US20090054935A1 - Spinal Diagnostic Methods and Apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods, devices and systems facilitate diagnosis, and in some cases treatment, of back pain originating in intervertebral discs. Methods generally involve introducing one or more substances into one or more discs using a catheter device. In one embodiment, a patient assumes a position that causes back pain, and a substance such as an anesthetic or analgesic is introduced into the disc to determine whether the substance relieves the pain. Injections into multiple discs may optionally be performed, to help pinpoint a disc as a source of the patient's pain. In some embodiments, the catheter device is left in place, and possibly coupled with another implantable device, to provide treatment of one or more discs. A catheter device includes at least one anchoring member for maintaining a distal portion of the catheter within a disc.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention generally relates to medical devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for diagnosing and/or treating spinal pain.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Back pain takes an enormous toll on the health and productivity of people around the world. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, approximately 80 percent of Americans will experience back pain at some time in their life. In just the year 2000, approximately 26 million visits were made to physicians' offices due to back problems in the United States. On any one day, it is estimated that 5% of the working population in America is disabled by back pain.
• Unfortunately, back pain is not only extremely common, but can also be difficult to accurately diagnose and effectively treat. Challenges stem from the fact that it is often difficult to pinpoint exactly what is causing a patient's pain or even where the pain originates. Although a number of effective treatments exist for various types of back pain, a number of them are highly invasive and may actually exacerbate pain or cause pain in other parts of the back. Therefore, due to the challenges involved in diagnosing and treating back pain, and fueled by the large number of patients suffering from back pain, improved diagnostic and treatment methods and devices and constantly being sought.
• Back pain may be classified into two general categories: (1) “axial spinal pain,” which arises from pathology or dysfunction in the structural components of the spine, such as the vertebrae or the intervertebral discs between the vertebrae; and (2) “radicular pain,” which originates from pressure on or irritation of nerve roots. Radicular pain is often relatively simple to diagnose and pinpoint, because pain tends to radiate from irritated nerve roots out into the body in predictable patterns, and nerve root compression can often be seen on an MRI study or other radiological study of the spine. Treatment of radicular pain is also often quite straightforward, typically involving injections or surgical procedures procedures to decrease inflammation in or remove the structures impinging on the effected nerve root.
• In contrast to radicular pain, axial spinal pain is typically much more difficult to diagnose and localize. “Discogenic pain,” for example, which is a type of spinal pain originating in one or more intervertebral discs (soft tissue structures between vertebrae of the spine), is particularly difficult to diagnose and pinpoint to one or more specific discs. The physical examination and complaints of the patient typically provide only general clues as to the actual cause and originating location of the pain, and no currently available radiological studies can accurately assess which of a patient's discs (if any) is causing discogenic pain. Adding to the difficulty of diagnosis is the fact that many different factors may lead to discogenic pain. Furthermore, it is often difficult to determine whether treatment of a disc (or discs) will actually alleviate the patient's pain or whether there are other underlying causes of the pain that will remain even after a disc is treated. Therefore, diagnosing and treating discogenic pain can often be incredibly challenging, and there is always a risk that surgery will be performed unnecessarily or will fail to relieve the patient's back pain.
• The most commonly performed surgical procedure for treating discogenic pain is spinal fusion, in which adjacent vertebrae above and below the disc causing pain are fused together to prevent motion, thus bypassing the painful disc. Spinal fusion can be a very effective treatment, but it is relatively costly and invasive, and may be associated with a prolonged recovery and a number of potential complications. For example, fusion may sometimes lead to accelerated degeneration of one or more discs adjacent the treated disc due to increased forces placed on the adjacent discs from the fusion. Another possible treatment of discogenic pain involves replacement of the disc with an artificial (prosthetic) disc. This treatment may allow for better patient mobility than spinal fusion, but this treatment option is still in its infancy. Regardless of the method used to treat discogenic pain, an accurate diagnosis is essential for the treatment's success.
• Despite the importance of obtaining a correct and specific diagnosis of discogenic pain, currently available diagnostic techniques have a number of drawbacks. A diagnostic test referred to as “discography” is the most commonly used and accepted diagnostic technique. Discography involves inserting a needle into an intervertebral disc and injecting a contrast dye into the compliant inner core of the disc (the nucleus pulposus) under pressure. A radiograph (or “X-ray”) of the spine is then taken. Sometimes, anatomical defects of the disc, such as tears in the fibrous outer layer of the disc (the annulus fibrosis) can been seen on a radiograph, which may be indicative of a possible cause of pain. Additionally, the injection of contrast into the disc under pressure has been shown to sometimes cause the patient to feel pain, caused by the chemical composition of the contrast and/or by increased pressure within the nucleus pulposus. Sometimes this pain mimics the back pain that the patient usually feels during daily activities. Through a combination of subjective analysis of radiographs and a subjective description of the back pain by the patient, the physician attempts to determine whether the particular disc is causing the patient's pain. In some instances, multiple discs on one patient are injected during a diagnostic procedure.
• Some clinicians theorize that if a discogram is positive according to commonly used criteria, then the tested disc is the source of the patient's pain. However, there is no universally accepted definition of the criteria for a positive discogram. As a result, interpretation of discograms has been a longstanding controversy. Not only does the test rely on subjective feedback, but results themselves have been shown to have a high rate of false positives and false negatives, with up to 30-40% of patients with no back pain having positive discograms. Similarly, some patients have reported feeling a replication of their usual pain during discography, even though it is later found that another, non-discogenic cause was the actual origin of the pain. These facts demonstrate that the traditional discogram is not highly specific.
• A number of currently available epidural catheters and techniques provide for injecting substances, typically anesthetics, into an epidural space of a spine. Examples of such epidural catheters are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,885,561; 4,737,146; 4,973,305; 5,004,456; 5,024,655; 5,084,016; 5,129,889; 5,234,406; 5,344,439; 5,800,407; 6,676,643 and 6,368,315. Such catheters, however, are not adapted for delivery into an intervertebral disc. Furthermore, injecting substances into the epidural space is not helpful for diagnosing discogenic pain.
• Due to the prevalence of discogenic pain and other types of back pain, the difficulty of accurately diagnosing and pinpointing discogenic pain, and the invasive nature of typical discogenic pain treatment techniques such as spinal fusion, improved methods and apparatus for diagnosing and/or treating discogenic pain are needed. Ideally, such methods and apparatus would enhance a physician's ability to pinpoint one or more discs that are causing a patient pain, thus enhancing or replacing traditional discography. Also ideally, these methods and devices would be no more invasive, or perhaps even less invasive, than discography. Even more ideally, variations of techniques and devices for diagnosing discogenic pain could also be used to treat back pain in some individuals, thus providing less invasive alternatives to traditional spinal fusion and other surgical techniques. At least some of these objectives will be met by the present invention.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Methods and devices of the present invention generally facilitate diagnosis, and in some cases treatment, of discogenic pain. More specifically, methods and devices of the invention help determine whether one or more intervertebral discs in a patient are actually causing the patient's back pain, and also help pinpoint which disc or discs are causing the pain. In one embodiment, a distal portion of a catheter device is positioned in an intervertebral disc that is thought to be the cause of the patient's pain. One or more anchoring members are then used to maintain the distal portion in the disc. The patient is asked to assume a position or perform a task, such as bending over, which typically causes the patient to experience back pain. Using the catheter device, one or more substances, such as an anesthetic or analgesic, are injected into the disc. The patient then reports whether the anesthetic has alleviated the pain. Optionally, additional intervertebral discs may be tested, one or more placebo injections may be used, a conventional discography may be added to the procedure and/or the like. Based on the patient's response to the introduction of substance(s) into the disc (or discs), a determination may be made as to whether one or more specific discs are causing the patient's pain. Diagnostic and treatment decisions may be based on such a determination.
• An “intervertebral disc” is generally referred to herein as soft tissue between any two adjacent vertebrae. An intervertebral disc generally includes a fibrous outer layer called the “annulus fibrosis” and a more compliant inner core called the “nucleus pulposus.” In various embodiments, substances may be introduced into an annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposus, or both. To the extent that other soft tissues between two adjacent vertebrae may also be considered part of an intervertebral disc, it is contemplated within the scope of the invention that one or more substances may be introduced into such soft tissues as well.
• In some cases, devices and methods for diagnosing discogenic pain may also be used for treating pain. Catheter devices of the invention generally include one or more anchoring members for maintaining a distal portion of the catheter device in a position within a disc. Such a catheter device may be coupled with, for example, an implantable pump or injection port, and the pump or port may be used to supply one or more substances, such as anesthetic or analgesic, to the disc to treat a patient's back pain. Many other substances may be introduced to the disc, as discussed fully below, and other treatment modalities are possible, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
• In one aspect of the present invention, a method for introducing one or more substances into an intervertebral disc involves positioning a distal portion of a catheter device in the disc, anchoring the distal portion of the catheter device to maintain the distal portion in the disc, and introducing at least one substance into the disc through the catheter device. A number of different methods for positioning the distal portion may be employed in various embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, for example, the catheter device is passed through a lumen of an introducer device. In one such embodiment, positioning the distal portion of the catheter involves passing the catheter device through the lumen of the introducer device over a pointed stylet, piercing through an annulus fibrosis of the disc using the stylet, and withdrawing the stylet from the catheter device. In an alternative embodiment, positioning the distal portion involves piercing through an annulus fibrosis of the disc into the disc with a tapered distal end of the catheter device. In some embodiments, the catheter device is passed over a guidewire.
• In various embodiments in which an introducer device is used, the introducer device may either be advanced to a position within the disc or to a position just outside the disc. In either case, the catheter device may have a distal end or portion configured to facilitate advancement of the distal end through the annulus fibrosis. In some embodiments, the catheter device is passed over a guidewire. In some cases, the catheter is passed over the guidewire within the needle, while in alternative embodiments the introducer is removed over the guidewire before the catheter device is passed over the guidewire. In some embodiments, positioning the distal portion is facilitated by visualizing at least one radiopaque marker or material at or near the distal portion to assess its location.
• In some embodiments, anchoring the catheter device involves deploying one or more anchoring members disposed along the catheter body. In some cases, such anchoring members may be disposed at or near the distal portion of the catheter, while in other embodiments anchoring may occur at locations farther from the distal portion. In some embodiments, anchoring may be achieved by using a separate anchoring device, such as by applying adhesive, suture or the like to anchor the catheter to the patient in a desired position. In one embodiment, anchoring involves inflating at least a first expandable member in the disc. Optionally, this technique may further involve inflating at least a second expandable member adjacent an outer surface of the disc, such that there is one inflatable member in the disc and another inflatable member just outside the annulus fibrosis.
• In an alternative embodiment, anchoring comprises deploying at least one mechanism along the distal portion of the catheter device to increase the effective cross-sectional diameter of the catheter at one or more locations. For example, in one embodiment the cross-sectional diameter is increased by releasing one or more shape memory or spring loaded members from constraint. In other embodiments, the cross-sectional diameter may be increased by actuating one or more mechanical members or moving an inner catheter shaft of the catheter device relative to an outer catheter shaft of the catheter device to cause one or more anchoring members to buckle outwards. In another embodiment, anchoring comprises causing at least part of the distal portion to change from a substantially straight shape to a substantially curved or geometric shape. And in yet another embodiment, anchoring comprises attaching part of the distal portion to an annulus fibrosis of the disc. For example, the attachment member may be screwed, twisted or pierced into the annulus fibrosis in various embodiments.
• The substance (or substances) introduced into the disc may be any suitable substance, typically introduced for diagnosis and/or treatment of discogenic pain, but in alternative embodiments for any other suitable purpose. Any suitable combination of substances may be introduced, either simultaneously or sequentially, for diagnosis, treatment or other purposes. In some embodiments, one or more placebo substances may be introduced into one or more discs, typically to assist in diagnosis but in other embodiments for study or experimental purposes or the like. In some embodiments, for example, introduced substance(s) may include, but are not limited to, an anesthetic; an analgesic; an antibiotic; a hydrating agent such as hypotonic saline, isotonic saline or hypertonic saline; a supportive agent such as a hydrogel, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, Dimethyl Sulfoxide or Tantalum; a prolotherapy agent such as sodium morrhuate, cod oil, phenol, minerals or ethyl alcohol; and other agents such as collagen, stem cells, Osteogenic Protein-1, ethanol, alcohol, steroids, radio-opaque contrast agents, ultrasound contrast agent, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-12, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors, LMP-1, TIMP-1, TGF-1, TGF-2, Rofecoxib, Ketorolac, Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, Dextrose, DMSO, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, naprosyn, Bextra, Vioxx, Celebrex, indomethacin, botulinum toxin, capsaicin, vanilloid agonists, vanilloid antagonists, VR1, VRL-1, steroids, methylprednisolone or chymopapain.
• Examples of anesthetics and analgesics include, but are not limited to lidocaine, chloroprocaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, xylocaine, prilocaine, morphine, bupivocaine, marcaine, 2-chloroprocain, fentanyl, diamorphine, meperidine, methadone, alfentanil, hydromorphone, lofentanil, sufentanil, buprenorphine, other opoids, adrenergic agonists, somatostatin analogs, calcium channel blockers, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, ketamine, benzodiazepines, klonidine, tizanidine, midazolam, levorphanol, heterocyclic antidepressants, nonheterocyclic, serotonin-enhancning antidepressants, GABA analogues, psychogenic amines, somatostatin, octreotide, SNX-111, midazolam, methylprednisolone acetate, Aristospan, ethyl chloride, etidocaine, linocaine, triamcinolone diacatate, Astramorph, Duramorph, Dilaudid, Sensorcaine MPF, Baclofen (Lioresal), Clonidine, baclofen, codeine, neurontin and Demerol. Examples of antibiotics include, but are not limited to, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Doxycycline, Ampicillin, Levaquin, Metronidazole, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin, Bactrim, TMP-SMX, Rocephin, Gentamycin, Keflex and Macrobid.
• In some embodiments, the method further involves, before introducing the substance, causing the patient to assume a position in which substantial spinal pain is experienced. In such embodiments, the substance introduced is often an anesthetic or analgesic, and determining whether the patient feels the spinal pain after introduction of the substance helps determine whether pain is caused by that particular disc. Such a method may optionally further include positioning a distal portion of a second catheter device in a second intervertebral disc, anchoring the distal portion of the second catheter device to maintain the distal portion in the second disc, and introducing at least one substance into the second disc through the second catheter device. The method may also involve, before introducing the at least one substance into the second disc, causing the patient to assume a position in which substantial spinal pain is experienced, wherein the at least one substance includes at least one anesthetic or analgesic. In some embodiments, the method involves determining which of the discs into which the at least one substance was introduced is causing the patient's spinal pain. Such methods may optionally further include performing a discography procedure on the intervertebral disc before positioning the distal portion of the catheter device in the disc. Alternatively, in other embodiments the discography procedure may be performed on the intervertebral disc after introducing the at least one anesthetic.
• In one embodiment of this method, the at least one substance is introduced into the disc (or into multiple discs) automatically over a period of time. This may involve, for example, coupling the catheter device with an automated injection device, which will allow the patient to rest alone in a clinic or hospital room, assume various back-pain-generating positions or the like, while various substances are being introduced into one or more discs. In some embodiments, such a method may also include recording one or more patient inputs describing back pain experienced by the patient.
• Some embodiments of the method further include leaving the catheter device in position with the distal portion in the disc and administering the at least one substance over time to provide treatment of spinal pain. As mentioned previously, in some embodiments the substance(s) may be administered over time via a subcutaneous injection port or implanted pump, the method further comprising coupling the catheter device to the subcutaneous injection port or implanted pump. In alternative embodiments, the substance(s) may be administered over time via any other suitable combination of devices or other means.
• In another aspect of the present invention, a method for identifying an intervertebral disc that is causing pain involves positioning a distal portion of a catheter device in a disc of a patient, anchoring the distal portion of the catheter device to maintain the distal portion in the disc, causing the patient to assume a position in which substantial spinal pain is experienced, and introducing at least one substance into the disc through the catheter. In this aspect, the method may include any of the features, steps or variations described above.
• In yet another aspect of the present invention, a catheter device for introducing one or more substances into an intervertebral disc comprises an elongate flexible catheter body and at least one anchoring member disposed along the catheter body for anchoring at least part of the distal portion of the catheter in the intervertebral disc. The catheter body itself has a proximal portion, a self-introducing distal portion for facilitating penetration of an annulus fibrosis of the disc, and at least one lumen for introducing one or more substances into the intervertebral disc. By “self-introducing,” it is meant that the distal portion of the catheter body has at least one feature that facilitates penetration of an annulus fibrosis by the distal portion.
• In some embodiments, the anchoring member is disposed on or near the distal portion of the catheter, while in other embodiments it may be located farther from the distal portion or may even be a separate device used to anchor the catheter. In various embodiments, the anchoring member (or multiple anchoring members) of the catheter device may take any of a number of various forms. For example, in one embodiment the anchoring member comprises at least one expandable member coupled with an inflation lumen. In an alternative embodiment, the anchoring member comprises at least one shape memory, spring loaded or mechanically activated member for increasing the effective cross-sectional diameter of the catheter body at or near the distal portion. Alternatively, the anchoring member may comprise at least one outwardly buckling member coupled with an inner catheter shaft and an outer catheter shaft of the catheter body so as to outwardly buckle when the inner shaft is moved axially relative to the outer shaft. In yet another embodiment, the anchoring member comprises at least one attachment member for attaching to an annulus fibrosis of the disc. Such an attachment member, for example, may include at least one threaded surface, spiral needle or the like. In another embodiment, the anchoring member comprises at least one deformable member to change at least part of the distal portion from a substantially straight shape to a substantially curved or geometric shape.
• In various embodiments, the catheter body may have any suitable configuration, dimensions, features or the like. For example, in one embodiment the self-introducing distal portion of the catheter body comprises at least one pushable portion, the pushable portion having a stiffness greater than adjacent portions of the catheter body. Optionally, the self-introducing portion may further comprise a tapered distal end of the catheter device. In some embodiments, the device may include a pointed stylet removably disposed within a lumen of the catheter device for piercing through the annulus fibrosis of the disc.
• A number of features may facilitate passage of the catheter body through an introducer device. For example, in one embodiment the catheter body includes a friction resistant outer surface. In some embodiments, the outer diameter of the catheter body is less than 2 mm. Also in some embodiments, a cross-sectional diameter of the catheter body is larger near a proximal end of the body than near a distal end of the body. Optionally, the catheter body may also include an outer surface having one or more markings for indicating depth of insertion of the catheter device into a patient's body. In alternative embodiments, the catheter body may include an outer surface having two or more different colors for indicating depth of insertion of the catheter device into a patient's body. The catheter body may further include at least one radiopaque marker or material for facilitating visualization of the catheter device in a patient.
• In one embodiment, the catheter device includes an injection tube extending through at least part of the lumen of the catheter body for introducing one or more substances into the disc and an inflation tube extending through at least part of the lumen for expanding the deployable anchoring member. The injection tube may be made of any suitable material or combination of materials, such as but not limited to stainless steel, tempered stainless steel, annealed stainless steel, polymers, and superelastic alloys. In some embodiments, the injection and inflation tubes exit a proximal end of the catheter body and are removably coupled with at least one adapter to provide for injection and inflation. In some embodiments, the injection and inflation tubes extend through at least part of the catheter body lumen coaxially. Alternatively, the injection and inflation tubes may extend through at least part of the catheter body lumen side-by-side. In other embodiments, the injection and inflation tubes may extend through part of the catheter body lumen coaxially and through another part of the lumen side-by-side. In an alternative embodiment of the catheter device, the catheter body does not include injection and inflation tubes but instead comprises a single extrusion having an injection lumen for introducing one or more substances into the disc and an inflation lumen for expanding the at least one anchoring member.
• In various embodiments, the catheter device may have any suitable proximal end configurations for providing connection to one or more injection, inflation, suction, irrigation or other devices, for providing guidewire access and/or the like. In one embodiment, for example, a proximal end of the proximal portion of the catheter body is bifurcated into two separate catheter body proximal ends. In some embodiments, each of the two proximal ends is removably coupled with an adapter for facilitating injection or inflation via either end. Some embodiments of the device also include a guidewire having a distal end shaped to maintain the distal end within the disc. Such a distal end may include, for example, a double guidewire, a coil or a pigtail.
• In another aspect of the invention, a system for introducing one or more substances into an intervertebral disc includes an introducer device and a catheter device passable through the introducer device. The catheter device includes an elongate flexible catheter body and at least one deployable anchoring member disposed along the catheter body for anchoring at least part of the distal portion of the catheter in the disc. The catheter body includes a proximal portion, a self-introducing distal portion for facilitating penetration of an annulus fibrosis of the disc, and at least one lumen for introducing one or more substances into the intervertebral disc. In various embodiments, the catheter device may include any of the features, configurations or combinations described above.
• In some embodiments, the system further includes a pointed stylet removably disposed within a lumen of the catheter device for piercing through the annulus fibrosis. In some embodiments, the system includes a guidewire over which the catheter device may be passed within the introducer device. The catheter device and introducer device may have any suitable dimensions, but in one embodiment the outer diameter of the catheter body is less than 2 mm. An inner diameter of the needle, in some embodiments, is between about 0.1 mm and about 0.01 mm larger than the outer diameter of the catheter body.
• In some embodiments, the system may further include an automatic injection device removably coupled with the catheter device for automatically introducing the at least one substance into the disc. These or other embodiments may optionally further include a recording device for recording patient inputs describing pain felt by a patient.
• In another aspect of the present invention, a kit for introducing one or more substances into an intervertebral disc includes a catheter device, at least one implantable device removably couplable with the catheter device for introducing the one or more substances into a disc over time, and instructions for using the catheter device and implantable device. The catheter device includes: an elongate flexible catheter body having a proximal portion, a self-introducing distal portion for facilitating penetration of an annulus fibrosis of the disc, and at least one lumen for introducing one or more substances into the intervertebral disc; and at least one anchoring member disposed along the catheter body for anchoring at least part of the distal portion of the catheter within the disc. This catheter device may have any of the features described above.
• The implantable device may include any of a number of suitable devices in various embodiments. For example, in some embodiments the implantable device comprises a pump. In other embodiments, the implantable device comprises an injection port.
• In various embodiments, the kit may also include one or more additional devices, such as but not limited to an introducer device for facilitating positioning of the catheter device in the disc, a pointed stylet removably disposed within a lumen of the catheter device for piercing through the annulus fibrosis and/or a guidewire passable through the needle.
• These and other aspects and embodiments of the present invention are described more fully below with reference to the attached drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1A-1K illustrate a method for positioning a catheter device to introduce a substance into an intervertebral disc, shown from a transverse cross-section of the spinal column, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate part of a method for positioning a catheter device to introduce a substance into an intervertebral disc using a pointed stylet, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 2C illustrates a catheter device in place for introducing a substance into an intervertebral disc and an introducer device being split, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 3A and 3B are perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a distal end of a catheter device, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views of a distal end of a catheter device with an anchoring member in an undeployed and deployed state, respectively, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views of a distal end of an alternative catheter device with an anchoring member in an undeployed and deployed state, respectively, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views of a distal end of an alternative catheter device with an anchoring member in an undeployed and deployed state, respectively, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective views of a distal end of an alternative catheter device with an anchoring member in an undeployed and deployed state, respectively, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a catheter device having a deforming, anchoring distal portion, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a catheter device having a deforming, anchoring distal portion, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10A illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of a spinal column with a catheter device with a radially symmetric anchor, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10B illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of a spinal column with a catheter device with a radially asymmetric anchor, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10C illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of a spinal column with a catheter device with an elliptical shaped anchor, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 10D illustrates a longitudinal cross-section of a spinal column with a catheter device with a non-spherically shaped anchor, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a spiral anchor for attaching to the annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 12 illustrates a distal end of a catheter device having a threaded portion for attaching to an annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 illustrates a catheter device having two anchoring members for anchoring inside and outside an annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 illustrates a catheter device coupled with an implanted device for facilitating delivery of substances to the intervertebral disc, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 15A illustrates a catheter device passed over a guidewire having a spiral-shaped distal end, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 15B illustrates a catheter device passed over a guidewire having a zig-zag-shaped distal end, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a double-wire guidewire in undeployed and deployed states, respectively, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS. 17A and 177B are perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a proximal adapter for use with a catheter device, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Methods, devices and systems of the present invention generally provide for introduction of one or more substances into an intervertebral disc to facilitate diagnosis and/or treatment of discogenic pain (i.e., back pain originating in one or more intervertebral discs). Methods, devices and systems may be used alone or in conjunction with other methods or devices that are currently known or hereafter developed, such as discography, radiological studies, physical examination and/or the like. In alternative embodiments, methods and devices of the invention may be used for purposes other than diagnosis or treatment, such as for study or experimental purposes or the like. Therefore, although the following description focuses on diagnostic and therapeutic applications, various embodiments may be used for any other suitable application.
• Referring now toFIGS. 1A-1K, a method for introducing a substance into an intervertebral disc is illustrated schematically. As seen inFIG. 1A, an intervertebral disc D includes an annulus fibrosis AF surrounding a nucleus pulposus NP, and is positioned adjacent a spinous process of a vertebra V. Anatomically, the disc D is sandwiched between two vertebrae of the spine (not shown), which lie on top of and beneath the disc D.
• In one embodiment, anintroducer device2 and apointed obturator4 are introduced together through the skin S of a patient's back to position their distal ends near the intervertebral discD. Introducer device2 andobturator4 may have any suitable dimensions, but in oneembodiment introducer device2 is about 18-22 gauge andobturator4 is about 20-25 gauge.
• As shown inFIG. 1B,obturator4 is then removed, leavingintroducer device2 in place. As shown inFIG. 1C, aninjection needle6 is then passed throughintroducer device2 and through the annulus fibrosis AF to position its distal tip in the nucleus pulposus NP. Position ofintroducer device2 and/orinjection needle6 may be confirmed using x-ray, fluoroscopy, or other suitable means. In some embodiments, wheninjection needle6 is positioned in the nucleus pulposus NP, contrast dye may be injected throughinjection needle6, and the appearance of the contrast dye in the disc as well as the patient's response to the injection may be monitored. This part of the procedure generally describes a known discography procedure. In alternative embodiments, discography may be performed at a later time or no discography may be performed.
• After placinginjection needle6, aguidewire8 may be passed throughinjection needle6 into the disc, as shown inFIG. 1D.Injection needle6 may then be removed, as shown inFIG. 1E, and acatheter device10 may be passed overguidewire8 throughintroducer device2, as shown inFIG. 1F.Catheter device10 is described in further detail below, but in one embodiment it may include two or more tubes, such as aguidewire tube11 and an injection orinflation tube12, which may separate proximally to attach to multiple adapters or the like. Oncecatheter device10 is in place,introducer device2 may be removed, as shown inFIG. 1G, andadapters13 and14 may be coupled with the proximal ends oftubes11 and12.Adapters13,14 may facilitate guidewire passage, inflation of an expandable member, injection of one or more substances into the disc and/or the like.
• Referring toFIG. 1I, one ormore anchoring members16 disposed alongcatheter10 are deployed to maintain a distal portion ofcatheter10 in the disc. In one embodiment, anchoringmember16 comprises an expandable balloon, but as is described in more detail below, many other types of anchoring members may be used in various alternative embodiments. As shown inFIG. 1J, once anchoringmember16 is deployed,guidewire8 may be removed. In some embodiments, as inFIG. 1K, a markerexpandable member17 may be deployed outside the patient's body. With anchoringmember16 and thus the distal portion ofcatheter10 in place in the disc, one or more substances are introduced into the disc throughcatheter10.
• The method just described is but one embodiment of a technique for placing and anchoring a distal portion of a catheter within a disc and introducing a substance therein. In various alternative embodiments, any number of suitable changes to the technique, such as additions or deletions of various steps, use of varied devices and the like, may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
• FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate part of an alternative embodiment of a method for passing acatheter device20 into a disc for introducing one or more substances. In this embodiment, rather than employing a guidewire passed through an injection needle,catheter device20 is passed through anintroducer device22 with apointed stylet24 extending through a lumen ofcatheter20 and out its distal tip.Stylet24 enablescatheter20 to be passed through the tough annulus fibrosis AF without the help of a guidewire and injection needle.Stylet24 is then removed, as shown inFIG. 2B, to leavecatheter20 in position for anchor deployment and substance introduction.
• Referring now toFIG. 2C, a method for introducing acatheter device21 into a disc to inject one or more substances may be facilitated in one embodiment through use of a split-away introducer device23. Split-awayintroducer device23 may be used just as the introducer devices have been described above. Rather than removing split-away introducer device23 by sliding it off the proximal end ofcatheter device21, however, split-away introducer device23 is split along its length to be removed fromcatheter device21. Split-awayintroducer device23 may be constructed from any suitable material or materials so as to readily tear, crack, fissure, rip or separate along the length ofneedle23. Splitting may be accomplished by including a perforation, thin section or other weakness along the length ofneedle23.
• Typically, once a catheter device is in place, with a distal portion residing in a disc and one or more anchoring members deployed to maintain the catheter's position, the patient is instructed to assume a position or perform a task that typically causes the patient pain, such as bending over to pick up an object or the like. A substance is then introduced into the disc, and the patient is asked to relate whether pain is lessened, eliminated, remains the same or the like. In various embodiments, the patient is asked to rate the experienced pain on a scale of 1 to 10 before and after introduction of substances into the disc. In one embodiment, the substance introduced is an anesthetic or analgesic, and thus may alleviate the patient's pain if injected into the disc that is actually causing the pain. In some instances multiple injections are performed, and one or more injected substances may be placebos, to test the accuracy of the test results. Again, such testing may be performed either alone or before or after traditional discography. In some embodiments, multiple discs of one patient may be accessed and tested. Also in some embodiments, testing may be performed over a prolonged period of time, to test multiple discs and/or to enhance the accuracy or certainty of test results.
• In various embodiments, any of a number of different substances may be introduced into a disc. For different purposes, such as diagnosis or treatment of discogenic pain, study purposes or experimentation or the like, introduction of different substances may be warranted. Examples of possible substances that may be introduced into a disc include, but are not limited to anesthetics; analgesics; antibiotics; hydrating agents such as hypotonic saline, isotonic saline or hypertonic saline; supportive agents such as a hydrogel, ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymer, Dimethyl Sulfoxide or Tantalum; prolotherapy agents such as sodium morrhuate, cod oil, phenol, minerals or ethyl alcohol; and/or other agents such as collagen, stem cells, Osteogenic Protein-1, ethanol, alcohol, steroids, radio-opaque contrast agents, ultrasound contrast agent, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-12, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors, LMP-1, TIMP-1, TGF-1, TGF-2, Rofecoxib, Ketorolac, Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, Dextrose, DMSO, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, naprosyn, Bextra, Vioxx, Celebrex, indomethacin, botulinum toxin, capsaicin, vanilloid agonists, vanilloid antagonists, VR1, VRL-1, steroids, methylprednisolone or chymopapain.
• Examples of anesthetics and analgesics include, but are not limited to lidocaine, chloroprocaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, xylocaine, prilocaine, morphine, bupivocaine, marcaine, 2-chloroprocain, fentanyl, diamorphine, meperidine, methadone, alfentanil, hydromorphone, lofentanil, sufentanil, buprenorphine, other opoids, adrenergic agonists, somatostatin analogs, calcium channel blockers, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, ketamine, benzodiazepines, klonidine, tizanidine, midazolam, levorphanol, heterocyclic antidepressants, nonheterocyclic, serotonin-enhancing antidepressants, GABA analogues, psychogenic amines, somatostatin, octreotide, SNX-111, midazolam, methylprednisolone acetate, Aristospan, ethyl chloride, etidocaine, linocaine, triamcinolone diacatate, Astramorph, Duramorph, Dilaudid, Sensorcaine MPF, Baclofen (Lioresal), Clonidine, baclofen, codeine, neurontin and Demerol. Examples of antibiotics include, but are not limited to, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Doxycycline, Ampicillin, Levaquin, Metronidazole, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin, Bactrim, TMP-SMX, Rocephin, Gentamycin, Keflex and Macrobid.
• As already mentioned, in some embodiments the method further includes leaving the catheter device in place to provide treatment of a patient's back pain, such as with anesthetic or analgesic agent(s) or other substances. In some embodiments, the catheter device may be coupled with an implantable pump, injection port or other device to provide such treatment.
• Referring now toFIGS. 3A and 3B, a distal portion of acatheter device30 according to one embodiment is shown in perspective view and cross-sectional view, respectively.Catheter device30 suitably includes acatheter body32, which includes anexpandable anchoring member36, houses aninflation tube34 and aninjection tube38, and has severalradiopaque markers33 disposed along its distal portion. Anchoringmember36 enables a distal portion ofcatheter device30 to be maintained in a position within a disc.Inflation tube34 is used to expand anchoringmember36, which in the embodiment shown comprises an expandable balloon.Injection tube38 is used to introduce one or more fluids into the nucleus pulposus of the disc.Radiopaque markers33 facilitate visualization of the distal portion ofcatheter device30 so that its location may be assessed before, during or after a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
• In various embodiments, the distal portion ofcatheter device30 may have one or more features that facilitate advancement of the distal portion through an annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc. A distal portion having one or more such features is generally referred to as “self-introducing.” Therefore, by “self-introducing” it is meant simply that the distal portion has one or more features for facilitating its passage through annulus fibrosis tissue. Such features may include, for example, one or more sections on a catheter shaft that are stiffer than adjacent sections to help make the shaft pushable. Another feature may comprise a tapered or pointed distal tip for piercing through annulus fibrosis. In some embodiments,catheter device30 may be coupled with a removable, pointed stylet. These or any other suitable features may be included in a distal portion ofcatheter device30 for facilitating passage through an annulus fibrosis.
• The various components ofcatheter device30 may be constructed from any suitable materials and may have any suitable shapes, sizes, dimensions or the like in various embodiments. In one embodiment, for example, the cross-sectional diameter ofcatheter body32 decreases along its length from its proximal end to its distal end. Such a tapered configuration may allowcatheter device30 to be easily introduced through an introducer device. The outer diameter ofcatheter body32 will also generally be slightly smaller than an inner diameter of an introducer device. In one embodiment, for example,catheter body32 has an outer diameter of about 2 mm or less along at least part of its length.
• In various embodiments,catheter body32 may comprise a rigid single polymer or a composite consisting of reinforced metallic or polymeric components. Metallic components may include, for example, stainless steel, nitinol or other superelastic alloys. Polymers may include, but are not limited to Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polyether Block Amide (PEBAX), Nylon, Polyester, Polyolefin, polyamide, Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Polypropylene, Fluorinated Ethylene Polymer (FEP), Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), Polytetrafluoroethylene-Perfluoromethylvinylether (MFA), Polyurethane or Low density polyethylene (LDPE). Such materials may be reinforced with coils or braids in some embodiments. The materials may also be coated internally or externally with materials the resist friction such as Teflon (Poly-Tetra-Flouro-Ethylene), hydrophilic materials, parylene or the like.
• In various embodiments, catheter shaft may include one or moreradiopaque markers33 and/or may be made from one or more radiopaque materials to facilitate visualization. Such radiopaque markers/materials may include, but are not limited to, gold, Platinum, Iridium, Tungsten, Tantulum, resins containing Barium Sulfate, Bismuth trioxide or Tungsten and/or the like.
• Anchoringmember36 may also be made of any suitable materials now known or discovered in the future, according to various embodiments. For example,expandable anchoring member36 may comprise flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyethylene, Polyether Block Amide (PEBAX), Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET), Polyester, Nylon, Polyurethanes, Polyether Block Amide (PEBAX), Polyolefins or any suitable combination thereof. Various adhesives may be used to attach anchoringmember36 tocatheter shaft32 or for any other suitable purpose. Any suitable adhesive(s) may be used, such as but not limited to, light activated acrylics, light activated cyanoacrylates, light activated silicones, heat activated adhesives, ambient curing adhesives, cyanoacrylates, epoxy adhesives, and/or polyurethane adhesives. Various parts ofcatheter device30 may also be attached using alternative means, such as friction fitting, snap fitting, screw fitting, application of energy such as thermal or radiofrequency energy, and/or the like.
• Referring now toFIGS. 4A and 4B, in another embodiment acatheter device40 comprises anouter shaft42, aninner shaft44, and an anchoringmember46 coupled with bothouter shaft42 andinner shaft44.Shafts42,44 are axially slidable relative to one another, such that wheninner shaft44 is moved proximally relative toouter shaft42, anchoringmember46 buckles outward to perform its anchoring function, as shown inFIG. 4B. In this embodiment,inner shaft44 acts as an injection lumen and also possibly as a guidewire lumen, and no inflation lumen is needed. In one embodiment, anchoringmember46 may be constructed as a cylinder with slots or other shapes cut out of it to form column-like buckling structures. Components of this embodiment may be made of the same or different materials as just described.
• An alternative embodiment of acatheter device50 is shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B. Here,catheter device50 includes anouter shaft52, aninner shaft54, an anchoringmember56 coupled toouter shaft52 andinner shaft54, and asheath58 slidably disposed overouter shaft52. Whensheath58 is disposed over anchoringmember56, as inFIG. 5A, anchoringmember56 remains in an undeployed state suitable for delivery into the disc. Whensheath58 is retracted and/orouter shaft52 is advanced, as inFIG. 5B, anchoringmember56 may be deployed. In some embodiments, anchoringmember56 may be deployed via buckling or via inflation, as described above. In other embodiments, anchoringmember56 may self-expand, for example if it is comprised of shape-memory or spring-loaded materials that expand when released fromsheath58.
• Referring now toFIGS. 6A and 6B, in another embodiment acatheter device60 includes anouter shaft62 having anexpandable anchoring portion66 and aninner shaft64. Expandable anchoringportion66 generally comprises a buckling portion ofouter shaft62 and may include multiple features such as small cut-outs68 andlarger openings67. When a proximal portion of outer shaft62ais moved toward a distal portion of outer shaft62b, anchoringmember66 buckles, due tofeatures67,68, thus providing the anchoring function.
• With reference now toFIGS. 7A and 7B, another embodiment of acatheter device70 is illustrated having acatheter shaft72 and retractable tine anchors76. Tine anchors76 may be deployed from a retracted state, as inFIG. 7A, to a deployed state, as inFIG. 7B. Tine anchors76 may be pre-bent so that they readily take on a predetermined shape when deployed out ofcatheter body72, and anchors76 may be made of metal, such as stainless steel or shape-memory metal such as Nitinol, polymers, or any other suitable material. In various embodiments, tine anchors76 may be deployed either by pushing them out of their housing lumens or by releasing them from constraint to allow them to self-deploy.
• In other embodiments, and with reference now toFIGS. 8 and 9, a distal portion of a catheter device may deform to anchor the distal portion in the disc D. In one embodiment, as inFIG. 8, acatheter device80 may have adistal portion82 that deforms to a spiral configuration. In another embodiment, as inFIG. 9, a catheter device may have a distal portion86 that deforms to a zig-zag configuration. Any other suitable shape for a distal portion may be used in various embodiments. Deformation of a distal portion may be achieved by any suitable means, such as by using a shape-memory or spring-loaded material, by using a pull cord, tendon, stylet or other actuator to deform the distal portion or the like.
• FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate that an anchoring member of a catheter device may have any suitable shape, size, configuration, orientation to the catheter shaft or the like, in various embodiments. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 10A, for example, an anchoringmember100 of a catheter device is shown in cross section within a disc D between two vertebrae V. In this embodiment, anchoringmember100 has a circular cross-sectional shape and is disposed concentrically over acatheter shaft102 of the catheter device. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 10B, an anchoringmember104 is asymmetrically attached to acatheter shaft106 and has a non-circular, asymmetric shape. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 10C, an anchoringmember108 is concentrically disposed over acatheter shaft110 and has an elliptical cross-sectional shape.FIG. 10D shows a longitudinal view of acatheter device112 having an approximately conical-shapedanchoring member114. This embodiment demonstrates that anchoringmember114 may have not only various cross-sectional shapes but also various longitudinal shapes in various embodiments.
• Referring now toFIG. 11, yet another embodiment of acatheter device116 advanced over aguidewire120 includes an anchoringmember118 that attaches to annulus fibrosis AF of a disc to maintain the distal portion ofdevice116 in the disc D. Here, anchoringmember118 comprises a spiral needle that may be screwed, twisted or otherwise driven into the annulus fibrosis AF.
• FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of acatheter device122, in this case comprising a cathetershaft having threads126 for anchoring in an annulus fibrosis. In various embodiments, any other suitable means for anchoring into the annulus fibrosis may be used, such as hooks, anchors, barbs, T-tags or the like.
• With reference now toFIG. 13, in another embodiment acatheter device128 includes two anouter anchoring member130 for anchoring outside the annulus fibrosis AF and aninner anchoring member132 for anchoring inside the disc D, typically in the nucleus pulposus NP. As shown here, anchoringmembers130,132 may comprise expandable members, such as inflatable balloons. In other embodiments, alternative anchoring members may be used, more than two anchoring members may be used and/or the like. Using two anchoringmembers130,132 may further ensure that a distal portion ofcatheter device128 remains in position within the disc.
• As discussed above, and referring now toFIG. 14, in some embodiments acatheter device134 having an anchoringmember136 may be used for treating discogenic pain. In some embodiments,catheter device136 may be coupled with animplantable device138 for providing treatment,implantable device138 being positioned under a patient's skin S or in any other suitable location in the patient's body.Implantable device138 may comprise, for example, an implantable pump with or without a drug reservoir, an implantable drug infusion/injection port, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device or any other suitable device in various embodiments. Substances introduced into the disc DS viacatheter device134 andimplantable device138 may include any of the substances listed above, such as an anesthetic or analgesic to relieve pain.Implantable device138 may be left in the patient for any suitable length of time to provide treatment.
• In one embodiment,implantable device138 may comprise an implantable pump. In some embodiments the pump may be programmed to deliver drug from an attached reservoir into the nucleus pulposus at a constant rate, at programmed intervals, upon triggering by the patient or physician through the use of an external device capable of communicating with the pump, such as but not limited to magnetic reed switches, electromagnetic wave communication devices such as visible light, radio-wave, microwave, or short-wave, or wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth. In some embodiments, the patient may control pump-mediated drug delivery by physically manipulating switches, toggles, or other similar devices coupled with the pump. Optionally, the implantable pump may be configured to store data related to the usage pattern of the drug by the patient. This information could be downloaded for review through wireless communication with an external device such as those listed above. In embodiments having a drug reservoir, the implantable device may also include an injection port to allow the reservoir to be refilled transcutaneously.
• The distance between the disc D and the surface of the skin can change as the patient moves. To prevent the distal end ofcatheter device134 and anchoringmember136 from pulling out of the nucleus, a mechanism for providing strain relief in the attachment betweencatheter device134 andimplantable device138 may be provided. In one embodiment, for example,catheter device134 may extend betweenimplantable device138 and the disc D in a circular, spiral, curved or otherwise nonlinear path, thus providing an amount of slack in catheter device to allow for movement between the disc D and theimplantable device138 with patient movement.
• To facilitate delivery of a distal portion of a catheter device into a disc D, and with reference now toFIG. 15A, some systems include a shapedguidewire146 configured to maintain a distal portion ofguidewire146 within the disc during delivery of the catheter device. As shown inFIG. 15A, guidewire146 is delivered through aninjection needle142, which has been delivered through anintroducer device140. When a distal portion ofguidewire146ais advanced out of the distal end ofinjection needle142, it assumes a shape, in this case a spiral shape, which securesdistal portion146ain the disc.Guidewire146 may be formed of any suitable material to provide for such a shape change, such as but not limited to shape-memory materials such as Nitinol, spring stainless steel or the like. In some embodiments, a distal tip of the guidewire includes one or more radiopaque markers, coils or the like, or is made of one or more radiopaque materials.
• As shown inFIG. 15B, in another embodiment aguidewire148 has adistal portion148athat assumes a zig-zag shape upon being advanced beyond the distal end of injection needle. In various embodiments, guidewires may have distal portions with any suitable shapes for anchoring in the disc D.
• Referring now toFIGS. 16A and 16B, in one embodiment aguidewire150 has a double-wire configuration for enhancing its ability to maintain its position within a disc D. Double-wire guidewire150 includes two wires joined at their distal ends, the attachment being achieved by welding, soldering, bonding, gluing, folding a single wire, or any other suitable technique. As shown inFIG. 16A, a distal end of guidewire150amay be delivered into the disc D in a relatively straight, undeployed configuration. Double-wire guidewire150 is then deployed, as shown inFIG. 16B, by differentially pushing or pulling on one of the wires of the double wire guidewire causing distal portion150ato deform. In its deployed state, double-wire guidewire150 is less likely to dislodge or pull out of the disc D than a single-wire guidewire.
• With reference toFIGS. 17A and 17B, one embodiment includes one ormore adapters160 for removably coupling with one or more proximal ends of acatheter device162.Adapter160 is typically coupled withcatheter device162 after the distal end ofcatheter device162 is in place within the disc and after the introducer device, stylet or the like has been removed, although inalternative embodiments adapter160 may be coupled withcatheter device162 at any other suitable time.Adapter160 may comprise or resemble a Touhy Bourst adapter, compression fitting, instant tube fitting, or other similar adapter or connector. In one embodiment, adapter includes a distal sealedconnector164, a proximal sealedconnector166 having aninjection port167, an anchoringmember inflation port168, and astopcock169 for controlling fluid flow throughinflation port168.Injection port167 is in fluid communication with a lumen ofcatheter device162 and may be used for injection of substance(s) into the disc and/or for passage of a guidewire.Injection port167 andinflation port168 may include leur fittings, press fits, barbs or any other suitable tube connection methods. Proximal sealedconnector166 and distal sealedconnector164 may be activated by rotating the sealed connectors on threads, automatic press activation, spring actuation or any other suitable method.
• In addition to implantable devices and proximal adapters, a catheter device in some embodiments may be coupled with one or more automated injection devices. Such injection devices may facilitate testing of one disc or multiple discs over an extended period of time, with only periodic supervision by a physician, nurse or other clinician. For example, the patient could remain in clinic or hospital room while a series of substances are introduced into a disc, while the patient assumes different positions to test the pain response, while substances are injected into multiple discs through multiple catheter devices and/or the like. Such an automated system may facilitate and enhance diagnosis of discogenic pain by allowing for more extensive testing. In some embodiments, such a system may also include a device for recording patient pain responses, such as an instrument that allows a patient to record pain felt before and after an injection on a scale from 1 to 10 and/or to relate the pain felt to the patient's usual back pain.
• Although the foregoing is a complete and accurate description of the invention, a number of changes, additions, variations and the like may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, the description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.

Claims (25)

1. A method for introducing one or more substances into an intervertebral disc having a nucleus, the method comprising:

positioning a distal portion of a catheter device in the disc nucleus;

anchoring the distal portion of the catheter device in the nucleus, after it has been positioned, to maintain the distal portion in the disc nucleus;

introducing at least one substance into the disc nucleus through the catheter device while the distal portion remains anchored in the disc nucleus; and

allowing the patient to move so that the distal end of the catheter would be pulled from the nucleus if it weren't anchored.

2. A method as inclaim 1, wherein positioning the distal portion comprises passing the catheter device through a lumen of an introducer device.

3. A method as inclaim 2, wherein positioning the catheter device comprises:

passing the catheter device through the lumen of the introducer device over a pointed stylet;

piercing through an annulus fibrosis of the disc using the stylet; and

withdrawing the stylet from the catheter device.

4. A method as inclaim 2, wherein positioning the distal portion further comprises piercing through an annulus fibrosis of the disc with a tapered distal end of the catheter device.

5. A method as inclaim 4, wherein positioning the distal portion further comprises passing the catheter device over a guidewire.

6. A method as inclaim 2, wherein a distal end of the introducer device is advanced to a position in the disc before the catheter device is passed through the introducer device.

7. A method as inclaim 6, wherein positioning the distal portion further comprises passing the catheter device over a guidewire.

8. A method as inclaim 7, wherein the catheter device is passed through the introducer device over a guidewire.

9. A method as inclaim 7, wherein the introducer device is removed over the guidewire before the catheter device is passed over the guidewire.

10. A method as inclaim 1, wherein positioning the distal portion comprises visualizing at least one radiopaque marker or material at or near the distal portion to assess the location of the distal portion.

11. A method as inclaim 1, wherein anchoring comprises deploying at least one anchoring member of the catheter device.

12. A method as inclaim 11, wherein the at least one anchoring member is deployed on or near the distal portion of the catheter device.

13. A method as inclaim 12, wherein anchoring comprises inflating at least a first expandable member in the disc.

14. A method as inclaim 13, further comprising inflating at least a second expandable member adjacent an outer surface of the disc.

15. A method as inclaim 1, wherein anchoring comprises deploying at least one mechanism on or near the distal portion of the catheter device to increase the effective cross-sectional diameter of the catheter at one or more locations.

16. A method as inclaim 15, wherein increasing the cross-sectional diameter comprises releasing one or more shape memory or spring loaded members from constraint.

17. A method as inclaim 15, wherein increasing the cross-sectional diameter comprises actuating one or more mechanical members of the catheter.

18. A method as inclaim 15, wherein increasing the cross-sectional diameter comprises moving an inner catheter shaft of the catheter device relative to an outer catheter shaft of the catheter device to cause one or more anchoring members to buckle outwards.

19. A method as inclaim 1, wherein anchoring comprises deforming at least part of the distal portion to change from a substantially straight shape to a substantially curved or geometric shape.

20. A method as inclaim 1, wherein anchoring comprises attaching part of the distal portion to an annulus fibrosis of the disc.

21. A method as inclaim 20, wherein attaching part of the distal portion to the annulus fibrosis comprises at least one of screwing, twisting and piercing the part of the attachment member into the annulus fibrosis.

22. A method as inclaim 1, wherein introducing the at least one substance comprises introducing at least one of an anesthetic; an analgesic; an antibiotic; a hydrating agent such as hypotonic saline, isotonic saline or hypertonic saline; a supportive agent such as a hydrogel, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, Dimethyl Sulfoxide or Tantalum; a prolotherapy agent such as sodium morrhuate, cod oil, phenol, minerals or ethyl alcohol; and other agents such as collagen, stem cells, Osteogenic Protein-1, ethanol, alcohol, steroids, radio-opaque contrast agents, ultrasound contrast agent, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-12, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inhibitors, LMP-1, TIMP-1, TGF-1, TGF-2, Rofecoxib, Ketorolac, Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, Dextrose, DMSO, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, naprosyn, Bestra, Vioxx, Celebrex, indomethacin, botulinum toxin, capsaicin, vanilloid agonists, vanilloid antagonists, VR1, VRL-1, steroids, methylprednisolone or chymopapain.

23. A method as inclaim 22, wherein at least two different substances are introduced into the disc.

24. A method as inclaim 1, wherein introducing the at least one substance comprises introducing a placebo substance into the disc.

25-130. (canceled)

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