US20080262485A1 - Method and system for photoselective vaporization of the prostate, and other tissue - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for photoselective vaporization of prostate tissue includes delivering laser radiation to the treatment area on the tissue, via an optical fiber for example, wherein the laser radiation has a wavelength and irradiance in the treatment area on the surface of the tissue sufficient because vaporization of a substantially greater volume of tissue than a volume of residual coagulated tissue caused by the laser radiation. The laser radiation is generated using a neodymium doped solid-state laser, including optics producing a second or higher harmonic output with greater than 60 watts average output power. The delivered laser radiation has a wavelength for example in a range of about 200 nm to about 650 nm, and has an average irradiance in the treatment area greater than about 10 kilowatts/cm², in a spot size of at least 0.05 mm².

Description

RELATED AND CONTINUING APPLICATION INFORMATION
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/191,197 filed on 27 Jul. 2005.
• Application Ser. No. 11/191,197 is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/278,723 filed on 23 Oct. 2002.
• Application Ser. No. 10/278,723 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/737,721 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,824).
• Application Ser. No. 10/278,723 also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/336,481, filed 24 Oct. 2001.
• Application Ser. No. 10/278,723 also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/338,728, filed 5 Nov. 2001; and
• Application Ser. No. 10/278,723 also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,810, filed 5 Nov. 2001.
• The present application is related to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/279,087 filed on 23 Oct. 2002
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to laser treatment of soft tissue, and more particularly to photoselective vaporization of the prostate PVP, and to photoselective vaporization of other tissue.
• 2. Description of Related Art
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition wherein continued growth of the prostate restricts the passage of urine through the lower portion of the bladder and the urethra. BPH is often treated by surgically removing excess prostate tissue from the transitional zone of the prostate that is pressing on the urethra, which usually relieves the bladder outlet obstruction and incomplete emptying of the bladder caused by the BPH.
• Recently, the most commonly employed procedure for removal of excess prostate tissue has been transurethral resection of the prostate, also known as TURP. In the TURP procedure, the surgeon utilizes a standard electrical cutting loop to shave off small pieces of the targeted tissue from the interior of the prostate. At the end of the operation, pieces of excised prostate tissue are flushed out of the bladder using an irrigant.
• While effective, the TURP procedure is known to cause numerous side effects, including incontinence, impotence, retrograde ejaculation, prolonged bleeding and TUR syndrome. Recently, alternative procedures have been developed which reduce or avoid the side effects associated with TURP. One class of procedures involves “cooking” prostate tissue by heating it to a to a temperature above 45 degrees Celsius, causing tissue coagulation. Typically this is accomplished using electrically resistive elements such as: radio frequency (RF), microwave, or long-wavelength lasers. An example of a procedure of this nature is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,914 by Trachtenberg (“Thermotherapy Method”). Because these procedures leave the thermally-treated tissue in place, post-procedure edema, dysuria, and retention rates are relatively high. Further, use of thermal procedures requires the patient to be catheterized for several days following the procedure, and may cause extensive and unpredictable scarring of the intra prostatic urethra.
• Another class of procedures involves vaporizing or ablating the targeted tissue using laser light. These procedures generally avoid the high infection rates and scarring problems of thermally-based procedures. However, laser ablation of prostate tissue has to date, required the use of an expensive laser capable of generating high-power laser light. The high cost of purchasing or leasing such a laser results in a concomitant increase in the cost of the procedure. Finally, the ablation process typically occurs slowly, resulting in a lengthy procedure time.
• The Ho:YAG laser and its fiberoptic delivery system is an example of a laser that is commonly used for ablating prostate tissue. The Ho:YAG laser generates pulses of 2100 nm light that are strongly absorbed by water in the prostate tissue and in the saline irrigant positioned between the distal end if the fiberoptic and the tissue. The absorption coefficient of water is so high at 2100 nm that 50% of the light is absorbed within 0.2 mm of water. Consequently even a thin layer of irrigant positioned between the distal end on the fiberoptic and the tissue will absorb a large fraction of the laser light. Furthermore with the short pulse durations (Tp<0.5 ms) and large pulse energies (Ep>1.0 joule) used for ablating prostate tissue the irrigant is explosively boiled creating a shock wave that tears tissue. Because water is such a large constituent of prostate tissue and blood, there is essentially no selective absorption by blood. This combination of violent tissue disruption and the superficial unselective light penetration leads to poor hemostasis.
• Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1064 nm have also been used for ablating prostate tissue. Although 1064 nm light is hemostatic at high power levels its low absorption in blood and prostate tissue leads to inefficient ablation and a large residual layer of thermally denatured tissue several millimeters thick. After surgery, the coagulated, thermally denatured tissue swells and leads to transient urinary retention, which can cause long catheterization times, painful urination, and high infection rates.
• Frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers operating at 532 nm in a Quasi continuous mode at power levels up to 60 watts have been used to efficiently and hemostatically ablate prostate tissue. These lasers are pumped by CW krypton arc lamps and produce a constant train of Q-switched pulses at 25 kHz. The high Q-Switch frequency makes the tissue effects indistinguishable from CW lasers of the same average power. The 532 nm light from these lasers is selectively absorbed by blood leading to good hemostasis. When ablative power densities are used, a superficial layer of denatured prostate tissue less than 1 mm is left behind. This thin layer of denatured tissue is thin enough that the immediate post surgical swelling associated with other treatment modalities is greatly reduced. This reduced swelling leads to short catheterization times and less dysuria. At high powers, 532 nm lasers induce a superficial char layer (an absorptive, denatured layer) that strongly absorbs the laser light and greatly improves the ablation efficiency. The problem with the existing 532 nm lasers used to date is that they are large, expensive, inefficient, and have a highly multi-mode output beam that makes them inefficient for ablating prostate tissue. Furthermore, residual coagulation of tissue due to the procedure remains significant using the techniques known in the prior art, as discussed below.
• High power densities are required for rapid and efficient vaporization of prostate tissue. The difficulty of achieving higher average output power densities is that when high input powers are supplied to the laser element from an excitation source such as an arclamp a large amount of heat is generated in the lasing element. This heat induces various deleterious effects in the lasing element. In particular the temperature difference between the coolant and the hot lasing element generates a thermally induced graded index lens that decreases the beam quality of the laser and causes the laser to operate with more transverse optical modes than it would otherwise.
• The M²parameter is a well established convention for defining the beam quality of a laser and is discussed in pages 480-482 of Orazio Svelto and David C. Hanna,Principles of Lasers,Plenum Press, New York, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference. The beam quality measures the degree to which the intensity distribution is Gaussian. The quantity M²is sometimes called inverse beam quality rather than beam quality but in this application it will be referred to as beam quality. M²is defined as
• $M_x^2\equiv \frac{{\left({\sigma }_x{\sigma }_f\right)}_{\mathrm{NG}}}{{\left({\sigma }_x{\sigma }_f\right)}_G}=4{\pi \left({\sigma }_x{\sigma }_j\right)}_{\mathrm{NG}},$
• where π refers to the number 3.14 . . . , σ is used to represent the spot size, the subscripts x and f represent the spatial and frequency domains along the x-axis, respectively, and the subscripts G and NG signify Gaussian and non-Gaussian, respectively. The x-axis is transverse to the direction of propagation of the beam. The beam quality in any direction transverse to the beam may be essentially the same. Therefore the subscript x is dropped from the M²elsewhere in the specification. The beam widths or σs are determined based on the standard deviation of the position, where the squared deviation of each position is weighted by the intensity at that point. The beam width in the frequency domain σ_fis the beam width of the beam after being Fourier transformed.
• The formula usually used for calculating the angular divergence, θ, of a beam of light of wavelength λ is strictly valid only for a beam having a Gaussian intensity distribution. The concept of beam quality facilitates the derivation of the angular divergence, θ, for the beam with a non-Gaussian intensity distribution, according to
• $\theta =M^2\left(\frac{2\lambda }{{\mathrm{\pi \sigma }}_x}\right).$
• For example, a TEM00 laser beam has a high beam quality with an M²of 1, whereas by comparison, high power surgical lasers operate with M²values greater than 100.
• The Applicants have recognized that high power lasers typically have an M²>144. The larger number of modes makes M²larger and makes it difficult to focus the light into small, low numerical aperture fibers and reduces the ability to project high power density light onto tissue. As a result, the vaporization efficiency of CW arclamp pumped 532 nm lasers on prostate tissue is significantly reduced.
• Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen on review of the drawings, the detailed description and the claims, which follow.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Photoselective vaporization of tissue, such as the prostate for treatment of BPH, is based upon applying a high intensity radiation to prostate tissue using a radiation that is highly absorptive in the tissue, while being absorbed only to a negligible degree by water or other irrigant during the operation, at power densities such that the majority of the energy is converted to vaporization of the tissue without significant residual coagulation of adjacent tissue. Unlike prior art techniques for treatment of BPH, the procedure may be conducted under local anesthesia, and patients are usually able to go home a couple of hours after the procedure. The procedure results in fewer side effects than prior art techniques, including lower incidence of dysuria and hemouria. Patients may be treated without requiring post-operative catherization of the urethra.
• According to one embodiment of the invention, a method for treating BPH comprises the steps of providing a solid-state laser having a laser element positioned to receive pump radiation from an excitation source; in some cases modulating the source to cause the laser to emit pulsed laser light; and delivering the laser light to targeted tissue. Various solid-state lasers may be used for this purpose, including (without limitation), a Q-switched laser using a frequency doubling crystal such as potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP), pumped using a diode array, an arc lamp or a flash lamp. While Q-switching induces short, “micro-pulses,” a “macro-pulse” duration of the laser light is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 500 milliseconds, induced by for example modulating the pump energy with the desired macro-pulse length. The wavelength of the laser light is preferably between 200 and 1000 nm. The laser light is preferably delivered to the targeted prostate tissue through an optical fiber terminating at or near a distal end in a side-firing probe. However the side-firing probe is not essential.
• Operation of the solid-state laser in a “macro-pulsed” mode is more efficient in inducing rapid tissue ablation than a CW laser of the same average power. This is in part because the macro-pulsing is more efficient in inducing “char” formation, a mild carbonization in which the tissue typically darkens slightly but does not necessarily turn completely black. Although char formation is not essential to efficient rapid ablation it is helpful because the darkened tissue is better at absorbing light. The macro-pulsed laser is also more efficient and has higher beam quality, with M²values typically less than 144, than a continuous wave laser with same average output power.
• According to a second embodiment of the invention, a method for treating soft tissue comprises the steps of providing a solid-state laser having a laser element positioned to receive pump radiation from a pump radiation source; modulating the pump radiation source to cause the laser element to emit laser light having a pulse duration of between 0.1 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds and an output power exceeding 20 watts; and delivering the laser light to targeted tissue.
• According to a third embodiment of the invention, a method for treating BPH comprises the steps of providing a solid-state laser having a laser element positioned to receive pump radiation from a pump radiation source; Q-switching the laser to generate a quasi-continuous wave (CW) beam having an output power exceeding 60 watts; and, delivering the beam to targeted prostate tissue.
• According to a fourth embodiment of the invention, a method for treating BPH comprises the steps of providing a solid-state laser having a laser element positioned to receive pump radiation from a pump radiation source such as a laser diode; Q-switching the laser to generate a quasi-continuous wave (CW) beam having an output power exceeding 20 watts with an M²less than 144; and delivering the beam to prostate tissue.
• It has been recognized that as more and more laser energy is consumed by vaporization of the tissue, the amount of laser energy leading to residual tissue coagulation gets smaller, i.e. the amount of residual coagulation drops, and the side effects attendant to the residual injury caused by the surgery drop dramatically. Thus, the extent of the zone of thermal damage characterized by tissue coagulation left after the procedure gets smaller with increasing volumetric power density, while the rate of vaporization increases. Substantial and surprising improvement in results is achieved. It has been recognized that increasing the volumetric power density absorbed in the tissue to be ablated, has the result of decreasing the extent of residual injury of the surrounding tissue. This recognition leads to the use of higher power laser systems, with greater levels of irradiance at the treatment area on the tissue, while achieving the lower levels of adverse side effects and a quicker operation times.
• Although the invention can be generalized other types of tissue, one embodiment of the invention provides a method for photoselective vaporization of prostate tissue. According to this embodiment, the method includes delivering laser radiation to the treatment area on the tissue, via an optical fiber for example, wherein the laser radiation has a wavelength and irradiance in the treatment area on the surface of the tissue sufficient because vaporization of a substantially greater volume of tissue than a volume of residual coagulated tissue caused by the laser radiation. In one embodiment, the laser radiation is generated using a neodymium doped solid-state laser, including optics producing a second or higher harmonic output with greater than 60 watts average output power, and for example 80 watts average output power, or more. The laser radiation is coupled into an optical fiber adapted to direct laser radiation from the fiber to the treatment area on the surface of the tissue. For the treatment of prostate, the fiber optic is inserted via transurethral cystoscope, including lumens for delivering irrigants to the treatment area, and for direct visualization during the treatment.
• In other embodiments, the delivered laser radiation has a wavelength in a range of about 200 nm to about 650 nm, and has an average irradiance in the treatment area greater than about 10 kilowatts/cm², in a spot size of at least 0.05 mm². More preferably, the irradiance is greater than about 20 kilowatts/cm², and even more preferably greater than about 30 kilowatts/cm². The spot size in preferred systems is for example less than about 0.8 mm².
• Accordingly, in one embodiment, the second harmonic output of the neodymium dope solid-state laser is applied using a side firing tip on the optical fiber. The side firing tip, which causes a diverging beam to be directed out of the optical fiber, is placed close to the tissue, within about 1 mm from the side of the side firing tip to contacting the side of the tip. Close placement increases the irradiance delivered to the treatment area so that higher irradiance is available with solid-state lasers generating a 60 to 80 watts average output power.
• According to the present invention, the efficiency of the vaporization and the reduction of injury to residual tissue are sufficient that the procedure may be carried out while applying only local anesthetic during the delivery of laser energy, and throughout the procedure. For example, a procedure according to the present invention includes applying intraurethral topical anesthesia such as lidocaine, either a periprostatic block or a perirectal block, oral and/or intravenous drugs such as Fentanyl or Demerol, chilled irrigant, and irrigant containing anesthesia.
• Furthermore, embodiments of the invention include the delivery of the laser energy using a Q-switched, solid-state laser which produces micro-pulses in combination with applying pump power to the laser medium in a sequence a pulses so that output radiation is produced in macro-pulses having a peak power of greater than 200 watts, and more preferably about 240 watts or greater. The peak irradiance in the treatment area during the pulses is thereby substantially increased, and preferably greater than 50 kilowatts/cm², and as much as 90 kilowatts/cm²in some embodiments of the invention.
• Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen on review the figures, the detailed description, and the claims which follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 depicts a laser system for implementing the tissue ablation methods of the invention;
• FIG. 2 depicts a side-firing probe for use with the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary output waveform of theFIG. 1 laser when the laser is operated in a macro-pulsed mode; and
• FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary output waveform of theFIG. 1 laser when the laser is operated in a quasi-CW mode.
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a laser system adaptable for use according to the present invention.
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative laser system adaptable for use according to the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a diagram of a transurethral cystoscope, adaptable for use according to the present invention.
• FIG. 8 illustrates absorption depth in prostate tissue for 532 nm light.
• FIG. 9 illustrates absorption depth in prostate tissue for 1064 nm light.
• FIG. 10 is a diagram of a beam path from an end view of a side firing tip, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 is a diagram of a beam path from a side view of the side firing tip ofFIG. 10, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 12 is a heuristic diagram illustrating operation of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting anexemplary laser system100 which may be employed for implementing the present invention.Laser system100 includes a solid-state laser102, which is used to generate laser light for delivery throughoptical fiber106 to targettissue104. As will be discussed in further detail herein below,laser102 is capable of being operated in a “macro-pulsed” mode, wherein the laser light is emitted as macro-pulses having relatively long pulse durations.
• Laser102 more specifically comprises alaser element assembly110, pumpsource112, andfrequency doubling crystal122. In the preferred embodiment,laser element110outputs 1064 nm light which is focused intofrequency doubling crystal122 to create 532 nm light. According to one implementation,laser element assembly110 may be neodymium doped YAG (Nd:YAG)crystal, which emits light having a wavelength of 1064 nm (infrared light) when excited bypump source112.Laser element110 may alternatively be fabricated from any suitable material wherein transition and lanthanide metal ions are disposed within a crystalline host (such as YAG, Lithium Yttrium Fluoride, Sapphire, Alexandrite, Spinel, Yttrium Orthoaluminate, Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate, Yttrium Orthovandate, or Lanthanum Scandium Borate).Laser element110 is positioned proximal to pumpsource112 and may be arranged in parallel relation therewith, although other geometries and configurations may be employed.
• Pumpsource112 may be any device or apparatus operable to excitelaser element assembly110. Non-limiting examples of devices which may be used aspump source112, include: arc lamps, flashlamps, and laser diodes.
• A Q-switch114 disposed withinlaser102 may be operated in a repetitive mode to cause a train of micro-pulses to be generated bylaser102. Typically the micro-pulses are less than 1 microsecond in duration separated by about 40 microseconds, creating a quasi-continuous wave train. Q-switch114 is preferably of the acousto-optic type, but may alternatively comprise a mechanical device such as a rotating prism or aperture, an electro-optical device, or a saturable absorber.
• Laser102 is provided with acontrol system116 for controlling and operatinglaser102.Control system116 will typically include a control processor which receives input from user controls (including but not limited to a beam on/off control, a beam power control, and a pulse duration control) and processes the input to accordingly generate output signals for adjusting characteristics of the output beam to match the user inputted values or conditions. With respect to pulse duration adjustment,control system116 applies an output signal to a power supply (not shown) drivingpump source112 which modulates the energy supplied thereto, in turn controlling the pulse duration of the output beam.
• AlthoughFIG. 1 shows an internal frequency doubled laser, it is only by way of example. The infrared light can be internally or externally frequency doubled using non-linear crystals such as KTP, Lithium Triborate (LBO), or Beta Barium Borate (BBO) to produce second harmonic 532 nm green light, and higher harmonics. The frequency doubled, 532 nm wavelength and the shorter wavelength higher harmonic beams are better absorbed by the tissue, and promote more efficient tissue ablation.
• In one preferred embodiment the resonant cavity control system is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,909, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
• Laser102 further includes an output port couplable tooptical fiber106.Output port118 directs the light generated bylaser102 intooptical fiber106 for delivery totissue104.Mirrors124,126,128, and130 direct light from thelasing element110 to thefrequency doubling crystal122, in addition to forming the resonant cavity of the laser.Mirrors124,126,128, and130 are configured for focusing the light to form an image just in front of thefrequency doubling crystal122 on the side closer to mirror130, and to compensate for thermal lensing in the lasing element. Althoughmirrors124,126,128, and130 are illustrated as flat and parallel to the walls of the laser, typically the focusing is achieved by curving and/or angling the mirrors. Alternatively transmissive optical elements could be used to focus the light and compensate for the thermal imaging.Mirrors124,128 and130 reflect both the wavelength of light produced by the lasing element (e.g. 1064 nm) and the wavelength of the frequency doubled light (e.g. 532 nm).Mirror126 only reflects the light originating from the lasing element110 (e.g. 1064 nm) but is transparent to the frequency doubled light (e.g. 532 nm), forming an output window. Higher harmonic outputs may also be generated from the 1064 nm line, or other line amplified in the laser, including third and fourth harmonics, for shorter wavelengths. Other laser systems may be used, including but not limited to Sapphire lasers, diode lasers, and dye lasers, which are adapted to provide the output power and wavelengths described herein, including wavelengths in the ranges from 200 nm to 1000 nm and from 1100 nm to 1800 nm, for example.
• While a bare fiber may be utilized for certain procedures,optical fiber106 preferably terminates in atip140 having optical elements for shaping and/or orienting the beam emitted byoptical fiber106 so as to optimize the tissue ablation process.
• FIG. 2 depicts a side-firingprobe tip200, which may be used as tip140 (FIG. 1). Thetip140 is treated to deflect light sideways. Some examples of methods for deflecting the light sideways are to include a light scattering material in thetip140 and/or to place a reflective element in thetip140. The reflective element could be angled at 45°, for example; to deflect the light at 90° with respect to the axis of thefiber106. Side-firingprobe tip200 includes an opticallytransparent sleeve202 having a transparent window204 (which may be constructed as a cutout in the wall ofsleeve202 through which the beam is emitted in a direction transverse to the optical axis offiber106.) An acceptable range of angles in which to deflect the light beam is between about 40 to 120 degrees with respect to the axis of the fiber. The preferred embodiments use an angle of either 70 or 100. The angle of 80° is preferred from the standpoint of the ease in manufacturing thetip200 and the angle of 90° is preferred from the standpoint of the ease in aiming the side firing light.
• In a typical mode of operation,optical fiber106 is held within an endoscope such as a cystoscope or similar instrument that allows the clinician to precisely position the distal end of the optical fiber adjacent to the targeted tissue. The endoscope also has channels for supplying and removing an irrigant solution to and from the tissue. In addition, light and image guides are also included for illuminating and imaging the tissue so that the clinician may direct the laser light and assess the progress and efficacy of the ablation procedure.
• FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary output waveform applied totissue104 whenlaser102 is operated in the macro-pulsed mode. Each macro-pulse302 is defined by a train of Q-switched micro-pulses304. While a relatively small number ofmicro-pulses302 are depicted for purposes of clarity, an actual macro-pulse may comprise hundreds or thousands ofcomponent micro-pulses304. In the preferred embodiment there are between 2 and 12,200 micro-pulses per macro-pulse.
• An arc lamp, for example, when used as thepump source112, is kept at a low power level between pulses that are preferably just enough to maintain the arc. These low pump powers are below the lasing threshold of the laser; as a consequence, there is no laser output between macro-pulses.
• As mentioned above, the pulse duration or width D (FIG. 3) of the output beam is governed by the modulation ofpump source112, and more specifically by the period during which thepump source112 is maintained in an “on” or high-power condition. In other words, the longer thepump source112 is maintained in an on condition, the longer the pulse width. Typically,laser102 will be capable of deliveringpulses302 having pulse durations D in the range of 1 to 20 milliseconds (2 to 490 micro-pulses) or 1 to 50 milliseconds (2 to 1,220 micro-pulses) and average output powers preferably exceeding 60 watts and preferably up to 100 or 200 watts. The ratio of D to the period of the macro-pulses defines the duty cycle, which is typically between 10 and 50%.
• In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, alaser system100 of the foregoing description is employed to treat BPH by ablating targetedprostate tissue104. The clinician may utilize an endoscope or similar instrument to guide the distal end and tip140 ofoptical fiber106 into alignment with the targetedprostate tissue104.Laser system100 is then operated in the macro-pulsed mode so thatlaser102 generates laser light having the pulsed waveform depicted inFIG. 3 and delivers it throughoptical fiber106 totissue104.
• It is known that irradiation ofprostate tissue104 may initially cause tissue heating resulting in the formation of a char layer. This char layer is highly optically absorptive in the wavelengths emitted bylaser102, which thereby facilitates efficient absorption of the laser light and resultant ablation oftissue104. However, the formation of the char layer is not essential for efficient ablation. Prior art techniques for treatment of BPH by laser ablation (such as the technique described by Kuntzman et al. in “High-Power (60-Watt) Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate Laser Vaporization Prostatectomy in Living Canines and in Human and Canine Cadavers,”Urology,Vol. 49, No. 5 (1997)) utilized a quasi-CW laser to irradiate the prostate. Although such lasers do produce moderately high average powers, they have a large number of transverse modes and as such, produce highly divergent light when focused into small fiberoptics. This leads to less than optimal power densities when the laser light is directed at tissue. As a consequence, these lasers are not particularly efficient at inducing formation of a char layer, and ablation rates are relatively slow, significantly lengthening procedure times. Further, since formation of the char layer takes place at relatively low rates, undesirable thermal damage to deeper tissue layers may occur. In contrast, it has been found that a macro-pulsed beam, such as that generated bylaser102, promotes rapid formation of a char layer even at moderate output energy levels, thereby helping to accelerate ablation rates and reducing procedure time.
• The macropulsing can also increase efficiency because the threshold voltage required for lasing while macropulsing (the operating threshold) is lower than the initial threshold voltage for lasing (cold threshold).
• Macropulsing is also more efficient for producing green light because the conversion of infrared light to frequency doubled light increases as the square of the infrared light intensity. The higher peak powers of the macro-pulsed infrared light leads to higher second harmonic conversion efficiency. For example, at any given time, the input power and output power of a frequency-doubled laser using KTP are related according to
• 
  Po=A(Pi)^2,
• Where A is an experimentally determined positive constant. This equation relates the peak input power to the peak output power. However, the average input power and output power for a duty cycle of k percent are given by
• 
  <Pi>=k(Pi) and
• 
  <Po>=k(Po)=kA(Pi)²=A(<Pi>)²/k,
• where the brackets “< >” indicate an average value of the enclosed quantity. Thus, decreasing the duty cycle from 100% to 50% (i.e. reducing k from 1 to 0.5) while simultaneously doubling the peak input power Pi results in no change to the average input power <Pi> and a doubling of the average output power <Po>. Pulse modulating or macropulsing using Q-switching, for example, enables reaching higher average output powers with less thermal lensing due to the lower input power.
• Additionally, it is possible that the frequency doubling crystal has nonlinearly increasing output power as a function of the input power. In other words the second derivative of the output power with respect to the input power may be positive, in which case the rate of increase of the output power increases with increasing input power. Specifically, in such a case the functional dependence of the instantaneous or peak output power, Po, on the instantaneous or peak input power, Pi, is such that
• 
  d²(Po)/d(Pi)²>0.
• When this is true, and Po is an increasing function of Pi, the higher peak input power results in a more efficient laser because ratio of the output to input power increases.
• Pump source modulation of the laser can produce high peak power macro-pulses and affect the efficiency of the average power output. Macro-pulse in excess of a steady state power can substantially improve the initiation of the vaporization of prostate tissue. The higher peak power of the macro-pulse rapidly initiates charring which in turn serves as an additional chromophore for the incident energy and enhances the vaporization rate. A 30% macro-pulse duty cycle is sufficient to increase the average power output of an arc lamp pumped laser to greater than 80 watts. Additionally the pump modulation generates macro-pulse with pulse powers greater than 240 watts.
• By way of a non-limiting example,prostate tissue104 may be efficiently and rapidly ablated whenlaser102 is operated at an output power of 80 to 100 watts, a pulse duration of 1-50 milliseconds, and a wavelength of 532 nm.
• In accordance with a second method embodiment of the invention,laser system100 may be utilized to ablate other types oftissue104. Treatment oftissue104 is performed in a manner substantially identical to the technique for treating BPH disclosed above. The clinician may utilize an endoscope or similar instrument to guide the distal end and tip140 ofoptical fiber106 into alignment with theprostate tissue104.Laser system100 is then operated in the macro-pulsed mode so that laser light having the pulsed waveform depicted inFIG. 3 is generated bylaser102 and delivered throughoptical fiber106 totissue104. To achieve adequate results,laser system100 is adjusted to emit a beam having a pulse duration between 0.1 and 500 milliseconds, and an output power of at least 20 watts. Upon vaporization of the required volume oftissue104, (which may be assessed via an imaging channel contained in the endoscope), the output beam oflaser102 is turned off.
• In a third method embodiment of the invention, treatment of BPH is effected by operatinglaser102 in a quasi-CW mode at an output power greater than 60 watts. The increased denaturization of the tissue is dramatic with increases in power, suggesting a threshold effect. As depicted inFIG. 4,laser102 generates a continuous train of Q-switchedmicro-pulses400 when operated in quasi-CW mode. The laser light is then delivered viaoptical fiber106 to targetedtissue104. Operation in a quasi-CW mode at powers above 60 watts facilitates formation of char and consequent rapid ablation rates, whereas operation in a quasi-CW mode at powers below 60 watts forms char more slowly and causes more thermal damage to underling tissue.
• A fourth embodiment of this invention is to produce a high power, high beam quality laser that can project high power density laser light onto tissue. To do this the number of transverse optical modes supported by the resonator needs to be kept as low as possible.
• Small M²and high average powers can be achieved by reducing the degree of thermal lensing in the laser element. Using laser diodes as the excitation source is one effective way of greatly reducing both the size of the lasing element and the thermal gradient responsible for creating the thermal lens. The reason for this is that while 2-10% of the light produced from a flashlamp or arc lamp is converted into useful laser light 30-60% of the light emitted from laser diodes can be converted to laser light. Since the energy that is not converted to laser light is converted into heat, laser diodes deposit significantly less heat in the lasing element and as a consequence create a less powerful thermal lens. In this manner laser diodes can be used to pump crystalline laser elements or fiber lasers to produce high beam quality lasers. Slab and waveguide lasers that can be pumped by laser diodes, arc lamps, or flashlamps are another method of creating low M²lasers. This is because the thermal gradient produced in slab lasers is linear across the thin dimension of the slab and not radially dependent in contrast to a typical cylindrical lasing element. The linear thermal gradient does not produce a thermal lens resulting in low M²values.
• For example, as a result of the low M²some embodiments of this invention are capable producing laser light that upon exiting a flat end of a fiber having a diameter of 600 μm has a divergence of 15.3° or lower; 15° or lower; 10° or lower; or 5° or lower, and the power density can be 13,400 watts per cm², or greater.
• FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a preferred laser system according to the present invention. InFIG. 5, a laser resonator is defined byend mirror10, turning mirrors12 and14, and endmirror16. All of these mirrors are high reflecting (greater than 99.8%) at the 1064 nm line. Anoptical path24 is defined by these mirrors. Again medium18 comprising a Nd:YAG rod is mounted along the optical path within alamp housing29. Anarc lamp28 is also mounted within the housing and supplies pump power to the gain medium in response to current generated inpower supply30. Also in theoptical path24 is a Q-switch20 between thelamp housing29 and the turningmirror12. Anon-linear crystal22 is mounted between the turningmirror14 and theback mirror16. This non-linear crystal is preferably a KTP crystal aligned for frequency doubling to generate a 532 nm beam.Mirrors16 and14 are highly reflective at 532 nm, whilemirror12 is transmissive and operates as an output coupler for the 532 nm beam.
• Thus, the laser resonator is designed for resonating at a first frequency, i.e., 1064 nm along the Z-shapedoptical path24. A second frequency derived from the 1064 nm beam is generated in theKTP crystal22. This beam travels along thepath26aand is extracted from the resonator to supply an output beam alongpath26b.
• The output beam alongpath26bpasses through acontrollable attenuator36, abeam splitter38, which supplies a portion of the output beam to asurgical detector40, and acomponent group42 as described in more detail below. The attenuator, detector, and component group are all coupled to adata processing system34, acrosslines34j,34k, and34p.
• The Q-switch20 is controlled by Q-switch driver21, which is, in turn, coupled todata processor34 across line34i. In the preferred system, the Q-switch is an acoustic-optic Q-switch.
• Similarly, thepower supply30 generates an electrical power signal for controlling thearc lamp28. This power signal is controlled by thedata processor34 acrossline34hand bydrive circuitry32 acrossline32a.Drive circuitry32ais controlled by the data processor acrosslines34athrough34g. Asensor57 is coupled with the data processor to sense an environmental condition, such as temperature or humidity, that affects operation of the laser system. Amodem56 is connected to thedata processor34, providing an interface for remote access to memory in the data processor. Finally, acontrol panel35, by which a user can supply input signals and parameters, is provided. Thiscontrol panel35 is connected to thedata processor34 acrossline34n.
• In alternative systems, the non-linear crystal may be mounted outside the resonant cavity of the resonator. Also, it may be used for extracting outputs other than the second harmonic, such as sum-of-frequency derivation or the like.
• The wavelength used according to the present invention for BPH treatment should be strongly absorbed in the prostate tissue to help initiate and maintain tissue vaporization without creating deep tissue heating. The wavelength also must be minimally absorbed by the irrigant it used during the procedure, typically water. The 532 nm light produced by the system ofFIG. 5, is both strongly absorbed in oxyhemoglobin and weakly absorbed in water. Oxyhemoglobin is readily present in prostate tissue and serves as an efficient chromophore for 532 nm light. The differential in absorption coefficients between oxyhemoglobin and water at 532 nm is approximately 5 orders of magnitude (105). In other embodiments, wavelengths in the range from 200 nm-650 nm are used, which have strong oxyhemoglobin absorption and relatively weak water absorption (>10²×). In yet other embodiments, wavelengths in the range from 200 nm to 650 nm range are used, which have strong oxyhemoglobin absorption and relatively weak water absorption (>10×).
• Of course, as shown inFIG. 6, in which like components have the same reference numerals as inFIG. 5, alternative pump power sources, such as laser diode arrays, other lasers for longitudinal pumping, and others, can be used as suits the needs of a particular gain medium and application of the laser system. Representative laser diodes include laser diodes providing output in the range of 805 to 820 nm in wavelength with an input power to the array of pumping diodes in the range of 300 to 500 Watts. The laser diodes used for pump energy are operated in a modulated macro-pulse mode, or in a continuous mode, as suits a particular implementation.
• The laser systems shown inFIGS. 5 and 6 can be modified by removing both the Q-switch and the external surgical attenuator. The Q-switch and surgical attenuator are removed because the modulated pump power provides a great deal of flexibility in controlling the output power of the laser not attainable using a Q-switch. The data processing system can be programmed to maintain a constant thermal load in the laser system while varying the peak pump power widely. Thus, the peak current and duty cycle of the pump power source can be adjusted in such a way to keep the average pump power constant, but the second harmonic power during the ready and work modes adjusted by selecting the peak current and duty cycle. Although it may be necessary to use attenuators in the beamline during the ready mode in order to extract an aim beam, such attenuators may well be eliminated for the work mode. The average power does not have to be constant, rather it can be maintained at levels which keep thermal focusing of the gain medium within the range of stability of the resonator.
• A representative laser system adapted for delivery of energy as described above, comprises an 80 watt average power, 532 nm output wavelength, solid state, intra-cavity frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. To obtain optimal efficiency, an arc lamp pump source is modulated at a period of 4.5 ms with a 16 ms duty cycle, generating 285 watts peak macro-pulse power. An intra-cavity acousto-optic AO Q-switch is used to further modulate the energy at a period of 40 kHz with a 450 us micro-pulse. The laser energy is coupled to a side firing fiber optic delivery device for delivery to prostate tissue.
• The laser system uses a combination touch screen and control knob user interface to assist the operator in setting up the surgical parameters, including power levels and pulse sequence specifications. The average power setting is prominently displayed on the screen. Parameter adjustments are made by first activating (touching) the desired parameter box on the screen and then turning the knob. The laser system uses a secure card key interface to enable the laser. The system is transportable. The system offers convenient storage and a fiber delivery device pole.
• An example of an endoscope, in particular a transurethral cystoscope, for use with the present invention is shown inFIG. 7. The cystoscope has adistal end200 and aproximal end201. Thedistal end200 includes atongue member202 for pushing tissue away from a treatment area in theregion204. Laser radiation is directed sideways from opening206 in to theregion204, by a side firing fiber optic component. Water or saline solution is delivered and removed from the treatment area via lumens in the probe. A viewing optic is also placed in theopening206, by which the surgeon is able to view the treatment area during the procedure. On theproximal end201 of the cystoscope, aninput port203 and anoutput port205 for flow of the irrigant is provided. Also, afiber port207 is used for insertion and removal of the fiber optic delivering laser radiation to the treatment area. Alight source connector209 is used for supplying light to the treatment area for visualization. Atelescope211, which can be coupled to a video camera, or looked into directly, is also included on the representative cystoscope.
• The vaporization of prostate tissue using oxyhemoglobin as the primary chromophore is related to the incident power density, or irradiance, which can be expressed in Watts/cm². The overall rate of prostate tissue vaporization is a function of the spot size, absorption depth, and the power density. A large spot with high power density, and rapid absorption is ideal to rapidly vaporize tissue. A high power light source is required to achieve a large spot, high power density treatment beam. Peak laser power, average laser power, beam quality, delivery device design and delivery device placement all affect the efficiency of vaporization. A treatment beam 28.5 Kw/cm²average irradiance with a 85.5 Kw/cm²peak irradiance macro-pulse , with a spot size between about 0.2 and 0.5 mm², rapidly vaporizes tissue.
• The BPH treatment procedure can be outlined as follows for one embodiment of the invention, using a laser system as described above with reference toFIG. 5.
• Equipment/Set-up
• • 21-24 french continuous flow cystoscope
  • Laser
  • Side firing probe
  • Filter (eye safety filter for the monocular or the video camera)
  • Sterile water
  • Cystoscope eye piece or video system for direct visualization
• Anesthesia
• • Any of the following or combinations of the following: General, spinal
  • nerve block, topical, periprostatic block, perirectal block, pudental block & intervenous drugs
  • This procedure does not require general or spinal anesthesia
• Technique/Process
• • Prep patient following standard protocol for cystoscopic procedures
  • Administer anesthesia
  • Dilate the urethra
  • Insert cystoscope
  • Insert side firing delivery device
  • Begin flow of sterile water
  • Cystoscopy to assess gland
  • Position fiber near tissue to be removed and active the laser
  • Use a sweeping motion to vaporize desired tissue
    • Continue vaporization until the capsule is reached
    • Monitor vaporization efficiency, remove and clean fiber as required
  • Debulk desired lobes, median & lateral lobes
  • Fill bladder with water, remove cystoscope, observe discharge
  • If necessary insert foley catheter
• The rapid vaporization with thin coagulation zone contribute to the hemostasis during the procedure. Because of minimal thermal damage to existing tissue, there is a low incidence of side effects, making such symptoms as Dysuria, Incontinence and Impotence which often occur in prior art techniques, very unlikely.
• Further, the procedure causes minimal bleeding. Great outcomes are achieved for patients suffering BPH, including improved urine flow rate, improved post-void residual, and improved symptom scores on BPH tests. The procedure often achieves immediate obstruction relief, and post operative catheterization is not always required.
• A typical photoselective vaporization of the prostate PVP procedure will use the following steps:
• A. At the investigator discretion, van buren sound the urethra in a standard fashion prior to insertion of the continuous flow cystoscope.
• B. Subjects will be administered general, spinal or local (prostatic block & oral and topical anesthesia) anesthesia at the discretion of the Surgeon. In some embodiments, the procedure is performed without the use of general anesthesia or spinal nerve blocks, using only local anesthesia such as any combination of intraurethral topical anesthesia such as lidocaine, either a periprostatic block or a perirectal block, oral and/or intravenous drugs such as Fentanyl or Demerol, chilled irrigant, and irrigant containing anesthesia.
• C. Vaporization will be performed with the Laserscope ADD (Angled Delivery Device) fiber, which is a 600 um bare fiber with a quartz capsule over the 70 degree lateral deflecting quartz element and a spot diameter of 1.2 mm at 2 mm.
• D. The laser fiber will be introduced through the lumen of a standard 22 Fr continuous flow laser cystoscope, and sterile water will be used as the irrigant.
• E. KTP laser energy will be generated by ahigh power 532 nm laser capable of delivering 80 W of KTP laser power to tissue.
• F. Lasing will be performed under direct visualization using a free beam technique, holding the fiber 1-2 mm away from the tissue and vaporizing the lateral lobes beginning at the bladder neck.
• G. The visible laser beam will be slowly moved along the length and breadth of the lateral lobe as the tissue is vaporized. The laser will be carefully directed toward the apical tissue making sure to protect the external sphincter.
• H. Both lateral lobes will be vaporized evenly to the level of the capsular fibers.
• I. The median lobe will be vaporized evenly to the level. of the transverse fibers of the vesicle neck. If the median lobe is too large, then it should be partially vaporized before ablation of the lateral lobes to facilitate the movement of the scope and irrigation, and then the remainder will be flattened out later during the procedure.
• J. The procedure should preserve the distal crista urethralis and the verumontanum.
• K. The end point of the procedure should be judged by the size and appearance of the large transurethral resection-like cavity and by the diminished efficacy of the vaporization effect at the prostatic capsule. The median and lateral hypertrophic tissue must be vaporized to the level-of the transverse fibers and any lingering loose fibers should be removed prior to completion of the treatment.
• L. Rarely will arterial bleeders be encountered, however, if an arterial bleeder is encountered, then coagulate the vessel at a distance of approximately 3 to 4 mm.
• M. The cystoscope is removed and, if necessary, a foley catheter is inserted at the physician's discretion.
• N. This is an outpatient procedure and subjects will be released from the hospital as outpatients per the discretion of the Surgeon.
• FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the different optical penetration depths of the 532 nm wavelength and 1064 nm wavelength used in prior art procedures. See, S. L. Jacques.Laser-tissue interaction. Photochemical, photo thermal and photomechanical.Surg. Clin N. Am. 1992;72(3):531-558. The optical penetration depth of the 1064 wavelength beam from Nd:YAG laser beam is about 10 mm, which is 13 times larger than the penetration depth of the second harmonic 532 wavelength laser beam, which is about 0.8 mm. As a result, the 1064 laser power is spread out over a much larger tissue volume than the power of the KTP laser. In case of the 1064 laser as shown inFIG. 9, the temperature at the tissue surface barely reaches 100° C. Therefore, only a small portion of tissue gets vaporized. But a huge volume of tissue gets coagulated (see space between 100° C. and 60° C. isotherm). The consequences are the formation of edema in a huge volume of coagulated tissue, swelling of the prostate, and the patient going into retention with catheterization times of several weeks.
• The 532 laser beam, in contrast, is substantially completely absorbed within less than about 1 mm of the surface of prostatic tissue. The laser power is confined to a very small tissue volume. The high volumetric power density results in a fast heating of the tissue and efficient tissue vaporization. Volumetric power density delivered to tissue is a function of the absorbtion depth, irradiance in Watts/cm²and spot size on the surface of the tissue. The coagulation zone is very thin because of the small optical penetration depth of the 532 wavelength, and because substantially all of the radiation is converted to vaporization rather than residual heat.
• Other wavelengths which are substantially completely absorbed within less than about 1 mm of the surface of the prostatic tissue include wavelengths less than about 650 nm, for example between about 200 nm and 650 nm.
• FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a profile of a beam delivered to tissue using one representative side firing optical fiber, to show spot size as a function of distance from the side of the optical fiber.FIG. 10 is an end view, showing afiber600, cladding601 on the fiber, anair space602, and atip603 through which the beam is directed by a reflecting face on the fiber. The cross-section of the beam is represented by the crossinglines604 and605. As shown, the beam has a width in this dimension of about 0.35 mm at 1 mm from the side of thetip603. At about 2 mm from the side of thetip603, the width is about 1 mm. At about 3 mm distance from the side of thetip603, the beam width is about 2.2 mm.
• FIG. 11 is a side view, with like components given the same reference numbers. The beam width in this dimension is represented bylines606 and607. As shown, the beam has a width in this dimension of about 0.7 mm at 1 mm from the side of thetip603. At about 2 mm from the side of thetip603, the width is about 1 mm. At about 3 mm distance from the side of thetip603, the beam width is about 1.5 mm.
• Thus, the spot size at 1 mm from the side of the tip is defined basically by an ellipse having a major axis of 0.7 mm, and a minor axis of 0.35 mm. The area of the spot at 1 mm is around 0.2 mm². At 2 mm from the side, the area of the spot is about 0.8mm².
• For rapid procedures, according to the present invention, the spot size should be large enough that the operator can remove tissue at a reasonable rate, and see the results of a single pass of the spot over a region of tissue. If the spot size is too small, the rate of the operation is too slow. Also, if the spot size is too big, then the procedure is difficult to control precisely. A preferred spot size is less than about 1 mm², and more particularly between about 0.8 mm²and about 0.05 mm². Other apparatus may be used for delivery of the beam with the desired spot size, including embodiments without diverging beams, and embodiments with converging beams.
• The irradiance of the beam at 1 mm from the side of the tip for an 80 W average power laser as described above is about 30 kiloWatts/cm². According to the present invention, it is desirable to provide a wavelength between about 650 and 200 nm, with a spot size on the surface of the tissue less than about 0.8 mm², and preferably greater than about 0.05 mm², with an irradiance greater than about 10 kiloWatts/cm², and more preferably greater than 20 kiloWatts/cm², and even more preferably 30 kiloWatts/cm²or higher.
• FIG. 12 shows, heuristically, how vaporization rate and coagulation rate depend on the volumetric power density. The vaporization rate (in mm/s) is defined as tissue depth that is vaporized per time interval. The coagulation rate (in mm/s) is defined as the depth of residual coagulated tissue that remains after a certain time of vaporization.
• Below a certain volumetric power density, referred to as a “vaporization threshold” inFIG. 12, no tissue gets vaporized. All laser energy stays inside the tissue. Tissue coagulation occurs where the tissue temperature rises above approximately 60° C. As the volumetric power density is increased a bigger and bigger tissue volume gets coagulated.
• At the vaporization threshold, vaporization starts. Above the vaporization threshold the vaporization rate can be considered to increase linearly with the volumetric power density for the purpose of understanding the present invention, and as described by a steady state model for continuous wave laser tissue ablation, known by those familiar with the art of laser-tissue interaction.
• As more and more laser energy is consumed by vaporization of the tissue, the amount of laser energy leading to residual tissue coagulation gets smaller, i.e. the amount of residual coagulation drops. Thus, extent of the zone of thermal damage characterized by tissue coagulation left after the procedure gets smaller with increasing volumetric power density, while the rate of vaporization increases. Substantial and surprising improvement in results is achieved.
• Publications about visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) that is performed with an Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm have shown that this type of laser is not able to vaporize a significant amount of tissue. Histology studies have shown that the 1064 nm laser induces deep coagulation in the tissue that results in edema and delayed tissue sloughing. This effect was described by Kuntzman, et al.,High-power potassium titanylphosphate laser vaporization prostatectomy.Mayo Clin Proc 1998:73:798-801. Thus, in the heuristic diagram ofFIG. 12, the VLAP procedure is believed to lie aroundpoint650, barely above the vaporization threshold. Also, prior art technologies using 532 nm with spot sizes on the order of 1 mm²with average output power of 60 Watts, are believed to lie, heuristically, aroundpoint651 in theFIG. 12. Kuntzman et al present results for the coagulation depth of a 60 Wcontinuous wave 532 nm laser, with suggested operation at a distance of 2 mm from the side of the tip, yielding less than 5 kiloWatts/cm²irradiance.
• As the laser power is further increased to 80 W, and the side firing probe is placed less than 1 mm from the tissue for a small spot size, the ablation rate further increases and the coagulation rate further drops, so that the procedure lies heuristically atpoint652 inFIG. 12.
• An 80 Watt KTP laser can used to easily reach irradiance levels that vaporize substantially more tissue than is left as residual coagulation after the procedure. More precisely, the vaporization rate is substantially higher than the coagulation rate as given by the definition above, using high irradiance levels that are easily achieved with higher power lasers.
• While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art, that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (12)

1. A method for vaporization of tissue, comprising:

delivering laser radiation to a treatment area on the tissue, the laser radiation having a wavelength and having an average irradiance in the treatment area sufficient to cause vaporization of vascularized tissue at a vaporization rate that is substantially higher than a rate of coagulation of surrounding tissue.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said radiation causes a region of coagulation in the vascular tissue sufficient to prevent significant bleeding.

3. The method ofclaim 1, including delivering said radiation using an optical fiber having a tip positioned near said tissue.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said radiation has a wavelength between 200 and 1000 nm.

5. The method ofclaim 1, including delivering an irrigant to the tissue during said delivering laser radiation.

6. The method ofclaim 1, including delivering an irrigant comprising water to the tissue during said delivering laser radiation, and wherein said laser radiation has a wavelength between 200 and 1000 nm.

7. The method ofclaim 1, including delivering said radiation using an optical fiber having a side firing tip positioned near said tissue.

8. An apparatus for photoselective vaporization of tissue, comprising:

a laser producing laser radiation;

an endoscope, including an optical fiber coupled to the laser, adapted to direct laser radiation from the fiber, and a flow of irrigant to a treatment area on a surface of the tissue;

laser and optical fiber being adapted to deliver the laser radiation at a wavelength and an average irradiance in the treatment area sufficient to cause vaporization of vascular tissue at a vaporization rate that is substantially higher than a rate of coagulation of surrounding tissue.

9. The apparatus ofclaim 8, wherein the optical fiber has a side firing tip adapted to be positioned near said tissue.

10. A method for vaporization of tissue, comprising:

generating laser radiation with an average power greater that 60 Watts;

coupling said laser radiation into an optical fiber having a tip;

positioning the tip of the optical fiber near a treatment area on vascular tissue;

delivering laser radiation to the treatment area using the optical fiber, the laser radiation having a wavelength and having average irradiance in the treatment area sufficient to cause vaporization of said vascular tissue at a vaporization rate that is substantially higher than a rate of coagulation of surrounding tissue; and

delivering an irrigant to the treatment area while delivering said laser radiation.

11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein said radiation causes a region of coagulation in the vascular tissue sufficient to prevent significant bleeding.

12. The method ofclaim 10, including delivering said radiation using an optical fiber having a side firing tip positioned near said tissue.

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