 inches, and the fluid can be provided at a rate of from about 1 ml/minute to about 100 ml/minute. In particular embodiments, the fluid can be pulsed. For example, the fluid flow can be active or active at a first rate during portions of the cardiac cycle when there is a low blood flow rate past theelectrode device880e, and the fluid flow can be inactive or active at a second rate less than the first rate during portions of the cardiac cycle when there is a higher blood flow rate past theelectrode device880e. Changes in the fluid flow rate can be based at least in part on changes in left atrial and/or right atrial pressure, and/or based on EKG data. In a particular embodiment, the system can include pressure transducers positioned in both the left and right atria, and coupled to a controller to vary the fluid flow rate in accordance with changes in the left atrial pressure and/or changes in the difference between left and right atrial pressures. Varying the flow rate can reduce the volume of fluid injected into the patient, while preserving a cooling effect on theelectrode device880e. Any of the foregoing aspects of fluid delivery can be controlled by thecontroller221 as shown inFIG. 2, e.g., via programmed, computer-based instructions
• As discussed previously, it is believed that the mechanism by which the interface between anelectrode device880eand the adjacentseptal tissue106 heats up is not due to directly heating theelectrode device880eas current is passed through it, but is instead due to heat that is conductively transferred back to theelectrode device880efrom the adjacentseptal tissue106, which is in turn heated by absorbing RF radiation from theelectrode device880e. Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure are directed to devices and techniques that facilitate cooling an electrode device without unduly sacrificing heat applied to theseptal tissue106 for closing the PFO. For example,FIG. 8J illustrates anelectrode device880fdeployed relative to theprimum107 and thesecundum108 in accordance with a particular embodiment of the disclosure. Theelectrode device880fcan include a filamentous electricallyconductive material881 connected at one end to a support887 (e.g., the end portion of theelectrode catheter230c) and at the other end to anactuator cap885. Theactuator cap885 is in turn moved by anactuator tube884 that slides within theelectrode catheter230c. Astop tube878 or other suitable device restricts the axial motion of theactuator cap885 toward thesupport887. Accordingly, when theactuator cap885 is drawn proximately into contact with thestop tube878, theelectrode device880fassumes an ellipsoid shape, generally as shown inFIG. 8J. The ellipsoid can have any of a variety of aspect ratios. For example, in a particular embodiment, theelectrode device880fcan have a generally spheroidal shape, with a diameter D1 approximately equal to an overall length L1. In still further embodiments, D1 and L1 can have values of about 9 mm. In other embodiments, the electrode device can have variations on this shape, as described later with reference toFIGS. 8K and 8L. Theelectrode device880fcan optionally include fluid delivery ports890 (FIG. 8I) positioned between thesupport887 and theactuator cap885. However, it is expected that in at least some embodiments, the cooling effect resulting from the shape and porous nature of theelectrode device880fwill eliminate the need for fluid delivery ports.
• In a particular aspect of the embodiment shown inFIG. 8J, theelectrode device880foperates in a bipolar manner, for example, via thereturn electrode280bcarried by thedelivery catheter230a. Accordingly, electric field lines (shown as phantom lines F inFIG. 8J) generated when current is applied to theelectrode device880ftend to form a pattern that is directed back toward thereturn electrode280b. One expected result of this arrangement is that more of the electrical current generated by theelectrode device880fwill be directed into theprimum107 and thesecundum108, rather than distally into the adjacent blood field. Another result is that the patient need not have a patient pad or plate in contact with the patient's skin to provide a return electrical path. This can simplify the system and reduce the number of components the practitioner must track. In addition, in at least some embodiments, this bipolar arrangement can increase the predictability and repeatability of the tissue sealing procedure. For example, it is expected that the patient-to-patient impedance variations between the two bipolar electrodes will be less than the variation between a monopolar electrode and a remote patient pad. In particular, theelectrode880fcan have a relatively low impedance. If the impedance at the skin/pad interface varies significantly, this can have a dramatic effect on the impedance of the overall circuit, and therefore on the efficacy and/or efficiency of the tissue sealing process.
• One feature of the ellipsoid/spheroid shape of theelectrode device880fis that it has fewer corners or edges than flat electrode devices, for example theelectrode device880edescribed above with reference toFIGS. 8H and 8I. As a result, it is expected that the likelihood for current density concentrations at such edges is significantly reduced or eliminated, producing a more uniform electrical field within theseptal tissue106. Another feature of this arrangement is that a relatively small portion of theelectrode device880fis actually in contact with theprimum107. As a result, theelectrode device880fis expected to receive less heat from theseptal tissue106 than is an electrode that is placed flat up against theprimum107. Nevertheless, the ellipsoidal (and in a particular embodiment, spheroidal) shape of theelectrode device880fcan not only contact theprimum107 and provide a coapting force, but it can also conform theprimum107 to have a concave shape, which can in turn stretch theprimum107 and extend the radius of the coapting force between theprimum107 and thesecundum108 beyond the region of theprimum107 that is in direct contact with theelectrode device880f. In addition, this arrangement, in combination with the overall porous nature of theelectrode device880fprovided by the filamentousconductive material881 allows for greater cooling by the adjacent blood. This in turn reduces the likelihood for forming clots at theelectrode device880fand/or causing theelectrode device880fto stick to theprimum107. The bipolar electric field (which tends to direct more energy to theseptum106 and less into the left atrial blood) is also expected to reduce the likelihood for clotting. Optionally, theelectrode device880fcan include heparin or another antithrombotic coating to reduce or prevent clot formation. At the same time, the shape of theelectrode device880fis expected to provide a coaption force sufficient to clamp theprimum107 and thesecundum108 against each other between theelectrode device880fand thedelivery catheter230a.
• Still another feature of at least some embodiments of the foregoing arrangement is that the shape and radius of theelectrode device880fcan be controlled by varying the movement of theactuator tube878. For example, the practitioner can deploy theelectrode device880fby different amounts to produce corresponding different shapes, including those described below with reference toFIGS. 8K and 8L. The particular shape selected by the practitioner can depend on size and/or geometry of a particular patient's PFO.
• When power is applied to theelectrode device880f(and/or other electrode devices described herein), it can be applied in a number of manners. For example, in one embodiment, the power can be applied to theelectrode device880fas a generally continuous high-frequency stream of pulses. In other embodiments, the power can be modulated to achieve particular results. For example, in a particular embodiment, the power can be provided at different amplitudes during different phases of the tissue sealing process. In particular, the power can be provided during a first phase at a first power level and during a second phase at a second power level higher than the first. During the first phase, the power applied to theseptal tissue106 can produce one or both of the following effects. First, it can pre-shrink the septal tissue106 (e.g., theprimum107 and/or the secundum108) without sealing the tissue together. More particularly, the power can be applied at an amplitude high enough to heat theseptal tissue106 sufficiently to cause it to shrink, but not so high as to cause it to seal. For example, the tissue can reach a temperature of less than 100° C. during the first phase. Second, applying heat to theseptal tissue106 in this manner can pre-desiccate the tissue, e.g., purge or at least partially purge the tissue of water before theprimum107 is sealed to thesecundum108. During the second phase, the pre-shrunk and/or pre-desiccated tissue is sealed by applying power at a higher amplitude and heating the tissue to a higher temperature (e.g., about 100° C.).
• In particular embodiments, the power can be selected in a manner that depends upon patient-specific characteristics and/or specific characteristics of theelectrode device880fand/or other features of the overall system. For example, power can be applied in the range of from about 10 watts to about 60 watts for a period of about 2 seconds to about 120 seconds during the initial phase, and can be applied at a higher power (e.g., 12 watts to about 100 watts for a period of about 2 seconds to about 180 seconds) to seal the septal tissue during the second phase. Particular values selected within the foregoing ranges can depend upon factors that include whether the electrical power is provided in a monopolar manner or a bipolar manner, the size and shape of the electrode device, and/or the shape or characteristics of a particular patient'ssecundum108 and/orprimum107.
• One expected advantage of the foregoing arrangement is that pre-shrinking theseptal tissue106 can reduce the likelihood that the tissue will shrink during the tissue sealing process. Accordingly, the sealed tissue is expected to have fewer shear stresses and is therefore expected to remain intact for a longer period of time and/or (in the case of an initially incomplete seal) it is expected to more quickly form a complete seal as a result of the body's natural healing processes. By pre-desiccating the septal tissue, embodiments of the foregoing process can reduce or eliminate the presence of water in the septal tissue when higher power is applied to the septal tissue for sealing. This in turn can reduce the likelihood that such residual water will vaporize as the tissue is sealed under higher amplitude power, thus reducing the likelihood for disrupting the tissue seal as the vaporized water attempts to escape from the sealed region.
• In another embodiment, the power applied to the electrode can be provided at a duty cycle of less than 100% (e.g., with the power off during certain intervals) so as to increase the efficacy of the process. For example, it has been observed that the surface of theprimum107 exposed in the left atrium can cool much more quickly than the tissue located at the interface between theprimum107 and thesecundum108, at least in part due to the enhanced cooling effect provided by blood in the left atrium as it passes directly adjacent to the exposed left atrial surface of theprimum107. By interrupting the power provided by theelectrode device880fto theseptal tissue106, the exposed surface of theprimum107 can cool relatively rapidly, while the temperature of the tissue at the interface between theprimum107 and thesecundum108 remains relatively high. For example, in at least some cases, there can exist a 30°-45° temperature difference between the exposed left atrial surface of theprimum107 and the interface between theprimum107 and thesecundum108. The ability to achieve this temperature differential can be enhanced by using a duty cycle of less than 100% Representative duty cycles include a 75% duty cycle (with power on for 15 seconds and off for 5 seconds), a 67% duty cycle (with power on for 14 seconds and off for 7 seconds), and an 84% duty cycle (with power on for 5 seconds and off for 1 second). In other embodiments, the duty cycle can have other characteristics with ranges of from about 50% to about 90%, durations ranging from about 1 second to about 10 minutes, and the total number of cycles ranging from 1 to about 1,000.
• In other embodiments, electrodes having shapes similar at least in part to those described above can be operated in a generally similar manner to that described above with reference toFIG. 8J. For example, as shown inFIG. 8K, anelectrode device880gcan have an aspect ratio D1/L1 of up to approximately 1.5 or more, to form an oblate spheroidal shape. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, D1 can have a value of about 10.6 mm. As shown inFIG. 8L, anotherelectrode device880hcan have an aspect ratio D1/L1 that is less than 1.0 to form a generally prolate spheroid. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, D1 can have a value of less than 9 mm. In still further embodiments, the electrode device can have shapes other than those specifically described above and shown in the Figures.
• FIG. 9A is a partially schematic, cross-sectional side view of anelectrode device980 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure. Theelectrode device980 can include aconductive sheet981 carried by asupport structure990. In a particular embodiment, theconductive sheet981 can include a conductive fabric, for example, a fabric woven from conductive strands or fibers. The conductive fibers or strands can be fully conductive (e.g., metal strands) or partially conductive (e.g., polyester or other non-conductive strands coated or deposited with a conductive material). In another embodiment, theconductive sheet981 can include a non-conductive substrate coated with a conductive material, for example, a flexible polymer sheet coated with a deposited conductive material, such as gold and/or silver. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the substrate material can be flexible but generally not stretchable (e.g., Mylar®), so as to reduce the likelihood for the conductive material to flake off.
• Thesupport structure990 can include struts991 (e.g., Nitinol struts) connected between theconductive sheet981 and anactuator983. In a particular embodiment, thestruts991 are biased or pre-formed to a position that is at least approximately orthogonal relative to the penetratingguidewire250d. When theelectrode device980 is stowed, thestruts991 are folded within theelectrode catheter230cand theconductive sheet981 is furled. When theelectrode device980 is deployed, thestruts991 can move outwardly, as shown inFIG. 9B to unfurl theconductive sheet981. Theelectrode device980 can be deployed to form the generally flat shape shown inFIG. 9B, or it can include a stop (generally similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 8J) so as to form a pyramidal shape like that shown inFIG. 9A when fully deployed. Such an arrangement can produce at least some of the beneficial effects described above with reference toFIG. 8J.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate anelectrode device1080 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure to deploy in a manner somewhat similar to that described above with reference toFIGS. 9A-9B. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, theelectrode device1080 includes a flexibleconductive material1081 electrically connected to an electrical energy path1086 (e.g., a leadwire) and attached to asupport structure1090. Thesupport structure1090 can include flexible,resilient struts1091 having first ends attached to anactuator1083 at an electrode attachment oranchor1093. The second ends of thestruts1091 can be connected to a slider1092 (e.g., another anchor) that slides axially along theactuator1083. Each of thestruts1091 can include aspring loop1099 that tends to force thestruts1091 into a triangular shape. When stowed, thestruts1091 are forced by the interior walls of theelectrode catheter230cto be approximately parallel to the penetratingguidewire250d. When deployed, as shown inFIG. 10B, theactuator1083 moves theelectrode device1080 out of thecatheter230c. Once theelectrode device1080 emerges from thecatheter electrode230c, thestruts1091 can assume a generally triangular shape. Theelectrode attachment1093 remains fixed, while theslider1092 slides in a proximal direction (indicated by arrow H) to accommodate the radially expanded shape of thestruts1091.
• FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate anelectrode device1180 that includes aconductive material1181 deployed, at least in part, by aninflatable member1170 in accordance with another embodiment. Theconductive material1181 can be secured to anactuator1183 at an electrode attachment oranchor1193.Flexible support lines1191 extend in a distal direction from theconductive material1181 to a collar1194 (e.g., another anchor) that is fixed relative to theactuator1183. A wire or other conductive element provides anelectrical energy path1186 to theconductive material1181. Theinflatable member1170 can be inflated with saline, contrast, or another suitable fluid. In a particular embodiment, the inflation fluid can be circulated through theinflatable member1170 via supply and return conduits, and can accordingly provide functions in addition to inflating theinflatable member1170. Such functions can include cooling theelectrode device1180.
• When theactuator1183 is moved in a distal direction (indicated by arrow J), it moves theelectrode device1180 out of thecatheter230c, as shown inFIG. 11B. As shown inFIG. 11C, theinflatable member1170 can then be inflated to unfurl theconductive material1181. Theinflatable member1170 can bear outwardly on theelectrode support lines1191, placing theelectrode support lines1191 under tension, which secures theconductive material1181 in the deployed or unfurled configuration. In this embodiment, and in other embodiments that include an inflatable member, (e.g., theinflatable member270 shown inFIG. 3G) the practitioner may in some cases select the degree to which the inflatable member is inflated based on the particular patient's PFO physiology. For example, theinflatable member1170 can be partially inflated to allow theconductive material1181 to assume a convex shape when drawn against the septum, or it can be more fully inflated so as to assume a flatter shape.
• One aspect of an embodiment shown inFIGS. 11A-11C is that theinflatable member1170 and theelectrode device1180 need not be intimately connected to each other, as is the case with an electrode device that includes a conductive coating applied to, and in continuous direct contact with, the exterior surface of the inflatable member. Instead, theinflatable member1170 and theelectrode device1180 can be movable relative to each other. For example, theinflatable member1170 shown inFIGS. 11A-11C can erect or deploy theelectrode device1180 by acting on theelectrode support lines1191. When fully inflated, theinflatable member1170 can be in surface-to-surface contact with theelectrode device1180 to provide shape and support to theelectrode device1180, but theinflatable member1170 and theelectrode device1180 can collapse separately. An expected advantage of this feature is that the material forming theelectrode device1180 need not be bonded directly to theinflatable member1170, and as a result, is less likely to deteriorate, e.g., due to flaking off theinflatable member1170. An additional expected advantage is that this arrangement can allow greater flexibility for the manufacturer when choosing materials and configurations for both theelectrode device1180 and theinflatable member1170.
• FIG. 12 illustrates anelectrode device1280 having at least some features generally similar to those of theelectrode device1180 described above, except that theconductive material1181 slides relative to theactuator1183 at a slidinginterface1292, while thecollar1194 is fixed. When theelectrode device1280 is moved out of thecatheter230c, and theinflatable member1170 is inflated, theconductive material1181 can slide distally toward theinflatable member1170 along theactuator1183, as indicated by arrow H. It is expected that this arrangement can increase the likelihood for the conductive material to have a generally flat surface facing toward the primum107 (FIG. 8A) when deployed. In other embodiments, theinflatable member1170 can have other shapes (e.g., rounded, spheroid, or ellipsoid shapes) to produce correspondingly shaped electrode device surfaces. In still further embodiments, the shape of theinflatable member1170 can be changed (e.g., by varying the inflation pressure) to conform to an individual patient's septal geometry.
• FIG. 13 illustrates anelectrode device1380 that is somewhat similar to theelectrode device1280 described above, but instead of theconductive material1181 sliding at a slidinginterface1292, theelectrode support lines1191 are attached to aslider1392 so as to slide relative to theactuator1183 when theelectrode device1380 is deployed. In at least some cases, the sliding action provided by theslider1392 can allow theconductive material1181 to take on a flatter shape when deployed, as discussed above with reference toFIG. 12.
• FIG. 14 illustrates anelectrode device1480 that is similar in some respects to theelectrode device980 described above with reference toFIGS. 9A-9B, but that deploys and retracts in a sense generally opposite to that described above with reference toFIGS. 9A-9B. For example, theelectrode device1480 can include aconductive material1481 attached to anactuator1483 with asupport structure1490 that includes multipleflexible struts1491. Theconductive material1481 can also be attached to aretractor1495. Thestruts1491 can be biased to the position shown inFIG. 14, and can lie generally parallel to theguidewire250dwhen stowed. When theelectrode device1480 is deployed from theelectrode catheter230cas indicated by arrow K, thestruts1491 can spring outwardly to the position shown inFIG. 14, unfurling theconductive material1481. To retract theelectrode device1480, the practitioner can draw theretractor1495 in a proximal direction P, pulling theconductive material1481 and thestruts1491 inwardly toward theactuator1483 and theguidewire250d. Once thestruts1491 are aligned with theguidewire250d, the practitioner can move theretractor1495 and theactuator1483 as a unit in the proximal direction P to draw theelectrode device1480 into theelectrode catheter230c.
• FIG. 15A is a partially schematic, cross-sectional side view of anelectrode device1580 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.FIG. 15B is a partially schematic, end view of a portion of theelectrode device1580 shown inFIG. 15A. With reference toFIG. 15A, theelectrode device1580 can include atubular portion1596 connected to anelectrode actuator1583, andfingers1597 that extend from thetubular portion1596. In a particular embodiment, thefingers1597 can be manufactured by slitting thetubular portion1596, and bending thefingers1597 in an outward direction. When theelectrode device1580 is stowed, the walls of theelectrode catheter230ccan force thefingers1597 into axial alignment with theguidewire250d. When theelectrode device1580 is deployed, thefingers1597 can expand radially outwardly as shown inFIG. 15A. An inflatable member1570 (e.g., a balloon) can be positioned adjacent to theelectrode device1580 to provide support for theelectrode device1580 when theelectrode device1580 is clamped against the adjacent septal tissue. Theinflatable member1570 can include aninflatable member actuator1571 that provides an inflation medium (e.g., saline) to theinflatable member1570, and that can be used to draw theinflatable member1570 proximally against theelectrode device1580.FIG. 15B illustrates an end view of the electrode device1580 (without the inflatable member1570), showing thefingers1597 in the deployed position.
• FIGS. 16A-20B illustrate electrode devices having tubular portions and outwardly splayed fingers or flanges in accordance with further embodiments of the disclosure. For example,FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate side and end views, respectively, of anelectrode device1680 that includes anouter tubular portion1696ahavingouter fingers1697aand a nestedinner tubular portion1696bpositioned annularly inwardly from theouter tubular portion1696aand havinginner fingers1697b. The combination of the outer andinner fingers1697a,1697bcan increase the conductive surface area presented to the septal tissue when theelectrode device1680 is deployed.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate side and end views, respectively, of anelectrode device1780 formed by winding aconductive filament1781 into atubular portion1796 and aflange1798. In this embodiment, theelectrode device1780 can include a single filament of conductive material that is wound in a helical fashion to form both thetubular portion1796 and theflange1798. In other embodiments, filamentous conductive material can form electrode devices having generally the same shape as is shown inFIGS. 17A and 17B, with different construction techniques. For example,FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate anelectrode device1880 having atubular portion1896 and aflange1898 formed by weavingconductive filaments1781. InFIGS. 19A-19B, the illustratedelectrode device1980 includes atubular portion1996 and aflange1998 formed by a knitting process. InFIGS. 20A-20B, the illustratedelectrode device2080 includes atubular portion2096 andflange2098 formed from a flat pattern rather than spiral weave pattern.
F. Systems and Techniques for Clamping Tissue
• In particular embodiments, the tissue sealed or fused by the electrode or other energy transmission device can be clamped as it is heated, so as to promote tissue sealing.FIG. 21 is a partially schematic illustration of an embodiment of thesystem220 that includes acompression device2160 for clamping theprimum107 and thesecundum108 between anelectrode device2180 and thedelivery catheter230a. Thedelivery catheter230acan have a configuration generally similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 3H and can accordingly include abackstop surface238 positioned proximate to thesecundum108. Thepositioning catheter230bcan then be positioned to deploy theelectrode catheter230calong the penetratingguidewire250dthrough the septum106 (e.g., thesecundum108 and theprimum107, or just the primum107). Anelectrode device2180, shown schematically inFIG. 21, can then be deployed in theright atrium102.
• Theelectrode device2180 can have a generally flat, not-cutting surface facing toward theprimum107, suitable for tissue sealing and/or fusing. Thecompression device2160 can be operatively coupled between theelectrode device2180 and one of thecatheters230a-230c(e.g., thedelivery catheter230a). For example, thecompression device2160 can include an actuator2183 (e.g., a cable) that is connected to theelectrode2180 and that extends through theelectrode catheter230c, thepositioning catheter230b, thedelivery catheter230aand is connected to acompression member2161. In a particular embodiment, thecompression member2161 includes a spring connected to acam2162 that is operated via acam handle2163 and is accordingly located outside the patient for manipulation by the practitioner. With theelectrode device2180 deployed, the practitioner can rotate thecam handle2163, as indicated by arrow R, to stretch thecompression member2161, thereby applying an axial tension to theactuator2183 and compressing theseptum106 between theelectrode device2180 and thebackstop surface238.
• The amount of force and/or pressure provided by thecompression device2160 can be selected based on a variety of factors, including the particular patient physiology and the particular electrode device configuration. For example, in a particular embodiment, the pressure applied to the septal tissue by thecompression device2160 can be from about 0.1 psig to about 15 psig. In a particular embodiment, the pressure can be from about 0.5 psig to about 5 psig, and in a further particular embodiment, about 8 psig. When theelectrode device2180 has a petal-shaped configuration (as shown inFIG. 8C) with an overall diameter of about 12 mm, the load applied to theelectrode device2180 can be in the range of from about 0.5 pounds to about 2.0 pounds, and in a particular embodiment, about 1.4 pounds.
• One advantage of embodiments including the foregoing feature is that they can improve the efficiency with which a seal is created between thesecundum108 and theprimum107. For example, clamping the tissue to be sealed can improve the strength of the seal by (a) reducing the convective cooling provided by blood in the tissue, (b) raising the boiling point of tissue water, (c) raising the temperature for evolution of entrained tissue gases, (d) improving thermal conductivity, and/or (e) increasing tissue adhesion at the tissue interface. In addition, theprimum107 and/or thesecundum108 may shrink during the heating and fusing process, and thecompression device2160 can maintain a compressive force on these two tissues throughout the sealing process, even if the tissues tend to shrink. For example, thecompression device2160 can apply a generally constant force over a distance several times the thickness of theseptum106, e.g., over a distance of about 20 mm. Accordingly, thecompression device2160 can maintain a generally constant force on the tissue during at least some phases of operation, and can be adjustable to vary the compressive force applied to the tissue (e.g., between a first clamping force and a second lesser or zero clamping force) during other phases of operation. By applying a constant force over a particular range, embodiments of the compression device can also be suitable for sealing tissues (e.g., septal tissues) having a variety of thicknesses. Accordingly, such devices can be used with a wide variety of patient cardiac topologies.
• In other embodiments, other devices and/or techniques can be used to apply tension to theactuator2183 and compression to thesecundum108 and theprimum107. For example, thecompression device2160 can be activated until the two tissues are “snugged” against each other, and then further tightened or activated by extending the spring a predetermined distance, corresponding to a predetermined load. In other embodiments, theactuator2183 itself can be resilient, compliant, and/or stretchable, and can provide the compressive force on theseptum106. Accordingly, thecompression device2160 need not include acompression member2161 in addition to theactuator2183. In this and other embodiments, at least part of the compression device can be located inside the patient, e.g., at the working portion or other portions of the catheter.
• FIG. 22 illustrates acompression device2260 that includes a threadedshaft2265 connected to the compression member2161 (e.g., a spring) with a swivel joint2264. The threadedshaft2265 is connected to ahandle2263 and is received in a threadedopening2266 of thedelivery catheter230a. When the practitioner rotates thehandle2263 counterclockwise, the threadedshaft2265 moves outwardly from thedelivery catheter230a, applying a tension to thecompression member2161 and theactuator2183 so as to clamp the primum107 (FIG. 21) and the secundum108 (FIG. 21). The compressive force can be released by rotating thehandle2263 in the opposite direction. As discussed above with reference toFIG. 21, theactuator2183 can be made stretchable and the spring can be eliminated in another embodiment. Thecompression device2260 can include detents and/or circumferential markings to indicate to the practitioner how much force (or an equivalent, e.g., stretch distance) is being applied to theactuator2183.
• FIG. 23 illustrates acompression device2360 that in turn includes aslider2367 having apawl2369 that engages with one or more teeth ornotches2368 carried by thedelivery catheter230a. Thecompression device2360 can further include a piston (e.g. non-sealing piston)2362 and a compression member2361 (e.g., a spring between thepiston2362 and the slider2367). Thepiston2362 can be attached to theactuator2183, which passes through a passageway in theslider2367. The practitioner can move theslider2367 in a proximal direction indicated by arrow P to compress thecompression member2361, which applies a tension to theactuator2183, which in turn compresses the primum107 (FIG. 21) and secundum108 (FIG. 21). This arrangement can provide a stop (or multiple stops) along the path of theslider2367 to prevent the practitioner from inadvertently clamping the tissue too tightly, and/or to provide a final stop that prevents the practitioner from over-compressing the septal tissue.
• Any of the foregoing devices described above with reference toFIGS. 21-23 can be configured as “two position” devices (e.g., having a “compressed” position and an “uncompressed” position), or as a variable position device (e.g., having intermediate positions). The actuation forces can be applied by devices other than springs. For example, the actuation forces can be provided by pneumatic or hydraulic actuators, which are suitable for applying a constant force over a selected actuation distance.
• From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made from these embodiments. For example, as discussed above, the energy transmitter can include devices other than RF electrodes, e.g., microwave devices. When the energy transmitter includes electrodes, the electrodes can be arranged in a monopolar manner or a bipolar manner as described above, or the electrodes can be arranged in another multipolar manner (e.g., a quadrapolar manner). For example, the spheroidal electrode shown inFIG. 8J can include multiple neighboring portions (in a circumferential direction) that are electrically insulated from each other. Certain aspects of the foregoing embodiments may be applied to tissues other than septal tissue (e.g., other target tissues), and/or in a manner to treat patient conditions other than PFOs. For example, in some cases, aspects of the foregoing embodiments can be used for procedures other than sealing or closing a PFO, and/or procedures other than tissue fusing. Representative procedures include percutaneous aortic or mitral valve treatments and/or implants, left atrial appendage closures, aortic aneurysm repair, artery or vein treatment, and electrophysiology ablation therapies for correcting EKG rhythm disorders.
• Certain aspects of the disclosure described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. For example, a catheter system in accordance with particular embodiments may include only some of the foregoing devices and features, and other systems may include devices and features in addition to those disclosed above. In a further particular example, features of the guidewire advancers discussed above with reference toFIGS. 7A-7F may be included in the electrode clamping devices described with reference toFIGS. 21-23, and/or vice versa. Electrode devices other than those shown inFIGS. 8H-8I can include the fluid delivery ports shown inFIGS. 8H-8I. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages. Accordingly, the disclosure can include other embodiments not shown or described above.

Claims (74)

1. A patient treatment device, comprising:

a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end, a working portion toward the distal end, and an electrical energy path coupleable to a source of electrical energy;

a tissue penetrating member carried by the catheter; and

an electrode device carried by the working portion of the catheter and movable along the tissue penetrating member, the electrode device including:

a collapsible, stranded conductive material coupled to the electrical signal path and being changeable between a deployed position and a stowed position, the conductive material being elongated along a deployment axis when in the stowed position, the conductive material being contracted along the deployment axis and expanded transverse to the deployment axis when in the deployed position.

2. The treatment device ofclaim 1, further comprising an insulating material adjacent to a distal surface of the conductive material.

3. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material has a distal surface, and wherein the distal surface includes no insulating material.

4. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material tends toward the stowed position in the absence of an external force.

5. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material tends toward the deployed position in the absence of an external force.

6. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the tissue penetrating member includes an electrically conductive guidewire have an RF-energy emitting tip.

7. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the catheter includes an electrode catheter, and wherein the treatment device further comprises a delivery catheter having a lumen in which the electrode catheter is slideably received.

8. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material includes a tubular braid of shape-memory material, and wherein the conductive material is in a relaxed state when in the stowed position, and in an actively compressed state when in the deployed position.

9. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the electrode device includes an actuator coupled to the stranded conductive material, and wherein the actuator is movable relative to the catheter to move the conductive material between the stowed position and the deployed position.

10. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material includes filaments arranged in a regular geometric pattern when the conductive material is in the stowed position.

11. The treatment device ofclaim 10 wherein the conductive material includes braided filaments.

12. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material includes filaments arranged in an irregular manner when the conductive material is in the stowed position and the deployed position.

13. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material has a generally ellipsoidal shape when in the deployed position.

14. The treatment device ofclaim 13 wherein the conductive material has a generally spheroidal shape when in the deployed position.

15. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein the conductive material includes a tubular braid of shape-memory material, and wherein the conductive material is in a relaxed state when in the stowed position, and in an actively compressed state when in the deployed position, and wherein the conductive material has a generally spheroidal shape when in the deployed position, and wherein the electrode device includes an actuator coupled to the stranded conductive material, and wherein the actuator is movable relative to the catheter to move the conductive material between the stowed position and the deployed position, and wherein the catheter includes an electrode catheter, and wherein the treatment device further comprises:

a delivery catheter having a lumen in which the electrode catheter is slideably received; and

a return electrode carried by the delivery catheter.

16. The treatment device ofclaim 1 wherein at least one of the electrode device and the catheter includes fluid delivery ports positioned to direct a fluid toward to conductive material.

17. The treatment device ofclaim 16 wherein the fluid delivery ports are coupled to a supply of electrically conductive fluid.

18. The treatment device ofclaim 16 wherein the fluid delivery ports are coupled to a supply of fluid that is generally electrically non-conductive, and wherein in the fluid is configured to flush clotting substances from the electrode device.

19. The treatment device ofclaim 16 wherein the fluid delivery ports are coupled to a supply of fluid that is configured to flush clotting substances from the electrode device.

20. The treatment device ofclaim 16, further comprising a controller operatively coupled to the fluid delivery ports, the controller being programmed with instructions to vary the flow of fluid through the fluid delivery ports.

21. The treatment device ofclaim 20 wherein the controller is programmed with instructions to pulse fluid through the fluid delivery ports.

22. The treatment device ofclaim 20 wherein the controller is programmed with instructions to vary the flow of fluid in a manner that depends at least in part on a patient's cardiac rhythm.

23. The treatment device ofclaim 20 wherein the controller is programmed with instructions to vary the flow of fluid in a manner that depends at least in part on a pressure in the patient's heart.

24. A patient treatment device, comprising:

a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end, a working portion toward the distal end, and an electrical energy path coupleable to a source of electrical energy;

an electrode device carried by the working portion of the catheter and movable along the tissue penetrating member, the electrode device including a collapsible, stranded conductive material coupled to the electrical signal path and being changeable between a deployed position and a stowed position, the conductive material being elongated along a deployment axis when in the stowed position, the conductive material being contracted along the deployment axis and expanded transverse to the deployment axis so as to have a generally ellipsoidal shape when in the deployed position; and

a tissue penetrating member carried by the catheter.

25. The treatment device ofclaim 24 wherein the conductive material has a generally spheroidal shape when in the deployed position.

26. The treatment device ofclaim 24 wherein the stranded, conductive material is electrically uninsulated.

27. The treatment device ofclaim 24 wherein the conductive material includes a tubular braid of shape-memory material, and wherein the conductive material is in a relaxed state when in the stowed position, and in an actively compressed state when in the deployed position, and wherein the conductive material has a generally spheroidal shape when in the deployed position, and wherein the electrode device includes an actuator coupled to the stranded conductive material, and wherein the actuator is movable relative to the catheter to move the conductive material between the stowed position and the deployed position, and wherein the catheter includes an electrode catheter, and wherein the treatment device further comprises:

a delivery catheter having a lumen in which the electrode catheter is slideably received; and

a return electrode carried by the delivery catheter.

28. A patient treatment device, comprising:

a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end, a working portion toward the distal end, and an electrical signal path coupleable to a source of electrical energy;

a tissue penetrating member carried by the catheter; and

an electrode device carried by the working portion of the catheter and movable along the tissue penetrating member, the electrode device including:

a collapsible support structure being changeable between a deployed position and a stowed position; and

a flexible conductive sheet carried by the support structure, the sheet being under tension when the collapsible support structure is in the deployed position, the sheet being electrically connected to the electrical energy path.

29. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the sheet includes a conductive fabric.

30. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the sheet includes a conductive membrane.

31. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the support structure includes multiple collapsible struts.

32. The treatment device ofclaim 31 wherein the struts fold inwardly and distally from the deployed position to the stowed position.

33. The treatment device ofclaim 31 wherein the struts fold inwardly and proximally from the deployed position to the stowed position.

34. The treatment device ofclaim 31 wherein the struts include a shape memory metal material.

35. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the flexible conductive sheet forms a generally flat, single unfolded layer when the collapsible support structure is in the deployed position.

36. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the flexible conductive sheet includes generally non-conductive, woven fibers coated with a conductive material.

37. The treatment device ofclaim 36 wherein the fibers are polyester fibers, and wherein the conductive material includes at least one of gold and silver.

38. The treatment device ofclaim 28 wherein the collapsible support structure includes a plurality of struts attached to the electrode, and wherein the electrode device further includes an actuator connected to the struts, the actuator being movable toward the electrode to erect the electrode and being movable away from the electrode to collapse the electrode.

39. The treatment device ofclaim 38 wherein the actuator moves distally to erect the electrode.

40. The treatment device ofclaim 38 wherein the actuator moves proximally to erect the electrode.

41. A patient treatment device, comprising:

a catheter having a proximal end, a distal end, a working portion toward the distal end, and an electrical energy path coupleable to a source of electrical energy; and

an electrode device carried by the working portion of the catheter, the electrode device including:

a collapsible electrode electrically connected to the electrical signal path; and

an inflatable member positioned proximate to the electrode, the inflatable member and the electrode being movable relative to each other, the inflatable member being changeable between an inflated configuration and a deflated configuration, with the inflatable member applying a force on the electrode when in the inflated configuration.

42. The treatment device ofclaim 41 wherein the inflatable member is in contact with the electrode when in the inflated configuration.

43. The treatment device ofclaim 41 wherein the inflatable member is spaced apart from the electrode when in the inflated configuration.

44. The treatment device ofclaim 41, further comprising an actuator carried by and movable relative to the catheter, and wherein the electrode device and the inflatable member are carried by the actuator.

45. The treatment device ofclaim 44 wherein the electrode is coupled to the actuator with flexible lines, and wherein the inflatable member is positioned to erect the electrode in a direction transverse to the actuator and tension the lines when in the inflated configuration.

46. The treatment device ofclaim 45 wherein the electrode is coupled to the actuator at a first location, the flexible lines are coupled to the actuator at a second location spaced apart from the first location, and wherein the inflatable member is positioned between the first and second locations.

47. The treatment device ofclaim 46 wherein the electrode is coupled to the actuator at the first location with a sliding coupling, and wherein the sliding coupling moves along the actuator as the inflatable member changes between the inflated configuration and the deflated configuration.

48. The treatment device ofclaim 46 wherein the flexible lines are coupled to the actuator at the second location with a sliding coupling, and wherein the sliding coupling moves along the actuator as the inflatable member changes between the inflated configuration and the deflated configuration.

49. The treatment device ofclaim 41 wherein the collapsible electrode has a distal outwardly flared end.

50. The treatment device ofclaim 49 wherein the flared end includes multiple outwardly flared fingers having a distal surface and a proximal surface, the distal surface being in contact with the inflatable member when the inflatable member is in the inflated configuration.

51. The treatment device ofclaim 49 wherein the electrode includes a tube having outwardly flared fingers.

52. The treatment device ofclaim 49 wherein the electrode includes multiple filaments forming the flared end.

53. A method for treating a patient, comprising:

deploying a catheter in the patient's heart;

forming an opening through septal tissue between the patient's right atrium and left atrium;

advancing an electrode through the opening, the electrode being formed at least in part from stranded conductive material;

deploying the electrode in the left atrium to arrange the stranded conductive material into a generally ellipsoidal shape; and

delivering energy from the electrode to the septal tissue to at least partially seal a PFO in the septal tissue.

54. The method ofclaim 53 wherein the electrode is a first electrode and wherein the catheter includes a second, return electrode, and wherein advancing the electrode includes advancing the first electrode while the second electrode is positioned in the right atrium, and wherein delivering energy includes delivering energy in a bipolar manner between the first electrode in the left atrium and the second electrode in the right atrium.

55. The method ofclaim 53, further comprising at least restricting sticking between the electrode and the septal tissue by cooling the electrode with left atrial blood passing through interstices between neighboring strands of the electrode.

56. The method ofclaim 53, further comprising at least restricting blood coagulation at the electrode by cooling the electrode with left atrial blood passing through interstices between neighboring strands of the electrode.

57. The method ofclaim 53, further comprising clamping the septal tissue between the electrode and the catheter while delivering energy from the electrode to the septal tissue.

58. The method ofclaim 57 wherein clamping the septal tissue includes contacting the septal tissue with a first surface portion of the electrode while a second surface portion of the electrode spaced radially apart from the first portion is out of contact with the septal tissue.

59. The method ofclaim 53, further comprising at least restricting adhesion of materials to the stranded conductive material by directing fluid to the conductive material from ports carried by at least one of the catheter and the electrode.

60. The method ofclaim 59, further comprising selecting the fluid to include 5% dextrose in water.

61. The method ofclaim 53, further comprising cooling a first portion of the septal tissue exposed to left atrial blood at a faster rate than a second portion of septal tissue at an interface between the patient's primum and secundum by delivery energy at a duty cycle of less than 100%.

62. A method for treating a patient, comprising:

deploying a catheter in the patient's heart;

positioning an energy delivery device carried by the catheter proximate to septal tissue located between the patient's right atrium and left atrium, the septal tissue including a primum, a secundum and a PFO between the primum and the secundum;

delivering energy to the septal tissue from the energy delivery device at a first energy level during a first phase to shrink, desiccate or both shrink and desiccate the septal tissue; and

delivering energy to the septal tissue from the energy delivery device at a second energy level during a second phase to at least partially seal the PFO, the second energy level being higher than the first energy level.

63. The method ofclaim 62, further comprising:

forming an opening through the septal tissue

advancing the electrode through the opening, the electrode being formed at least in part from stranded conductive material;

deploying the electrode in the left atrium to arrange the stranded conductive material into a generally ellipsoidal shape; and

delivering energy from the electrode to the septal tissue while the electrode has the generally ellipsoidal shape.

64. The method ofclaim 62 wherein delivering energy at a first energy level includes delivering energy without at least partially sealing the PFO.

65. The method ofclaim 62 wherein delivering energy at a first energy level includes delivering energy at least until the septal tissue has shrunk, desiccated or both shrunk and desiccated.

66. The method ofclaim 62 wherein delivering energy at a first energy level includes delivering energy at least until a region of the septal tissue sealed during the second phase is generally free of water.

67. A method for treating a patient, comprising:

deploying a catheter in the patient's heart;

advancing an electrode and an inflatable member toward a target tissue in the heart, the inflatable member being separable from the electrode during inflation, deflation, or both;

expanding the electrode by inflating the inflatable member; and

delivering energy from the electrode to the target tissue while the electrode is expanded and the inflatable member is inflated.

68. The method ofclaim 67, further comprising controlling an amount by which the inflatable member is inflated based at least in part on characteristics of the target tissue.

69. The method ofclaim 67 wherein inflating the inflatable member includes contacting the inflatable member with the electrode.

70. The method ofclaim 67 wherein inflating the inflatable member includes inflating the inflatable member without contact between the inflatable member and the electrode.

71. The method ofclaim 67 wherein inflating the inflatable member includes inflating the inflatable member without the electrode being in intimate surface-to-surface contact with the inflatable member during at least a portion of the inflation.

72. The method ofclaim 67 wherein inflating the inflatable member includes applying tension, with the inflatable member, to flexible lines connected to the electrode.

73. The method ofclaim 72 wherein the flexible lines are connected between the electrode and an anchor, and wherein the method further comprises moving at least one of the electrode and the anchor toward the inflatable member as the inflatable member inflates.

74. The method ofclaim 67 wherein delivering electrical energy includes delivering energy to a PFO to at least partially seal the PFO.

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