US20080253973A1 - Sensation modifying topical composition foam - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention relates to foamable compositions that are capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface. More particularly the invention relates to foamable pharmaceutical, therapeutic and cosmetic compositions, comprising an active agent, having a sensation or sensation modifying affect on a body surface, upon application. More particularly, the invention relates to foamable compositions comprising: (a) a foamable carrier; (b) at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group of a cooling agent; a warming agent; a relaxing or soothing agent; stimulating or refreshing agent; or mixtures thereof and (c) a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition. The foamable carrier can be an emollient emulsion foamable vehicle, a foamable gel vehicle and can also be a substantially non aqueous foamable vehicle.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to co-pending U.S. application No. 60/879,213, filed on Jan. 8, 2007, entitled “Sensation Modifying Topical Composition Foam,” which is incorporated in its entirety by reference.
• This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/532,618, filed on Dec. 22, 2005, which is a 371 National application of International Patent Application No. IB03/005527, designating the United States and filed on Oct. 24, 2003, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/429,546, filed on Nov. 29, 2002, all entitled “Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Foam,” and which claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §119(a) to Israeli Patent Application No. 152486, filed Oct. 25, 2002, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
• This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,367, filed on Aug. 4, 2004, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/492,385, filed on Aug. 4, 2003, both entitled “Foam Carrier Containing Amphiphilic Copolymer Gelling Agent” and both hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
• This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/835,505, filed on Apr. 28, 2004, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/530,015, filed on Dec. 16, 2003, and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/492,385, filed on Aug. 4, 2003, all entitled “Oleaginous Pharmaceutical Foam” and all hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
BACKGROUND
• Compositions of various types have incorporated within them components or agents which provide a sensation to mucosal membranes and/or to skin. The sensation may be a warming, cooling, relaxation stimulation or refreshing feeling or a combination of two or more feelings. The sensation or feeling may be real or artificial.
• Compositions which include a sensation agent include, inter alia, toothpastes, mouthwashes, perfumes, lotions, shaving cream, shampoos, antiperspirants, deodorants, beverages, chewing gum, tobacco products, and pharmaceutical products.
• Most compositions known to date, comprising one or more sensation agents, cannot retain the sensation at the site of application thereof in a subject over extended periods of time. Typically, topical formulations do not retain the sensational effect for more than a few seconds. Additionally, the sensation agent may be volatile, such as menthol, used for providing a topical cooling effect, and the formulation may not retain the active agent for more than a few seconds.
• The mechanism of cooling and warming sensation or sensation modification for example is poorly understood at present. It has been suggested that, among other options, the action of menthol and other cooling agents and capsaicin, camphor and other heat compounds occurs via “thermoreceptors” that register “cool” and “hot” sensation, respectively. It has been suggested that the ‘cooling’ effect of menthol is a physiological effect due to the direct action of menthol on the nerve endings of the human body responsible for the detection of hot or cold and is not due to latent heat of evaporation such that menthol acts as a direct stimulus on the cold receptors at the nerve endings which, in turn, stimulate the central nervous system.
• Substances which are known to provide a sensation of warmth or warmth modulation on application and are called “warming agents” include polyhydric alcohols,capsicum(red pepper) powder, acapsicum tincture, capsicumextract, capsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonanoyl vanillyl amide, nonanoic acid vanillyl ether, vanillyl alcohol alkyl ether derivatives, such as vanillyl ethyl ether, vanillyl butyl ether, vanillyl pentyl ether, and vanillyl hexyl ether, isovanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, ethylvanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, veratryl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol alkyl ethers, vanillin propylene glycol acetal, ethylvanillin propylene glycol acetal, ginger extract, ginger oil, gingeol, and gingeron.
• Foams are considered a more convenient vehicle for topical delivery of active agents. There are several types of topical foams, including aqueous foams, such as commonly available shaving foams; hydroalcoholic foams, emulsion-based foams, comprising oil and water components and oleaginous foams, which consist of high oil content, and which are foamable compositions having a specific surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated lanolin oil, propoxylated lanolin oil, and mixtures thereof and high levels of water that produce fast breaking foams that disappears rapidly into the skin with cooling sensation is described. Some formulations make a sound or crackling effect when foam is dispensed. Dimethyl ether is a substance which evaporates very rapidly and its use with an aqueous non emollient gel composition, lotion composition and a solution in producing a cooling effect (as opposed to mere sensation without cooling). High levels of propellant have also been used to provide a solid or semi ointment deposit with a temperature between minus to plus 5° C.
• Foam forming refrigerant compositions, suitable for emergency treatment of burns have also been described.
• Foams and, in particular, foam emulsions are complicated systems which do not form under all circumstances. Changes in foam emulsion composition, such as by the addition of active ingredients may destabilize the foam. There is, therefore, a need for a foam composition, which provides desirable properties to the skin and can remain stable whilst accommodating a variety of sensation agents or active ingredients.
• Formulations based on oil or ointment or emollients have a number of useful attributes making them suitable candidates for topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions including foamable compositions. They are inherently stable and inert which are clearly desirable characteristics. They are able to moisturize and soften the skin and in appropriate amounts can act as a protective or barrier layer and can form a barrier to water. By appropriate formulation they can act to improve agent delivery to the skin and yet remain resistant to being washed off. On the other hand they are by their nature greasy materials and can be difficult to formulate particularly into a topical foamable composition that can deliver substantially uniform and stable composition or foam that ameliorates or overcomes the look and feel of a greasy material, especially where that composition is waterless or substantially so. It is further a problem to incorporate into such a vehicle, effective amounts of one or more active sensation and/or pharmaceutical ingredients such that they are uniformly present throughout the formulation and are effectively delivered without the use of a lower alcohol in the formulation.
• On one level it is far from simple or obvious to produce waterless foamable compositions that when released produce foams of quality suitable for sensation, pharmaceutical or cosmetic application. On a further level having realized a carrier that will produce a waterless foam of quality there is an additional difficulty to be overcome, namely how to adapt the formula and achieve a formulation, which can accept a range of various active sensation, pharmaceutical and cosmetic agents such that the composition and active agent are stable and the foam produced remains of quality. Specifically, one of the challenges in preparing such waterless or substantially waterless foamable compositions is ensuring that the one or more active sensation, pharmaceutical or therapeutic agents does not react, isomerize or otherwise break down to any significant extent during is storage and use. Particularly, there remains an unmet need for improved, easy to use, stable and non-irritating foam formulations, with unique sensation, therapeutic or beneficial properties containing a stable or stabilized active sensation, pharmaceutical or cosmetic agent.
• There remains an unmet need for improved, easy to use, stable and non-irritating topical foam formulations containing a stable or stabilized active sensation, pharmaceutical or cosmetic agent having a therapeutic or beneficial effect, intended for treatment of dermal and mucosal tissues.
• There is still a need to provide stable aqueous and non-aqueous compositions comprising one or more sensation agents for sustained provision of at least one sensation from the sensation agent(s).
SUMMARY
• The application relates to aqueous foamable vehicles capable of delivering one or more sensation agents to a body surface in a breakable foam of quality. The aqueous vehicles may be emulsion or gel vehicles. The application also relates to non aqueous foamable vehicles capable of delivering one or more sensation agents to a body surface in a breakable foam of quality. Upon contact with the body surface an effective amount of one or more sensory agents are capable of causing a perceived sensory effect.
• In one or more embodiments the formulations are resistant to aging as indicated by their ability to withstand centrifugation. In other embodiments the formulations have a significant and suitable collapse time of 300 or more seconds.
• In one or more embodiments the formulations are considered to be pleasant for use.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface.
• There is further provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is primarily a cooling or warming sensation over a sustained period of time. The sustained period of time is at least five minutes, more preferably, at least 15 minutes, yet more preferably, at least 30 minutes, still more preferably, at least one hour. According to some embodiments the sensation may be felt for up to two hours or more.
• There is further provided a stable foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is primarily a relaxing, soothing, stimulating or refreshing sensation.
• There is provided a stable foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is a combination of two or more sensations.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, in which the sensation is caused by a sensation agent and the sensation is further modulated, potentiated, increased, reduced, or ameliorated by the presence of a sensation modifying agent.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, in which the sensation is caused by a sensation agent and the sensation is complementary, supplementary or in addition to or superimposed on a cosmetic, therapeutic or pharmaceutical effect.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the foamable composition comprises a substantially non aqueous carrier.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the foamable composition comprises a substantially aqueous emollient carrier.
• This invention relates to foamable compositions that are capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface. More particularly the invention relates to foamable pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions, containing an active agent, having a sensation or sensation modifying affect on a body surface, upon application.
• There is provided a stable foamable composition that is stable on a surface at the delivery site for at least one minute, more preferably, at least two minutes, yet more preferably, for at least five minutes.
• There is thus provided according to some embodiments of the present invention, a composition for providing a subject with at least one sensation at a delivery site for a sustained period of time, the composition including:
• • at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group of
  • a cooling agent;
  • a warming agent;
  • a relaxing or soothing agent; and
  • a stimulating or refreshing agent;
  • or mixtures thereof;
  • a foamable carrier resistant to aging suitable for delivery of at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent; and
  • a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition,
  • wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a non-crackling short term stable foam; and
  • wherein upon contact with a surface at the delivery site the prolonged sensation is not primarily due to the propellant or an exothermic reaction.
• According to some embodiments, the composition does not effect a substantial temperature change to the surface.
• According to some further embodiments, the cooling agent is selected from menthol; an isomer of menthol, a menthol derivative; 4-Methyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2[5H]-furanone; WS-23, Icilin, Icilin Unilever Analog, 5-methyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-3-[2H]-furanone; 4,5-dimethyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2[5H]-furanone; isopulegol, 3-(I-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-(I-menthoxy)-2-methylpropane-1,2-diol, p-menthane-2,3-diol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxas-piro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, menthyl succinate and its alkaline earth metal salts, trimethylcyclohexanol, N-ethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanecarb-oxamide, Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) oil, peppermint oil, menthone, menthone glycerol ketal, menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)ethan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)propan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)butan-1-ol, 1-menthylacetic acid N-ethylamide, I-menthyl-4-hydroxypentanoate, I-menthyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-butanamide and spearmint oil.
• According to some embodiments, the menthol derivative is selected from the group consisting of: menthol ethylene glycol carbonate, which is now known as Frescolat® type MGC, menthol Propylene Glycol Carbonate (Frescolat® type MPC), menthyl lactate (Frescolat ML®) and Menthone Glycerin Acetal (Frescolat MGA®) and 3-(I-Menthoxy)-1,2-propanediol.
• According to some further embodiments, the warming agent is selected from polyhydric alcohols, capsaicin,capsicumpowder, acapsicum tincture, capsicumextract, capsaicin, hamamalis, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonanoyl vanillyl amide, nonanoic acid vanillyl ether, vanillyl alcohol alkyl ether derivatives, such as vanillyl ethyl ether, vanillyl butyl ether, vanillyl pentyl ether, and vanillyl hexyl ether, isovanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, ethylvanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, veratryl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol alkyl ethers, vanillin propylene glycol acetal, ethylvanillin propylene glycol acetal, ginger extract, ginger oil, gingeol and gingeron.
• According to some additional embodiments, the relaxing or soothing agent is selected from a herb extracts, selected from the group consisting of aloe vera, alpha bisabolol, D-panthenol, allantoin, hamamelis, chamomile, yarrow;calendula, comfrey, witch hazel and other astringents, sea weed, and oat extracts; oils, selected from the group consisting of: almond oil, avocado oil, and comfrey; and essential oils, selected from the group consisting of: cardamone, eucalyptus,mentha piperita(peppermint), hyssop, and rosemary; waxy or unctuous substances selected from the group consisting of: lanolin or vaselline jelly, minerals, selected from the group consisting of: zinc oxide, calamine and selenium; vitamins, selected from the group consisting of: tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), and pharmaceutical agents selected from the group consisting of: analgesics, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-histamines, and muscle relaxants; menthol, camphor, eugenol, eucalyptol, safrol, methyl salicylate, menthyl lactate, menthyl ethoxyacetate, menthone glycerinacetal, 3-I-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol, ethyl I-menthylcarbonate, (1S,3S,4R)-p-menth-8-en-3-ol, menthyl pyrrolidone carboxylate, N-substituted-p-menthane-3-carboxamides hamamelis extract and ginger oil.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions wherein the stimulating or refreshing agent is selected from an alcohol, L-menthol, camphor, menthe oil,capsicumextract, capsaicin, benzyl nicotinate, salicylate, glycol salicylate, acetyl choline, serotonin, histamine, a prostaglandin, a neurotransmitter; a CNS stimulant, caffeine and quinine.
• In some cases, the short term stable foam is stable at the delivery site for at least one minute. In some further cases, the short term stable foam is stable at the delivery site for at least five minutes.
• According to some embodiments, the sustained period of time is at least 15 minutes. According to some further embodiments, the sustained period of time is at least 30 minutes. In some further cases, the sustained period of time is at least one hour.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein the foamable carrier is at a concentration of about 40% to about 99% by weight of the total composition excluding propellant and is selected from the group consisting of an aqueous emulsion, and aqueous gel and a non aqueous carrier
• wherein the carrier includes:
• at least one surface active agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the carrier;
• at least one polymeric agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition; and
• at least one non aqueous solvent.
• According to some embodiments, the non aqueous solvent is in the case of the aqueous emulsion, a hydrophobic emollient; in the case of the aqueous gel, a penetration enhancer; and in the case of the non aqueous carrier, a polyol.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein the at least one emollient is selected from the group consisting of: avocado oil, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil; capric triglyceride, capryllic triglyceride mineral oil, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isostearate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, maleated soybean oil, octyl palmitate, cetyl lactate, cetyl ricinoleate, tocopheryl acetate, acetylated lanolin alcohol, cetyl acetate, phenyl trimethicone, glyceryl oleate, tocopheryl linoleate, wheat germ glycerides, arachidyl propionate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, ricinoleate, isopropyl lanolate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, isononyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, myristyl myristate, triisocetyl citrate, octyl dodecanol, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils, such as olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, borage seed oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, salmon oil, flaxseed oil, wheat germ oil, evening primrose oils; essential oils; and silicone oils, such as dimethicone, cyclomethicone, polyalkyl siloxane, polyaryl siloxane, polyalkylaryl siloxane, a polyether siloxane copolymer and a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane).
• According to some embodiments, the at least one stabilizing surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of: stearyl alcohol; steareth-2, steareth-21; polysorbate 80, PEG-40 stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, laureth 4, and Ceteareth-20, or is a combination of at least two surfactants selected from the group consisting of combinations of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, particularly Brij 59/Brij10; Brij 52/Brij 10; Steareth 2/Steareth 20; Steareth 2/Steareth 21 (Brij 72/BRIJ 721); Myrj 52/Myrj 59; combinations of sucrose esters, particularly Surphope 1816/Surphope 1807; combinations of sorbitan esters, particularly Span 20/Span 80; Span 20/Span 60; combinations of sucrose esters and sorbitan esters, particularly Surphope 1811 and Span 60; combinations of liquid polysorbate detergents and PEG compounds, particularly Twin 80/PEG-40 stearate/methyl glucaso sequistearate.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, the at least one polymeric agent is selected from the group consisting of: locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenin gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, cationic guars, hydroxypropyl guar gum, starch, an amine-bearing polymer, chitosan, alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, a chemically modified starch, a carboxyvinyl polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, a polyacrylic acid polymer, a polymethacrylic acid polymer, polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl chloride polymer, a polyvinylidene chloride polymer, methylcellulose, hypromellose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, a cationic cellulose, methocel K100M, PEG 1000, PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000 xanthan gum; sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, hydroxypropyl-cellulose, microcrystalline-cellulose, Avicel RC581, aluminum starch octyl succinate and a polyacrylate.
• Additionally, according to some embodiments, the foamable carrier further includes one or more of the following:
• a co-emulsifier or foam stabilizer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition;
• a wax, viscosity, bulking or firming agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total composition;
• a co-solvent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the total composition;
• a penetration enhancer or potent solvent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight of the total composition;
• a foam adjuvant agent, selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight of the total composition;
• a stabilizer at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight of the total composition; and
• an agent capable of having an occlusive effect at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight of the total composition.
• In some cases, the propellant is a cooling agent.
• According to some embodiments, the composition further includes at least one additional active agent. The at least one additional active agent includes, according to some embodiments, a cosmetic active agent or a pharmaceutical active agent having a cosmetic or pharmaceutical effect other than a sensation or sensation modifying effect.
• Additionally, according to some further embodiments, the at least one additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of active herbal extracts, acaricides, age spot and keratose removing agents, allergen, analgesics, local anesthetics, antiacne agents, antiallergic agents, antiaging agents, antibacterials, antibiotics, antiburn agents, anticancer agents, antidandruff agents, antidepressants, antidermatitis agents, antiedemics, antihistamines, antihelminths, antihyperkeratolyte agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiirritants, antilipemics, antimicrobials, antimycotics, antiproliferative agents, antioxidants, anti-wrinkle agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antirosacea agents antiseborrheic agents, antiseptic, antiswelling agents, antiviral agents, anti-yeast agents, astringents, topical cardiovascular agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cal tar, corticosteroids, dicarboxylic acids, disinfectants, fungicides, hair growth regulators, hormones, hydroxy acids, immunosuppressants, immunoregulating agents, insecticides, insect repellents, keratolytic agents, lactams, metals, metal oxides, mitocides, neuropeptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oxidizing agents, pediculicides, photodynamic therapy agents, retinoids, sanatives, scabicides, self tanning agents, skin whitening agents, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, vitamin A and derivatives, vitamin D and derivatives, wound healing agents and wart removers.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein the foamable carrier includes at least one carrier medium, selected from the group consisting of water, an oil, a silicone oil, an alcohol, a polyol, a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a propylene glycol, and a solvent or combinations thereof.
• According to some embodiments, the foamable carrier further includes a polar solvent.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions further including an additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-perspirant, an anti-static agent, a buffering agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, a colorant, a conditioner, a deodorant, a diluent, a dye, an emollient, fragrance, a humectant, moisturizer, an occlusive agent, a penetration enhancer, a perfuming agent, a permeation enhancer, a pH-adjusting agent, a preservative, a skin penetration enhancer, a sunscreen, a sun blocking agent, a sunless tanning agent, and a vitamin.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying is selected from the group consisting of:
• a combination of a cooling and a warming agent;
• a combination of a cooling and a soothing or relaxing agent;
• a combination of a cooling and a stimulating or refreshing agent;
• a combination of a warming and a stimulating or refreshing agent;
• a combination of a warming and a soothing or relaxing agent;
• a combination of a cooling; a warming and a soothing or relaxing agent; and
• a combination of a cooling; a warming and stimulating or refreshing agent.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein the propellant provides an initial cooling sensation combined with a sensation agent to provide a prolonged sensation.
• Additionally, according to some embodiments, the foamable carrier further contains a foam adjuvant agent, selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, the composition includes:
• the at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent including menthol in a concentration of 0.5 to about 3% by weight;
• the at least one active agent includes:
• coal tar extract in a concentration of around 2% up to around 20% by weight; and
• at least one other active agent selected from salicylic acid and hydrocortisone in a concentration of around 0.5% up to around 10% by weight; and
• the menthol is adapted to provide an improved sensation by ameliorating a negative sensation effect of the coal tar extract.
• Further provided, according to some embodiments, are compositions, wherein:
• the at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent includes menthol crystals in a concentration of 0.5 to about 3% by weight;
• the at least one active agent includes:
• coal tar in a concentration of around 2% up to around 20% by weight; and
• hydrocortisone butyrate in a concentration of around 0.5% up to around 10% by weight; and
• the menthol crystals are adapted to provide an improved sensation by ameliorating a negative sensation effect of the coal tar.
• Additionally, there is thus provided according to some further embodiments of the present invention, a method for providing a subject with at least one sensation at a delivery site, the method including administering to the delivery site of the subject a composition including:
• at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group of
• • i. a cooling agent;
  • ii. a warming agent;
  • iii. a relaxing or soothing agent; and
  • iv. a stimulating or refreshing agent;
  • or mixtures thereof;
• a foamable carrier resistant to aging suitable for delivery of at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent; and
• a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition,
• wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a non-crackling short term stable foam; and
• wherein upon contact with a surface at the delivery site the prolonged sensation is not primarily due to the propellant or an exothermic reaction,
• so as to provide the subject with the at least one sensation for the sustained period of time.
• According to some embodiments, the method allows for the foam being stable at the delivery site for at least one minute. In some cases, the foam is stable at the delivery site for at least five minutes.
• Additionally, according to some further embodiments, the method allows for the subject to sense the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least at least 15 minutes. In some cases, the subject senses the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least 30 minutes. In some further cases, the subject senses the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least one hour. In yet some further cases, the subject senses the at least one sensation as increasing, peaking and decreasing over the sustained period of time.
• According to some embodiments, the method allows for the subject to sense at least one sensation at the delivery site selected from a cooling sensation, a warming sensation, a heating sensation, a soothing sensation, a relaxing sensation, a stimulating sensation and a refreshing sensation.
• According to some further embodiments, the administration step further includes spreading the foam over a surface at the delivery site.
• According to yet some further embodiments, the delivery site is selected from the group consisting of the skin, a body cavity, a mucosal surface, the nose, the mouth, the eye, the ear canal, the respiratory system, the vagina and the rectum.
• According to some embodiments, the method includes administering compositions further including at least one additional active agent. In some cases, the at least one additional active agent includes a cosmetic active agent or a pharmaceutical active agent having a cosmetic or pharmaceutical effect other than a sensation or sensation modifying effect.
• According to yet some further embodiments, the at least one additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of active herbal extracts, acaricides, age spot and keratose removing agents, allergen, analgesics, local anesthetics, antiacne agents, antiallergic agents, antiaging agents, antibacterials, antibiotics, antiburn agents, anticancer agents, antidandruff agents, antidepressants, antidermatitis agents, antiedemics, antihistamines, antihelminths, antihyperkeratolyte agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiirritants, antilipemics, antimicrobials, antimycotics, antiproliferative agents, antioxidants, anti-wrinkle agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antirosacea agents antiseborrheic agents, antiseptic, antiswelling agents, antiviral agents, anti-yeast agents, astringents, topical cardiovascular agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cal tar, corticosteroids, dicarboxylic acids, disinfectants, fungicides, hair growth regulators, hormones, hydroxy acids, immunosuppressants, immunoregulating agents, insecticides, insect repellents, keratolytic agents, lactams, metals, metal oxides, mitocides, neuropeptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oxidizing agents, pediculicides, photodynamic therapy agents, retinoids, sanatives, scabicides, self tanning agents, skin whitening agents, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, vitamin A and derivatives, vitamin D and derivatives, wound healing agents and wart removers.
• The method, according to some embodiments, further includes treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of dermatological pain, dermatological inflammation, acne, acne vulgaris, inflammatory acne, non-inflammatory acne, acne fulminans, nodular papulopustular acne, acne conglobata, dermatitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, viral skin infections, parasitic skin infections, skin neoplasia, skin neoplasms, pruritis, cellulitis, acute lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, erysipelas, cutaneous abscesses, necrotizing subcutaneous infections, scalded skin syndrome, folliculitis, furuncles, hidradenitis suppurativa, carbuncles, paronychial infections, rashes, erythrasma, impetigo, eethyma, yeast skin infections, warts, molluscum contagiosum, trauma or injury to the skin, post-operative or post-surgical skin conditions, scabies, pediculosis, creeping eruption, eczemas, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, edematous, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, grannuloma annulare, epidermal necrolysis, sunburn, photosensitivity, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, keratosis pilaris, callouses, corns, ichthyosis, skin ulcers, ischemic necrosis, miliaria, hyperhidrosis, moles, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poison ivy, poison oak, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, purpura, moniliasis, candidiasis, baldness, alopecia, Behcet's syndrome, cholesteatoma, Dercum disease, ectodermal dysplasia, gustatory sweating, nail patella syndrome, lupus, hives, hair loss, Hailey-Hailey disease, chemical or thermal skin burns, scleroderma, aging skin, wrinkles, sun spots, necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, gangrene, scarring, and vitiligo, chlamydia infection, gonorrhea infection, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chancroid, granuloma Inguinale, lymphogranloma venereum, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), molluscum contagiosum, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), trichomoniasis, vulvar disorders, vulvodynia, vulvar pain, yeast infection, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), contact dermatitis, pelvic inflammation, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, genital cancer, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, anal and rectal disease, anal abscess/fistula, anal cancer, anal fissure, anal warts, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, anal itch, pruritus ani, fecal incontinence, constipation, polyps of the colon and rectum; and wherein the at least one active agent is suitable for treating the disorder.
• Thus, according to one or more embodiments, the foamable composition, includes:
• • a. a foamable carrier;
  • b. at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group of
    • i. a cooling agent;
    • ii. a warming agent;
    • iii. a relaxing or soothing agent;
    • iv. stimulating or refreshing agent;
  • or mixtures thereof;
  • c. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition
  • wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a foam.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is provided a foamable base composition for use with a sensation or sensation modifying agent comprising
• • i. a foamable carrier; and
  • ii. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition;
  • wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a foam.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foamable composition further comprises at least one component, selected from the group consisting of:
• • a. a surface active agent; and
  • b. a polymeric agent;
  • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foamable composition further comprises at least one component, selected from the group consisting of:
• • a. a co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer;
  • b. a viscosity, bulking or firming agent;
  • c. a stabilizer;
  • d. a co-solvent;
  • e. a penetration enhancer; and
  • f. an agent capable of having an occlusive effect.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments the foamable emollient emulsion carrier composition comprises:
• • a. an aqueous carrier;
  • b. an emollient; and
  • c. a surfactant; or polymeric agent and optionally
  • d. a co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer; a viscosity, bulking or firming agent; a stabilizer; a co-solvent; a penetration enhancer and or an agent capable of having an occlusive effect
  • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foamable waterless carrier composition comprises:
• • a. a non-aqueous carrier;
  • b. a surfactant; and or a polymeric agent and optionally
  • c. a co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer; and a viscosity, bulking or firming agent
  • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• In the detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that these are specific embodiments and that the present invention may be practiced also in different ways that embody the characterizing features of the invention as described and claimed herein.
• There is provided a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is primarily a cooling or warming sensation.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is primarily a relaxing or soothing sensation.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is primarily a relaxing, soothing, stimulating or refreshing sensation.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, where the sensation is a combination of two or more sensations.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, in which the sensation is caused by a sensation agent and the sensation is further modulated, potentiated, increased, reduced, or ameliorated by the presence of a sensation modifying agent.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, in which the sensation is caused by a sensation agent and the sensation is complementary, supplementary or in addition to or superimposed on a cosmetic, therapeutic or pharmaceutical effect.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the foamable composition comprises a substantially non-aqueous carrier.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the foamable composition comprises a substantially aqueous emollient carrier.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the formulation is adapted so that the sensation or sensation modifying effect is of short, medium or long term duration or grades thereof.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the formulation is adapted so that onset of sensation or sensation modifying effect is of a quick, medium or slow onset or grades thereof.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the formulation is adapted so that the relative overall magnitude of sensation or sensation modifying effect is of a mild, medium or strong magnitude or grades thereof.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying effect increases peaks and then decreases.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying effect is with no or little skin irritation.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying effect comprises a fragrance.
• There is further provided in one or more embodiments, a foamable composition that is capable of producing a sensation or sensation modifying effect upon application on a body surface, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying effect can be useful, beneficial or therapeutic in cosmetic, toiletry, bath additive, and pharmaceutical compositions.
• In one or more embodiments, the composition further contains a compatible fragrance so as for example to provide in addition aromatherapy on application of the sensation foam.
• In one or more embodiments, the composition further contains a compatible washable pigment so as to provide an attractive color to the dispensed foam.
• In one or more embodiments, the composition is a waterless composition with hygroscopic ingredients, which upon absorbing water present on a body surface give an initial warming sensation in addition to the prolonged sensation of the sensation agent.
• It was discovered that incorporating a sensation or sensation modifying agent in a foamable composition results in a product that, when compared with the composition which is not foamed provides an improved effect.
• While not wishing to be limited to any particular theory, it is presently believed that the expansion of the formulations caused by the presence of a propellant causes the product to spread in the form of a thin film on the skin or delivery site, thereby giving a soft, silky, and cosmetically elegant feel. The observed effect is analogous to a comparison between whipped cream and butter. While both of these products are produced from cream, butter is a dense, greasy water in oil emulsion, whereas whipped cream is a light air in oil emulsion in which the oil is extended over a much greater volume, thereby masking its greasy properties to a substantial extent. In the present invention, by foaming the oils with a propellant to produce a low density aerated foam, the greasy property of the oil in the formulation is ameliorated or minimized.
• Moreover it was further discovered that it is possible to prepare such foamable compositions using more than one different foamable platforms or carriers. More specifically it was discovered, for example, that effective foamable compositions can be produced with a sensation or sensation modifying effect with a substantially waterless carrier and can also be produced with a substantially aqueous carrier. The ability to produce sensation or sensation modifying foam in waterless and aqueous environments allows the production of foams to suit, benefit or improve a wide variety of skin, mucosa and body cavity conditions. Based on this discovery it is possible to develop and create a multitude of foams, which provide a sensation or sensation modifying feeling with the following advantages:
• • 1. Improvement of user compliance especially in children or sensitive patients;
  • 2. Enhancement of user comfort;
  • 3. Improvement of skin absorption, due to the foam texture;
  • 4. Improvement of skin appearance due to the non-shiny appearance thereof, after administration of the composition;
  • 5. Easier spreading on the body surface, without the need of extensive rubbing;
  • 6. Remains substantially intact for a sufficient period to facilitate convenience of application;
  • 7. Sensation agent may mask, neutralize, ameliorate or hide one or more undesired properties of other ingredients of the composition;
  • 8. Improvement in absorption through skin of one or more active agents;
  • 9. The evaporation of the propellant from newly released foam that has been applied to a body surface can, depending on the nature of the foam and the type and amount of propellant provide a cooling effect.
• In accordance with one or more further embodiments, the propellant is at a concentration from about 3% to about 25% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more further embodiments, the propellant is at a concentration from about 25% to about 45% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foamable base composition is flowable.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the main carrier solvent is at a concentration of about 40% to about 90% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foamable composition further comprises at least one component, selected from the group consisting of:
• a. a surface active agent;
• b. a polymeric agent
• • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the surface active agent is a stabilizing combination of at least two surface active agents.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the surface active agent is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the polymeric agent is at a concentration of about 0.05% to about 5% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the surface active agent is combination of at least two surfactants.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, where the composition is an emollient emulsion the polymeric agent is preferably a combination of hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose and xantham gum. In certain other embodiments the polymeric agent is sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, hydroxyethyl-cellulose, microcrystalline-cellulose, aluminum starch octyl succinate, and polyacrylates such as carbopol.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, wherein the composition is an emollient emulsion, the polymeric agent is preferably a hydroxypropyl-cellulose such as Klucel EF, aluminum starch octyl succinate, and polyacrylates such as carbopol.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the co-emulsifier is at a concentration of about 0.05% to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the viscosity, bulking or firming agent is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the stabilizer is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the co-solvent is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the penetration enhancer is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, the agent capable of having an occlusive effect is at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the total composition.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is also provided a sensation or sensation modifying topical composition wherein the resultant foam has a density of about 0.01 to about 0.2 g/ml.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is also provided a sensation or sensation modifying topical composition wherein the resultant foam is a breakable foam, which if not subjected to mechanical shear break, is capable of remaining substantially intact without substantial foam collapse for about 60 seconds or more.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is also provided a sensation or sensation modifying topical composition wherein the resultant foam is a breakable foam, which if not subjected to mechanical shear break, is capable of remaining substantially intact without substantial foam collapse for about 120 seconds or more.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is also provided a sensation or sensation modifying topical composition wherein the resultant foam is a breakable foam, which if not subjected to mechanical shear break, is capable of remaining substantially intact without substantial foam collapse for about 300 seconds or more.
• In an exemplary embodiment, the foamable sensation modifying topical composition is an aqueous composition, containing water and further comprises a surface active agent.
• In an exemplary embodiment, the foamable sensation modifying topical composition comprises an aliphatic alcohol, water, a fatty alcohol and a surface active agent.
• In an exemplary embodiment, the foamable sensation modifying topical composition is an emulsion, comprising water, a hydrophobic solvent, a surface-active agent and a polymeric agent.
• Optionally, in one or more embodiments the emulsion-type foamable composition further contains a foam adjuvant agent, selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain.
• In certain embodiments, the emulsion is an oil in water emulsion, while in additional embodiments the emulsion is a water in oil emulsion.
• In certain embodiments the hydrophobic carrier is an oil. Exemplary oils include mineral oil, silicone oil, a triglyceride and an ester of a fatty acid. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent is occlusive, such as petrolatum, while in other embodiments the hydrophobic carrier in non-occlusive.
• In an exemplary embodiment, the foamable sensation modifying topical composition is an oleaginous foamable composition, including at least one solvent selected from a hydrophobic solvent, a silicone oil, an emollient, a polar solvent and mixtures thereof, wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 70% to about 96.5% by weight of the total composition, at least a non-ionic surface-active agent and at least one polymeric agent.
• In an exemplary embodiment, the foamable sensation modifying topical composition includes more than 50% of a polar solvent (as used herein, the term “polar solvent” shall mean a material that produces a uniform, clear or hazy, mixture when combined with at least a weight equivalent of water), a surface-active agent and a polymeric agent.
• In certain embodiments the foamable composition contains up to 80% water, while in additional embodiments the foamable composition contains up to 25% water.
• In one or more embodiments, the composition is substantially alcohol free
• In one or more embodiments, the composition is substantially non-aqueous.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is provided a method of treating, alleviating or preventing a dermatological reaction, sensation or disorder of a mammalian subject, comprising:
• • a. administering an effective amount of a sensation or sensation modifying topical emollient emulsion carrier composition to a target site on a mammalian subject, comprising:
    • i. an aqueous carrier at a concentration of about 40% to about 90% by weight of the total composition;
    • ii. an emollient at a concentration of about 5% to about 15% by weight of the total composition;
    • iii. a surfactant at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition;
    • iv. a polymeric agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition;
    • v. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition;
    • vi. at least one active agent in an effective amount which is intended to prevent, alleviate, treat or cure said reaction, sensation or disorder; and optionally;
    • vii. a co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition; a viscosity, bulking or firming agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total composition; a stabilizer; a co-solvent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the total composition; a penetration enhancer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the total composition; and or an agent capable of having an occlusive effect at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight of the total composition;
  • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
  • b. applying mechanical shear break to the applied foam such that it is spread at, about and within the target site.
• In accordance with one or more embodiments, there is provided a method of treating, alleviating or preventing a dermatological reaction, sensation or disorder of a mammalian subject, comprising:
• • a. administering an effective amount of a sensation or sensation modifying topical substantially waterless foamable composition to a target site on a mammalian subject, comprising:
    • aa. a non-aqueous carrier at a concentration of about 40% to about 90% by weight of the total composition;
    • bb. a surfactant at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the total composition; and or a polymeric agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition;
    • cc. at least one active agent in an effective amount which is intended to prevent, alleviate, treat or cure said reaction, sensation or disorder;
    • dd. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the total composition and optionally;
    • ee. a co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition; and a viscosity, bulking or firming agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total composition.
  • wherein a destabilizing foam effect of the sensation or sensation modifying agent is capable of being reduced, ameliorated or countered to some extent by the introduction of a stabilizing polymer and wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a breakable foam.
  • b. applying mechanical shear break to the applied foam such that it is spread at, about and within the target site.
Hydrophobic Carrier
• A “hydrophobic solvent” as used herein refers to a material having solubility in distilled water at ambient temperature of less than about 1 gm per 100 mL, more preferable less than about 0.5 gm per 100 mL, and most preferably less than about 0.1 gm per 100 mL.
• In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic organic carrier is an oil, such as mineral oil, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isostearate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, maleated soybean oil, octyl palmitate, cetyl lactate, cetyl ricinoleate, tocopheryl acetate, acetylated lanolin alcohol, cetyl acetate, phenyl trimethicone, glyceryl oleate, tocopheryl linoleate, wheat germ glycerides, arachidyl propionate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, ricinoleate, isopropyl lanolate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, isononyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, myristyl myristate, triisocetyl citrate, octyl dodecanol, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils, such as olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, borage seed oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, salmon oil, flaxseed oil, wheat germ oil, evening primrose oils; essential oils; and silicone oils, such as dimethicone, cyclomethicone, polyalkyl siloxane, polyaryl siloxane, polyalkylaryl siloxane, a polyether siloxane copolymer and a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane) copolymer.
Polar Solvent
• A “polar solvent” is an organic solvent, typically soluble both in water and oil but is not intended to characterize the solubilization capabilities of the solvent for any specific active agent or any other component of the foamable composition. The emollient emulsion and waterless formulations may contain polar solvents, which may contribute to the penetration of an active or therapeutic agent including a sensation or sensation modifying agent.
Polymeric Agent
• A polymeric agent can be selected from the group consisting of locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenin gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, cationic guars, hydroxypropyl guar gum, starch, an amine-bearing polymer, chitosan, alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, a chemically modified starch, a carboxyvinyl polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, a polyacrylic acid polymer, a polymethacrylic acid polymer, polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl chloride polymer, a polyvinylidene chloride polymer, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, a cationic cellulose PEG 1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000.
Polyol
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the solvent is a polyol. A polyol is an organic substance that contains at least two hydroxy groups in its molecular structure.
• In one or more embodiments, the foamable carrier contains at least one diol (a compound that contains two hydroxy groups in its molecular structure). Examples of diols include propylene glycol (e.g., 1,2-propylene glycol and 1,3-propylene glycol), butanediol (e.g., 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol and 1,4-butanediol), butanediol (e.g., 1,3-butanediol and 1,4-butenediol), butynediol, pentanediol (e.g., pentane-1,2-diol, pentane-1,3-diol, pentane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, pentane-2,3-diol and pentane-2,4-diol), hexanediol (e.g., hexane-1,6-diol hexane-2,3-diol and hexane-2,56-diol), octanediol (e.g., 1,8-octanediol), neopentyl glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and dibutylene glycol.
• In one or more embodiments, the foamable carrier contains at least one triol (a compound that contains three hydroxy groups in its molecular structure), such as glycerin, butane-1,2,3-triol, butane-1,2,4-triol and hexane-1,2,6-triol.
• In one or more embodiments, the polyol is a mixture of polyols. In one or more embodiments, the mixture of polyols contains at least one diol and at least one triol. According to certain embodiments the ratio between the diol and triol is between 9:1 and 1:1.
• In one or more embodiments, part of mixture of polyols is a saccharide. Exemplary saccharides include, but are not limited to monosaccharide, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and sugar alcohols.
• A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that cannot be hydrolysed to smaller units. Empirical formula is (CH₂O)_nand range in size from trioses (n=3) to heptoses (n=7). Exemplary monosaccharide compounds are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose.
• Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides joined together, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose.
• A sugar alcohol (also known as a polyol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol) is a hydrogenated form of saccharide, whose carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. They are commonly used for replacing sucrose in foodstuffs, often in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners to counter the low sweetness. Some exemplary sugar alcohols, which are suitable for use according to the present invention are mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol. (Maltitol and lactitol are not completely hydrogenated compounds—they are a monosaccharide combined with a polyhydric alcohol). Mixtures of polyols, including (1) at least one polyol selected from a diol and a triol; and (2) a saccharide are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
Polyethylene Glycol
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the solvent consists of a polymerized ethylene glycol, namely polyethylene glycol, which is also termed “PEG”. Exemplary PEGs are provided in the following table.

• Composition	Av. Molecular weight	Appearance	Melting point (° C.)
  PEG 200	190~210	Oily liquid	?
  PEG 300	285~315	Oily liquid
  PEG 400	380~420	Oily liquid	?
  PEG 600	570~630	Oily liquid	17~22
  PEG 1000	950~1050	Solid	35~40
  PEG 4000	3800~4400	Solid	53~58
  PEG 6000	5600~6400	Solid	55~60
  PEG 8000	7500~8500	Solid	58~65

• Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, the PEG is selected from the group consisting of PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1000, PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000. The foamable carrier according to the present invention can contain a single PEG or a mixture of two or more PEGs. PEGs having molecular weight of more that about 1000 possess gelling properties; i.e., they increase the viscosity of a composition. Therefore, by combining PEGs with different molecular weights/melting points, one can attain varying levels of flowability as desirable for the treatment of a given target site. The concentration of the PEG should be in a level that results in viscosity, prior to filling of the composition into aerosol canisters, of less than 12,000 CPs, and more preferably, less than 10,000 CPs.
Secondary Polar Solvent
• Optionally, a secondary solvent is added to the foamable composition of the present invention. The secondary solvent is selected from a variety of organic solvents that are typically miscible on both water and oil. Examples of solvent that can be contained in the foamable carrier of the present invention include dimethyl isosorbide, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol polyethyleneglycol ether (glycofurol), DMSO, pyrrolidones, (such as N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone), ethyl proxitol, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), PEG-type surfactants and alpha hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid and glycolic acid.
Solubilization and Penetration Enhancement
• A “skin penetration enhancer”, also termed herein “penetration enhancer,” is an organic solvent, typically soluble in both water and oil. Examples of penetration enhancer include polyols, such as glycerol (glycerin), propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol n-alkanols, terpenes, di-terpenes, tri-terpenes, terpen-ols, limonene, terpene-ol, 1-menthol, dioxolane, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, other glycols, sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformanide, methyl dodecyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylisosorbide, monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides (with 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units), azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), 2-(n-nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane, esters, such as isopropyl myristate/palmitate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl proprionate, capric/caprylic triglycerides, octylmyristate, dodecyl-myristate; myristyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, lauryl lactate ketones; amides, such as acetamide oleates such as triolein; various alkanoic acids such as caprylic acid; lactam compounds, such as azone; alkanols, such as dialkylamino acetates, and admixtures thereof.
• According to one or more embodiments, the penetration enhancer is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG derivative that is liquid at ambient temperature
• In many cases, polyols, PEGs and solvents possess a high solubilizing power and thus, they can enable increased concentrations of a pharmaceutical active agent. Polyols, PEGs and solvents are also known for their skin penetration enhancement properties. These properties enable high drug bioavailability in the target area of treatment, resulting in an enhanced therapeutic effect. Occasionally, combinations of a polyol, PEGs and a secondary solvent, exhibit an increased permeability across the skin, as suggested, for example, in Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1998 Nov. 46(3):265-71.
• Thus, in one or more embodiments, the foamable carrier contains (1) at least one solvent, selected from a polyol (selected from a diol and a triol) and PEG; and (2) at least one secondary solvent.
• In one or more embodiments, the foamable carrier contains (1) a mixture of at least two polyols; and (2) at least one secondary solvent. In additional embodiments, the foamable carrier contains a mixture of at least one polyol and at least one PEG; yet in other embodiments the foamable carrier contains (1) a mixture of at least one polyol and at least one PEG and (2) at least one secondary solvent.
• According to certain embodiments the ratio between the polyol and/or PEG and the secondary solvent is between 9:1 and 1:1.
• In certain embodiments, the polyol is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, hexylene glycol and glycerin (and mixtures thereof); and the secondary solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl isosorbide, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, a liquid polyethylene glycol and glycofurol.
• In certain embodiments, the foamable carrier contains (1) at least one polyol; and (2) dimethyl isosorbide.
Potent Solvent
• In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the foamable composition includes a potent solvent, in addition to, or in place, of one of the hydrophobic solvents, polar solvents or emollients of the composition. A potent solvent is a solvent other than mineral oil that solubilizes a specific active agent substantially better than a hydrocarbon solvent such as mineral oil or petrolatum. For example, a potent solvent solubilizes the active agent 5 fold better than a hydrocarbon solvent; or even solubilizes the active agent 10-fold better than a hydrocarbon solvent.
• In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the composition includes at least one active agent in a therapeutically effective concentration; and at least one potent solvent in a sufficient amount to substantially solubilize the at least one active agent in the composition. The term “substantially soluble” means that at least 95% of the active agent has been solubilized, i.e., 5% or less of the active agent is present in a solid state. In one or more embodiments, the concentration of the at least one potent solvent is more than about 40% of the at least one solvent of the composition of the present invention; or even more than about 60%.
• Non-limiting examples of pairs of active agent and potent solvent include: Betamethasone valerate: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in glycofurol; Hydrocortisone butyrate: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in glycofurol; Metronidazole: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in dimethyl isosrbide; Ketoconazole: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in glycofurol, propylene glycol and dimethyl isosrbide; Mupirocin: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in glycofurol, hexylene glycol, dimethyl isosorbide, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400); Meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.001%); soluble in propylene glycol: 0.3 mg/mL; and in PEG 400: 3.7 mg/mL; and Progesterone: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.001%); soluble in PEG 400: 15.3 mg/mL.
• A non-limiting exemplary list of solvents that can be considered as potent solvents includes polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butaneediols and isomers thereof, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, DMSO, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, diisopropyl adipate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, isosorbide derivatives, such as dimethyl isosorbide, glycofurol and ethoxydiglycol (transcutol) and laurocapram.
• The use of a potent solvent in a foam composition provides an improved method of delivering poorly soluble therapeutic agents to a target area. It is known that low drug solubility results in poor bioavailability, leading to decreased effectiveness of treatment. Foam compositions of the present invention, for which the solvent includes a potent solvent, increase the levels of the active agent in solution and thus, provide high delivery and improved therapy.
• Potent solvents, as defined herein, are usually liquid. Formulations comprising potent solvents and active agents are generally disadvantageous as therapeutics, since their usage involves unwanted dripping and inconvenient method of application; resulting in inadequate dosing. Surprisingly, the foams of the present invention, which are drip-free, provide a superior vehicle for such active agents, enabling convenient usage and accurate effective dosing.
• In one or more embodiments of the present invention the present invention the foamable pharmaceutical composition may additionally include a mixture of two or more of the solvents selected from the group of hydrophobic solvents, silicone oils, emollients, polar solvents and potent solvents in an appropriate proportion as would be appreciated to a person skilled in the art.
• In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the PPG alkyl ether may act as a potent solvent.
Surface Active Agent
• The composition further contains a surface-active agent. Surface-active agents (also termed “surfactants”) include any agent linking oil and water in the composition, in the form of emulsion. A surfactant's hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) describes the emulsifier's affinity toward water or oil. HLB is defined for non-ionic surfactants. The HLB scale ranges from 1 (totally lipophilic) to 20 (totally hydrophilic), with 10 representing an equal balance of both characteristics. Lipophilic emulsifiers form water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions; hydrophilic surfactants form oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The HLB of a blend of two emulsifiers equals the weight fraction of emulsifier A times its HLB value plus the weight fraction of emulsifier B times its HLB value (weighted average). In many cases a single surfactant may suffice. In other cases a combination of two or more surfactants is desired. Reference to a surfactant in the specification can also apply to a combination of surfactants or a surfactant system. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art which surfactant or surfactant system is more appropriate is related to the vehicle and intended purpose. In general terms a combination of surfactants can be significant in producing breakable forms of good quality. It has been further discovered that the generally thought considerations for HLB values for selecting a surfactant or surfactant combination are not always binding for emulsions and moreover for waterless and substantially non aqueous carriers the usual guidelines are less applicable. Surfactants also play a significant role in foam formation where the foamable formulation is a single phase composition.
• According to one or more embodiments the composition contains a single surface active agent having an HLB value between about 2 and 9, or more than one surface active agent and the weighted average of their HLB values is between about 2 and about 9.
• According to one or more embodiments the composition contains a single surface active agent having an HLB value between about 7 and 14, (preferably about 7 to about 12) or more than one surface active agent and the weighted average of their HLB values is between about 7 and about 14 (preferably about 7 to about 12).
• According to one or more other embodiments the composition contains a single surface active agent having an HLB value between about 9 and about 19, or more than one surface active agent and the weighted average of their HLB values is between about 9 and about 19.
• In a waterless or substantially waterless environment a wide range of HLB values may be suitable.
• Preferably, the composition contains a non-ionic surfactant. Nonlimiting examples of possible non-ionic surfactants include a polysorbate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, Myrj 45, Myrj 49, Myrj 52 and Myrj 59; a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene palmityl ether, polyethylene oxide hexadecyl ether, polyethylene glycol cetyl ether, steareths such as steareth 2, brij 21, brij 721, brij 38, brij 52, brij 56 and brij W1, a sucrose ester, a partial ester of sorbitol and its anhydrides, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monolaurate, a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, isoceteth-20 and mono-, di- and tri-esters of sucrose with fatty acids. In certain embdiments, suitable sucrose esters include those having high monoester content, which have higher HLB values.
• In an embodiment the surfactant is an ether for example polyoxyethylene (26) glycerol ether.
• In certain embodiments, surfactants are selected which can provide a close packed surfactant layer. To achieve such objectives combinations of at least two surfactants are selected. Preferably, they should be complex emulgators and more preferably they should both be of a similar molecular type; for example, a pair of ethers, like steareth 2 and steareth 21, or a pair of esters, for example, PEG-40 stearate and polysorbate 80. Ideally, the surfactants can be ethers. In certain circumstances POE esters cannot be used and a combination of sorbitan laurate and sorbitan stearate or a combination of sucrose stearic acid ester mixtures and sodium laurate may be used. All these combinations due to their versatility and strength may also be used satisfactorily and effectively with ether formulations, although the amounts and proportion may be varied according to the formulation and its objectives as will be appreciated by a man of the art.
• It has been discovered also that by using a derivatized hydrophilic polymer with hydrophobic alkyl moieties as a polymeric emulsifier such as pemulen it is possible to stabilize the emulsion better about or at the region of phase reversal tension. Other types of derivatized polymers like silicone copolymers, derivatized starch [Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate (ASOS)]/[DRY-FLO AF Starch], and derivatized dexrin may also a similar stabilizing effect.
• A series of dextrin derivative surfactants prepared by the reaction of the propylene glycol polyglucosides with a hydrophobic oxirane-containing material of the glycidyl ether are highly biodegradable. [Hong-Rong Wang and Keng-Ming Chen, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Volume 281, Issues 1-3, 15 Jun. 2006, Pages 190-.
• Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants that have HLB of about 7 to about 12 include steareth 2 (HLB˜4.9); glyceryl monostearate/PEG 100 stearate (Av HLB˜11.2); stearate Laureth 4 (HLB˜9.7) and cetomacrogol ether (e.g., polyethylene glycol 1000 monocetyl ether).
• Non-limiting examples of preferred surfactants, which have a HLB of 4-19 are set out in the Table below:

• 	Surfactant	HLB

  	steareth 2	~4.9
  	glyceryl monostearate/PEG 100 stearate	Av ~11.2
  	Glyceryl Stearate	~4
  	Steareth-21	~15.5
  	peg 40 stearate	~16.9
  	polysorbate 80	~15
  	sorbitan stearate	~4.7
  	laureth 4	~9.7
  	Sorbitan monooleate (span 80)	~4.3
  	ceteareth 20	~15.7
  	steareth 20	~15.3
  	ceteth 20	~15.7
  	Macrogol Cetostearyl Ether	~15.7
  	ceteth 2 (Lipocol C-2)	~5.3
  	PEG-30 Dipolyhydroxystearate	~5.5
  	sucrose distearate (Sisterna SP30)	~6
  	polyoxyethylene (100) stearate	~18.8

• Another component of the formulations of the present invention is a compound used in the present invention is Sepigel 305. Sepigel 305 comprises Polyacrylamide and C13-14 Isoparaffin and Laureth-7. It acts as a surfactant and as a thickening and emulsifying agent, and comes in a liquid, very easy to handle form. It requires neither premixing, nor high rate of shear nor neutralisation. Sepigel 305 can be used to emulsify all types of oil phase without heating, producing gel-cream with a rich, silky texture that are easy to apply and rapidly absorbed by the skin.
• More exemplary stabilizing surfactants which may be suitable for use in the present invention are found below.
• PEG-Fatty Acid Monoester Surfactants, such as:

• 	Chemical name	Product example name	HLB

  	PEG-30 stearate	Myrj 51	>10
  	PEG-40 laurate	Crodet L40 (Croda)	17.9
  	PEG-40 oleate	Crodet O40 (Croda)	17.4
  	PEG-45 stearate	Nikkol MYS-45 (Nikko)	18
  	PEG-50 stearate	Myrj 53	>10
  	PEG-100 stearate	Myrj 59, Arlacel 165 (ICI)	19

• PEG-Fatty Acid Diester Surfactants, such as:

• Chemical name	Product example name	HLB

  PEG-4 dilaurate	Mapeg .RTM. 200 DL (PPG),	7
  	Kessco .RTM.PEG 200 DL
  	(Stepan), LIPOPEG 2-DL (Lipo
  	Chem.)
  PEG-4	distearate Kessco .RTM. 200 DS	5
  	(Stepan.sub)
  PEG-32 dioleate	Kessco .RTM. PEG 1540 DO	15
  	(Stepan)
  PEG-400 dioleate	Cithrol 4DO series (Croda)	>10
  PEG-400 disterate	Cithrol 4DS series (Croda)	>10
  PEG-20 glyceryl oleate	Tagat .RTM. O (Goldschmidt)	>10

• Transesterification Products of Oils and Alcohols, such as:

• Chemical name	Product example name	HLB
  PEG-30 castor oil	Emalex C-30 (Nihon Emulsion)	11
  PEG-40 hydrogenated castor	Cremophor RH 40 (BASF),	13
  oil	Croduret (Croda), Emulgin HRE
  	40 (Henkel)

• Polyglycerized Fatty Acids, such as:

• 	Chemical name	Product example name	LB
  	Polyglyceryl-6 dioleate	Caprol .RTM. 6G20 (ABITEC);	8.5
  		PGO-62 (Calgene), PLUROL
  		OLEIQUE CC 497
  		(Gattefosse)Hodag

• PEG-Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters, such as:

• Chemical name	Product example name	HLB
  PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate	Tween-20 (Atlas/ICI), Crillet 1	17
  	(Croda), DACOL MLS 20
  	(Condea)
  PEG-20 sorbitan	Tween 40 (Atlas/ICI), Crillet 2	16
  Monopalmitate	(Croda)
  PEG-20 sorbitan	Tween-60 (Atlas/ICI), Crillet 3	15
  monostearate	(Croda)
  PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate	Tween-80 (Atlas/ICI), Crillet 4	15
  	(Croda)

• Polyethylene Glycol Alkyl Ethers, such as:

• Chemical name	Product example name	HLB

  PEG-2 oleyl ether	oleth-2 Brij 92/93 (Atlas/ICI)	4.9
  PEG-3 oleyl ether	oleth-3 Volpo 3 (Croda)	<10
  PEG-5 oleyl ether	oleth-5 Volpo 5 (Croda)	<10
  PEG-10 oleyl ether	oleth-10 Volpo 10 (Croda), Brij	12
  	96/97 (Atlas/ICI)
  PEG-20 oleyl ether	oleth-20 Volpo 20 (Croda), Brij	15
  	98/99 (Atlas/ICI)
  PEG-4 lauryl ether	laureth-4Brij 30 (Atlas/ICI)	9.7
  PEG-23 lauryl ether	laureth-23Brij 35 (Atlas/ICI)	17
  PEG-10 stearyl ether	Brij 76 (ICI)	12
  PEG-2 cetyl ether	Brij 52 (ICI)	5.3

• Sugar Ester Surfactants, such as:

• 	Chemical name	Product example name	HLB
  	Sucrose distearate	Sisterna SP50, Surfope 1811	11

• Sorbitan Fatty Acid Ester Surfactants, such as:

• Chemical name	Product example name	HLB
  Sorbitan monolaurate	Span-20 (Atlas/ICI), Crill 1	8.6
  	(Croda), Arlacel 20 (ICI)
  Sorbitan monopalmitate	Span-40 (Atlas/ICI), Crill 2	6.7
  	(Croda), Nikkol SP-10 (Nikko)
  Sorbitan monooleate	Span-80 (Atlas/ICI), Crill 4	4.3
  	(Croda), Crill 50 (Croda)
  Sorbitan monostearate	Span-60 (Atlas/ICI), Crill 3	4.7
  	(Croda), Nikkol SS-10 (Nikko)

• In one or more embodiments the surface active agent is a complex emulgator in which the combination of two or more surface active agents can be more effective than a single surfactant and provides a more stable formulation or improved foam quality than a single surfactant. For example and by way of non-limiting explanation it has been found that by choosing say two surfactants, one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic the combination can produce a more stable emulsion than a single surfactant. Preferably, the complex emulgator comprises a combination of surfactants wherein there is a difference of about 4 or more units between the HLB values of the two surfactants or there is a significant difference in the chemical nature or structure of the two or more surfactants.
• Specific non limiting examples of surfactant systems are, combinations of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, such as Brij 59/Brij10; Brij 52/Brij 10; Steareth 2/Steareth 20; Steareth 2/Steareth 21 (Brij 72/Brij 721); combinations of polyoxyethylene stearates such as Myrj 52/Myrj 59; combinations of sucrose esters, such as Surphope 1816/Surphope 1807; combinations of sorbitan esters, such as Span 20/Span 80; Span 20/Span 60; combinations of sucrose esters and sorbitan esters, such as Surphope 1811 and Span 60; combinations of liquid polysorbate detergents and PEG compounds, such as Tween 80/PEG-40 stearate; methyl glucaso sequistearate; polymeric emulsifiers, such as Permulen (TRI or TR2); liquid crystal systems, such as Arlatone (2121), Stepan (Mild RM1), Nikomulese (41) and Montanov (68) and the like.
• In certain embodiments the surfactant is preferably one or more of the following: a combination of steareth-2 and steareth-21 on their own or in combination with glyceryl monostearate (GMS); in certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of polysorbate 80 and PEG-40 stearate. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of glyceryl monostearate/PEG 100 stearate. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of two or more of stearate 21, PEG 40 stearate, and polysorbate 80. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of two or more of laureth 4, span80, and polysorbate 80. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of two or more of GMS and ceteareth. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of two or more of steareth 21, ceteareth 20, ceteth 2 and laureth 4 In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of ceteareth 20 and polysorbate 40 stearate. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of span 60 and GMS. In certain other embodiments the surfactant is a combination of two or all of PEG 40 stearate, sorbitan stearate and polysorbate 60
• In certain other embodiments the surfactant is one or more of sucrose stearic acid esters, sorbitan laureth, and sorbitan stearate.
• Without being bound by any particular theory or mode of operation, it is believed that the use of non-ionic surfactants with significant hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, increase the emulsifier or foam stabilization characteristics of the composition. Similarly, without being bound by any particular theory or mode of operation, using combinations of surfactants with high and low HLB's to provide a relatively close packed surfactant layer may strengthen the formulation.
• In one or more embodiments the stability of the composition can be improved when a combination of at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of less than 9 and at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of equal or more than 9 is employed. The ratio between the at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of less than 9 and the at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of equal or more than 9, is between 1:8 and 8:1, or at a ratio of 4:1 to 1:4. The resultant HLB of such a blend of at least two emulsifiers is preferably between about 9 and about 14.
• Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, a combination of at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of less than 9 and at least one non-ionic surfactant having HLB of equal or more than 9 is employed, at a ratio of between 1:8 and 8:1, or at a ratio of 4:1 to 1:4, wherein the HLB of the combination of emulsifiers is preferably between about 5 and about 18.
• In certain cases, the surface active agent is selected from the group of cationic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and ampholytic surfactants, such as sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate and betaines.
• Many amphiphilic molecules can show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase sequences depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. These structures are formed through the micro-phase segregation of two Many amphiphilic molecules can show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase sequences depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. These structures are formed through the micro-phase segregation of two incompatible components on a nanometer scale. Soap is an everyday example of a lyotropic liquid crystal. Certain types of surfactants tend to form lyotropic liquid crystals in emulsions interface (oil-in-water) and exert a stabilizing effect In one or more embodiments the surfactant is a surfactant or surfactant combination is capable of or which tends to form liquid crystals. Surfactants which tend to form liquid crystals may improve the quality of foams. Non limiting examples of surfactants with postulated tendency to form interfacial liquid crystals are: phospholipids, alkyl glucosides, sucrose esters, sorbitan esters.
• In one or more embodiments the at least one surface active agent is liquid. Moreover for the purposes of formulating with liquid ethers a liquid surfactant is preferred.
• In one or more embodiments the liquid surfactant is a polysorbate, preferably polysorbate 80 or 60.
• In one or more embodiments the at least one surface active agent is solid, semi solid or waxy. In a further embodiment they are soluble in oil and in another embodiment have a HLB of less than about 12.
• It should be noted that HLB values may not be so applicable to non ionic surfactants, for example, with liquid crystals or with silicones. Also HLB values may be of lesser significance in a waterless or substantially non-aqueous environment.
• In one or more embodiments the surfactant can be, a surfactant system comprising of a surfactant and a co surfactant, a waxy emulsifier, a liquid crystal emulsifier, an emulsifier which is solid or semi solid at room temperature and pressure, or combinations of two or more agents in an appropriate proportion as will be appreciated a person skilled in the art. Where a solid or semi solid emulsifier combination is used it can also comprise a solid or semi solid emulsifier and a liquid emulsifier. In a preferred embodiment at least one surfactant is a liquid.
• In one or more embodiments, the surface-active agent includes at least one non-ionic surfactant. Ionic surfactants are known to be irritants. Therefore, non-ionic surfactants are preferred in applications including sensitive tissue such as found in most mucosal tissues, especially when they are infected or inflamed. Non-ionic surfactants alone can provide formulations and foams of good or excellent quality in the carriers and compositions of the present invention.
• Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the surface active agent, the composition contains a non-ionic surfactant. In another preferred embodiment the composition includes a mixture of non-ionic surfactants as the sole surface active agent. Yet, in additional embodiments, the foamable composition includes a mixture of at least one non-ionic surfactant and at least one ionic surfactant in a ratio in the range of about 100:1 to 6:1. In one or more embodiments, the non-ionic to ionic surfactant ratio is greater than about 6:1, or greater than about 8:1; or greater than about 14:1, or greater than about 16:1, or greater than about 20:1. In further embodiments, surface active agent comprises a combination of a non-ionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant, at a ratio of between 1:1 and 20:1.
• In one or more embodiments, a combination of a non-ionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant (such as sodium lauryl sulphate and cocamidopropylbetaine) is employed, at a ratio of between 1:1 and 20:1, or at a ratio of 4:1 to 10:1; for example, about 1:1, about 4:1, about 8:1, about 12:1, about 16:1 and about 20:1 or at a ratio of 4:1 to 10:1, for example, about 4:1, about 6:1, about 8:1 and about 10:1.
• For foams in selecting a suitable surfactant or combination thereof it should be borne in mind that the upper amount of surfactant that may be used may be limited by the shakability of the composition. If the surfactant is non liquid, it can make the formulation to viscous or solid. Subject to its miscibility, solid surfactants may be added first, and may require gentle warming and then cooling before being combined with the other ingredients. In general terms, as the amount of non-liquid surfactant is increased the shakability of the formulation reduces until a limitation point is reached where the formulation can become non shakable and unsuitable. Thus in one embodiment, any effective amount of surfactant may be used provided the formulation remains shakable. In other certain limited embodiments the upper limit for foamable formulations may be determined by flowability such that any effective amount can be used provided the formulation is sufficiently flowable to be able to flow through an actuator valve and be released and still expand to form a good quality foam. This may be due without being bound by any theory to one or more of a number of factors such as the viscosity, the softness, the lack of crystals, the pseudoplastic or semi pseudo plastic nature of the composition and the dissolution of the propellant into the composition.
• In certain embodiments the amount of surfactant or combination of surfactants is between about 0.05% to about 20%; between about 0.05% to about 15%. or between about 0.05% to about 10%. In a preferred embodiment the concentration of surface active agent is between about 0.2% and about 8%. In a more preferred embodiments the concentration of surface active agent is between about 1% and about 6% or between about 1% and about 4%.
• In some embodiments, it is desirable that the surface active agent does not contain a polyoxyethylene (POE) moiety, such as polysorbate surfactants, POE fatty acid esters, and POE alkyl ethers, because the active agent is incompatible with such surface active agents. For example, the active agent pimecrolimus is not stable the presence of POE moieties, yet benefits greatly from the use of dicarboxylic esters as penetration enhancers. In such cases, alternative surface active agents are employed. In an exemplary manner, POE—free surfactants include non-ethoxylated sorbitan esters, such as sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monolaurate and sorbitan sesquioleate; glycerol fatty acid esters, such as glycerol monostearate and glycerol monooleate; mono-, di- and tri-esters of sucrose with fatty acids (sucrose esters), sucrose stearate, sucrose distearate sucrose palmitate and sucrose laurate; and alkyl polyglycosides, such as lauryl diglucoside.
Humectant
• A humectant is a substance that helps retain moisture and also prevents rapid evaporation. Non limiting examples are propylene glycol, propylene glycol derivatives, glycerin, hydrogenated starch hydrosylate, hydrogenated lanolin, lanolin wax, D manitol, sorbitol, sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, sodium lactate, sodium PCA, soluble collagen, dibutyl phthalate, and gelatin. Other examples may be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives published by Gower.
Moisturizers
• A moisturizer, is a substance that helps retain moisture or add back moisture to the skin. Examples are allantoin, petrolatum, urea, lactic acid, sodium PCV, glycerin, shea butter, caprylic/capric/stearic triglyceride, candelilla wax, propylene glycol, lanolin, hydrogenated oils, squalene, sodium hyaluronate and lysine PCA. Other examples may be found in theHandbook of Pharmaceutical Additivespublished by Gower.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may in one or more embodiments usefully comprise in addition a heumectant or a moisturizer or combinations thereof.
Modulating Agent
• The term modulating agent is used to describe an agent which can improve the stability of or stabilize a carrier or a foamable composition and or an active agent by modulating the effect of a substance or residue present in the carrier or composition. The substance or residue may for example be acidic or basic and potentially alter an artificial pH in a waterless or substantially non aqueous environment or it may be one or more metal ions which may act as a potential catalyst in a waterless or substantially non aqueous environment or it may be an ionisation agent or it may be an oxidizing agent.
• In one or more other embodiments the modulating agent is used in a waterless composition. In one or more embodiments the modulating agent is used to describe an agent which can affect pH in an aqueous solution.
• The agent can be any of the known buffering systems used in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations as would be appreciated by a man of the art. It can also be an organic acid, a carboxylic acid, a fatty acid an amino acid, an aromatic acid, an alpha or beta hydroxyl acid an organic base or a nitrogen containing compound.
• In one or more further embodiments the modulating agent is used to describe an agent, which is a chelating or sequestering or complexing agent that is sufficiently soluble or functional in the waterless solvent to enable it to “mop up” or “lock” metal ions.
• In the embodiment modulating agent is used to describe an agent which can effect pH in an aqueous solution the term modulating agent more particularly means an acid or base or buffer system or combinations thereof, which is introduced into or is present in and acts to modulate the ionic or polar characteristics and any acidity or basisity balance of a waterless or substantially non aqueous carrier, composition, foamable carrier or foamable composition or resultant foam described herein.
• The terms pH, pKa, and pKb, buffers such measurements and terms are artificial in a waterless environment. In an embodiment of the present invention sufficient modulating agent is added to achieve an artificial pH in which the active agent is preferably stable. Such artificial pH may be acidic, maybe basic or may be neutral.
• In an embodiment of the present invention, the modulating or additional component is a pH adjusting agent or a buffering agent.
• In one or more preferred embodiments of the present invention the chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (“EDTA”) and salts thereof such as disodium EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA and calsium disodium EDTA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (“DTPA”) and salts thereof; hydroxyethlethylenediaminetriacetic acid (“HEDTA”) and salts thereof and nitrilotriacetic acid (“NTA”); more preferably EDTA, HEDTA and their salts; most preferably EDTA and its salts.
• In one or more embodiments of the present invention a preferred non limiting example of the chelating agent is EDTA. Typically, the chelating and sequestering agent is present in the composition at a level of up to about 5.0%, preferably 1.0 percent, by weight, of the composition.
• Combinations of Modulating Agents may be a useful for example chelating agents may be usefully used in combination with another modulating agent such as an acid, a base or a buffer system or with various combinations of modulating agents.
• The modulating agent to the foamable composition of the present invention is further useful for adjusting the pH of the target area of application.
• In one or more embodiments, the modulating agent may also be a preservative or an antioxidant or an ionization agent. Any preservative, antioxidant or ionization agents suitable for pharmaceutical or cosmetic application may be used. Non limiting examples of antioxidants are tocopherol succinate, propyl galate, butylated hydroxy toluene and butyl hydroxy anisol. In one or more embodiments the modulating agent is a flavonoid. Ionization agents may be positive or may be negative depending on the environment and the active agent or composition that is to be protected. Ionization agents may for example act to protect or reduce sensitivity of active agents. Non limiting examples of positive ionization agents are benzyl conium chloride, and cetyl pyridium chloride. Non limiting examples of negative ionization agents are sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium lauryl lactylate and phospholipids.
• In one or more embodiments the formulations described herein may further contain a modulating agent.
Microsponges
• The Microsponges are rigid, porous and spongelike round microscopic particles of cross-linked polymer beads (e.g., polystyrene or copolymers thereof), each defining a substantially noncollapsible pore network. The Microsponges can be loaded with an active ingredient and can provide a controlled time release of the active ingredient to skin or to a mucosal membrane upon application of the formulation. The slow release is intended to reduce irritation by the active. Microsponge® delivery technology was developed by Advanced Polymer Systems. In one or more embodiments the composition comprises one or more active agents loaded into Microponges with an aqueous carrier or with a waterless carrier described herein which may comprise a modulating agent.
Propellants
• Examples of suitable propellants include volatile hydrocarbons such as butane, propane, isobutane and fluorocarbon gases, or mixtures thereof.
• In an embodiment the propellant is 1681, which is a mixture of propane, isobutene and butane. In another embodiment it is AP 70, which is a mixture of propane, isobutene and butane with a higher pressure.
• The propellant makes up about 5-25 wt % of the foamable composition. In some circumstances the propellant may be up to 35%. The propellants are used to generate and administer the foamable composition as a foam. The total composition including propellant, foamable compositions and optional ingredients is referred to as the foamable composition.
• Alcohol and organic solvents render foams inflammable. It has been surprisingly discovered that fluorohydrocarbon propellants, other than chloro-fluoro carbons (CMCs), which are non-ozone-depleting propellants, are particularly useful in the production of a non-flammable foamable composition. A test according to European Standard prEN 14851, titled “Aerosol containers—Aerosol foam flammability test” revealed that compositions containing an organic carrier that contains a hydrophobic organic carrier and/or a solvent, which are detected as inflammable when a hydrocarbon propellant is used, become non-flammable, while the propellant is an HFC propellant.
• Such propellants include, but are not limited to, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) propellants, which contain no chlorine atoms, and as such, fall completely outside concerns about stratospheric ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons or other chlorinated hydrocarbons. Exemplary non-flammable propellants according to this aspect of the invention include propellants made by DuPont under the registered trademark Dymel, such as 1,1,1,2 tetrafluorethane (Dymel 134), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane (Dymel 227) 1,1, difluoro ethane (Dymel 152) and 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoropropane HFCs possess Ozone Depletion Potential of 0.00 and thus, they are allowed for use as propellant in aerosol products.
• In one or more embodiments, the non inflammbale propellants are used in combination with the more traditional hydrocarbon propellants.
• In one or more embodiments, where Dymel is used, it is used in such levels that the sensation effect is not primarily due to the propellant.
• Notably, the stability of foamable emulsions including HFC as the propellant can be improved in comparison with the same composition made with a hydrocarbon propellant.
• In one or more embodiments foamable compositions comprise a combination of a HFC and a hydrocarbon propellant such as n-butane or mixtures of hydrocarbon propellants such as propane, isobutane and butane.
• Some propellants may have a cooling effect. The evaporation of the propellant from newly released foam that has been applied to a body surface can, depending on the nature of the foam and the type and amount of propellant provide a cooling effect. In some cases the sensation is mild and in other cases the propellant can actually produce physical cooling on the skin surface. As will be appreciated such cooling effect may increase relative to the ability of the formulation to deliver increasing levels of propellant in contact with the skin.
• Dimethyl ether is a product which evaporates very rapidly to produce a cooling effect and in one or more embodiments is used as part of the propellant system.
• In one or more embodiments the propellant is a mixture of propane, butane and isobutene.
• In one or more embodiments the propellant is a mixture of propane, butane and isobutene together with dimethyl ether.
• In one or more embodiments the propellant makes up about 5-25 wt % of the foamable composition.
• In certain other embodiments the amount of propellant can be increased to up to less than half of the composition, for example, where it is desired to produce a cooling effect in addition to a cooling sensation or where it is sought to produce an initial cooling effect followed by a cooling or other sensation.
Additional Components
• Additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti perspirant, an anti-static agent, a buffering agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, a colorant, a conditioner, a deodorant, a diluent, a dye, an emollient, fragrance, a humectant, an occlusive agent, a penetration enhancer, a perfuming agent, a permeation enhancer, a pH-adjusting agent, a preservative, a skin penetration enhancer, a sunscreen, a sun blocking agent, a sunless tanning agent, and a vitamin or derivative thereof.
• In addition to the sensations and sensation agents and sensation modifying effects described herein it is possible to enhance the sensation of the user and to increase compliance, by for example making the product visually attractive. Thus, in certain further embodiments the additional component is one or more of a colored active agent, a colored excipient, a pigment, a dye, a colorant and a coloring agent. Similarly, in other certain embodiments the additional component is a fragrance or fragrance masking agent
Sensation or Sensation Modifying Agent
• The sensation modifying agent is selected from a cooling agent, a warming agent a relaxing or soothing agent; a stimulating agent; a refreshing agent; or mixtures thereof.
• As will be appreciated by someone in the art two or more soothing, relaxing, cooling, stimulating, refreshing, and warming agents may be effectively combined in order to produce a combined, staggered, consecutive, overlapping, reduced or increased effect or sensation, as is appropriate.
Cooling Agents
• In the context and without degradating from explanations given elsewhere, substances, which are known to provide a “cool” sensation or cooling effect on or following application to a body surface; and substances that, on or following topical application can ameliorate a hot sensation or a heating effect are called “cooling agents”. Any agent which, when incorporated in the foamable composition in a concentration sufficient to exert a cooling sensation or effect or to ameliorate a hot sensation or heating effect, is suitable for use a cooling agent in accordance with the present invention. The cooling agent may be an excipient, an active ingredient or pharmaceutical, therapeutic or cosmetic agent or a propellant or combinations of two or more agents.
• Hence, non limiting examples of cooling agents, which are all incorporated herein by reference are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,419,543, 4,020,153, 4,032,661, 4,033,994, 4,034,109, 4,059,118, 4,060,091, 4,070,449, 4,070,496, 4,136,163, 4,150,052, 4, 4,153,679, 157,384, 4,178,459, 4,193,936, 4,226,988, 4,230,688, 4,296,255, 4,459,425, 5,266,592, 5,608,119, 5,725,865, 5,773,410, 5,843,466, 5,959,161, 6,214,788, 6,267,974, 6,303,817, 6,328,982, 6,359,168, 6,482,983, 6,592,884, 6,884,906 and 7,030,273 US Patent Application 20040067970, DE 2,202,535, DE 2,205,255, DE 2,503,555, DE 2,608,226, DE 4,226,043, GB 1,351,761, GB 1,351,762, GB 1,421,744, JP 2004059474 and WO 2005049553; and in Watson et al, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 29, 185-200 (1978); and Ottinger et al in J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5383-5390 (2001).
• In an embodiment, the cooling agent has a further sensation or sensation modifying feeling or effect.
• In an embodiment, the cooling agent is menthol. In additional embodiment, the cooling agent is an isomer or a derivative of menthol, as exemplifies in the following schemes:
• 
• Additional examples of menthol derivatives are monomenthyl esters of di- and polycarboxylic acids:
• 
• Some derivatives have been developed to be substantially without smell.
• Useful exemplary menthol derivatives are menthol ethylene glycol carbonate, which is now known as Frescolat® type MGC, enthol Propylene Glycol Carbonate (Frescolat® type MPC), menthyl lactate (Frescolat ML®) and Menthone Glycerin Acetal (Frescolat MGA®).
• 
• Additional widely used menthol derivatives are 3-(/-Menthoxy)-1,2-propanediol, known as Cooling Agent 10; and the same structure with an additional methyl group in the glycerin part of the molecule:
• 
• Menthoxy-coolants are additional cooling menthol derivatives:
• 

  
• Cubebol is an example of a coolant with a C—C bond in the 3d position of p-menthane.
• 
• Cooling agents, which are not menthol derivatives, are also suitable for use in accordance with the present invention. Examples of such cooling agents are provided below:
• 
• Exemplary cooling agents which can be used in the invention include, but are not limited to, menthol, isopulegol, 3-(1-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-(1-menthoxy)-2-methylpropane-1,2-diol, p-menthane-2,3-diol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxas-piro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, menthyl succinate and its alkaline earth metal salts, trimethylcyclohexanol, N-ethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanecarb-oxamide, Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) oil, peppermint oil, menthone, menthone glycerol ketal, menthyl lactate, 3-(1-menthoxy)ethan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)propan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)butan-1-ol, I-menthylacetic acid N-ethylamide, I-menthyl-4-hydroxypentanoate, I-menthyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-butanamide, and spearmint oil.
• The cooling agent is incorporated in the composition in a concentration which, on one side is safe and on the other side provides a cooling sensation or cooling effect upon application of the cooling foamable composition onto a body surface.
• In an embodiment, the cooling agent also possesses therapeutic properties. For example, menthol is being used in the therapy of psoriasis; relief of nasal complaints and sore throats; and WS-3 (N-Ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide) and related N-substituted p-menthane carboxamides, as well as p-Menthane-3,8-diols are known insect repellents
Warming Agents
• In the context and without degradating from explanations given elsewhere, substances, which are known to provide a warming sensation or warming effect on or following application to a body surface; and substances that, upon or following topical application can ameliorate a cold sensation or a cooling effect are called “warming agents”. Any agent which, when incorporated in the foamable composition in a concentration sufficient to exert a warming sensation or warming effect or to ameliorate a cold sensation or cooling effect, is suitable for use a warming agent in accordance with the present invention. The warming agent may be an excipient, an active ingredient or pharmaceutical, therapeutic or cosmetic agent or combinations of two or more agents.
• Exemplary substances, which are known to provide a sensation of warmth on application and called “warming agents”. include polyhydric alcohols,capsicum(red pepper) powder, acapsicum tincture, capsicumextract, capsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonanoyl vanillyl amide, nonanoic acid vanillyl ether, vanillyl alcohol alkyl ether derivatives (JP-A-57-9729), such as vanillyl ethyl ether, vanillyl butyl ether, vanillyl pentyl ether, and vanillyl hexyl ether, isovanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, ethylvanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, veratryl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol alkyl ethers, vanillin propylene glycol acetal, ethylvanillin propylene glycol acetal, ginger extract, ginger oil, gingeol, and gingeron.
• The warming agent is incorporated in the composition in a concentration which, on one side is safe and on the other side provides a warming sensation or warming effect upon application of the warming foamable composition onto a body surface.
• In an embodiment, the warming agent also possesses therapeutic properties. For example, capsicum powder, capsicum tincture and extract, as well as capsaicin and homocapsaicin are used for topically treating muscle and joint pain.
Combination of a Cooling Agent and a Warming Agent
• It is also possible to modulate, potentate, increase, reduce, or ameliorate the sensation effect by introducing into the composition a sensation modifying agent. Thus, the sensation effect or sensation induced by a first sensation or sensation modifying agent maybe reduced by addition of a second sensation or sensation modifying agent in the composition. For example, the cooling sensation of a cooling formulation may be reduced by the presence of a warming or warming modifying agent. Likewise, the warming sensation of a warming formulation may be reduced by the presence of a cooling or cooling modifying agent. Thus in one exemplary embodiment the composition comprises an effective amount of cooling peppermint oil and a lesser effective amount of capsaicin warming agent such that the cooling sensation is the predominant sensation. In another exemplary embodiment the composition comprises an effective amount capsaicin of and a lesser effective amount of peppermint oil cooling agent such that the warming sensation is the predominant sensation. In another embodiment the cooling and warming agents are selected so that the cooling and warming effects or sensations are staggered. For example, in one exemplary embodiment the composition comprises an effective amount capsaicin of and an effective amount of dimethyl ether cooling agent such that the cooling sensation is the initial predominant sensation and the warming sensation follows on as the subsequent predominant sensation. Other cooling and warming agents may be effectively combined as will be appreciated by someone in the art in order to produce a combined, staggered, consecutive, overlapping, reduced or increased effect or sensation, as is appropriate.
Soothing or Relaxing Agents
• There are many different categories of agents which have a soothing effect and which may be used in the present invention in an effective amount either on their own or in combination with an effective amount of other soothing agents or in combination with an effective amount of other sensation or sensation modifying agents as will be appreciated by someone in the art in order to produce a combined, staggered, consecutive, overlapping, reduced or increased effect or sensation, as is appropriate.
• Non limiting examples of soothing agents are herb extracts, such as, aloe vera, alpha bisabolol, D-panthenol, allantoin, hamamelis, chamomile, yarrow;calendula, comfrey, witch hazel and other astringents, sea weed, and oat extracts; oils, such as, almond oil, avocado oil, and comfrey; and essential oils, such as, cardamone, eucalyptus,mentha piperita(peppermint), hyssop, and rosemary; waxy or unctuous substances such as lanolin or vaselline jelly, minerals, such as, zinc oxide, calamine and selenium; vitamins, such as, tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), and drugs, such as, analgesics, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-histamines, muscle relaxants and the like.
• Other non limiting examples are menthol, camphor, eugenol, eucalyptol, safrol, methyl salicylate, menthyl lactate, menthyl ethoxyacetate, menthone glycerinacetal, 3-I-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol, ethyl I-menthyl carbonate, (1S,3S,4R)-p-menth-8-en-3-ol, menthyl pyrrolidone carboxylate, N-substituted-p-menthane-3-carboxamides (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,163, which is incorporated herein by reference) and ketal coolants (as described in WO 93/23005, which is also incorporated herein by reference) including, for example, I-menthon-Id-isomenthon glycerin ketal.
• In one exemplary embodiment the composition comprises an effective amount of soothing hamamelis and a lesser effective amount of frescolate cooling agent such that the soothing sensation is the predominant sensation. In another exemplary embodiment the composition comprises an effective amount capsaicin of and a lesser effective amount of hamamelis soothing agent such that the warming sensation is the predominant sensation. In another embodiment, the soothing and warming agents are selected so that the soothing and warming effects or sensations are staggered or partially overlapping. In another embodiment, the soothing and cooling agents are selected so that the soothing and cooling effects or sensations are staggered or partially overlapping.
Stimulating or Refreshing Agents
• There are many different categories of agents which have a stimulating or refreshing sensation or effect and which may be used in the present invention in an effective amount either on their own or in combination with an effective amount of other stimulating or refreshing agents or in combination with an effective amount of other sensation or sensation modifying agents as will be appreciated by someone in the art in order to produce a combined, staggered, consecutive, overlapping, reduced or increased effect or sensation, as is appropriate.
• Non limiting examples are alcohols, L-menthol, camphor, menthe oil,capsicumextract, capsaicin, benzyl nicotinate, salicylate, glycol salicylate, acetyl choline, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, other neurotransmitters; CNS stimulants; caffeine, quinine, and the like might be suitable stimulants in dosages or delivery systems where they essentially or primarily have a local or topical as opposed to systemic effect.
Specific AgentsGinger
• Ginger is said to have several pharmacological activities, including anti-emetic, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Also, ginger has been reported to have hypoglycaemic, hypo- and hypertensive, cardiac, prostaglandin and platelet aggregation inhibition, antihypercholesterolaemic, cholagogic and stomachic properties. Ginger has carminative properties and has also been tried for the prophylaxis of motion sickness and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. In vitro studies have demonstrated that constituents of ginger, such as 6-, 8- and 10-gingerols and galanolactone, have antiserotonergic activity. Ginger oil is used in aromatherapy.Capsicum
• The capsaicinoids are principally responsible for the biological activity ofcapsicum. These pungent principles are thought to stimulate and aid digestion and to act as a counter-irritant when applied externally. Capsaicin has also been used as a neurochemical tool for studying sensory neurotransmission. Topical creams containing capsaicin 0.025% and 0.075% are used for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, and post-herpetic neuralgia, respectively.Capsicumoleoresin and capsaicin are ingredients of a number of over-the-counter topical preparations for relief of pain in muscle, tendon and joints. Capsaicin has effects on nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory and gastrointestinal systems. Capsaicin has been used as a neurochemical tool for studying sensory neurotransmission.
Hamamelis
• Witch hazel is characterized by its tannin constituents and astringent properties. It is also said to have haemostatic properties. The documented herbal uses are related to these astringent properties. It has been used topically in the treatment of haemorrhoids, eczema and dermatitis. Vasoconstriction was reduced in the hindquarters of rabbits. A fraction of an aqueous ethanolic bark extract was significantly active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Topical applications of a hydroglycolic extract of witch hazel leaf reduced skin temperature perhaps due to a vasoconstrictor effect. After-sun lotion containing 10% hamamelis was reported to have suppressed erythema.
Peppermint Oil
• Peppermint oil is an aromatic carminative that relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle and relieves flatulence and colic. Peppermint oil is also used with other volatile agents in preparations for respiratory-tract disorders. It is also used in aromatherapy.
Menthol
• Menthol is chiefly used to relieve symptoms of bronchitis, sinusitis, and similar conditions. For this purpose it may be used as an inhalation, usually with benzoin or eucalyptus oil, as pastilles, or as an ointment with camphor and eucalyptus oil for application to the chest or. When applied to the skin menthol dilates the blood vessels, causing a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect. It relieves itching and is used in creams, lotions, or ointments in pruritus and urticaria. It has also been applied to the forehead, presumably as a counter-irritant, for the relief of headache. Menthol has a carminative action.
(Sources: Matindale and Herbal Extracts Electronic Edition 2008)Additional Active Agent
• The foamable carrier is an ideal vehicle for active pharmaceutical ingredients and active cosmetic ingredients. In the context herein, active pharmaceutical ingredients and active cosmetic ingredients are collectively termed “additional active agent” or “additional active agents”.
• Suitable additional active agents include but are not limited to active herbal extracts, acaricides, age spot and keratose removing agents, allergen, analgesics, local anesthetics, antiacne agents, antiallergic agents, antiaging agents, antibacterials, antibiotics, antiburn agents, anticancer agents, antidandruff agents, antidepressants, antidermatitis agents, antiedemics, antihistamines, antihelminths, antihyperkeratolyte agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiirritants, antilipemics, antimicrobials, antimycotics, antiproliferative agents, antioxidants, anti-wrinkle agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antirosacea agents antiseborrheic agents, antiseptic, antiswelling agents, antiviral agents, antiyeast agents, astringents, topical cardiovascular agents, chemotherapeutic agents, corticosteroids, dicarboxylic acids, disinfectants, fungicides, hair growth regulators, hormones, hydroxy acids, immunosuppressants, immunoregulating agents, insecticides, insect repellents, keratolytic agents, lactams, metals, metal oxides, mitocides, neuropeptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oxidizing agents, pediculicides, photodynamic therapy agents, retinoids, sanatives, scabicides, self tanning agents, skin whitening agents, asoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, vitamin A, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D, vitamin D derivatives, flavanoids, wound healing agents and wart removers. As is known to one skilled in the art, in some instances a specific active agent may have more than one activity, function or effect.
Fields of Applications
• The foamable composition is suitable for treating any inflicted surface. In one or more embodiments, foamable carrier is suitable for administration to the skin, a body surface, a body cavity or mucosal surface, e.g., the cavity and/or the mucosa of the nose, mouth, eye, ear, respiratory system, vagina or rectum (severally and interchangeably termed herein “target site”).
• A sensation modifying foamable composition can be used in any condition that can benefit from the modification of a cold or warm sensation, and in any condition that can benefit from stabilizing a cold or warm sensation, by applying a cooling or a warming foam on the target site.
• Examples of uses of a cooling foam composition include:
• • Treatment of over-heated body surface;
  • Treatment of the skin after sun-burn;
  • Treatment of the skin after blistering;
  • Treatment of the skin after radiation treatment, burn or injury;
  • Treatment of the skin after friction burn;
  • Treatment of the skin after inflammation;
  • Treatment of the skin after insect bite or sting;
  • Treatment of the skin after shaving;
  • Treatment of the skin after hair removal;
  • Treatment of the skin after laser treatment, burn or injury;
  • Treatment or preparation of the skin prior to radiation, laser, or heat treatment or hair removal;
  • Treatment of the skin after, during or before acupuncture;
  • Treatment of the skin after or during stress;
  • Treatment of the skin upon pain.
• Examples of uses of a warming foam composition include:
• • Treatment of over-cooled body surface;
  • Treatment of the skin after exposure to cold environment;
  • Treatment of the skin with inadequate circulation;
  • Treatment of the skin after wind exposure;
  • Treatment of the skin after liquid gas treatment, burn, or injury;
  • Treatment or preparation of the skin prior to liquid gas treatment;
  • Treatment of the skin after, during or before massage;
  • Treatment of the skin after or during stress.
• By selecting a suitable sensation modifying agent, or a combination of at least two sensation modifying agents, or a combination of at lease one sensation modifying agent and at least one additional therapeutic agent, the foamable composition is useful in treating an animal or a human patient having any one of a variety of dermatological disorders, including dermatological pain, dermatological inflammation, acne, acne vulgaris, inflammatory acne, non-inflammatory acne, acne fulminans, nodular papulopustular acne, acne conglobata, dermatitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, viral skin infections, parasitic skin infections, skin neoplasia, skin neoplasms, pruritis, cellulitis, acute lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, erysipelas, cutaneous abscesses, necrotizing subcutaneous infections, scalded skin syndrome, folliculitis, furuncles, hidradenitis suppurativa, carbuncles, paronychial infections, rashes, erythrasma, impetigo, eethyma, yeast skin infections, warts, molluscum contagiosum, trauma or injury to the skin, post-operative or post-surgical skin conditions, scabies, pediculosis, creeping eruption, eczemas, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, edematous, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, grannuloma annulare, epidermal necrolysis, sunburn, photosensitivity, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, keratosis pilaris, callouses, corns, ichthyosis, skin ulcers, ischemic necrosis, miliaria, hyperhidrosis, moles, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poison ivy, poison oak, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, purpura, moniliasis, candidiasis, baldness, alopecia, Behcet's syndrome, cholesteatoma, Dercum disease, ectodermal dysplasia, gustatory sweating, nail patella syndrome, lupus, hives, hair loss, Hailey-Hailey disease, chemical or thermal skin burns, scleroderma, aging skin, wrinkles, sun spots, necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, gangrene, scarring, and vitiligo.
• Likewise, the foamable composition is suitable for treating a disorder of a body cavity or mucosal surface, e.g., the mucosa of the nose, mouth, eye, ear, respiratory system, vagina or rectum. Non limiting examples of such conditions include chlamydia infection, gonorrhea infection, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chancroid, granuloma Inguinale, lymphogranloma venereum, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), molluscum contagiosum, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), trichomoniasis, vulvar disorders, vulvodynia, vulvar pain, yeast infection, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), contact dermatitis, pelvic inflammation, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, genital cancer, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, anal and rectal disease, anal abscess/fistula, anal cancer, anal fissure, anal warts, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, anal itch, pruritus ani, fecal incontinence, constipation, polyps of the colon and rectum.
• In an embodiment, the composition is useful for the treatment of an infection. In one or more embodiments, the composition is suitable for the treatment of an infection, selected from the group of a bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, a viral infection and a parasitic infection.
• In an embodiment, the composition is useful for the treatment of wound, ulcer and burn.
• The composition is also suitable for administering a hormone to the skin or to a mucosal membrane or to a body cavity, in order to deliver the hormone into the tissue of the target organ, in any disorder that responds to treatment with a hormone.
Higher (Fatty) Alcohols
• In some embodiments of the present invention, the compositions and carriers comprise one or more higher alcohols. These generally exclude “lower alcohols”. The fatty alcohols are typically liquid at ambient temperature.
• Fatty alcohols may defined as follows:
• The fatty alcohols hereof have a melting point of 30° C. or less, preferably about 25° C. or less, more preferably about 22° C. or less.
• The unsaturated fatty alcohols hereof are also nonvolatile. By nonvolatile what is meant is they have a boiling point at 1.0 atmospheres of at least about 260° C., preferably at least about 275° C., more preferably at least about 300° C.
• Suitable fatty alcohols include unsaturated monohydric straight chain fatty alcohols, saturated branched chain fatty alcohols, saturated C8-C12 straight chain fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof. The unsaturated straight chain fatty alcohols will typically have one degree of unsaturation. Di- and tri-unsaturated alkenyl chains may be present at low levels, preferably less than about 5% by total weight of the unsaturated straight chain fatty alcohol, more preferably less than about 2%, most preferably less than about 1%.
• Preferably, the unsaturated straight chain fatty alcohols will have an aliphatic chain size of from C112-C22, more preferably from C12-C18, most preferably from C116-C18. Especially preferred alcohols of this type include oleyl alcohol and palmitoleic alcohol.
• The branched chain alcohols will typically have aliphatic chain sizes of from C12-C22, preferably C14-C20, more preferably C16-C18. Exemplary branched chain alcohols for use herein include isostearyl alcohol, octyl dodecanol, and octyl decanol. Examples of saturated C8-C12 straight chain alcohols include octyl alcohol, caprylic alcohol, decyl alcohol, and lauryl alcohol. Furthermore, the higher alcohols may be selected from straight chain fatty alcohols, having 6 or more carbon atoms, which are liquid at ambient temperature, such as, but not limited to Hexanol, Octanol, Nonanol, Decanol; branched alcohols, such as: 2 Octanol (Capryl Alcohol), Undecanol (Undecyl Alcohol), 2 Butyl Octanol (Isolauryl Alcohol), Tridecyl Alcohol (Isotridecyl Alcohol), 2 Butyl Decanol, 2 Hexyl Octanol, Isomyristyl Alcohol, 2 Hexyl Decanol, Isocetyl Alcohol, 2 Octyl Decanol, 2 Hexyl Dodecanol, Isostearyl Alcohol, Isooctadecanol, Isooleyl Alcohol (unsaturated and branched), Isoarachidyl Alcohol, 2 Decyl Tetradecanol, Isolignoceryl Alcohol, 2 Decyl Tetradecanol, 2 Tetradecyl Octadecanol, 2 Tetradecyl Eicosanol, 2 Hexadecyl Octadecanol, 2 Hexadecyl Eicosanol; additionally unsaturated alcohols, such as Erucyl Alcohol, Linoleyl Alcohol, oleyl alcohol may be employed.
Substantially Alcohol-Free
• According to one or more embodiments, the foamable composition is substantially alcohol-free, i.e., free of short chain alcohols. Short chain alcohols, having up to 5 carbon atoms in their carbon chain skeleton and one hydroxyl group, such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butaneol, iso-butaneol, t-butaneol and pentanol, are considered less desirable solvents or solvents due to their skin-irritating effect. Thus, the composition is substantially alcohol-free and includes less than about 5% final concentration of lower alcohols, preferably less than about 2%, more preferably less than about 1%.
• Other foamable compositions are described in: U.S. Publication No. 05-0232869, published on Oct. 20, 2005, entitled NONSTEROIDAL IMMUNOMODULATING KIT AND COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 05-0205086, published on Sep. 22, 2005, entitled RETINOID IMMUNOMODULATING KIT AND COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 06-0018937, published on Jan. 26, 2006, entitled STEROID KIT AND FOAMABLE COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 05-0271596, published on Dec. 8, 2005, entitled VASOACTIVE KIT AND COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 06-0269485, published on Nov. 30, 2006, entitled ANTIBIOTIC KIT AND COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 07-0020304, published on Jan. 25, 2007, entitled NON-FLAMMABLE INSECTICIDE COMPOSITION AND USES THEREOF; U.S. Publication No. 06-0193789, published on Aug. 31, 2006, entitled FILM FORMING FOAMABLE COMPOSITION; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/732,547, filed on Apr. 4, 2007, entitled ANTI-INFECTION AUGMENTATION OF FOAMABLE COMPOSITIONS AND KIT AND USES THEREOF; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/732,547, filed on Apr. 4, 2007, KERATOLYTIC ANTIFUNGAL FOAM; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/767,442, filed on Jun. 22, 2007, entitled FOAMABLE COMPOSITIONS AND KITS COMPRISING ONE OR MORE OF A CHANNEL AGENT, A CHOLINERGIC AGENT, A NITRIC OXIDE DONOR, AND RELATED AGENTS AND THEIR USES; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/825,406, filed on Jul. 5, 2007, entitled DICARBOXYLIC ACID FOAMABLE VEHICLE AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/900,072, filed on Sep. 10, 2006, entitled FOAMABLE VEHICLE AND VITAMIN AND FLAVONOID PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/947,751, filed Nov. 29, 2007, entitled COMPOSITIONS WITH MODULATING AGENTS, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. More particularly any of the active ingredients; the solvents; the surfactants; foam adjuvants; polymeric agents, penetration enhancers; preservatives, humectants; moisturizers; and other excipients as well as the propellants and methods listed therein can be applied herein and are incorporated by reference.
• The invention is described with reference to the following examples. This invention is not limited to these examples and experiments. Many variations will suggest themselves and are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.
Methodology
• The formulas of the present invention may be made in the following general way with appropriate adjustments for each formulation as will be appreciated by someone skilled in the art. Polymers, if any, are mixed, swelled and solubilized in the waterless medium, when necessary, with appropriate heat until it forms a clear solution. Stabilizing surfactants added usually with heat, until a homogeneous mixture is obtained, the mixture is then allowed to cool. The remainder of the ingredients, are then added with mixing until they have dissolved in the medium. The active agent is usually added at the end once the modulating agent, if present, has been incorporated. For foam the canisters are then filled with the above waterless formula, sealed and crimped with a valve and pressurized with the propellant.
• A general procedure for preparing foamable compositions is set out in WO 2004/037225, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Composition and Foam Physical Characteristics and Advantages
• A pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition manufactured using the foamable carrier of the present invention is very easy to use. When applied onto the body surface of mammals, i.e., humans or animals, it is in a foam state, allowing free application without spillage. Upon further application of a mechanical force, e.g., by rubbing the composition onto the body surface, it freely spreads on the surface and is rapidly absorbed.
• The foamable composition of the present invention is stable, having an acceptable shelf-life of at least one year, or preferably, at least two years at ambient temperature, as revealed in accelerated stability tests or aging tests. In certain embodiments a product may satisfy stability tests if upon light shaking a homogenous formulation is restored and remains stable until well after dispensing. Organic carriers and propellants tend to impair the stability of emulsions and to interfere with the formation of stable foam upon release from a pressurized container. It has been observed, however, that the foamable compositions according to the present invention are surprisingly stable. Following accelerated stability studies, they demonstrate desirable texture; they form fine bubble structures that do not break immediately upon contact with a surface, spread easily on the treated area and absorb quickly.
• The composition should also be free flowing, to allow it to flow through the aperture of the container, e.g., and aerosol container, and create an acceptable foam.
Quantitative and Qualitative TestsFoam Quality
• Foam quality can be graded as follows:
• Grade E (excellent): very rich and creamy in appearance, does not show any bubble structure or shows a very fine (small) bubble structure; does not rapidly become dull; upon spreading on the skin, the foam retains the creaminess property and does not appear watery.
• Grade G (good): rich and creamy in appearance, very small bubble size, “dulls” more rapidly than an excellent foam, retains creaminess upon spreading on the skin, and does not become watery.
• Grade FG (fairly good): a moderate amount of creaminess noticeable, bubble structure is noticeable; upon spreading on the skin the product dulls rapidly and becomes somewhat lower in apparent viscosity.
• Grade F (fair): very little creaminess noticeable, larger bubble structure than a “fairly good” foam, upon spreading on the skin it becomes thin in appearance and watery.
• Grade P (poor): no creaminess noticeable, large bubble structure, and when spread on the skin it becomes very thin and watery in appearance.
• Grade VP (very poor): dry foam, large very dull bubbles, difficult to spread on the skin.
• Topically administrable foams are typically of quality grade E or G, or occasionally FG, when released from the aerosol container. Smaller bubbles are indicative of more stable foam, which does not collapse spontaneously immediately upon discharge from the container. The finer foam structure looks and feels smoother, thus increasing its usability and appeal.
Foam Physical Characteristics
• In terms of foam consistency and texture an acceptable foam is one, that exhibits the following characteristics:
• A “stable foam” is defined herein as a composition, which upon release from an aerosol can, creates a foam mass, which is sustained on a surface for at least one minute, more preferably at least two minutes, and yet more preferably for at least 5 minutes. A period of minutes is regarded as a short term, but nevertheless it allows a good and more than sufficient period of time for a subject to receive foam dispensed on a body surface and to spread it or to transfer it to another region and to spread it.
• Foam texture should vary from a very fine creamy foam to a fine bubble structure.
• Foam has to have specific gravity in the range of about 0.02 gr/mL to about 0.5 gr/mL, more preferably between about 0.04 gr/mL and about 0.2 gr/mL.
• In terms of spreadability and absorption an acceptable foam is one, that does not readily collapse upon dispensing on the skin; spreads easily on a skin surface; at least partially absorbed following rubbing onto the skin, and more preferably, substantially absorbed following rubbing on the skin.
• In terms of tactile properties an acceptable foam is one, that: creates a pleasant feeling after application; leaves minimal oily residue; and leaves minimal shiny residual look.
Shakability
• ‘Shakability’ means that the composition contains some or sufficient flow to allow the composition to be mixed or remixed on shaking. That is, it has fluid or semi fluid properties. In some very limited cases it may still be possible to have a foamable composition which is flowable but not apparently shakable.
Breakability
• A breakable foam is thermally stable or substantially so, yet breaks under sheer force. The breakable foam of the present invention is not “quick breaking”, i.e., it does not readily collapse upon exposure to body temperature environment. Sheer-force breakability of the foam is clearly advantageous over thermally induced breakability, (due to, for example, the presence of alcohol) since it allows comfortable application and well directed administration to the target area.
Foam Collapse
• A further aspect of the foam is breakability. Thermally sensitive foams immediately collapse upon exposure to skin temperature and, therefore, cannot be applied on the hand and afterwards delivered to the afflicted area.
• The foam of the present invention has several notable advantages, when compared with hydroalcoholic foam compositions, such as
• Breakability. The foam of the present invention is thermally stable and breakable under sheer force but is not “quick breaking which allows comfortable application and well directed administration to the target area.
• sSkin drying and skin barrier function. Short chain alcohols are known to dry the skin and impair the integrity of the skin barrier. By contrast, including a film forming agent in the composition of the present invention foes not cause unwanted skin barrier damage.
• Irritability. Due to the lack of lower alcohols (C1-C5) and improvement in skin barrier function, skin irritability is eliminated.
• Another property of the foam is specific gravity, as measured upon release from the aerosol can. Typically, foams have specific gravity of less than 0.12 g/mL; or less than 0.10 g/mL; or less than 0.08 g/mL, depending on their composition and on the propellant concentration.
EXAMPLES
• The invention is described with reference to the following examples. This invention is not limited to these examples and experiments. Many variations will suggest themselves and are within the full intended scope of the appended claims
• All % values are provided on a weight (w/w) basis.
• In some cases the formulations are expressed in amounts up to 100% including the propellant. In other cases the formulations are expressed in amounts up to 100% not including the propellant, which is then added to the composition.
General Methodology
• In one or more various embodiments the sensation or sensation modifying topical compositions can be prepared according to the general methodology set out below with appropriate changes as would be well appreciated by a man of the art.
Emulsion Foam
• • 1. Mix oily phase ingredients and heat to 75° C. to melt all ingredients and obtain homogeneous mixture.
  • 2. Mix polymers in water with heating or cooling as appropriate for specific polymer.
  • 3. Add all other water soluble ingredients to water-polymer solution and heat to 75° C.
  • 4. Add slowly internal phase to external phase at 75° C. under vigorous mixing and homogenize to obtain fine emulsion.
  • 5. Cool to below 40° C. and add sensitive ingredients with mild mixing.
  • 6. Cool to room temperature.
    This methodology is suitable, for example, for the preparation of the hamamelis, and also for the capsaicin emollient emulsion compositions exemplified below.
Waterless Foam
• • 1. Dissolve the polymers in the main solvent with heating or cooling as appropriate for specific polymer. Add the all other ingredients and heat to 75° C. to melt and dissolve the various ingredients.
  • 2. Cool to below 40° C. and add sensitive ingredients with mild mixing.
  • 3. Cool to room temperature.
    This methodology is suitable, for example, for the preparation of the capsaicin waterless compositions exemplified below.
Emulsion: Mint Oil
• • 1. Mix oily phase ingredients and heat to 75° C. to melt all ingredients and obtain homogeneous mixture.
  • 2. Mix polymers in water with heating or cooling as appropriate for specific polymer.
  • 3. Add all other water soluble ingredients to water-polymer solution and heat to 75° C.
  • 4. Add internal phase to external phase at 75° C. under vigorous mixing and homogenize to obtain fine emulsion.
  • 5. Cool to below 40° C.
  • 6. Add sensitizing agents and any other active ingredient with mild mixing.
  • 7. Cool to room temperature.
  • 8. In case of Pemulene® stabilizer, dissolve the Pemulene® in the Mint oil and add to the emulsion.
Waterless: Mint Oil
• • 1. Dissolve the polymers in the main solvent with heating or cooling as appropriate for specific polymer. Add the all other ingredients and heat to 75° C. to melt and dissolve the various ingredients.
  • 2. Cool to below 40° C.
  • 3. Add sensitizing agents and any other active ingredient with mild mixing.
  • 4. Cool to room temperature.
Production Under Vacuum
• Optionally, the foamable formulation may be produced under nitrogen and under vacuum. Whilst the whole process can be carried out under an oxygen free environment, it can be sufficient to apply a vacuum after heating and mixing all the ingredients to obtain an emulsion or homogenous liquid. Preferably the production chamber is equipped to apply a vacuum but if not the formulation can be for example placed in a dessicator to remove oxygen prior to filing and crimping.
Canisters Filling and Crimping
• Each aerosol canister is filled with PFF and crimped with valve using vacuum crimping machine. The process of applying a vacuum will cause most of the oxygen present to be eliminated. Addition of hydrocarbon propellant may without being bound by any theory further help to reduce the likelihood of any remaining oxygen reacting with the active ingredient. It may do so, without being bound by any theory, by one or more of dissolving in the oil or hydrophobic phase of the formulation, by dissolving to a very limited extent in the aqueous phase, by competing with some oxygen from the formulation, by diluting out any oxygen, by a tendency of oxygen to occupy the dead space, and by oxygen occupying part of the space created by the vacuum being the unfilled volume of the canister or that remaining oxygen is rendered substantially ineffective in the formulation.
PressurizingPropellant Filling
• Pressurizing is carried out using a hydrocarbon gas or gas mixture. Canisters are filled and then warmed for 30 sec in a warm bath at 50° C. and well shaken immediately thereafter.
Closure Integrity Test.
• Each pressurized canister is subjected to bubble and crimping integrity testing by immersing the canister in a 60° C. water bath for 2 minutes. Canisters are observed for leakage as determined by the generation of bubbles. Canisters releasing bubbles are rejected.
Foam Tests
• By way of non limiting example the objectives of hardness, collapse time and FTC stability tests are briefly set out below as would be appreciated by a person of the art.
Hardness
• LFRA100 instrument is used to characterize hardness. A probe is inserted into the test material. The resistance of the material to compression is measured by a calibrated load cell and reported in units of grams on the texture analyzer instrument display. Preferably at least three repeat tests are made. The textural characteristics of a dispensed foam can affect the degree of dermal penetration, efficacy, spreadability and acceptability to the user. The results can also be looked at as an indicator of softness. Note: the foam sample is dispensed into an aluminum sample holder and filled to the top of the holder.
Collapse Time
• Collapse time (CT) is examined by dispensing a given quantity of foam and photographing sequentially its appearance with time during incubation at 36° C. It is useful for evaluating foam products, which maintain structural stability at skin temperature for at least 1 min.
Viscosity
• Viscosity is measured with Brookfield LVDV-II+PRO with spindle SC_4-25at ambient temperature and 10, 5 and 1 RPM. Viscosity is usually measured at 10 RPM. However, at about the apparent upper limit for the spindle of ˜>50,000 CP, the viscosity at 1 RPM may be measured, although the figures are of a higher magnitude.
FTC (Freeze Thaw Cycles)
• To check the foam appearance under extreme conditions of repeated cycles of cooling, heating, (first cycle) cooling, heating (second cycle) etc., commencing with −100° C. (24 hours) followed by +400° C. (24 hours) measuring the appearance and again repeating the cycle for up to three times.
Chemical Stability
• The amount of active agent present is analyzed in foam expelled from various pressurized canisters containing foam formulations using HPLC. Analysis is carried out at zero time and at appropriate time intervals thereafter. The canisters are stored in controlled temperature incubators at 5° C., at 25° C., at, 40° C. and at 50° C. At appropriate time intervals canisters are removed and the amount of active agent in the foam sample is measured.
Creaming by CentrifugationPrinciple of Test
• The centrifugation used in this procedure serves as a stress condition simulating the aging of the liquid dispersion under investigation. Under these conditions, the centrifugal force applied facilitates the coalescence of dispersed globules or sedimentation of dispersed solids, resulting in loss of the desired properties of the formulated dispersion.
Procedure
• Following preparation of the experimental formulation/s, allow to stand at room temperature for ≧24 h. Handle pentane in the chemical hood. Add to each experimental formulation in a 20-mL glass vial a quantity of pentane equivalent to the specified quantity of propellant for that formulation, mix and allow formulation to stand for at least 1 h and not more than 24 h.
• Transfer each mixture to 1.5 mL microtubes. Tap each microtube on the table surface to remove entrapped air bubbles.
• Place visually balanced microtubes in the centrifuge rotor and operate the centrifuge at one or more of 10,000 rpm for 10 min, 3,000 rpm for 10 min or at 1,000 rpm for 10 min.
Bubble Size
• Foams are made of gas bubbles entrapped in liquid. The bubble size and distribution reflects in the visual texture and smoothness of the foam. Foam bubbles size is determined by dispensing a foam sample on a glass slide, taking a picture of the foam surface with a digital camera equipped with a macro lens. The diameter of about 30 bubbles is measured manually relatively to calibration standard template. Statistical parameters such as mean bubble diameter, standard deviation and quartiles are then determined. Measuring diameter may also be undertaken with image analysis software. The camera used was a Nikon D40X Camera (resolution 10 MP) equipped with Sigma Macro Lens (ref: APO MACRO 150 mm F2.8 EX DG HSM). Pictures obtained are cropped to keep a squared region of 400 pixels×400 pixels.
Foam Satisfaction Tests
• Compositions of the present invention were separately applied to clean skin of a group of human subjects. After 5 minutes tested subjects were asked to provide a gauge of their satisfaction relating to the following parameters: Ease of application, skin absorption, stickiness, odor, oily residue, skin surface shiny appearance, composition stability; overall satisfaction; sensation change, such as cooling, relaxing, heating etc. The subjects gauged their response according to the following scoring system:
• 1—very bad feeling
  2—Bad feeling
  3—feels “OK”
  4—Feels good
  5—Feels excellent, want more
  The scores assigned by the subjects were added and an average result was recorded.
Sensation Quantification Tests
• In cases where a sensation agent was added to the composition, the above test was repeated after 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes and after washing off the composition from the skin surface (after 120 minutes). The subjects were asked to gauge their feeling of a sensation, such as sensation change, such as cooling, relaxing, heating etc. The scores assigned by the subjects were added and an average result was recorded.
• In some cases, as exemplified below, the sensation was observed over a prolonged or sustained period of time.
• By “prolonged period of time” or “sustained period of time” or “substantial period of time” (used interchangeably herein), is meant a period of time of about five or more minutes, more typically, at least 15 minutes in which the subject senses a sensation pertaining to a sensation agent applied to a target or delivery site on/in the subject.
Foam Temperature Effects
• In the Examples hereinbelow, the following test was performed to see if there were any temperature changes to a surface onto which a foam was placed:
• 1. Place a thermometer in a clean glass vial and allow it to come to equilibrium.
• 2. Measure and record the temperature.
• 3. Release foam about 5 gm onto the thermometer.
• 4. Observe temperature for 300 sec.
• The procedure was performed on regular; different cooling and heating foam formulations (per examples below).
• Results: For all foams tested by the above method as seen in the examples hereinbelow, no detectable significant temperature difference was noted between the surface temperature, foam temperature and ambient initial temperature. This is indicative that the foams produced in the examples below did not exhibit a measurable exothermic or endothermic reaction. Thus, the foams tested should not induce a significant temperature effect at the target site primarily due to the cooling effect of the propellant. In certain embodiments, it may be possible for there to be an interaction between chemicals in the skin or other target site and the foam composition, particularly for the non-aqueous compositions. For example, by moisture in the skin being absorbed by hygroscopic pharmaceutical recipients, like glycols. Nevertheless, a main aim is to deliver a sensation via a foam vehicle, where the prime sensation is due to pharmaceutical stimulation rather than an actual physical effect. In one or more embodiments, the sensation may be a combination of pharmaceutical stimulation and physical effect. For example, where an excess of propellant may provide an initial physical cooling and the sensation agent provides a prolonged sensation, without further cooling. The vehicles disclosed herein are adapted to provide the main sensation with or without an initial physical cooling sensation.
Section ACoolingExample 1Emollient Emulsion Foamable Composition with 10% Menthol Crystals and Avocado Oila) Formulation

• Ingredient Name	Function	% w/w

  Avocado oil	emollient and solvent	10
  PEG 40 Stearate	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.31
  Stearyl Alcohol	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	0.77
  Isopropyl myristate	emollient	4.62
  Mineral Oil	Emollient	4.62
  Hypromellose	Stabilizing polymers	0.23
  Xanthan gum	Stabilizing polymers	0.23
  Polysorbate 80	Stabilizing emulsifier	0.77
  GMS	Co-emulsifier foam stabilizer	0.39
  Menthol	Cooling agent	10
  Water	Solvent	to 100
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Excellent
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol
  	Density [g/cm3]	0.045
  	Shakability	Good
  	pH	6.63
  	Collapse time [seconds]	>300

b) Emollient+Avocado Oil +10% Menthol Crystals: Mean Cooling Effect on Three Subjects Over Time is 12.7

• 	Time	Score

  	0	2.00
  	5′	1.33
  	15′	2.33
  	30′	2.00
  	60′	2.00
  	120′	1.33
  	after washing	1.67
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 38

c) Emollient+Avocado Oil +10% Menthol Crystals: Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  3.3	2.7	4.0	3.0	3.7	3.3	3.3	3.7
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 107

• Comments: Emollient emulsion foam provided a reasonable and prolonged cooling sensation; excellent foam quality; moisturizing; Comprises an oil phase, a water phase, a surfactant combination supported by co emulsifiers and a combination of polymeric agents. The co emulsifiers are non essential and can be omitted although some adjustment may be needed to the surfactant combination as will be appreciated by someone skilled in the art.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 2Emollient Emulsion Foamable Composition with 10% Menthol Crystals and Avocado Oil and 15% Ethanola) Emollient +10% Menthol Crystals +15% Ethanol: Formulation

• Ingredient Name	Function	% w/w

  Avocado oil	emollient and solvent	10
  PEG 40 Stearate	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.31
  Stearyl Alcohol	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	0.77
  Isopropyl myristate	emollient	4.62
  Mineral Oil	Emollient	4.62
  hypromellose	Stabilizing polymers	0.23
  xanthan gum	Stabilizing polymers	0.23
  Polysorbate 80	Stabilizing emulsifier	0.77
  GMS	Co-emulsifier foam stabilizer	0.39
  Menthol	Cooling agent	10
  ETHANOL	Solvent - penetration enhancer	15
  Water	Solvent	to 100
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Good
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol
  	Density [g/cm3]	0.044
  	Shakability	Moderate
  	pH	5.89
  	Collapse time [seconds]	300

b) Emollient+Avocado Oil +10% Menthol Crystals +15% Ethanol: Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time is 13.34

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1.75
  	5′	1.875
  	15′	2.5
  	30′	2.75
  	60′	2.25
  	120′	1.25
  	after washing	1
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 53.5

c) Emollient+Avocado Oil +10% Menthol Crystals +15% Ethanol: Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4.25	3.75	5	4	4.25	3.75	2	4
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 124

• Comments: Emollient foam provided reasonable and prolonged cooling sensation; good foam quality; moisturizing; Comprises an oil phase, water phase, surfactant combination supported by co emulsifiers and a combination of polymeric agents plus a polar solvent as a penetration enhancer. Menthol in the above formulation achieves good penetration on its own so the presence of 15% ethanol is of only marginal effect. Ethanol is not essential and may be omitted or replaced by other penetrating agents such as transcutol; DMI; and the like. See section on penetration agents.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 3Emollient Emulsion Foamable Composition with 15% Menthol Crystalsa) Formulation

• Ingredient Name	Function	% w/w

  Capric/caprilic triglyceride	Emollient and solvent	6
  Stearic acid	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	2
  hypromellose	Stabilizing polymers	0.3
  xanthan gum	Stabilizing polymers	0.3
  Steareth-2	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.5
  Steareth-21	Stabilizing emulsifier	3
  Menthol	Cooling agent	15
  Propylene Glycol	Solvent; moisturizer; penetration	3
  	enhancer
  Water	solvent	To 100
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Good
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol
  	Density [g/cm3]	0.025
  	Shakability	Moderate
  	pH	6.26
  	Collapse time [seconds]	>300

b) Emollient +15% Menthol Crystals: Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time is 13.88

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1.375
  	5′	2
  	15′	3.25
  	30′	3.5
  	60′	2.5
  	120′	1.25
  	after washing	1.25
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is 60.5

c) Emollient +15% Menthol Crystals: Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4	4	3.5	3.75	3.5	4.5	2.75	3.75
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 119

• Comments: Emollient foam provided excellent and prolonged cooling sensation; good foam quality; moisturizing. Comprises an oil phase, a water phase, a surfactant combination supported by a co-emulsifier and a combination of polymeric agents. The propylene glycol is non essential.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 4Emollient Emulsion Foamable Composition with 15% Peppermint Oila) Formulation

• CTFA Name	Function	% w/w

  Capric/caprilic Triglyceride	Emollient and solvent	6
  Stearic acid	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	2
  hypromellose	Stabilizing polymers	0.3
  xanthan gum	Stabilizing polymers	0.3
  Steareth-2	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.5
  Steareth-21	Stabilizing emulsifier	3
  PEPPERMINT OIL	Cooling agent	15
  Propylene Glycol	Solvent/moisturizer/penetration	3
  	enhancer
  Permulen		0.1
  TEA		To pH 7
  Water	solvent	To 100
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Good
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol
  	Density [g/cm3]	0.028
  	Shakability	Low
  	pH	6.17
  	Collapse time [seconds]	>300

b) Emollient +15% Peppermint Oil: Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time is 11.75

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1.75
  	5′	1.5
  	15′	2.25
  	30′	2.5
  	60′	1.75
  	120′	1
  	after washing	1
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 47

c) Emollient +15% Peppermint Oil Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4	3.75	4	3.25	3.75	4.5	3.25	3.75
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 121

• Comments: Emollient foam provided reasonable and prolonged cooling sensation; good foam quality; moisturizing; Comprises an oil phase, a water phase, a surfactant combination supported by a co-emulsifier and a combination of polymeric agents. The propylene glycol is non-essential. The peppermint oil reduces the viscosity of the emulsion and is matrix destabilizing.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 5Emollient Emulsion Foamable Composition with 15% Menthol Crystals and 25% propellanta) Formulation

• Ingredient name	Function	% w/w

  Stearic acid *	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	3
  Steareth-2 *	Stabilizing emulsifier	2
  Steareth-21 *	Stabilizing emulsifier	3
  Methylcellulose *	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	0.3
  Xanthan gum *	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	0.3
  Menthol crystal	Cooling agent	15
  Water *	Solvent	To 100
  Glyceryl monostearete	Co-emulsifier foam stabilizer	2
  Propellant		25
  (Propane/Butane/Isobutane)

b) Emollient +25% Propellant+Menthol Crystals: Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1.7
  	5′	1.0
  	15′	2.3
  	30′	2.7
  	60′	1.7
  	120′	1.3
  	after washing	1.0
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 37

c) Emollient +25% Propellant+Menthol Crystals: Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4.0	3.3	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	4.0	3.7
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 76

• Comments: Emollient foam provided good cooling sensation; good foam quality; doesn't require preservative.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 6Waterless Foamable Composition with 15% Menthol Crystals (Formula Number—28)a) Formulation

• Ingredient Name	Function	% w/w

  PEG 4000	Firming wax	7.5
  Stearic acid	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	2
  Hydroxupropyl cellulose	Stabilizing polymers	2
  Steareth-2	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.5
  Steareth-21	Stabilizing emulsifier	3
  Menthol	Cooling agent	15
  Propylene Glycol	Solvent/moisturizer/penetration	68
  	enhancer
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Fairly good
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol

b) Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1
  	5′	1.125
  	15′	1.375
  	30′	2
  	60′	2.5
  	120′	1.5
  	after washing	1
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 42

  
  c) Foam satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4	2.5	3.25	3.75	2	1	1.75	2.25
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 82

• Comments: Waterless foam provided reasonable and prolonged cooling sensation with a delayed onset; fairly good foam quality; moisturizing; doesn't require preservative. Any high molecular weight PEG (for example 1500, 2000, 4000, 6000 or 8000) or combinations of high molecular weight PEG with lower molecular weight PEG (for example 200, 400, 600) may be used.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Example 7Waterless Foamable Composition with 10% Peppermint Oil (Formula Number—32)a) Formulation

• Ingredient Name	Function	% w/w

  PEG 4000	Firming wax	7.5
  Stearic acid	Co-emulsifier and foam stabilizer	2
  Hydroxypropyl cellulose	Stabilizing polymers	2
  Steareth-2	Stabilizing emulsifier	2.5
  Steareth-21	Stabilizing emulsifier	3
  PEPPERMINT OIL	Cooling agent	10
  Propylene Glycol	Solvent/moisturizer - penetration	73
  	enhancer
  TOTAL		100
  Propane/butane/isobutane		8

• 	Foam quality	Fairy good
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Menthol
  	Cooling score (Σ of total points for	36
  	this formulation from all people)

a) Mean Cooling Effect on Four Subjects Over Time is 9

• 	Time	Score

  	0	1
  	5′	1
  	15′	1.75
  	30′	2
  	60′	1.25
  	120′	1
  	after washing	1
  	Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 36

c) Foam Satisfaction Parameters

• Ease	skin			oily	foam	Shiny	overall
  of application	absorption	stickiness	odor	residue	stability	Look	satisfaction
  4	3	3.25	3.5	2.25	3.5	2.5	3
  Sum total of points for this formulation for all subjects is: 100

• Comments: Waterless foam provided reasonable and medium term cooling sensation with delayed onset; fairly good foam quality; moisturizing; doesn't require preservative. Any high molecular weight PEG (for example 1500, 2000, 4000, 6000 or 8000) or combinations of high molecular weight PEG with lower molecular weight PEG (for example 200, 400, 600) may be used. The peppermint oil has a thinning effect on the composition, which is to some extent counterbalanced or ameliorated by the high molecular weight PEG.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
Relaxing or SoothingExample 8Emollient Emulsion Foamable Relaxing or Soothing Composition with Hamamelis

• 	% w/w

  Mineral oil	6.00
  Isopropyl myristate	6.00
  Glyceryl monostearate	0.50
  Stearyl alcohol	1.00
  Xanthan gum	0.30
  Methocel K100M	0.30
  Polysorbate 80	1.00
  PEG-40 stearate	3.00
  Hamamelisglycerin fluid extract (Alban Muller, France)	10.00
  EDTA disodium	0.20
  Phenonip	0.30
  Water pure	to 100.0
  Propellant (propane and butane 20:80)	8.0

• 	Foam quality	Excellent
  	Density [g/cm3]	0.04
  	Collapse time	>120
  	Shakability	Yes
  	Odor	slight

• Comments: Emollient foam capable of providing a soothing sensation; excellent foam quality; moisturizing. It comprises an oil phase, water phase, a surfactant combination supported by co emulsifiers and a combination of polymeric agents, plus a preservative and a chelating agent. The chelating agent is non essential. The co emulsifiers are non essential and can be omitted although some adjustment may be needed to the surfactant combination as will be appreciated by someone skilled in the art.
• Note: The propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% or more.
WarmingExample 9Prophetic Emollient Emulsion Foamable Warming Composition with Capsaicin and Mineral Oil

• 	Ingredient name	% w/w

  	Mineral oil	4.62
  	Isopropyl myristate	4.62
  	Glyceryl monostearate	0.39
  	Polysorbate 80	0.77
  	PEG-40 stearate	2.31
  	Stearyl alcohol	0.77
  	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	0.23
  	Xanthan	0.23
  	Water	TO 100
  	Capsaicin	0.025
  	Total:	100.00
  	Propellant (Propane/Butane/Isobutane)	8

Example 10Prophetic Waterless Foamable Warming Composition with Capsaicin

• 	Ingredient name	% w/w

  	PEG 4000	7.5
  	Capsaicin	0.025
  	Hydroxypropyl cellulose	2
  	Stearic acid	2
  	Steareth-2	2.5
  	Steareth-21	3
  	Propylene glycol	To 100
  	Propellant (Propane/Butane/Isobutane)	8

Example 11Prophetic Emollient Emulsion Foamable Warming Composition with Capsaicin and MCT

• 	Ingredient name	% w/w

  	MCT	6
  	Stearic acid	2
  	Steareth 2	2.5
  	Steareth-21	3
  	Capsaicin	0.025
  	Propylene Glycol	3
  	Xanthan gum	0.3
  	Hypromellose	0.3
  	Water	To 100
  	Propellant (Propane/Butane/Isobutane)	8

• Comments:
• • It is possible to use any of the above exemplary warming formulations with other warming agents, for example, methyl salicylate. Apart from its warming effect methyl salicylate is an analgesic and counter irritant. Lists of applicable warming agents are described in the specification. An effective amount of the warming agent is introduced into the formulation in place of capsaicin and the amount of the main carrier is adjusted to bring the formulation to 100%, which in the case of the waterless composition is propylene glycol and in the case of the emollient emulsion composition is water. The amount of methyl salicylate is of the order of 5 to 10%.
  • It is also possible to use combinations of warming agents. The combination of capsaicin with methyl salicylate, for example, may be useful. Methyl salicylate has a quick onset whilst capsaicin does not so a combination may be helpful in cases where pain relief is sought.
  • It is also possible to modulate, potentate, increase, reduce, or ameliorate the warming effect by introducing into the composition a sensation modifying agent. I an embodiment the warming effect or sensation maybe reduced by addition of a cooling agent in the composition.
  • The formulations may contain polar solvents, which contribute to skin penetration of an active agent
    Foam with Additional Therapeutic Agents
Example 12Foamable Oil in Water Emulsion Foamable Compositions, Containing Menthol as Cooling Agent and Coal Tar Extract and Salicylic Acid as Additional Therapeutic Agents

• 	CTR005	CTR006
  Ingredient name	% W/W	% W/W

  Menthol (Sensation modifying agent)	1	1
  Coal tar extract (Additional therapeutic agent)	10	10
  Salicylic acid (Additional therapeutic agent)		5
  Hydrocortisone (Additional therapeutic agent)	1
  PPG-15 Stearyl ether	—	3
  Isopropyl Myristate	10	5
  Octyldodecanol	12	12
  Stearyl Alcohol	2	1
  Glycerin	—	3
  Lanolin	—	2
  Laureth-4	—	2
  Emulgin B2	—	1.5
  Glyceryl Stearate	1.5	—
  PEG-40 Stearate	3	—
  CMC	—	0.5
  Methocel K100M	0.28	—
  Xanthan gum	0.28	—
  Propylene Glycol	—	5
  Polysorbate 60	1	—
  Water, purified	To 100	To 100
  Propellant	8	8

• Comments: The above formulations provided excellent moisturizing emollient foams with improved sensation by ameliorating the negative sensation effect of coal tar.
Section BCoolingExample 13
• A) Waterless Propylene Glycol Formulation Containing Peppermint Oil as Cooling Agent

• 	SMTC004-071205

  	Steareth 2	2.00
  	polysorbate 80	2.00
  	Glyceryl monostearate	2.00
  	Hydroxypropyl cellulose	1.00
  	peppermint oil	10.00
  	Propylene Glycol	83.00
  	Total:	100.00
  	Propellant (AP-70)	8.00
  	Results
  	PFF
  	Viscosity	148.97
  	Centrifgation 1K	stable
  	Centrifgation 3K	stable
  	FOAM
  	Quality	G-E
  	Color	White
  	Collapse time (sec.)	95/F
  	Density (gr/ml)	0.070
  	Bubble size (μm)	180
  	Bubble size (%-above 500 μm)	6.30
  	temperature change	T-0 MINUTES = 13° C.
  		T-5 MINUTES = 12° C.
  	*G-E = Good to Excellent

• Comments: This waterless single phase formulation provides a stable vehicle for peppermint oil that can generate good quality foam and which can withstand 300 rpm. The surfactants and a polymeric agent provide viscosity support and aid foaming. On forming foam there is no significant temperature change when measured on a glass surface. When the formulation is applied to the skin, however, the peppermint oil provides a sensation of cooling, which may be potentiated by the evaporation of propellant and the lower temperature of the foam compared to the skin.
• B) A Waterless PG Formulation and Two Oil in Water Emulsion Formulations Containing Menthol Crystals as Cooling Agent

• 		SMTC006-071205	SMTC007-071211
  	SMTC005-071205	cf example 3	cf example 12

  MCT		6.00
  Isopropyl myristate			10.00
  Octyldodecanol			10.00
  Stearic acid		2.00
  Stearyl alcohol			2.00
  Cetostearyl alcohol	2.00
  Steareth 2	2.00	4.20
  Steareth-21		1.40
  polysorbate 80	2.00
  Glyceryl monostearate	2.00		1.40
  PEG-40 stearate			3.10
  Polysorbate 60			1.20
  Xanthan gum		0.30	0.28
  Methocell k100M		0.30	0.28
  Hydroxypropyl cellulose	1.00
  Water		67.80	59.74
  menthol crystals	10.00	15.00	1.00
  Propylene Glycol	81.00	3.00
  Coal tar			10.00
  Hydrocortisone butyrate			1.00
  Total:	100.00	100.00	100.00
  Propellant (AP-70)	8.00	8.00	8.00
  Results
  PFF
  Viscosity	4447.05	4527.04	2037.57
  Centrifgation 1K	stable	Stable	stable
  Centrifgation 3K	stable	Stable	stable
  FOAM
  Quality	G-E	G-E	G-E
  Color	White	White	Slightly Yellow
  Collapse time (sec.)	>300/G	>300/FG	>300/FG
  Density (gr/ml)	0.060	0.043	0.039
  Bubble size (μm)	62	99	112
  Bubble size (%-above 500 μm)	0.00	0.00	0.00

• Comments: Formulation 5 is a single phase composition that provides a stable vehicle for menthol crystals that can generate good quality foam capable of withstanding 3000 rpm and having a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes. The surfactants, adjuvant and a polymeric agent provide viscosity support and aid foaming. The other two formulations 6 and 7 are stable oil in water emulsions that can generate good quality foam, are resistant to centrifugation at 3000 rpm and have a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes. All the formulations can accommodate substantial amounts of cooling sensation agent. In an embodiment the cooling agent is a combination of at least two cooling agents. In a further embodiment the cooling agent may be used in combination with a soothing agent. The coal tar formulation is yellow prior to addition of the propellant but upon discharge from the canister and release as a foam the color is dissipated such that the foam is only slightly yellow, which may be an advantage for its use.
WarmingExample 14A Waterless PG Formulation and Two Oil in Water Emulsion Formulations Containing Capsaicin as Warming Agent

• 	SMTC001-071204	SMTC002-071204
  	cf example 11	cf example 9	SMTC003-071204

  MCT	8.00
  Mineral oil		5.00
  Isopropyl myristate		5.00
  Stearic acid	2.00
  Stearyl alcohol		1.00
  Cetostearyl alcohol
  Steareth 2	6.70		2.00
  Steareth-21	1.80
  Glyceryl monostearate		1.80
  PEG-40 stearate		1.50
  Xanthan gum	0.30	0.23
  Methocell k100M	0.30	0.23
  Water	77.87	82.21
  Capsaicin	0.03	0.03	0.03
  Propylene Glycol	3.00	3.00	97.97
  Total:	100.00	100.00	100.00
  Propellant (AP-70)	8.00	8.00	8.00
  Results
  PFF
  Viscosity	18636.03	1085.77	4367.07
  Centrifgation 1K	stable	Stable	stable
  Centrifgation 3K	stable	Stable	stable
  FOAM
  Quality	G-E	G-E	G-E
  Color	White	White	White
  Collapse time (sec.)	>300/FG	>300/FG	>300/G
  Density (gr/ml)	0.078	0.036	0.048
  Bubble size (μm)	78	96	85
  Bubble size (%-above 500 μm)	0.00	0.00	0.00
  temperature change	T-0 MINUTES = 13 C.
  	T-5 MINUTES = 14 C.

• Comments: Formulation 3 is a waterless single phase composition that provides a stable vehicle for capsaicin that can generate good quality foam capable of withstanding 3000 rpm and having a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes. The surfactants, adjuvant and a polymeric agent provide viscosity support and aid foaming. The other two formulations 1 and 2 are stable oil in water emulsions that can generate good quality foam, are resistant to centrifugation at 3000 rpm and have a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes. On forming foam there is no significant temperature change when measured on a glass surface. When the formulation is applied to the skin, however, the capsaicin should provide a sensation of warming.
• In an embodiment the warming agent is a combination of at least two warming agents. In a further embodiment the warming agent may be used in combination with a soothing agent.
SoothingExample 15A) Two Oil in Water Stable Emulsion Formulations Containing Ginger Oil as Soothing Agent

• 	SMTC010-071218	SMTC011-071223

  Cetostearyl alcohol		2.00
  Steareth 2		1.40
  Steareth-21		4.50
  polysorbate 80	1.40
  Glyceryl monostearate	1.30
  PEG-40 stearate	1.80
  Xanthan gum	0.30	0.30
  Methocell k100M	0.30	0.30
  Avicel RC581
  Water	84.90	81.50
  ginger oil	10.00	10.00
  Total:	100.00	100.00
  Propellant (AP-70)	8.00	8.00
  Results
  PFF
  Viscosity	4399.06	1150.75
  Centrifgation 1K	stable	stable
  Centrifgation 3K	stable	stable
  FOAM
  Quality	FG	G-E
  Color	slight yellow	Off-white
  Collapse time (sec.)	30/F	>300/G
  Density (gr/ml)		0.034
  Bubble size (μm)		105
  Bubble size		0.00
  (%-above 500 μm)
  temperature change		T-0 MINUTES = 13 C.
  		T-5 MINUTES = 13 C.

• Comments: By altering the surfactant mix a good quality foam was generated that is resistant to centrifugation and has a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes. The vehicle is capable of supporting substantial amounts of ginger oil. On forming foam there is no significant temperature change when measured on a glass surface. When the formulation is applied to the skin, however, the ginger oil should provide a sensation of soothing.
B) Gel Formulation Containing Aloe Vera as Soothing Agent

• 	SMTC012-071225	SMTC013-071225

  polysorbate 80	2.00	4.00
  Avicel RC581	2.00	4.00
  Water	94.00	65.00
  Aloe vera	2.00	2.00
  Diethylene glycol monoethyl		25.00
  ether
  Total:	100.00	100.00
  Propellant (AP-70)	8.00
  Results
  PFF
  Viscosity	39.99	2273.51
  Centrifgation 1K	not stable	not stable
  Centrifgation 3K	not stable	not stable
  FOAM
  Quality	G-E	G-E
  Color	White	White
  Collapse time (sec.)	95/F	140/F
  Density (gr/ml)	0.044	0.034
  Bubble size (μm)	131	113
  Bubble size	0.00	0.00
  (%-above 500 μm)

• Comments: These water gel formulations are single phase compositions that provide a vehicle for aloe vera that can generate good quality foam having a collapse time in excess of 1.5 minutes. When the formulation is applied to the skin, the aloe vera should provide a sensation of soothing. In an embodiment the soothing agent is a combination of at least two soothing agents. In a further embodiment the soothing agent may be used in combination with a cooling agent or with a warming agent.
C) Emollient Emulsion Formulation Containing Aloe Vera as Soothing Agent

• 	SMTC014-080103

  	Mineral oil	11.00
  	Cetostearyl alcohol	2.00
  	Steareth 2	4.30
  	Steareth-21	2.90
  	Xanthan gum	0.30
  	Methocell k100M	0.30
  	Water	77.20
  	Aloe vera	2.00
  	Total:	100.00
  	Propellant (AP-70)	8.00
  	Results
  	PFF
  	Viscosity	18300.10
  	Centrifgation 1K	stable
  	Centrifgation 3K	Stable
  	FOAM
  	Quality	G-E
  	Color	White
  	Odor	Characteris.odor
  	Collapse time (sec.)	>300/G
  	Density (gr/ml)	0.070
  	Bubble size (μm)	48
  	Bubble size (%-above 500 μm)	0.00

• Comments: These emollient emulsion formulations provide a vehicle for aloe vera that can generate good quality foam having a collapse time in excess of 5 minutes and is stable to centrifugation. When the formulation is applied to the skin, the aloe vera should provide a sensation of soothing. In an embodiment the soothing agent is a combination of at least two soothing agents. In a further embodiment the soothing agent may be used in combination with a cooling agent or with a warming agent.
• The references cited herein teach many principles that are applicable to the present invention. Therefore the full contents of these publications are incorporated by reference herein where appropriate for teachings of additional or alternative details, features and/or technical background.
• It is appreciated that certain features, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Claims (44)

1. A composition for providing a subject with at least one sensation at a delivery site for a sustained period of time, the composition comprising:

a. at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group consisting of

i. a cooling agent;

ii. a warming agent;

iii. a relaxing or soothing agent; and

iv. a stimulating or refreshing agent;

or mixtures thereof;

b. a foamable carrier resistant to aging suitable for delivery of at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent; and

c. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition,

wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a non-crackling short term stable foam; and

wherein upon contact with a surface at the delivery site the prolonged sensation is not primarily due to the propellant or an exothermic reaction.

2. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the composition does not effect a substantial temperature change to the surface.

3. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the cooling agent is selected from menthol; an isomer of menthol, a menthol derivative; 4-Methyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2[5H]-furanone; WS-23, Icilin, Icilin Unilever Analog, 5-methyl-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-3-[2H]-furanone; 4,5-dimethyl-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-2[5H]-furanone; isopulegol, 3-(I-menthoxy)propane-1,2-diol, 3-(I-menthoxy)-2-methylpropane-1,2-diol, p-menthane-2,3-diol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, 6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxas-piro[4,5]decane-2-methanol, menthyl succinate and its alkaline earth metal salts, trimethylcyclohexanol, N-ethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanecarb-oxamide, Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) oil, peppermint oil, menthone, menthone glycerol ketal, menthyl lactate, 3-(I-menthoxy)ethan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)propan-1-ol, 3-(I-menthoxy)butan-1-ol, I-menthylacetic acid N-ethylamide, I-menthyl-4-hydroxypentanoate, I-menthyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, N,2,3-trimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-butanamide and spearmint oil.

4. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the menthol derivative is selected from the group consisting of: menthol ethylene glycol carbonate, which is now known as Frescolat® type MGC, menthol Propylene Glycol Carbonate (Frescolat® type MPC), menthyl lactate (Frescolat ML®) and Menthone Glycerin Acetal (Frescolat MGA®) and 3-(I-Menthoxy)-1,2-propanediol.

5. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the warming agent is selected from polyhydric alcohols, capsaicin,capsicumpowder, acapsicum tincture, capsicumextract, capsaicin, hamamalis, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonanoyl vanillyl amide, nonanoic acid vanillyl ether, vanillyl alcohol alkyl ether derivatives, such as vanillyl ethyl ether, vanillyl butyl ether, vanillyl pentyl ether, and vanillyl hexyl ether, isovanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, ethylvanillyl alcohol alkyl ethers, veratryl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol derivatives, substituted benzyl alcohol alkyl ethers, vanillin propylene glycol acetal, ethylvanillin propylene glycol acetal, ginger extract, ginger oil, gingeol and gingeron.

6. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the relaxing or soothing agent is selected from a herb extracts, selected from the group consisting of aloe vera, alpha bisabolol, D-panthenol, allantoin, hamamelis, chamomile, yarrow;calendula, comfrey, witch hazel and other astringents, sea weed, and oat extracts; oils, selected from the group consisting of: almond oil, avocado oil, and comfrey; and essential oils, selected from the group consisting of: cardamone, eucalyptus,mentha piperita(peppermint), hyssop, and rosemary; waxy or unctuous substances selected from the group consisting of: lanolin or vaselline jelly, minerals, selected from the group consisting of: zinc oxide, calamine and selenium; vitamins, selected from the group consisting of: tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), and pharmaceutical agents selected from the group consisting of: analgesics, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-histamines, and muscle relaxants; menthol, camphor, eugenol, eucalyptol, safrol, methyl salicylate, menthyl lactate, menthyl ethoxyacetate, menthone glycerinacetal, 3-I-menthoxypropane-1,2-diol, ethyl 1-menthyl carbonate, (1S,3S,4R)-p-menth-8-en-3-ol, menthyl pyrrolidone carboxylate, N-substituted-p-menthane-3-carboxamides hamamelis extract and ginger oil.

7. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the stimulating or refreshing agent is selected from an alcohol, L-menthol, camphor, menthe oil,capsicumextract, capsaicin, benzyl nicotinate, salicylate, glycol salicylate, acetyl choline, serotonin, histamine, a prostaglandin, a neurotransmitter; a CNS stimulant, caffeine and quinine.

8. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the short term stable foam is stable at the delivery site for at least one minute.

9. A composition according toclaim 8, wherein the short term stable foam is stable at the delivery site for at least five minutes.

10. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein the sustained period of time is at least 15 minutes.

11. A composition according toclaim 10, wherein the sustained period of time is at least 30 minutes.

12. A composition according toclaim 11, wherein the sustained period of time is at least one hour.

13. A composition according toclaim 1, wherein said foamable carrier is at a concentration of about 40% to about 99% by weight of the total composition excluding propellant and is selected from the group consisting of an aqueous emulsion, and aqueous gel and a non aqueous carrier;

wherein the carrier comprises:

i. at least one surface active agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the carrier;

ii. at least one polymeric agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition; and

iii. at least one non aqueous solvent.

14. A composition according toclaim 13, wherein said non aqueous solvent is in the case of the aqueous emulsion, a hydrophobic emollient; in the case of the aqueous gel, a penetration enhancer; and in the case of the non aqueous carrier, a polyol.

15. A composition according toclaim 14, wherein the at least one emollient is selected from the group consisting of: avocado oil, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil; capric triglyceride, caprylic triglyceride, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isostearate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, maleated soybean oil, octyl palmitate, cetyl lactate, cetyl ricinoleate, tocopheryl acetate, acetylated lanolin alcohol, cetyl acetate, phenyl trimethicone, glyceryl oleate, tocopheryl linoleate, wheat germ glycerides, arachidyl propionate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, ricinoleate, isopropyl lanolate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, isononyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, myristyl myristate, triisocetyl citrate, octyl dodecanol, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils, such as olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, borage seed oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, salmon oil, flaxseed oil, wheat germ oil, evening primrose oils; essential oils; and silicone oils, such as dimethicone, cyclomethicone, polyalkyl siloxane, polyaryl siloxane, polyalkylaryl siloxane, a polyether siloxane copolymer and a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane).

16. A composition according toclaim 13, wherein the at least one stabilizing surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of: stearlyl alcohol; steareth-2, steareth-21; polysorbate 80, PEG-40 stearate, glyceryl monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, laureth 4, and Ceteareth-20, or is a combination of at least two surfactants selected from the group consisting of combinations of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, particularly Brij 59/Brij10; Brij 52/Brij 10; Steareth 2/Steareth 20; Steareth 2/Steareth 21 (Brij 72/BRIJ 721); Myrj 52/Myrj 59; combinations of sucrose esters, particularly Surphope 1816/Surphope 1807; combinations of sorbitan esters, particularly Span 20/Span 80; Span 20/Span 60; combinations of sucrose esters and sorbitan esters, particularly Surphope 1811 and Span 60; combinations of liquid polysorbate detergents and PEG compounds, particularly Twin 80/PEG-40 stearate/methyl glucaso sequistearate.

17. A composition according toclaim 13, wherein the at least one polymeric agent is selected from the group consisting of: locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenin gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, cationic guars, hydroxypropyl guar gum, starch, an amine-bearing polymer, chitosan, alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, a chemically modified starch, a carboxyvinyl polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, a polyacrylic acid polymer, a polymethacrylic acid polymer, polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl chloride polymer, a polyvinylidene chloride polymer, methylcellulose, hypromellose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methyl hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, a cationic cellulose, methocel K100M, PEG 1000, PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000 xanthan gum; sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, hydroxypropyl-cellulose, microcrystalline-cellulose, Avicel RC581, aluminum starch octyl succinate and a polyacrylate.

18. A composition according toclaim 13, wherein said foamable carrier further comprises one or more of the following:

i. a co-emulsifier or foam stabilizer at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition;

ii. a wax, viscosity, bulking or firming agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total composition;

iii. a co-solvent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the total composition;

iv. a penetration enhancer or potent solvent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight of the total composition;

v. a foam adjuvant agent, selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight of the total composition;

vi. a stabilizer at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight of the total composition; and

vii. an agent capable of having an occlusive effect at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight of the total composition.

19. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the propellant is a cooling agent.

20. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising at least one additional active agent.

21. The composition ofclaim 20, wherein the at least one additional active agent comprises a cosmetic active agent or a pharmaceutical active agent having a cosmetic or pharmaceutical effect other than a sensation or sensation modifying effect.

22. The composition ofclaim 21, wherein the at least one additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of active herbal extracts, acaricides, age spot and keratose removing agents, allergen, analgesics, local anesthetics, antiacne agents, antiallergic agents, antiaging agents, antibacterials, antibiotics, antiburn agents, anticancer agents, antidandruff agents, antidepressants, antidermatitis agents, antiedemics, antihistamines, antihelminths, antihyperkeratolyte agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiirritants, antilipemics, antimicrobials, antimycotics, antiproliferative agents, antioxidants, anti-wrinkle agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antirosacea agents antiseborrheic agents, antiseptic, antiswelling agents, antiviral agents, anti-yeast agents, astringents, topical cardiovascular agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cal tar, corticosteroids, dicarboxylic acids, disinfectants, fungicides, hair growth regulators, hormones, hydroxy acids, immunosuppressants, immunoregulating agents, insecticides, insect repellents, keratolytic agents, lactams, metals, metal oxides, mitocides, neuropeptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oxidizing agents, pediculicides, photodynamic therapy agents, retinoids, sanatives, scabicides, self tanning agents, skin whitening agents, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, vitamin A and derivatives, vitamin D and derivatives, wound healing agents and wart removers.

23. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the foamable carrier comprises at least one carrier medium, selected from the group consisting of water, an oil, a silicone oil, an alcohol, a polyol, a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a propylene glycol, and a solvent or combinations thereof.

24. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the foamable carrier further comprises a polar solvent.

25. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising an additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-perspirant, an anti-static agent, a buffering agent, a bulking agent, a chelating agent, a colorant, a conditioner, a deodorant, a diluent, a dye, an emollient, fragrance, a humectant, moisturizer, an occlusive agent, a penetration enhancer, a perfuming agent, a permeation enhancer, a pH-adjusting agent, a preservative, a skin penetration enhancer, a sunscreen, a sun blocking agent, a sunless tanning agent, and a vitamin.

26. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the sensation or sensation modifying is selected from the group consisting of:

a. a combination of a cooling and a warming agent;

b. a combination of a cooling and a soothing or relaxing agent;

c. a combination of a cooling and a stimulating or refreshing agent;

d. a combination of a warming and a stimulating or refreshing agent;

e. a combination of a warming and a soothing or relaxing agent;

f. a combination of a cooling; a warming and a soothing or relaxing agent; and

g. a combination of a cooling; a warming and stimulating or refreshing agent.

27. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the propellant provides an initial cooling sensation combined with a sensation agent to provide a prolonged sensation.

28. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the foamable carrier further contains a foam adjuvant agent, selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain.

29. The composition ofclaim 21, wherein:

a. the at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent comprises menthol in a concentration of 0.5 to about 3% by weight;

b. the at least one active agent comprises:

i. coal tar extract in a concentration of around 2% up to around 20% by weight; and

ii. at least one other active agent selected from salicylic acid and hydrocortisone in a concentration of around 0.5% up to around 10% by weight; and

c. the menthol is adapted to provide an improved sensation by ameliorating a negative sensation effect of said coal tar extract.

30. The composition ofclaim 21, wherein the carrier is an emulsion and:

a. the at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent comprises menthol crystals in a concentration of 0.5 to about 3% by weight;

b. the at least one active agent comprises:

i. coal tar in a concentration of around 2% up to around 20% by weight; and

ii. hydrocortisone butyrate in a concentration of around 0.5% up to around 10% by weight; and

c. the menthol crystals are adapted to provide an improved sensation by ameliorating a negative sensation effect of said coal tar; and

wherein the composition does not effect a substantial temperature change to the surface.

31. A method for providing a subject with at least one sensation at a delivery site, the method comprising administering to the delivery site of the subject a composition comprising:

a. at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent, selected from the group of

i. a cooling agent;

ii. a warming agent;

iii. a relaxing or soothing agent; and

iv. a stimulating or refreshing agent;

or mixtures thereof;

b. a foamable carrier resistant to aging suitable for delivery of at least one sensation or sensation modifying agent; and

c. a propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 45% by weight of the total composition,

wherein the composition is stored in an aerosol container and upon release expands to form a non-crackling short term stable foam; and

wherein upon contact with a surface at the delivery site the prolonged sensation is not primarily due to the propellant or an exothermic reaction, so as to provide the subject with the at least one sensation for the sustained period of time.

32. A method according toclaim 31, wherein foam is stable at the delivery site for at least one minute.

33. A method according toclaim 32, wherein foam is stable at the delivery site for at least five minutes.

34. A method according toclaim 33, wherein the subject senses the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least at least 15 minutes.

35. A method according toclaim 34, wherein the subject senses the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least 30 minutes.

36. A method according toclaim 35, wherein the subject senses the at least one sensation at the delivery site for at least one hour.

37. A method according toclaim 31, wherein the subject senses the at least one sensation as increasing, peaking and decreasing over said sustained period of time.

38. A method according toclaim 31, wherein the subject senses at least one sensation at the delivery site selected from a cooling sensation, a warming sensation, a heating sensation, a soothing sensation, a relaxing sensation, a stimulating sensation and a refreshing sensation.

39. A method according toclaim 31, wherein said administration step further comprises spreading said foam over a surface at the delivery site.

40. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the delivery site is selected from the group consisting of the skin, a body cavity, a mucosal surface, the nose, the mouth, the eye, the ear canal, the respiratory system, the vagina and the rectum.

41. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additional active agent.

42. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the at least one additional active agent comprises a cosmetic active agent or a pharmaceutical active agent having a cosmetic or pharmaceutical effect other than a sensation or sensation modifying effect.

43. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the at least one additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of active herbal extracts, acaricides, age spot and keratose removing agents, allergen, analgesics, local anesthetics, antiacne agents, antiallergic agents, antiaging agents, antibacterials, antibiotics, antiburn agents, anticancer agents, antidandruff agents, antidepressants, antidermatitis agents, antiedemics, antihistamines, antihelminths, antihyperkeratolyte agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiirritants, antilipemics, antimicrobials, antimycotics, antiproliferative agents, antioxidants, anti-wrinkle agents, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antirosacea agents antiseborrheic agents, antiseptic, antiswelling agents, antiviral agents, anti-yeast agents, astringents, topical cardiovascular agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cal tar, corticosteroids, dicarboxylic acids, disinfectants, fungicides, hair growth regulators, hormones, hydroxy acids, immunosuppressants, immunoregulating agents, insecticides, insect repellents, keratolytic agents, lactams, metals, metal oxides, mitocides, neuropeptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, oxidizing agents, pediculicides, photodynamic therapy agents, retinoids, sanatives, scabicides, self tanning agents, skin whitening agents, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, vitamin derivatives, vitamin A and derivatives, vitamin D and derivatives, wound healing agents and wart removers.

44. The method ofclaim 43, further comprising treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of dermatological pain, dermatological inflammation, acne, acne vulgaris, inflammatory acne, non-inflammatory acne, acne fulminans, nodular papulopustular acne, acne conglobata, dermatitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, viral skin infections, parasitic skin infections, skin neoplasia, skin neoplasms, pruritis, cellulitis, acute lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, erysipelas, cutaneous abscesses, necrotizing subcutaneous infections, scalded skin syndrome, folliculitis, furuncles, hidradenitis suppurativa, carbuncles, paronychial infections, rashes, erythrasma, impetigo, eethyma, yeast skin infections, warts, molluscum contagiosum, trauma or injury to the skin, post-operative or post-surgical skin conditions, scabies, pediculosis, creeping eruption, eczemas, psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, edematous, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, grannuloma annulare, epidermal necrolysis, sunburn, photosensitivity, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, keratosis pilaris, callouses, corns, ichthyosis, skin ulcers, ischemic necrosis, miliaria, hyperhidrosis, moles, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poison ivy, poison oak, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, purpura, moniliasis, candidiasis, baldness, alopecia, Behcet's syndrome, cholesteatoma, Dercum disease, ectodermal dysplasia, gustatory sweating, nail patella syndrome, lupus, hives, hair loss, Hailey-Hailey disease, chemical or thermal skin burns, scleroderma, aging skin, wrinkles, sun spots, necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, gangrene, scarring, and vitiligo, chlamydia infection, gonorrhea infection, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chancroid, granuloma Inguinale, lymphogranloma venereum, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), molluscum contagiosum, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), trichomoniasis, vulvar disorders, vulvodynia, vulvar pain, yeast infection, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), contact dermatitis, pelvic inflammation, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, genital cancer, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, anal and rectal disease, anal abscess/fistula, anal cancer, anal fissure, anal warts, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, anal itch, pruritus ani, fecal incontinence, constipation, polyps of the colon and rectum; and wherein the at least one active agent is suitable for treating said disorder.