US20090103682A1 - Method and system for intelligent digital subtraction - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and system for intelligent digital subtraction is disclosed. The method and system for intelligent digital subtraction can be used in a roadmap application for a coronary intervention. A mask image is obtained with vessels highlighted by contrast media. A guide wire is inserted into the vessels, and a guide wire image is obtained. A direct subtraction image is generated from the guide wire image and the mask image. A reduced noise subtraction image is generated based on mutual image information between the subtraction image and the guide wire image and mutual image information between the subtraction image and the mask image.

Description

• This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/980,860, filed Oct. 18, 2007, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to x-ray imaging, and more particularly, to digital subtraction for an x-ray imaging roadmap application.
• Digital subtraction is a common procedure for many medical imaging applications. For example, digital subtraction of x-ray images is commonly used for a roadmap application in coronary intervention or angioplasty procedures. In such a roadmap application, since vessels cannot be seen clearly in traditional x-ray images, a contrast media is injected into the vessels to highlight the vessels. This results in a mask image with the vessels highlighted. The contrast media is then flushed away, and during the intervention procedure, a guide wire is inserted into the vessels. To highlight the guide wire's location within the vessels, the mask image is subtracted from the current image that shows the presence of the guide wire. The final subtraction result (I_sub) is an image of the guide-wire overlaid with the vessels to act as a roadmap to help a physician position the guidewire.
• However, since the imaging noise in the mask image and imaging noise in the current image are independent of each other, the noise in the subtraction result is greater than in either of the two input images (i.e., mask image and current image). Accordingly, the signal to noise ratio of both of input images is better than that of the subtraction result. Thus, an improved subtraction procedure for roadmap applications that achieves a subtraction result with a better signal to noise ratio is desirable.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides a method and system for intelligent digital subtraction. Embodiments of the present invention utilize mutual image information between a mask image and a subtraction result and mutual image information between a guidewire image and a subtraction result to generate a reduced noise subtraction image. Embodiments of the present invention can be used to implement a roadmap application, for example, in a coronary intervention procedure.
• In one embodiment of the present invention, a mask image is obtained with vessels highlighted by contrast media. A guide wire is inserted into the vessels, and a guide wire image is obtained. A direct subtraction image is generated from the guide wire image and the mask image. A reduced noise subtraction image is generated based on mutual image information between the subtraction image and the guide wire image and mutual image information between the subtraction image and the mask image.
• These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 illustrates a method for intelligent digital subtraction according to an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary mask image;
• FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary guide wire image;
• FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary direct subtraction image;
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate exemplary subtraction results generated using the intelligent digital subtraction method ofFIG. 1; and
• FIG. 7 is a high level block diagram of a computer capable of implementing the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The present invention relates to a method and system for intelligent digital subtraction of medical images. Embodiments of the present invention are described herein to give a visual understanding of the intelligent digital subtraction method. A digital image is often composed of digital representations of one or more objects (or shapes). The digital representation of an object is often described herein in terms of identifying and manipulating the objects. Such manipulations are virtual manipulations accomplished in the memory or other circuitry/hardware of a computer system. Accordingly, is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be performed within a computer system using data stored within the computer system.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a method for intelligent digital subtraction according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method ofFIG. 1 can be used for a roadmap application, for example in a coronary intervention procedure. As illustrated inFIG. 1, atstep102, a mask image is obtained. The mask image is an x-ray image in which vessels are highlighted. The mask image can be obtained from a sequence of x-ray images acquired with contrast media in vessels. Since vessels usually cannot be seen clearly in traditional x-ray images, injection of contrast media is used to highlight the vessels. Vessel related intervention procedures can be divided into different phases. In a first phase, contrast media is injected to highlight the vessels, and then flushed away. Vessels with the contrast media become darker than the surrounding soft tissue. Hence, the mask image can be obtained by taking the minimum of each pixel for all the image frames in a sequence of x-ray images acquired during this phase. It is also possible that the mask image can be obtained by loading a previously generated mask image from a computer readable medium, or memory or storage of a computer system.FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary mask image. As illustrated inFIG. 2,image200 is a mask image that showsvessels202 that are highlighted with a contrast medium.
• Returning toFIG. 1, atstep104, a guide wire image is obtained. The guide wire image is an x-ray image that shows a guide wire that is inserted into the vessels, but the vessels are not highlighted with contrast media. During an intervention procedure, a guide wire is inserted into the vessels. However, since the contrast media has been flushed away, the vessels are almost invisible. The guide wire image can be obtained by receiving an x-ray image directly from an x-ray imaging device.FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary guide wire image. As illustrated inFIG. 3,image300 is a guide wire image in which aguide wire302 can be seen.
• Returning toFIG. 1, atstep106, a direct subtraction image is generated from the guide wire image and the mask image. In order to generate the direct subtraction image, the mask image is subtracted from the guide wire image. This results in an image with the vessels overlaid with the moving guide wire. However, this direct subtraction enhances the noise and reduces the signal to noise ratio in the direct subtraction image.
• FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary direct subtraction image. As illustrated inFIG. 4,image400 is a direct subtraction image resulting from subtracting themask image200 ofFIG. 2 from theguide wire image300 ofFIG. 3. As shown in thedirect subtraction image400, thevessels402 and theguide wire404 can be seen.
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, instead of using the direct subtraction image for the roadmap application, the direct subtraction image I_sub(x, y) is used along with the mask image M(x, y) and the guide wire image I(x, y) to generate a reduced noise subtraction image. In order to maintain consistent contrast of an object (e.g., the guide wire) in the subtraction procedure, the images can be normalized before subtraction. In the formation of x-ray images, when an x-ray passes through the body tissues, it's energy is attenuated with the depth in the absorbing material according to a simple exponential function:
• 
  D=A·exp(−αs),
• where D is the energy received at the detector, α is the attenuation coefficient, A is the amount of energy transmitted, and s is the depth. When the x-ray hits the detector, its energy is measured and represented as an intensity value I, which reflects the attenuation through the whole path:
• 
  I=A·exp(−∫α_sds).
• The attenuation coefficient α_sis different for different tissues. To obtain consistent contrast of the objects during the subtraction procedure, the mask and guide wire images are normalized by the log function before subtraction, such that:
• 
  I_sub(x,y)=log(I(x,y))−log(M(x,y)).
• Returning toFIG. 1, atstep108, a reduced noise subtraction image is generated from the mask image, guide wire image, and direct subtraction image based on mutual image information between the mask image and subtraction image and mutual image information between the guide wire image and the subtraction image. The reduced noise subtraction image can be generated by finding an optimal subtraction image in which image information that is mutual to the mask image or the guide wire image is preserved, and image information that is independent of the mask image and the guide wire image is removed.
• The direct subtraction image I_sub(x, y) has more noise (i.e., N(x, y)) that either of the input images (i.e., log(I(x, y)) or log(M(x, y))). If I_sub^O(x, y) is the optimal subtraction result, which is noise free, then:
• $I_{\mathrm{sub}}\left(x,y\right)=I_{\mathrm{sub}}^0\left(x,y\right)+N\left(x,y\right),$
• where the noise N(x, y) can be modeled as zero mean Gaussian noise.
• Reducing the noise based only on I_sub(x, y), can be attempted using a traditional Bayesian framework:
• ${\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}=\arg \underset{{\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}}{\max }P\left({\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}I_{\mathrm{sub}}\right)=\arg \underset{{\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}}{\max }P_S\left({\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}\right)P_N\left(I_{\mathrm{sub}}-{\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}\right),$
• where P_S( ) and P_N( ) model the prior knowledge about the signal and noise, respectively. However, this traditional noise reduction technique relies solely on the prior models of the signal (e.g., smoothness), and noise (e.g., white Gaussian) to achieve noise reduction, and it is usually difficult to obtain accurate signal noise models. Furthermore, the noise is already amplified in the subtraction result, and this makes it even more difficult to detect and preserve the image signal.
• In the intelligent digital subtraction method ofFIG. 1, additional information is used to achieve better noise reduction. The optimal subtraction result contains image information that is similar to image information in either log(I(x, y)) or log(M(x, y)), while the information in the noise signal does not contain similar image information. Accordingly, mutual information terms for the guide wire image and the mask image can be added into the Bayesian framework to help discriminate the signal from the noise, instead of relying solely on prior models. Using the mutual information terms, an objective function for generating the reduced noise subtraction image Î_subcan be defined as:
• ${\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}=\arg \underset{{\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}}{\min }\left(\begin{array}{c}-\log \left(P_N\left(I_{\mathrm{sub}}-{\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}}\right)\right)-\\ MI\left({\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}},\log \left(I\right)\right)-MI\left({\hat{I}}_{\mathrm{sub}},\log \left(M\right)\right)\end{array}\right)$
• where MI(I_sub, log(I)) is a mutual image constraint that refers to image information that is mutual between the guide wire image and the reduced noise subtraction image, and MI(Î_sub, log(M)) is a mutual image constraint that refers to image information that is mutual between the mask image and the reduced noise subtraction image. These mutual information constraints in the objective function enforce that the components that are independent with respect to the mask and guide wire images (i.e., log(M(x, y)) and log(I(x, y)) are removed from the reduced noise subtraction image. This provides more robust noise reduction than the traditional Bayesian framework.
• Mutual information between images can be very expensive to calculate. In order to efficiently calculate the mutual information terms of the objective function, each mutual information term can be approximated based on the following property of independent random variables N₁and N₂:
• 
  E(f(N₁)g(N₂))=E(f(N₁))·E(g(N₂)).
• Based on this property, mutual information can be approximated using a measure of independence, expressed as:
• $MI\left(N_1,N_2\right)=\sum _k^{}{E\left(f_k\left(N_1\right)g_k\left(N_2\right)\right)-E\left(f_k\left(N_1\right)\right)·E\left(g_k\left(N_2\right)\right)}^2$$\mathrm{where}f_k\left(N_1\right)=N_1^k,g_k\left(N_2\right)=N_2^k$
• In this approximation for MI, MI=0 if N₁and N₂are independent, and MI>0 if N₁and N₂are not independent (i.e., have mutual information). This approximation is used to calculate the mutual information terms, MI(Î_sub, log(I)) and MI(Î_sub, log(M)), in the objective function. Using these approximations for the mutual information terms in the objective function, the objective function is then solved to find the optimal solution. The objective function can be solved by taking the derivative of the objective function and setting it equal to zero. This results in a reduced noise subtraction image.
• The reduced noise subtraction image can then be output. The reduced noise subtraction image can be output by displaying the reduced noise subtraction image, for example, on a display device of a computer system. The reduced noise subtraction image can also be output be storing the reduced noise subtraction image, for example, on a memory or storage of a computer system or a computer readable medium.
• The reduced noise subtraction image that shows the vessels overlaid with the guide wire.FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate exemplary subtraction results generated using the intelligent digital subtraction method ofFIG. 1. As illustrated inFIG. 5,image500 is a direct subtraction image, andimage510 is a reduced noise subtraction image generated using the intelligent digital subtraction method ofFIG. 1. As shown in the reducednoise subtraction image510,weak vessels512 and thethin guide wire514 are well persevered in the reducednoise subtraction image510, and noise is significantly reduced as compared to thedirect subtraction image500. As illustrated inFIG. 6,image600 is a direct subtraction image andimage610 is a reduced noise subtraction image generated using the intelligent digital subtraction method ofFIG. 1. As shown in the reducednoise subtraction image610, thevessels612 and theguide wire614 are well persevered, and noise is significantly reduced as compared to thedirect subtraction image600.
• The above-described methods for intelligent digital subtraction may be implemented on a computer using well-known computer processors, memory units, storage devices, computer software, and other components. A high level block diagram of such a computer is illustrated inFIG. 7.Computer702 contains aprocessor704 which controls the overall operation of thecomputer702 by executing computer program instructions which define such operation. The computer program instructions may be stored in astorage device712, or other computer readable medium, (e.g., magnetic disk) and loaded intomemory710 when execution of the computer program instructions is desired. Thus, all method steps described above for registering dual energy images, including the method steps illustrated inFIG. 1, may be defined by the computer program instructions stored in thememory710 and/orstorage712 and controlled by theprocessor704 executing the computer program instructions. Animage acquisition device720, such as an X-ray imaging device, can be connected to thecomputer702 to input images to thecomputer702. It is possible to implement theimage acquisition device720 and thecomputer702 as one device. It is also possible that theimage acquisition device720 and thecomputer702 communicate wirelessly through a network. Thecomputer702 also includes one or more network interfaces706 for communicating with other devices via a network. Thecomputer702 also includes other input/output devices708 that enable user interaction with the computer702 (e.g., display, keyboard, mouse, speakers, buttons, etc.) One skilled in the art will recognize that an implementation of an actual computer could contain other components as well, and thatFIG. 7 is a high level representation of some of the components of such a computer for illustrative purposes.
• The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims (24)

1. A method for intelligent digital subtraction comprising:

obtaining a mask image having highlighted vessels;

obtaining a guide wire image of a guide wire inserted into a vessel;

generating a direct subtraction image from the guide wire image and the mask image; and

generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image based on mutual information between the direct subtraction image and the guide wire image and mutual image information between the mask image and the direct subtraction image.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said step of obtaining a mask image comprises:

acquiring a sequence of x-ray images with a contrast media injected into the vessels; and

generating the mask image by determining the minimum intensity of each pixel in the sequence of x-ray images.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said step of obtaining a guide wire image comprises:

receiving an x-ray image of a guide wire inserted into the vessel without contrast media in the vessels.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said step of generating a direct subtraction image comprises:

normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image; and

subtracting the normalized mask image from the normalized guide wire image.

5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein said step of normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image comprises:

normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image with a logarithm function.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

reducing noise in the direct subtraction image by preserving image information in the direct subtraction image that is mutual to the mask image or the guide wire image, and removing image information in the direct subtraction image that is independent of the mask image and the guide wire image.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

solving an objective function having a first mutual information term for mutual image information to the guide wire image and a second mutual information term for mutual image information to the mask image.

8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

approximating the first mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the guide wire image, and approximating the second mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the mask image.

9. An apparatus for intelligent digital subtraction comprising:

means for obtaining a mask image having highlighted vessels;

means for obtaining a guide wire image of a guide wire inserted into a vessel;

means for generating a direct subtraction image from the guide wire image and the mask image; and

means for generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image based on mutual information between the direct subtraction image and the guide wire image and mutual image information between the mask image and the direct subtraction image.

10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein said means for obtaining a mask image comprises:

means for acquiring a sequence of x-ray images with a contrast media injected into the vessels; and

means for generating the mask image by determining the minimum intensity of each pixel in the sequence of x-ray images.

11. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein said means for obtaining a guide wire image comprises:

means for receiving an x-ray image of a guide wire inserted into the vessel without contrast media in the vessels.

12. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein said means for generating a direct subtraction image comprises:

means for normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image; and

means for subtracting the normalized mask image from the normalized guide wire image.

13. The apparatus ofclaim 12, wherein said means for normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image comprises:

means for normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image with a logarithm function.

14. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein said means for generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

means for reducing noise in the direct subtraction image by preserving image information in the direct subtraction image that is mutual to the mask image or the guide wire image, and removing image information in the direct subtraction image that is independent of the mask image and the guide wire image.

15. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein said means for generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

means for solving an objective function having a first mutual information term for mutual image information to the guide wire image and a second mutual information term for mutual image information to the mask image.

16. The apparatus ofclaim 15, wherein means for generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprises:

approximating the first mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the guide wire image, and approximating the second mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the mask image.

17. A computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions for intelligent digital subtraction, the computer executable instructions defining steps comprising:

obtaining a mask image having highlighted vessels;

obtaining a guide wire image of a guide wire inserted into a vessel;

generating a direct subtraction image from the guide wire image and the mask image; and

generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image based on mutual information between the direct subtraction image and the guide wire image and mutual image information between the mask image and the direct subtraction image.

18. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of obtaining a mask image comprise computer executable instructions defining the steps of:

acquiring a sequence of x-ray images with a contrast media injected into the vessels; and

generating the mask image by determining the minimum intensity of each pixel in the sequence of x-ray images.

19. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of obtaining a guide wire image comprise computer executable instructions defining the step of:

receiving an x-ray image of a guide wire inserted into the vessel without contrast media in the vessels.

20. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of generating a direct subtraction image comprise computer executable instructions defining the steps of:

normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image; and

subtracting the normalized mask image from the normalized guide wire image.

21. The computer readable medium ofclaim 20, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image comprise computer executable instructions defining the step of:

normalizing the guide wire image and the mask image with a logarithm function.

22. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprise computer executable instructions defining the step of:

reducing noise in the direct subtraction image by preserving image information in the direct subtraction image that is mutual to the mask image or the guide wire image, and removing image information in the direct subtraction image that is independent of the mask image and the guide wire image.

23. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprise computer executable instructions defining the step of:

solving an objective function having a first mutual information term for mutual image information to the guide wire image and a second mutual information term for mutual image information to the mask image.

24. The computer readable medium ofclaim 23, wherein the computer executable instructions defining the step of generating a reduced noise direct subtraction image comprise computer executable instructions defining the step of:

approximating the first mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the guide wire image, and approximating the second mutual information term of the objective function using a measure of independence between the reduced noise subtraction image and the mask image.

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