US20090088630A1 - Surgical navigation tracker, system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

An adapter can be easily used to assist a surgical navigation system to determine the effector axis or the effector plane of a surgical device. The adapter has a body with a geometrical feature, the geometrical feature has a known relation with a navigation tracker device that can be attached to the adapter. When the adapter is held against a surgical device in a non-fixed manner, the effector axis or the effector plane of the device can be tracked by the surgical navigation system. The method includes a calibration method to determine the known relation between the effector axis or the effector plane and the location of the navigation tracker.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/148,520, filed Jun. 9, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/732,553, filed Dec. 10, 2003. Each of the preceding applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
REFERENCE REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
• Not applicable
SEQUENTIAL LISTING
• Not applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• This invention relates generally to a surgical navigation system. More particularly, this invention relates to a system, a tracking device, and an adapter to assist the surgical navigation system orient a surgical instrument or device relative to a body of a patient.
• 2. Description of the Background of the Invention
• The use of image guided surgical navigation systems for assisting surgeons during surgery is quite common. Such systems are especially widely used during procedures requiring precise location of instruments such as neurosurgery and more recently orthopedic surgery. Typical surgical navigation systems utilize specially developed tools that include built in tracking devices or tool and adapter combinations that allow a tracking device to be affixed to a surgical tool. These tracking devices allow a surgeon to see the position and/or orientation of the surgical tool overlaid on a monitor in conjunction with a preoperative image or an intraoperative image of the patient. Preoperative images are typically prepared by MRI or CT scans, while intraoperative may be prepared by using a fluoroscope, low level x-ray or any similar device. The tracking devices typically use a plurality of optical emitters that can be detected by the navigation system to determine the position and orientation of the surgical instrument.
• One of the main challenges with present surgical navigation systems is the time required to properly apply and calibrate the tracking devices to work with conventional surgical instruments. Raab U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,127 teaches a computer aided surgery apparatus for positioning a surgical instrument that employs a computer driven instrumented linkage attached to a surgical instrument. Foley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,021,343 discloses a handheld surgical instrument with a tracking device that requires pre-dedicated and specially made surgical tool connections. Kienzle, III et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0036245 is directed towards a surgical tool with integrated localizing emitters for superimposing a representation of the tool over an image of a body in surgery.
• Dedicated adapters for surgical instruments are expensive and time consuming to develop. Additionally, most of these devices require calibration of the surgical instrument after the tracking device has been attached in order to determine the transformation between the tracking device and an axis of the instrument. Moctezuma de la Barrera et al. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/246,599 teaches a surgical instrument fixedly attached to a tracking device, wherein the calibration of the position and orientation of the surgical instrument is accomplished by a separate device. In addition, for orthopedic surgery, it is sometimes necessary to apply force to the surgical tool. This force can damage the precision tracking device, such as damaging the electronics, the LEDs, or disturbing the calibration of the tracking device, if the tracking device is firmly attached to the tool when the force is applied. The present device allows a surgeon to track the orientation of the effector axis or effector plane of a wide range of instruments without the need to either calibrate the tool tracker combination or fixedly attaching a tracking device to a surgical instrument. In addition, the devices of this invention can be used to place items in the body in precise locations. One example of devices that must be properly placed are shunts that are place in the brain to drain fluid.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• One embodiment of the present invention is directed towards an adapter to attach a navigation tracker to a surgical device. The adapter has a body and a connector having a first end attached to the body and a second end. An interface is attached to the second end to enable a navigation tracker to be attached to the adapter. The interface comprises a docking structure that releasably lacks the navigation tracker into a specified position with respect to the body. The body has geometrical features to enable a surgical device to be non-fixedly coupled to the body.
• Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the surgical navigation system;
• FIG. 1A is a block diagram of the surgical navigation system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 2 is an isometric view of one embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the adapter ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 4 is an end elevational view of the adapter ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 5 is an end elevational view of the adapter ofFIG. 2 from the end oppositeFIG. 4;
• FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the surgical instrument being held by a hand in a non-fixed relationship with adapter ofFIG. 2 connected to a navigation tracker;
• FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the surgical instrument, adapter, and navigation tracker ofFIG. 4;
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computer program embodying one embodiment of the method of the present invention;
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a computer program embodying a further embodiment of the method of the present invention;
• FIG. 10 is an end elevational view similar toFIG. 5 of an alternative embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 11 is an end elevational view similar toFIG. 5 of a further alternative embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 12 is an end elevational view similar toFIG. 5 of an additional alternative embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 13 is an end elevational view similar toFIG. 5 of a still further alternative embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 14 is an end elevational view similar toFIG. 5 of another further embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 15 is a bottom plan view of the adapter ofFIG. 14;
• FIG. 16 is an isometric view of a surgical drill with the adapter ofFIG. 14 in place;
• FIG. 17 is an isometric view of a surgical saw with the adapter ofFIG. 14 in place;
• FIG. 18 is an end elevational view of the adapter similar toFIG. 4 showing the adapter relative to a surgical instrument having a circular cross section;
• FIG. 19 is an end elevational view of the adapter similar toFIG. 4 showing the adapter relative to a surgical instrument having a square cross section;
• FIG. 20 is an isometric view of a further embodiment of the adapter of the present invention;
• FIG. 21 is a side view of the adapter ofFIG. 20 with a tracker attached;
• FIG. 22 is a side elevational view of a further embodiment of an adapter device showing the relation with a surgical device;
• FIG. 23 is a bottom plan view of the adapter ofFIG. 22;
• FIG. 24 is an end elevational view of the adapter ofFIG. 22;
• FIG. 25 is a view similar toFIG. 24 of a further embodiment of the adapter;
• FIG. 26 is a view similar toFIG. 24 of another further embodiment of the adapter;
• FIG. 27 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a tracking device with integral projections;
• FIG. 28 is a detailed view of a further embodiment of a tracking device similar toFIG. 27 showing the placement of a surgical device in the grooves; and
• FIG. 29 is a detailed view of the device ofFIG. 28 showing the user manipulating the surgical device relative to the tracking device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• With reference to the drawings, the present invention is directed towards asurgical navigation system100 for orienting asurgical instrument102.FIGS. 1 and 1A are a schematic view and block diagram of thesurgical navigation system100 that includes adisplay unit104, acomputer system106 and acamera array120. Thecomputer system106 may be housed in amoveable cart108. Thecomputer system106 may be any type of personal computer having amemory unit110, aCPU112, and astorage unit114. Thedisplay unit104 can be any conventional display usable with a personal computer.
• Thecamera array120 is adapted to track anavigation tracker118. Thecamera array120 is further adapted to transmit data between thenavigation tracker118 andcomputer system106 representing the orientation of thesurgical instrument102. In a preferred embodiment, the data is transmitted wirelessly between thenavigation tracker118 and thecomputer system106. Alternatively, a system that uses wires to transmit data between thenavigation tracker118 and thecomputer system106 can be used.
• With reference toFIG. 1, thecamera array120 includes afirst camera122, asecond camera124, and athird camera126. In a preferred embodiment, the first, second and third cameras,122,124, and126, are three CCD cameras adapted to detect the position of infrared signals (IR) generated by thenavigation tracker118.
• Thecamera array120 should be mounted in a stationary position with a sufficient line of sight to the operating room. In one embodiment, thecamera array120 is mounted on arotatable arm128 attached to themovable cart108. In another embodiment, thecamera array120 may be mounted onto an operating room wall (not shown) or onto other convenient surfaces or locations.
• At least one infrared transceiver is used to communicate data to and from thenavigation tracker118. In the preferred embodiment, thesensor array120 includes afirst transceiver130 and asecond transceiver132 located apart from each other. It should be noted that while both thenavigation tracker118 and the transceivers,130 and132, may communicate via infrared signals, those skilled in the art will realize other wireless technologies such as radio frequency signals may be used as well as hardwired systems, so called electromagnetic communication.
• Thecamera array120 is connected via acable134 to alocalizer136 or in some instances directly to the computer. Thelocalizer136 cooperates with thecamera array120 to identify the location of a plurality of LED's138 on thenavigation tracker118 within the line of sight of thesensor array120. The first, second, and third cameras,122,124, and126, contain their own orientation data and transmit that data and the orientation data from the plurality of LED's138 to thelocalizer136. In one embodiment, thelocalizer136 converts the raw orientation data into the orientation of individual LED's of the plurality of LED's138 and transmits this information to thecomputer system106. In another embodiment, thelocalizer136 converts the raw data into the orientation of thesurgical instrument102 and transmits this information to thecomputer system106. In a further embodiment, a software program in thecomputer system106 can convert the raw data into the orientation of thesurgical instrument102. In all embodiments, the conversion of the raw data is well known to one skilled in the art and need not be further discussed. Thecomputer system106 may be controlled remotely by control buttons (not visible) located on thenavigation tracker118. Thecomputer system106 also includes akeyboard140 and apointing device142, such as a mouse or any alternative input means for operating thecomputer system106. Thesurgical navigation system100 is used by asurgeon144 during a procedure on apatient146. Preferably, thepatient146 is located on a surgical bed or a table148.
• The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes asurgical instrument102 non-fixedly coupled to anadapter116. Theadapter116 is, however, coupled to anavigation tracker118 that is in communication with thesensor array120 andtransceivers130 and132. The use of navigation trackers in combination with sensor arrays and transceivers are well known in the art. A more detailed description of such surgical navigation systems are contained in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/246,599 filed Sep. 18, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• While the present invention is described using an active optical surgical navigation system, the system, method and adapters of the present invention can also be used with other surgical navigation technologies and systems, such as passive optical systems, magnetic based systems, inertial navigation based systems, combination systems, and the like.
• FIGS. 2 to 5 show one embodiment of the present invention. Theadapter116 includes abody200, aconnector202 having afirst end204 attached to thebody200 and asecond end206 attached to adocking structure208. Thebody200 has afirst side210, asecond side212, afirst end214, and asecond end216. Thesecond side212 defines ageometrical feature242. In the case shown inFIGS. 2 to 5, thegeometrical feature242 is achannel218 extending along the entire length of thesecond side212. Thegeometrical feature242 of theadapter116 will define anadapter axis244. Knowledge of the location of theadapter axis244 relative to the location of thenavigation tracker118 will be useful for those situations where only the angle of the instrument needs to be tracked by the surgical navigation system. Thedocking structure208 has a firstbeveled side220, a secondbeveled side222 and asurface224 that has alocking detent226. Thedocking structure208 engages cooperating structure on thenavigation tracker118 as discussed hereinafter.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 show the embodiment ofFIG. 2 in an in-use situation on thesurgical instrument102 with atracking device118. Thetracking device118 is a known device and has abody228. Mounted in fixed positions on thebody228 are theLEDs138. Also depending from thebody228 is a mountingbracket230 having adistal end232. Thedistal end232 is attached to a pair ofwalls234 and236. Thewalls234 and236 are shaped to form aslit238 that will slide over the first and secondbeveled sides220 and222. Theslit238 will mate in a precision mating arrangement with thedocking structure208. In the interior of theslit238 is a spring loaded locking structure (not shown) that will allow thesurface224 to slide within theslit238 until the locking structure reaches thelocking detent226. At this time, the spring will bias the locking structure into thelocking detent226 and firmly hold thetracking device118 in fixed relationship with theadapter116. To remove thetracking device118 from the adapter, abutton240 is pushed that will release the locking structure within theslit238 and allow the tracking device to be removed from theadapter116.
• Thesurgical instrument102 has ahandle250, ashaft252, anadapter tip254 to hold various devices in position, aninstrument axis256 and astriking surface258. Theparticular instrument102 shown inFIGS. 1,6 and7 is an impactor used to insert implants attached to theadapter tip254 during orthopedic surgery. Because theinstrument102 will be struck with a hammer or other impacting device on the impactingsurface258, it is desirable to navigate theinstrument102 into proper position and then remove the delicate tracking device before theinstrument102 is struck.FIG. 6 shows a surgeon'shand270 holding theadapter116 in a non-fixed coupling with theinstrument102. When the term non-fixed coupling is used in this specification and in the attached claims, it means theadapter116 is held in a reproducible relation to a surgical tool, such asinstrument102, but is easily removable when the holding force is removed from the adapter. This term includes the situation where theadapter116 is held in proximity to theinstrument102 by a user's hand and will fall away from theinstrument102 if the hand pressure is removed. Because theshaft252 has a surface that is co-axial with theinstrument axis256, theadapter116 can be moved along theshaft252 and the relation between thetracker118 and theinstrument axis256 remains the same.
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computer program embodying the method of the present invention. The program begins at ablock400 that determines if thenavigation tracker118 has been activated. If thenavigation tracker118 is not active, the program branches to ablock402, which displays a message to prompt a user to activate thenavigation tracker118. The program returns to theblock400 and waits until thesurgical navigation system100 receives a signal that thenavigation tracker118 is active. When thesurgical navigation system100 determines that thenavigation tracker118 is active, the control passes to ablock404 that displays a message that thenavigation tracker118 is active and control then passes to ablock406 that determines if the user needs to identify the effector axis of the surgical instrument. If the user responds “yes”, then control passes to ablock408 that calibrates the particular instrument-adapter-tracker combination. Theblock408 instructs the user to rotate the tool-adapter-tracker combination about the effector axis. Theblock408 will determine the location of thetracker118 as the combination is rotated and will calculate the relation between thetracker118 and the effector axis. In a similar manner, theblock408 can instruct a user to invert a tool-adapter-tracker combination where the tool has an effector plane. In this case, the plane of the tool is first placed on a fixed location and the location of the tracker is determined. The tool is then inverted and the plane of the tool is placed at the same location. The location effector plane of the tool relative to the tracker is the distance between the first and second locations of the tracker. Control then passes to ablock410 that records the relation between thetracker118 and the effector axis or effector plane in thememory unit110 and displays the effector axis or plane on thedisplay unit104. If the user responds “no” inblock406, control passes to ablock412 that records the axis of theadapter116 inmemory unit110 and displays the adapter axis on thedisplay unit104. These methods of quickly calibrating the tool-adapter-tracker combination in theblock408 are acceptable for applications requiring knowledge only of the location or the effector axis or the effector plane and the knowledge of the location of the tip or working surface of the tool is not required. In situations where only the relevant angle of the tool is required, there is no need to calibrate the adaptor and tracker to the effector axis of the instrument because the effector axis of the instrument will be parallel to the axis of theadapter116.
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of another computer program embodying the method of the present invention. This embodiment uses a series of databases that have been previously created relative to the potential tools, adapters and trackers that might be used with thesurgical navigation system100. The program begins at ablock420 that determines if thenavigation tracker118 has been activated. If thenavigation tracker118 is not active, the program branches to ablock422, which displays a message to prompt a user to activate thenavigation tracker118. The program returns to theblock420 and waits until thesurgical navigation system100 receives a signal that thenavigation tracker118 is active. When thesurgical navigation system100 determines that thenavigation tracker118 is active, the control passes to ablock424 that displays a message that thenavigation tracker118 is active and control then passes to ablock432 that calculates the orientation of the effector axis. Thissurgical navigation system100 determines the location and orientation of thenavigation tracker118 and theblock426 stores this data in thememory unit110.
• It is envisioned that there will be a number of different configurations of theadapter116. As such, the distance between thenavigation tracker118 and the effector axis of a particular surgical instrument may vary depending on the type ofadapter116 used, and the type of instrument used. Each type ofadapter116 can be encoded with a specific identifier that can be entered into thesurgical navigation system100 and similarly thesurgical navigation system100 can prompt the entry of coding information for particular tools that are used. Alternatively, these tools or instruments may also be able to directly communicate with thesurgical navigation system100 and self identify the tool and/or the adapter. Ablock428 is a database of stored dimensions for a number of adapters. The same may be done for each possible surgical instrument that can be used with thesurgical navigation system100. Ablock430 is a database of stored dimensions for various surgical instruments and their corresponding effector axes. Thesurgical navigation system100 also will allow a user to manually input data for an adapter or a tool that is not found within the respective database. It is desirable, but not necessary, that thenavigation tracker116 be a smart instrument that can relate its own configuration data to the surgical navigation system when thenavigation tracker118 is activated by thesurgical navigation system100. Once thesurgical navigation system100 knows the identity of theparticular adapter116 and thesurgical instrument102, the correspondingdatabases428 and430 are queried for the dimensions of the interface and channel configuration, the dimensions of the surgical instrument and its effector axis. This data may be manually entered or stored before or after thenavigation tracker118 is activated. Thesurgical navigation system100 identifies the dimensions of thenavigation tracker118 in a conventional manner.
• The program then proceeds to calculate the orientation of the effector axis of thesurgical instrument102 from the stored data of thenavigation tracker118 inblock426 and the stored data obtained from theblocks428 and430. Ablock432 calculates the orientation in a conventional fashion using algorithms that are well known and recognized by those skilled in the art. Ablock434 stores the orientation data in thememory unit110, and displays the orientation information on thedisplay104 for use by theoperator144. Combinations of the uses of databases for various components and the kinematic approach shown inFIG. 8 can also be used.
• FIGS. 10,11,12, and13 are alternative shapes of thegeometrical feature242 inFIG. 2 for theadapter116. Thefeature242ainFIG. 10 is circular, while thefeature242binFIG. 11 is elliptical. InFIG. 12, thesecond side212 of theadapter116 has awall300 that is generally perpendicular to asurface302 that extends from thewall300 to aperiphery304 of thebody200. Thewall300 and thesurface302 form an “L” shapedgeometrical feature242c. Theadapter116aas shown inFIG. 12 is adapted to be used with surgical tools or instruments having a rectangular cross section and the open end of thesurface302 enables theadapter116aas shown inFIG. 12 to be used with a wider variety of tools than if theadapter116ahad a rectangular channel. The primary difference between this embodiment and the others previously mentioned is that in addition to an upward force exerted against thesurgical instrument102 to hold thesurgical instrument102 against thesurface302 of thegeometrical feature242c, a lateral force is also applied to hold thesurgical instrument102 against thewall300 of thegeometrical feature242c. For instance, theadapter116acould be used with an instrument or tool that had a handle or shaft wider than the width of theadapter116a.FIG. 13 shows anadapter116bthat has multiplegeometric features306 and308. This arrangement allows theadapter116bto be used with different tools without having to remove the navigation tracker from theadapter116b.
• FIGS. 14 and 15 show a further embodiment of thegeometrical feature242. Anadapter116chas abottom surface112aand three dependinglugs312. The number of depending lugs is not particularly critical and any number more than 2 can be used. For instance, two longer lugs can be sufficient to hold the adapter in position on theinstrument102, or four or more smaller lugs can be used to the same effect.
• FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate the use of theadapter116cin conjunction with asurgical drill330 and asurgical saw360. Thesurgical drill330 has adrill bit332 with aneffector axis334. As indicated inFIG. 14, theadapter116c, shown without the attached navigation tracker for clarity, is held against atop surface338 of thesurgical drill330. So long as thetop surface338 is co-linear with theeffector axis334, the adapter can be moved along thetop surface338 without affecting the relationship between theeffector axis334 and theadapter116c. This tool-adapter-tracker combination can be calibrated using the method shown inFIG. 8 or a database can have sufficient information to perform the calibration without kinematic analysis of theeffector axis334. In a similar manner, asaw blade362 has aneffector plane364. Anadapter116cis placed on atop surface366 of thesurgical saw360. Using the method outlined inFIG. 8 above the relation of theeffector plane364 to theadapter116ccan be determined and calibrated. It is also possible to use the database method ofFIG. 9 to calibrate theadapter116cwith attached tracker to theeffector plane364.
• Referring toFIGS. 18 and 19, theadapter116 is shown associated with surgical instruments of two different cross sections relative to an apex310 of thechannel218.FIG. 18 shows asurgical instrument312 that has a circular cross section. Thesurgical instrument312 has aninstrument axis314. Thesurgical instrument312 contacts thechannel218 at twopoints316 that are equidistant from thechannel apex310. Thesurgical instrument312 has aradius318 and theinstrument axis314 is a distance Δ₁from thechannel apex310. So long as theradius318 is constant along the length of thesurgical instrument312 and thesurgical instrument312 is straight, theadapter116 can be moved along the length of thesurgical instrument312 and the relation between theinstrument axis314 and thetracker118 will remain constant. Theadapter116 and attached tracker are rotated around the instrument axis. The location of theinstrument axis314 will remain fixed but the location of the tracker will change. The distance between theinstrument axis314 and the tracker will remain constant. Alternatively, theinstrument312, theadapter116 and the attached tracker can also be rotated as a unit. Either method provides the basis for the rotation calibration method described above relative toFIG. 8. The following is an example of how the database method ofFIG. 9 can calculate the location of theinstrument axis312 relative to thetracker118. Thesurgical navigation system100 will have the position and orientation of the apex310 of theadapter116 stored in theadapter database428 relative to the position and orientation of thenavigation tracker118 that is attached to theadapter116. Similarly, thesurgical navigation system100 will also have the value Δ₁for thesurgical instrument312 stored in the instrument database. Using these values and the location and orientation of thenavigation tracker118, thesurgical navigation system100 can calculate the effector axis of theinstrument312 in theblock432.
• In a similar manner, asurgical instrument312aas shown inFIG. 19 has a square or rectangular cross section that fits snugly against the apex310. Since there can be no relative movement between theinstrument312aand the V shapedchannel218, the entire combination of the instrument, the adapter and the tracker are rotated around theinstrument axis314ato perform the calibration as described above relative toFIG. 8. With regard to the database method ofFIG. 9, theinstrument312ahas a known square cross section as shown by the distance Δ₂from aninstrument axis314ato the apex310 and is stored in theinstrument database430 as noted above. If the cross section of the instrument is not square theinstrument database430 may include other parameters to enable thesurgical navigation system100 to determine the effector axis or plane. One advantage of using a V shapedchannel218 along with asurgical instrument312ahaving a square or rectangular cross section is that there is no relative rotation between theadapter116 and thesurgical instrument312a.
• The adapter of the present invention may be made from any suitable material that is dimensionally stable and capable of being sterilized at least one time. Though it may be desirable that the interface be capable of being repeatedly sterilized, it is also possible that theadapters116 of the present invention are designed as disposable single use items, which are sterilized upon manufacture, maintained in a sterile condition until use and then discarded. Suitable plastics, which are dimensionally stable and surgically acceptable, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), carbon or glass fiber reinforced PEEK, polysulfone, polycarbonate, nylon and mixtures thereof, can be used. In addition, suitable metals that are acceptable for use in surgery such as surgical stainless steel, titanium, tungsten carbide and other similar surgically suitable metals can be used. In one embodiment, theadapter116 and thechannel218 will be constructed from materials having a hard surface to prevent wearing when the surgical instrument is moved along the surface of thechannel218.
• FIGS. 20 and 21 show a further embodiment of anadapter500. Theadapter500 has abody502 with aconnector504 having afirst end506 attached to thebody502 and asecond end508 attached to adocking structure510. Thedocking structure510 has acenter lug512 and twopins514 that interfit with thenavigation tracker118. Thebody502 has afirst side516, asecond side518, afirst end520, and asecond end522. Thesecond side518 defines a geometrical feature524. In this case, the geometrical feature is a pair of arcedsurfaces526 and528. Anopening530 between thearced surfaces526 and528 reduces the weight of theadapter500. The arced surfaces526 and528 will fit against tools that have a circular cross section. Thebody502 also has a series ofcutouts532 that will further reduce the weight of the adapter and may assist the user in grasping theadapter500.
• Referring toFIGS. 22-24, a further embodiment of the devices and system of the present inventions is shown. In this embodiment anadapter600 has abody602 and aconnector604. Theconnector604 has afirst end606 and asecond end608 that is connected to adocking structure610. The docking structure is similar to those discussed above and is capable of interfitting with a navigation tracker, such as thenavigation tracker118. Thebody602 has afirst side612, asecond side614, afirst end616, and asecond end618. Twoprojections620 and622 are attached to thesecond side614. In this embodiment, thesecond side614 is on aplane623. Each of theprojections620 and622 has a V-shapednotch624 and624ato receive asurgical device626. Thesurgical device626 can be any of the surgical instruments or devices that have been discussed previously. In addition, thesurgical device626 can be an object to be placed within the patient's body, such as a shunt or stint. In one embodiment, the depth of thenotches624 and624aare different to place thesurgical device626 on an angle relative to thesecond side614 such that aneffector axis627 of thesurgical device626 will intersect theplane623 approximately 70 mm from thefirst end616. Thenotches624 and624aeach have twosloping walls628 that meet at an apex630. The V-shapednotches624 and624aenable the adapter to be used with different sizes ofsurgical devices626. Thesurgical device626 will rest within thenotches624 and624aagainst therespective walls628. Thewalls628 for each ofnotches624 and624ashould also lie on the same plane so that thenotches624 and624aare a continuation of each other. For some embodiments, it may not be necessary to allow space for a users hand between theprojections620 and622. In this case, the two projections can be replaced by a single projection with a long notch. For particularsurgical devices626, the database will know the relative distance from the effector axis of the particularsurgical device626 to thetracking device118 and the angle of theeffector axis627 relative to thetracking device118. The distance from thesecond side614 to the apex630 of thenotch624, Δ₃, should be large enough so that a user can get their hand between thesecond side614 and thesurgical device626 to manipulate thesurgical device626, if needed.
• FIG. 25 shows a further embodiment where eachprojection620 and622 have aU-shaped notch640. In this embodiment, the adapter will be specially constructed to work with a particular device that has a slightly smaller radius than the radius of the bottom of theU-shaped notch640.FIG. 26 shows another embodiment where aconnector650, similar to theconnector604, projects from thebody602 90 degrees from the direction that theconnector604 projects from thebody602. This alternative arrangement can allow added flexibility for the user to manipulate thesurgical device626 relative to thetracking device118.
• FIG. 27 shows a further embodiment where atracking device700 hasintegral projections702 and704. Theprojections702 and704 are directly attached to a body706 of thetracking device700 and both are space apart and extend to the side of the tracking device700 a sufficient distance to allow a user to place their hand within the space between the twoprojections702 and704. The twoprojections702 and704 have similarU-shaped notches708 to receive asurgical device710, such as the shunt as shown inFIG. 27. Thetracking device700 hasintegral LEDs712 that are similar to those described above. In addition, thetracking device700 also has threeswitches714 that are useful to control the surgical navigation system.
• FIGS. 28 and 29 show a user manipulating asurgical device800 relative to a further embodiment of anintegral tracking device802. The user can place thesurgical device800 into eachnotch804 to guide the surgical device to the proper location. In addition, because the surgical device is not held firmly within thenotches804, the user can manipulate the surgical device as needed as shown inFIG. 28.
• Numerous modifications to the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is presented for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to make and use the invention and to teach the best mode of carrying out same. The exclusive rights to all modifications that come within the scope of the appended claims are reserved.

Claims (15)

1-35. (canceled)

36. An adapter to attach a navigation tracker to a surgical device, comprising:

a body;

a connector attached to the body at a first end and having a second end;

an interface attached to the second end to enable a navigation tracker to be attached to the adapter; and

the body having a geometrical feature to enable a surgical device having an effector axis to be non-fixedly coupled to the body.

37. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the interface is a docking structure that releasably locks the navigation tracker into a specified position with respect to the body.

38. The adapter ofclaim 37 wherein the docking structure is a quick release device.

39. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical feature is suitably shaped to allow a reproducible alignment between the adapter and the effector axis.

40. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical feature is a V-shaped channel.

41. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical feature is a series of lugs on the body.

42. The adapter ofclaim 41 wherein the series of lugs are attached to a side of the body that is flat.

43. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical feature is two notches that are spaced apart.

44. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the body has a plurality of geometrical features projecting from the body.

45. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical features are V-shaped notches.

46. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the geometrical features are U-shaped notches.

47. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the body is comprised of a hard surface to prevent wearing when held against the surgical device.

48. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein a hand can easily hold the adapter in place relative to the surgical device.

49. The adapter ofclaim 36 wherein the body has multiple geometric features.

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